1.
Trieste
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Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city. It is also located near Croatia some further 30 kilometres south, Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste and throughout history it has been influenced by its location at the crossroads of Latin, Slavic, and Germanic cultures. In 2009, it had a population of about 205,000 and it is the capital of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste was one of the oldest parts of the Habsburg Monarchy. In the 19th century, it was the most important port of one of the Great Powers of Europe, as a prosperous seaport in the Mediterranean region, Trieste became the fourth largest city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the fin de siècle period at the end of the 19th century it emerged as an important hub for literature, Trieste underwent an economic revival during the 1930s, and Trieste was an important spot in the struggle between the Eastern and Western blocs after the Second World War. Today, the city is in one of the richest regions of Italy, Roman authors also transliterated the name as Tergestum. Modern names of the city include, Italian, Trieste, Slovene, Trst, German, Triest, Hungarian, Trieszt, Croatian, Trst, Serbian, Трст/Trst, Trieste lies in the northernmost part of the high Adriatic in northeastern Italy, near the border with Slovenia. The city lies on the Gulf of Trieste, built mostly on a hillside that becomes a mountain, Triestes urban territory lies at the foot of an imposing escarpment that comes down abruptly from the Karst Plateau towards the sea. The karst landforms close to the city reach an elevation of 458 metres above sea level and it lies on the borders of the Italian geographical region, the Balkan Peninsula, and the Mitteleuropa. The territory of Trieste is composed of different climate zones depending on the distance from the sea. The average temperatures are 5.4 °C in January and 23.3 °C in July, the climatic setting of the city is humid subtropical climate. On average, humidity levels are low, while only two months receive slightly less than 60 mm of precipitation. Trieste along with the Istrian peninsula has evenly distributed rainfall above 1,000 mm in total, snow occurs on average 0 –2 days per year. Temperatures are very mild - lows below zero are somewhat rare, winter maxima are lower than in typical Mediterranean zone with quite high minima. Summer is very warm with maxima about 28 °C and lows above 20 °C, the absolute maximum of the last fifty years is 37.2 °C in 2003, whereas the absolute minimum is −14.6 °C in 1956. Since the second millennium BC, the location was an inhabited site, originally an Illyrian settlement, the Veneti entered the region in the 10th-9th c. BC and seem to have given the town its name, Tergeste, still later, the town was later captured by the Carni, a tribe of the Eastern Alps, before becoming part of the Roman republic in 177 BC during the Istrian War
2.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
3.
Christian denomination
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A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organisation, leadership and doctrine. Individual bodies, however, may use alternative terms to describe themselves, groups of denominations—often sharing broadly similar beliefs, practices, and historical ties—are sometimes known as branches of Christianity or denominational families. Individual Christian groups vary widely in the degree to which they recognize one another, several groups claim to be the direct and sole authentic successor of the church founded by Jesus Christ in the 1st century AD. Others, however, believe in denominationalism, where some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs. Because of this concept, some Christian bodies reject the term denomination to describe themselves, however, the Catholic Church does not view itself as a denomination, but as the original pre-denominational church. This view is rejected by other Christian denominations, Protestant denominations account for approximately 37 percent of Christians worldwide. Together, Catholicism and Protestantism comprise Western Christianity, Western Christian denominations prevail in Western, Northern, Central and Southern Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas and Oceania. The Eastern Orthodox Church, with an estimated 225–300 million adherents, is the second-largest Christian organization in the world, unlike the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church is itself a communion of fully independent autocephalous churches that mutually recognize each other to the exclusion of others. The Eastern Orthodox Church, together with Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East, Eastern Christian denominations are represented mostly in Eastern Europe, North Asia, the Middle East and Northeast Africa. Christians have various doctrines about the Church and about how the church corresponds to Christian denominations. Both Catholics and Eastern Orthodox hold that their own organizations faithfully represent the One Holy catholic and Apostolic Church to the exclusion of the other, sixteenth-century Protestants separated from the Catholic Church because of theologies and practices that they considered to be in violation of their own interpretation. But some non-denominational Christians do not follow any particular branch, though regarded as Protestants. Each group uses different terminology to discuss their beliefs and this section will discuss the definitions of several terms used throughout the article, before discussing the beliefs themselves in detail in following sections. A denomination within Christianity can be defined as an autonomous branch of the Christian Church, major synonyms include religious group, sect, Church. Some traditional and evangelical Protestants draw a distinction between membership in the church and fellowship within the local church. Becoming a believer in Christ makes one a member of the universal church, a related concept is denominationalism, the belief that some or all Christian groups are legitimate churches of the same religion regardless of their distinguishing labels, beliefs, and practices. Protestant leaders differ greatly from the views of the leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, each church makes mutually exclusive claims for itself to be the direct continuation of the Church founded by Jesus Christ, from whom other denominations later broke away. These churches, and a few others, reject denominationalism, Christianity can be taxonomically divided into five main groups, the Church of the East, Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism
4.
Serbian Orthodox Church
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The Serbian Orthodox Church is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian churches. It is the second oldest Slavic Orthodox Church in the world, the Serbian Orthodox Church comprises the majority of population in Serbia, Montenegro, and the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is organized into metropolises and eparchies located primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Croatia, the Serbian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous, or ecclesiastically independent, member of the Orthodox communion. Serbian Patriarch serves as first among equals in his church, the current patriarch is Irinej, the Church achieved autocephalous status in 1219 under the leadership of St. Sava, becoming independent Archbishopric of Žiča. Its status was elevated to that of a patriarchate in 1346 and this patriarchate was abolished by the Ottoman Turks in 1766. The modern Serbian Orthodox Church was re-established in 1920 after the unification of the Patriarchate of Karlovci, the Metropolitanate of Belgrade, Christianity spread to the Balkans beginning in the 1st century. Florus and Laurus are venerated as Christian martyrs of the 2nd century, Constantine the Great, born in Niš, was the first Christian Roman Emperor. Several bishops seated in what is today Serbia participated in the First Council of Nicaea, in 380, Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius decreed that his subjects would be Christians according to the Council of Nicea formula. Greek was used in the Byzantine church, while the Roman church used Latin, with the definite split in 395, the line in Europe ran south along the Drina river. Tim Judah says that the Roman split resulted in that Serbs are Orthodox, among old Christian heritage is the Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima, established in 535, which had jurisdiction over the whole of present-day Serbia. However, the Archbishopric did not last, as the Slavs and Avars destroyed the region sometime after 602, in 731 Leo III attached Illyricum and Southern Italy to Patriarch Anastasius of Constantinople, transferring the papal authority to the Eastern Church. Slavs invaded and settled the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries, the history of the early medieval Serbian Principality is recorded in the work De Administrando Imperio, compiled by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. The DAI drew information on the Serbs from, among others, the Serbs were said to have received the protection of Emperor Heraclius, and Porphyrogenitus stressed that the Serbs had always been under Imperial rule. The Christianization was due partly to Byzantine and subsequent Bulgarian influence, at least during the rule of Kocel in Pannonia, communications between Serbia and Great Moravia, where Methodius was active, must have been possible. This fact, the pope was presumably aware of, when planning Methodius diocese as well as that of the Dalmatian coast, there is a possibility that some Cyrillomethodian pupils reached Serbia in the 870s, perhaps even sent by Methodius himself. Serbia was accounted Christian as of about 870, the first Serbian bishopric was founded at Ras, near modern Novi Pazar on the Ibar river. According to Vlasto, the affiliation is uncertain, it may have been under the subordination of either Split or Durazzo. The early Ras church can be dated to the 9th–10th century, the names of Serbian rulers through Mutimir are Slavic dithematic names, per the Old Slavic tradition
5.
Dedication
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Dedication is the act of consecrating an altar, temple, church, or other sacred building. It also refers to the inscription of books or other artifacts when these are addressed or presented to a particular person. This practice, which once was used to gain the patronage, in law, the word is used of the setting apart by a private owner of a road to public use. The Feast of Dedication, today Hanukkah, once also called Feast of the Maccabees, was a Jewish festival observed for eight days from the 25th of Kislev and it was instituted in the year 165 B. C. The significant happenings of the festival were the illumination of houses and synagogues, a custom taken over from the Feast of Tabernacles. J. Wellhausen suggests that the feast was connected with the winter solstice. The Feast of Dedication is also mentioned in John 10,22 where it mentions Jesus being at the Jerusalem Temple during the Feast of Dedication and further notes, the Greek term used in John is the renewals. Josephus refers to the festival in Greek simply as lights, churches under the authority of a bishop are usually dedicated by the bishop in a ceremony that used to be called that of consecration, but is now called that of dedication. For the Catholic Church, the rite of dedication is described in the Caeremoniale Episcoporum, chapters IX-X, and in the Roman Missals Ritual Masses for the Dedication of a Church and an Altar. In the Church of England, a church may only be closed for worship after a legal process. The custom of solemnly dedicating or consecrating buildings as churches or chapels set apart for Christian worship must be almost as old as Christianity itself, when we come to the earlier part of the 4th century allusions to and descriptions of the consecration of churches become plentiful. This service is probably of Jewish origin, all these point to the probability of the Christians deriving their custom from a Jewish origin. Eusebius of Caesarea speaks of the dedication of churches rebuilt after the Diocletian persecution, the use of both holy water and of unction is attributed to St. Columbanus, who died in 615. The manuscripts and printed service-books of the church contain a lengthy. The earliest known pontifical is that of Egbert, Archbishop of York, later pontificals are numerous and somewhat varied. A good idea of the character of the service can be obtained from a skeleton of it as performed in England after the Reformation according to the use of Sarum. The service is taken from an early 15th-century pontifical in the Cambridge University Library as printed by W. Makell in Monumenta ritualia ecclesiae Anglicanae, there is a preliminary office for laying a foundation-stone. On the day of consecration the bishop is to vest in a tent outside the church, then proceed to the door of the church on the outside, there he blesses holy water, twelve lighted candles being placed outside, and twelve inside the church
6.
Saint Spyridon
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Saint Spyridon, Bishop of Trimythous also sometimes written Saint Spiridon is a saint honoured in both the Eastern and Western Christian traditions. Spyridon was born in Askeia, in Cyprus and he worked as a shepherd and was known for his great piety. He married and had one daughter, Irene, upon the death of his wife, Spyridon entered a monastery, and their daughter, a convent. Spyridon eventually became Bishop of Trimythous, or Tremithous, in the district of Larnaca and he took part in the First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea, where he was instrumental in countering the theological arguments of Arius and his followers. As soon as Spyridon finished speaking, the shard is said to have miraculously burst into flame, water dripped on the ground, after the council, Saint Spiridon returned to his diocese in Tremithous. He later fell into disfavor during the persecutions of the emperor Maximinus and his biography was recorded by the hagiographer Simeon Metaphrastes and the church historians, Sozomen and Socrates Scholasticus. When the Arabs took Cyprus, Spyridons body was disinterred and taken to Constantinople, the relics were found to be incorrupt, and contained a sprig of basil, the royal plant, both of which were taken as a sign of divine confirmation of his sanctity. The relics are taken in procession every Palm Sunday and on special occasions. All Philharmonics of Corfu, including the Philharmonic Society of Corfu take part in ceremonial events. The relic of his hand is now located in Rome. It is believed by the faithful that the plague, on its way out of the island and this scratch is still shown to visitors. St. Spyridon is also believed to have saved the island at the great siege of Corfu which took place in 1716. At that time the Turkish army and naval force led by the great Sultan Achmet III appeared in Butrinto opposite Corfu, on July 8 the Turkish fleet carrying 33,000 men sailed to Corfu from Butrinto and established a beachhead in Ipsos. The same day the Venetian fleet encountered the Turkish fleet off the channel of Corfu, on July 19 the Turkish army reached the hills of the town and laid siege to the city. After repeated failed attempts and heavy fighting, the Turks were forced to raise the siege which had lasted 22 days. There were also spreading among the Turks that some of their soldiers saw St. Spyridon as a monk threatening them with a lit torch. After the victorious outcome of the battle, Venice honoured Schulenburg, the great composer Vivaldi was commissioned to write an opera, Juditha triumphans, in celebration of the victory. Recognizing St. Spyridons role in the defence of the island and his feast day is celebrated in the East on the Saturday before Great Lent and December 12
7.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
8.
Carlo Maciachini
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Carlo Francesco Maciachini was an Italian architect and restorer. Born near Varese, he studied in Milan, where he realized some of his most important works. Other notable works of Maciachini are restorations of churches in several cities of northern Italy. Maciachini was born in Induno Olona, in the Province of Varese, as a young boy, he proved to be a talented wood carver, working as an apprentice in local woodworking shops. His first major work as an architect was the realization of the San Spiridione church for the Illyrian Orthodox community in Trieste. A few years later he submitted his proposal for the design of the new Monumental Cemetery of Milan, the cemetery was completed in 1866, and is widely recognized as Maciachinis prominent achievement. Thereafter, Maciachini worked on a number of designs in Milan and other areas of Northern Italy, including several cities in Lombardy, Veneto. He would also return to sculpture and carving, for example, he realized the Corinthian capitals of the church of Bodio. Maciachini was also involved in a failure with his design of the dome of the Cathedral of Pavia. The Cathedral had to remain closed for seven years because pieces of marble would occasionally fall from the fractured dome. The dome is still in place, but its maintenance is difficult, Maciachini died in Varese in 1899, and was buried in the Monumental Cemetery of Milan. To honour his contributions to the architecture of Milan, a square of the city. Especially in the restoration of old buildings, Maciachini developed a personal and appreciated style, a recurring theme in Maciachinis style is the extensive use of dense patterns of geometric shapes and symbols in the decoration of facades, rose windows, and other architectural elements. On the other hand, stars of David, pentagrams, swastikas, triskelions and this predilection for pagan symbols has aroused a number of theories alleging that Maciachini was an affiliate of some sort of secret organisation, such as a Freemasonry society
9.
Diocese
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The word diocese is derived from the Greek term διοίκησις meaning administration. When now used in a sense, it refers to a territorial unit of administration. This structure of governance is known as episcopal polity. The word diocesan means relating or pertaining to a diocese and it can also be used as a noun meaning the bishop who has the principal supervision of a diocese. An archdiocese is more significant than a diocese, an archdiocese is presided over by an archbishop whose see may have or have had importance due to size or historical significance. The archbishop may have authority over any other suffragan bishops. In the Latter Day Saint movement, the bishopric is used to describe the bishop himself. Especially in the Middle Ages, some bishops held political as well as religious authority within their dioceses, in the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associated in a larger unit, the diocese. With the adoption of Christianity as the Empires official religion in the 4th century, a formal church hierarchy was set up, parallel to the civil administration, whose areas of responsibility often coincided. With the collapse of the Western Empire in the 5th century, a similar, though less pronounced, development occurred in the East, where the Roman administrative apparatus was largely retained by the Byzantine Empire. In modern times, many dioceses, though later subdivided, have preserved the boundaries of a long-vanished Roman administrative division, modern usage of diocese tends to refer to the sphere of a bishops jurisdiction. As of January 2015, in the Catholic Church there are 2,851 regular dioceses,1 papal see,641 archdioceses and 2,209 dioceses in the world, in the Eastern rites in communion with the Pope, the equivalent unit is called an eparchy. Eastern Orthodoxy calls dioceses metropoleis in the Greek tradition or eparchies in the Slavic tradition, after the Reformation, the Church of England retained the existing diocesan structure which remains throughout the Anglican Communion. The one change is that the areas administered under the Archbishop of Canterbury and Archbishop of York are properly referred to as provinces and this usage is relatively common in the Anglican Communion. Certain Lutheran denominations such as the Church of Sweden do have individual dioceses similar to Roman Catholics and these dioceses and archdioceses are under the government of a bishop. Other Lutheran bodies and synods that have dioceses and bishops include the Church of Denmark, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, the Evangelical Church in Germany, rather, it is divided into a middle judicatory. The Lutheran Church-International, based in Springfield, Illinois, presently uses a traditional diocesan structure and its current president is Archbishop Robert W. Hotes. The Church of God in Christ has dioceses throughout the United States, in the COGIC, each state is divided up into at least three dioceses that are all led by a bishop, but some states as many as seven dioceses
10.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
11.
Serbian language
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Serbian is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs. It is the language of Serbia and one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, it is a minority language in Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia. Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, which is also the basis of Standard Croatian, Bosnian, the other dialect spoken by Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian. Serbian is practically the only European standard language with complete synchronic digraphia, the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet was designed by Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1830, Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, a Slavic language, of the South Slavic subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are Bosnian, Croatian, and Montenegrin and it has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian, than with Slovene. The 2011 census show that 42. 88% still declare Serbian to be their native language, Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic and Latin script. Even in official government documents this constitutional requirement is rarely enforced, Serbian is a rare example of synchronic digraphia, a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or another, for example, the public broadcaster, Radio Television of Serbia, predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, like RTV Pink, predominantly use the Latin script. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors the Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one and these are the tenses of the indicative mood. Apart from the mood, there is also the imperative mood. The conditional mood has two more tenses, the first conditional and the second conditional, Serbian has active and passive voice. As for the verb forms, Serbian has one infinitive. Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to the Proto-Slavic language, there are many loanwords from different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, Russian, Serbian literature emerged in the Middle Ages, and included such works as Miroslavljevo jevanđelje in 1192 and Dušanov zakonik in 1349. In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, however, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature, the most notable form being Serbian epic poetry. The epic poems were written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s
12.
Maria Theresa
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Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina was the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg. She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Lodomeria and Galicia, by marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Holy Roman Empress. She started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it. Upon the death of her father, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria, Prussia proceeded to invade the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia, sparking a nine-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession, and subsequently conquered it. Maria Theresa would later try to reconquer Silesia during the Seven Years War. Of the sixteen, ten survived to adulthood and she had eleven daughters and five sons. She criticised and disapproved of many of Josephs actions, Maria Theresa understood the importance of her public persona and was able to simultaneously evoke both esteem and affection from her subjects. However, she refused to allow religious toleration and contemporary travelers thought her regime was bigoted and superstitious. As a young monarch who fought two wars, she believed that her cause should be the cause of her subjects. The dowager empresses, her aunt Wilhelmine Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg and grandmother Eleonor Magdalene of the Palatinate-Neuburg, were her godmothers and her father was the only surviving male member of the House of Habsburg and hoped for a son who would prevent the extinction of his dynasty and succeed him. Thus, the birth of Maria Theresa was a disappointment to him. Charles sought the other European powers approval for disinheriting his nieces and they exacted harsh terms, in the Treaty of Vienna, Great Britain demanded that Austria abolish the Ostend Company in return for its recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction. France, Spain, Saxony-Poland, Bavaria and Prussia later reneged, little more than a year after her birth, Maria Theresa was joined by a sister, Maria Anna, and another one, named Maria Amalia, was born in 1724. The portraits of the family show that Maria Theresa resembled Elisabeth Christine. The Prussian ambassador noted that she had blue eyes, fair hair with a slight tinge of red, a wide mouth. Unlike many other members of the House of Habsburg, neither Maria Theresas parents nor her grandparents were closely related to each other, Maria Theresa was a serious and reserved child who enjoyed singing and archery. She was barred from riding by her father, but she would later learn the basics for the sake of her Hungarian coronation ceremony. The imperial family staged opera productions, often conducted by Charles VI and her education was overseen by Jesuits
13.
Eastern Orthodox Church
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The Eastern Orthodox Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church established by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission to the apostles. It practices what it understands to be the original Christian faith, the Eastern Orthodox Church is a communion of autocephalous churches, each typically governed by a Holy Synod. It teaches that all bishops are equal by virtue of their ordination, prior to the Council of Chalcedon in AD451, the Eastern Orthodox had also shared communion with the Oriental Orthodox churches, separating primarily over differences in Christology. Eastern Orthodoxy spread throughout the Roman and later Eastern Roman Empires and beyond, playing a prominent role in European, Near Eastern, Slavic, and some African cultures. As a result, the term Greek Orthodox has sometimes used to describe all of Eastern Orthodoxy in general. However, the appellation Greek was never in use and was gradually abandoned by the non-Greek-speaking Eastern Orthodox churches. Its most prominent episcopal see is Constantinople, there are also many in other parts of the world, formed through immigration, conversion and missionary activity. The official name of the Eastern Orthodox Church is the Orthodox Catholic Church and it is the name by which the church refers to itself in its liturgical or canonical texts, in official publications, and in official contexts or administrative documents. Orthodox teachers refer to the Church as Catholic and this name and longer variants containing Catholic are also recognized and referenced in other books and publications by secular or non-Orthodox writers. The common name of the Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, is a shortened practicality that helps to avoid confusions in casual use, for this reason, the eastern churches were sometimes identified as Greek, even before the great schism. After 1054, Greek Orthodox or Greek Catholic marked a church as being in communion with Constantinople and this identification with Greek, however, became increasingly confusing with time. Missionaries brought Orthodoxy to many regions without ethnic Greeks, where the Greek language was not spoken. Today, many of those same Roman churches remain, while a large number of Orthodox are not of Greek national origin. Eastern, then, indicates the element in the Churchs origin and development, while Orthodox indicates the faith. While the Church continues officially to call itself Catholic, for reasons of universality, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in a letter written about 110 AD from one Greek church to another. Quote of St Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans, Wheresoever the bishop shall appear, there let the people be, even as where Jesus may be, thus, almost from the very beginning, Christians referred to the Church as the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church. The Orthodox Church claims that it is today the continuation and preservation of that same Church, a number of other Christian churches also make a similar claim, the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Assyrian Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches. The Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church, not directly from the Orthodox Church, the depth of this meaning in the Orthodox Church is registered first in its use of the word Orthodox itself, a union of Greek orthos and doxa
14.
Herceg Novi
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Herceg Novi is a coastal town in Montenegro located at the entrance to the Bay of Kotor and at the foot of Mount Orjen. It is the center of the Herceg Novi Municipality with around 33,000 inhabitants. Herceg Novi was known as Castelnuovo between 1482 and 1797, when it was part of Ottoman Empire and the Albania Veneta of the Republic of Venice and it was a Catholic bishopric and remains a Latin titular see as Novi. Herceg Novi has had a turbulent past, despite being one of the youngest settlements on the Adriatic, a history of varied occupations has created a blend of diverse and picturesque architectural style in the city. The city administration is formed by a coalition of DPS and civic association Izbor, in Montenegrin, the town is known as Herceg Novi or Херцег Нови, in Italian as Castelnuovo, and in Greek as Neòkastron, all meaning new castle. Herceg Novi was founded as a fortress in 1382 by first Bosnian King Stjepan Tvrtko I and was called Sveti Stefan or Castelnuovo, after the death of Tvrtko, Duke Sandalj Hranić of the Herzegovinian Kosačas acquired Castelnuovo. During his reign, Herceg Novi picked up trading salt, when Hranić died, his nephew, Herzog Stjepan Vukčić Kosača, inherited Castelnuovo. Under Stjepan, Castelnuovo expanded and thus became a city, renaming it to Herceg Novi, the Turks conquered Herceg Novi in 1482, and ruled for 200 years, until 1687. However, there was a pause between 1538 and 1539 when it was held by the Spaniards before they were defeated in the Siege of Castelnuovo. Venice gained control of the city and included it into Albania Veneta, on 24 August 1798, Herceg Novi was annexed by Habsburg Austria but was then ceded to Russia as per the Treaty of Pressburg on 26 December 1805. The Russians officially occupied Herceg Novi between 28 February 1806 and 12 August 1807, on 7 July 1807, Herceg Novi was ceded to Napoleon I Bonapartes French Empire as per the Treaty of Tilsit. Official French rule over Herceg Novi began on 12 August 1807, the city was part of Dalmatia until 14 October 1809, when it was annexed to the newly created Illyrian Provinces. Herceg Novi, as well as the rest of the Bay of Kotor, was overtaken by Montenegrin forces in 1813 and it was under control of a temporary government based in Dobrota between 11 September 1813 and 10 June 1814, which was supported by Montenegro. The appearance of Austro-Hungarian forces in 1814 caused the Prince-Bishop of Montenegro to turn over the territory to Austrian administration on 11 June, after Herceg Novi was retaken, as well as the rest of the bay, it became part of the Dalmatian crownland. The bay was under Austro-Hungarian control until 1918, in 1900, the two names ERZEG NOVI and CASTELNUOVO PRESSO CATTARO were used in bilingual cancellations. The Kingdom of Montenegro attempted to retake the Bay of Kotor during World War I, it was bombarded from Lovćen, on 7 November 1918, the Serbian Army entered the bay and were greeted by the people as Slavic liberators. The bay later became a part of the self-proclaimed State of Slovenes, Croats, within a month, this region united with Serbia as part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929. The bay was a municipality of Dalmatia until it was, like all historic entities and it was incorporated into the Zeta Oblast, from 1929 style Zeta Banate
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Trebinje
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Trebinje is the southernmost municipality and city in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Located in East Herzegovina, it is part of the Republika Srpska entity, the Trebišnjica river flows through the heart of the city. The citys old town dates to the 18th-century Ottoman period. The city lies in the Trebišnjica river valley, at the foot of Leotar, in southeastern Herzegovina, some 30 km by road from Dubrovnik, Croatia, on the Adriatic coast. There are several mills along the river, as well as several bridges, the river is heavily exploited for hydro-electric energy. After it passes through the Popovo Polje area southwest of the city, Trebinje is known as the city of the sun and platan trees, and it is said to be one of the most beautiful cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is economic and cultural center of the region of Eastern Herzegovina, Trebinje enjoys a hot-summer Mediterranean climate with short warm winters and long blazing summers. Trebinje is one of the warmest in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the average annual temperature in the city is 16.6 °C and the average January temperature is 8.3 °C, while the July temperature is 26.5 °C. In the summer, daytime temperatures can be high as 35 °C, the highest recorded temperature was 42.5 °C on 22 July 2007 and the lowest recorded temperature was −9 °C on 8. Trebinje is one of two created from the former Yugoslav municipality of Trebinje of the 1991 census, the other being Ravno in the Federation of Bosnia. De Administrando Imperio by Constantine VII mentioned Travunija, as a land of the Serbs, Serbian Prince Vlastimir married his daughter to Krajina, the son of Beloje, and that family became hereditary rulers of Travunija. The town commanded the road from Ragusa to Constantinople, which was traversed in 1096 by Raymond IV of Toulouse and it belonged to the Serbian Empire until 1355. Trebinje became a part of the expanded medieval Bosnian state under Tvrtko I in 1373, there is a medieval tower in Gornje Police whose construction is often attributed to Vuk Branković. The old Tvrdoš Monastery dates back to the 15th century, in 1482, together with the rest of Herzegovina, the town was captured by the Ottoman Empire. The Old Town-Kastel was built by the Ottomans on the location of the fortress of Ban Vir. The city walls, the Old Town square, and two mosques were built in the beginning of the 18th century by the Resulbegović family. The 16th-century Arslanagić bridge was built at the village of Arslanagić,5 kilometres north of the town, by Mehmed-Paša Sokolović. The Arslanagić Bridge is one of the most attractive Ottoman-era bridges in Bosnia and it has two large and two small semicircular arches
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Sarajevo
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Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its current administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area, including Sarajevo Canton and East Sarajevo is home to 688,384 inhabitants, nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans. Due to its long and rich history of religious and cultural variety and it is the only major European city to have a mosque, Catholic church, Orthodox church and synagogue within the same neighbourhood. Although settlement in the area back to prehistoric times, the modern city arose as an Ottoman stronghold in the 15th century. Sarajevo has attracted international attention several times throughout its history, in 1885, Sarajevo was the first city in Europe and the second city in the world to have a full-time electric tram network running through the city, following San Francisco. For nearly four years, from 1992 to 1996, the city suffered the longest siege of a city in the history of warfare during the Bosnian War. Sarajevo has been undergoing reconstruction, and is the fastest growing city in Bosnia. The travel guide series, Lonely Planet, has named Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world, in 2011, Sarajevo was nominated to be the European Capital of Culture in 2014 and will be hosting the European Youth Olympic Festival in 2019. The earliest known name for the large central Bosnian region of todays Sarajevo is Vrhbosna, Sarajevo is a slavicized word based on saray, the Turkish word for palace. The evo portion may come from the term saray ovası first recorded in 1455, the first mention of name Sarajevo was in 1507 letter written by Feriz Beg. The earliest is Šeher, which is the term Isa-Beg Ishaković used to describe the town he was going to build and it is a Turkish word meaning an advanced city of key importance which in turn comes from Persian, شهر shahr. As Sarajevo developed, numerous nicknames came from comparisons to other cities in the Islamic world, the most popular of these was European Jerusalem. Some argue that a correct translation of saray is government office or house. Saray is a word in Turkish for a palace or mansion. Sarajevo is located near the center of the triangular-shaped Bosnia-Herzegovina. It is situated 518 meters above sea level and lies in the Sarajevo valley, the valley itself once formed a vast expanse of greenery, but gave way to urban expansion and development in the post-World War II era. The city is surrounded by forested hills and five major mountains. The last four are known as the Olympic Mountains of Sarajevo
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Church of Greece
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The Church of Greece, part of the wider Greek Orthodox Church, is one of the autocephalous churches which make up the communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. However, most of its dioceses are de facto administered as part of the Church of Greece for practical reasons, the primate of the Church of Greece is the Archbishop of Athens and All Greece. Mainstream Orthodox clergys salaries and pensions are paid for by the State at rates comparable to those of teachers, the Church had previously compensated the State by a tax of 35% on ordinary revenues of the Church, but Law 3220/2004 in 2004 abolished this tax. By virtue of its status as the religion, the canon law of the Church is recognized by the Greek government in matters pertaining to church administration. This is governed by the Constitution of the Church of Greece, Religious marriages and baptisms are legally equivalent to their civil counterparts and the relevant certificates are issued by officiating clergy. All Greek Orthodox students in primary and secondary schools in Greece attend religious instruction, liaisons between church and state are handled by the Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs. Supreme authority is vested in the synod of all the bishops who have metropolitan status under the de jure presidency of the Archbishop of Athens. This synod deals with general church questions, the Standing Synod is under the same presidency, and consists of the Primate and 12 bishops, each serving for one term on a rotating basis and deals with details of administration. They are called the New Lands as they part of the modern Greek state only after the Balkan Wars. A bishop elected to one of the Sees of the New Lands has to be confirmed by the Patriarch of Constantinople before assuming his duties and these dioceses are administered by the Church of Greece in stewardship and their bishops retain their right of appeal to the Patriarch. As in other Eastern Orthodox Churches, male graduates of seminaries run by the church, may be ordained as deacons and they are allowed to marry before their ordination as deacons, but not afterwards. The vast majority of clergy in Greece are married. Alternatively, they may enter monasteries and/or take monastic vows, monastics who are ordained as priests, and possess a university degree in theology, are eligible as candidates for the episcopate. Women may also take vows and become nuns, but they are not ordained. Monasteries are either affiliated to their diocese, or directly to one of the Orthodox Patriarchates. Those who refused to adopt this change are known as Old Calendarists and they themselves have suffered several schisms, and not all Old Calendarists comprise one Church. They refer to themselves as Genuine Orthodox Christians, and the largest group associating itself with the Old Calendarists is the Synod of Archbishop Chrysostomos II Kioussis. This Synod has obtained government recognition as a valid Orthodox Church, Greece was an early center of Christianity
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South Slavs
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The South Slavs are a subgroup of Slavic peoples who speak the South Slavic languages. The South Slavs include the Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs and they are the main population of the Southeastern European countries of Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia. In the 20th century, the country of Yugoslavia united the regions inhabited by South Slavic nations – with the key exception of Bulgaria – into a single state. The concept of Yugoslavia, a state for all South Slavic peoples, emerged in the late 17th century. Little is known about the Slavs before the 5th century and their history prior to this can only be tentatively hypothesized via archeological and linguistic studies. Much of what we know about their history after the 6th century is from the works of Byzantine historians, in his work De Bellis, Procopius portrays the Sclavini as unusually tall and strong, with a tan complexion and reddish-blonde hair, living a rugged and primitive life. They lived in huts, often distant from one another and often changed their place of abode and they were not ruled by a single leader, but for a long time lived in a democracy. John of Ephesus, in his Ecclesiastical History portrays the Slavs as extremely violent people and they probably believed in many Gods, but Procopius suggests they believed in one, perhaps supreme god. He has often been identified as Perun, the creator of lightning, the Slavs went into battle on foot, charging straight at their enemy, armed with spears and small shields, but they did not wear armour. The lack of understanding may be attributed to matrilineal succession practiced among Southern Slavs and they made their homes in forests, by rivers and wetlands. Jordanes states that the Slavs have their homelands on the Danube, scholars have traditionally placed the Slavic Urheimat in the Pripet marshes of Ukraine, or alternatively between the Bug and the Dniepr. In the 5th century Slavs are mentioned as living north of the Danube in the sources from that era. From the 5th century, they supposedly spread outward in all directions, the Balkans was one of the regions which lay in the path of the expanding Slavs. Regarding the Slavs mentioned by 6th-century Byzantine chroniclers, Florin Curta states that their homeland was north of the Danube and he clarifies that their itinerant form of agriculture may have encouraged mobility on a micro regional scale. Material culture from the Danube suggests that there was an evolution of Slavic society between the early 7th century and the 8th century, as the Byzantines re-asserted the Danubian defences in the mid 6th century, the Slavs yield of pillaged goods dropped. As a reaction to this isolation, and external threats, political. As community elites rose to prominence, they came to embody a collective interest, if that group identity can be called ethnicity, and if that ethnicity can be called Slavic, then it certainly formed in the shadow of Justinians forts, not in the Pripet marshes. The Byzantines broadly grouped the numerous Slav tribes into two groups, the Sclaveni and Antes and they are both first encountered in the lower Danube region
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Metropolitanate of Zagreb and Ljubljana
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Metropolitanate of Zagreb and Ljubljana is one of the five Metropolitanates of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The headquarters of the Metropolia is located in Zagreb, Croatia and its territory covers northern Croatia, the above-mentioned regions are inhabited by Serbs who for the most part settled there after fleeing Bosnia before the Ottoman conquest of Bosnia. In some areas, such as the Habsburg Military Krajina, Serbs constituted the largest ethnic group, in 1438, Pope Eugene IV sent Jakob de Marcia to Slavonia as a missionary to baptize schismatic Serbs in Roman religion, and if that failed, to banish them. Since the renewal of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1557, the Orthodox Serbs of Old Slavonia spiritual guidance of the Diocese of Požega,1595 seat of the Diocese from Orahovica is moved to Western Slavonia in order to avoid a Turkish oppression. New headquarters is located in Marča Monastery, Marča archbishops led the difficult fight against Roman Catholic proselytism. In addition, Monastery Marča, the spiritual center of Orthodox Serbs in the area was. Abbot Lepavina Kondrat was killed in 1716, defending the purity of Orthodox faith and he was killed by those Serbs who had become Catholics. In 1734 the headquarters moved to a monastery at Lepavina, Serbian Orthodox bishop Simeon Filipović had residence in Sjeverin. After his death and several years of administration, eparchy was abolished, in 1771, the region came under jurisdiction of Orthodox Bishops of Pakrac, and that remained until 1931. The Diocese received Metropolitanate status in 1931, for the first metropolitan was elected Dositej Vasić, a learned theologian, a man of broad vision and understanding in relations with other nations and religions. He was tortured and murdered during World War II in the Independent State of Croatia, after World War II, the Zagreb Metropolitanate and the other Dioceses in the territory of Croatia were administered by Vicar Bishop Arsenije Bradvarević. He was succeeded by Damascus Grdanički, previously Bishop of Banat, and after his death in 1969, on the proposal of the Metropolit Jovan, the Metropolitanate in 1993 expanded its name to the Metropolitanate of Zagreb, Ljubljana and all Italy. Jurisdiction over Serbian Orthodox churches in Italy was transferred to the Metropolitanate in 1994, Metropolit Jovan organized the meeting of Serbian Patriarch Pavle and Cardinal Franjo Kuharić. He also organized a meeting of Patriarch Pavle and the Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, Simeon Filipović administration Arsenije Teofanović Josif Stojanović After 1771, again under jurisdiction of Bishops of Pakrac. Српски јерарси од деветог до двадесетог века, spiritual Genocide, A survey of destroyed, damaged and desecrated churches, monasteries and other church buildings during the war 1991-1995. Belgrade, Museum of the Serbian Orthodox Church, vjerske zajednice u Hrvatskoj, Prometej,2008, Zagreb, Croatia Идентитет Цркве, Serb Orthodox Church Official website, accessed 6 June 2015. Lepavina monastery webpage, accessed 6 June 2015, the Serbs in the Former SR of Croatia His All-Holiness Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew in Zagreb
20.
Transept
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A transept is a transverse part of any building, which lies across the main body of the edifice. In churches, a transept is an area set crosswise to the nave in a building within the Romanesque. Each half of a transept is known as a semitransept, the transept of a church separates the nave from the sanctuary, apse, choir, chevet, presbytery or chancel. The transepts cross the nave at the crossing, which belongs equally to the main nave axis, upon its four piers, the crossing may support a spire, a central tower or a crossing dome. Since the altar is located at the east end of a church. The north and south end walls often hold decorated windows of stained glass, such as rose windows, occasionally, the basilicas and the church and cathedral planning that descended from them were built without transepts, sometimes the transepts were reduced to matched chapels. More often, the transepts extended well beyond the sides of the rest of the building, forming the shape of a cross and this design is called a Latin cross ground plan, and these extensions are known as the arms of the transept. A Greek cross ground plan, with all four extensions the same length, when churches have only one transept, as at Pershore Abbey, there is generally a historical disaster, fire, war or funding problem, to explain the anomaly. At Beauvais only the chevet and transepts stand, the nave of the cathedral was never completed after a collapse of the daring high vaulting in 1284. At St. Vitus Cathedral, Prague, only the choir, in a metro station or similar construction, a transept is a space over the platforms and tracks of a station with side platforms, containing the bridge between the platforms. Placing the bridge in a rather than an enclosed tunnel allows passengers to see the platforms. Aisle Apse Cathedral architecture Cathedral diagram Glossary of the Catholic Church Transom
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Triestine Serbs
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Triestine Serbs are the indigenous ethnic Serbs of Trieste, present in the city since the 18th century. They were a force behind the economic dominance of Trieste during the Habsburg period. Serb merchants and ship-owners established a community in Trieste at the start of the 18th century, most primarily originating from Sarajevo, Trebinje, and the Bay of Kotor. In 1751 Maria Theresa of the Austro-Hungarian Empire proclaimed religious freedom in the city, the most influential of the wealthy Serbian merchants of the time were the Kurtović, Gopčević, Vojnović, and Miletić families, who owned most the structures and dock area of the Porto Vecchio. In 1766 Triestes Serbs numbered 50, by 1780 they grew to 200, in 1782 the Serbian community of Trieste began expressing its desire for a Serbian-language day school, a place for their children to be passed down Serbian culture and language. Jovan Miletic, a wealthy Serb merchant in Trieste, donated 24,000 florins to build a Serbian Elementary School in 1787. On July 1,1792 the local government approved its opening, a night school and reading room were opened in 1911. The school represented a pillar of the Serbian community of Trieste, in 1973 the school was shut down due to lack of student enrollment and became a Sunday school for Serbian language and culture. Velimir Djerasimović, the principal and teacher since 1927, retired in 1973. Djerasimović is the father of Italian film actors Ivan Rassimov and Rada Rassimov, in 1861 the Serb community demolished the original church, and rebuilt it in Serbo-Byzantine style, in order to stamp their identity architecturally in the midst of a baroque Austro-Italian city. The churchs construction was completed seven years later, in 1868, with the added capacity for 1600 worshippers, it was for a long time the second largest Serbian church in the world. The church was designed by Italian architect Carlo Maciacchini, featuring four cupolas, in the 1800s the Serbian population in Trieste numbered around 200 people. In 1918, at the end of World War I, Trieste became part of Italy and social life changed for the Serbs. Due to the national border with Slovenia, Italian society became increasingly hostile towards all Slavs in Trieste including the Serbs. The anti-Slavic propaganda focused on the idea that Slavic people were barbaric, tensions came to a hilt in World War Two, when the Italian Fascists built the only Nazi Extermination Camp in Italy, Risiera di San Sabba, on the outskirts of Trieste. Three thousand Jews, Serbs and other Slavs were executed here in 1944 while thousands more were imprisoned awaiting transfer to other extermination camps, besides the Saint Spyridon Church and the Jovan Miletić Serbian School, the Serbs of Trieste contributed to several other important landmarks of the city. The Gopčević family built the Palazzo Gopcevich on the Canal Grande, near the Serbian Church, the Serbian community of Trieste had a deep and long-lasting relationship with Serbian writers from the 18th century to today. They wrote many works on Triestes influence on Serbian pre-Romanticism and cultural development during a time when the Serbs lacked statehood, Serbian linguist and creator of the standardized Serbian language, Vuk Karadžić, kept in constant contact with Triestes Serb community from his home in Vienna
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Serbs in Italy
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Serbs in Italy or Italian Serbs, number around 46,958 in the territory of Italy. In 1497 Italian court poet Rogeri de Pacienza di Nardo wrote about a group of Serbian refugees who left the Despotate of Đurađ Branković to settle in the village of Gioia del Colle near Bari, Italy. He describes how they sang and danced the kolo in honour of the Queen of Naples, the names of the singers that Pacienza wrote down are common Serbian names. In 1782 the first Serbian school opened in Trieste, and in the 19th century the Serbian Orthodox Saint Spyridon church in Trieste was built near the Ponte Rosso square, some 40,000 Serbs live in northern Italy. In Arzignano there are thousands of Serbs from all over former Yugoslavia, in Trieste,10, 000-15,000 Serbs live in the city. 46,958, Foreign citizens from Serbia There are several community organizations of Serbs in Italy, the Association of Serbs of Italy was established in April 2015 by the combined organizations meeting in Trieste. Sportspeople Giovanni Raicevich was a famous Italian wrestler in the early 20th century and he is the father of Dragan Travica Marko Stanojevic, rugby union player born in Birmingham to a Serbian father and an Italian mother. He played for the Italian national team, Rada Rassimov, actress born in Trieste to Serbian parents as Rada Djerasimović, sister of Ivan Rassimov. Singers Sara Jovanović, Serbian singer born in Rome that represented Serbia at Eurovision Song Contest 2008 Artists Marcello Dudovich was born in 1878 and he was one of the most acclaimed commercial artists of art, prints and posters during his time. Nobility Darinka Kvekić, wife of Danilo I, Prince of Montenegro Triestine Serbs Serbian diaspora Svetionik
23.
Serbia
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Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. Relative to its territory, it is a diverse country distinguished by a transitional character, situated along cultural, geographic, climatic. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents, and its capital, Belgrade, following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans from the 6th century onwards, Serbs established several states in the early Middle Ages. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by Rome and the Byzantine Empire in 1217, in the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the regions first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro which dissolved peacefully in 2006, in 2008 the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community. Serbia is a member of organizations such as the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC. An EU membership candidate since 2012, Serbia has been negotiating its EU accession since January 2014, the country is acceding to the WTO and is a militarily neutral state. Serbia is an income economy with dominant service sector, followed by the industrial sector. The country ranks high on the Social Progress Index as well as the Global Peace Index, relatively high on the Human Development Index, located at the crossroads between Central and Southern Europe, Serbia is found in the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes 41° and 47° N, and longitudes 18° and 23° E. The country covers a total of 88,361 km2, which places it at 113th place in the world, with Kosovo excluded, the area is 77,474 km2. Its total border length amounts to 2,027 km, all of Kosovos border with Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro are under control of the Kosovo border police. The Pannonian Plain covers the third of the country while the easternmost tip of Serbia extends into the Wallachian Plain. The terrain of the part of the country, with the region of Šumadija at its heart. Mountains dominate the third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west and the southwest, following the flow of the rivers Drina, the Carpathian Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in a north–south direction in eastern Serbia. Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to the Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system, elevation ranges from the Midžor peak of the Balkan Mountains at 2,169 metres to the lowest point of just 17 metres near the Danube river at Prahovo. The largest lake is Đerdap Lake and the longest river passing through Serbia is the Danube, the climate of Serbia is under the influences of the landmass of Eurasia and the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
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Church of Saint Sava
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The Church of Saint Sava is a Serbian Orthodox church located on the Vračar plateau in Belgrade. It is one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world, the church is dedicated to Saint Sava, the founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church and an important figure in medieval Serbia. It is built on the Vračar plateau, on the location where his remains were burned in 1595 by Ottoman Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha, from its location, it dominates Belgrades cityscape, and is perhaps the most monumental building in the city. In 1594, Serbs rose up against Ottoman rule in Banat, the rebels had, in the character of a holy war, carried war flags with the icon of Saint Sava. The war banners had been consecrated by Patriarch John I Kantul, Ottoman Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha ordered that the sarcophagus and relics of Saint Sava located in the Mileševa monastery be brought by military convoy to Belgrade. Along the way, the Ottoman convoy had people killed in their path so that the rebels in the woods would hear of it, the relics were publicly incinerated by the Ottomans on a pyre on the Vračar plateau, and the ashes scattered, on 27 April 1595. According to Nikolaj Velimirović the flames were seen over the Danube, in 1895, three hundred years after the burning of Saint Savas remains, the Society for the Construction of the Church of Saint Sava on Vračar was founded in Belgrade. Its goal was to build a temple on the place of the burning, a small church was built at the future place of the temple, and it was later moved so the construction of the temple could begin. In 1905, a public contest was launched to design the church, soon, the breakout of the First Balkan War in 1912, and subsequent Second Balkan War and First World War stopped all activities on the construction of the church. After the war, in 1919, the Society was re-established, new appeals for designs were made in 1926, this time, it received 22 submissions. Though the first and third prize were not awarded, the submission by architect Aleksandar Deroko was selected. Forty years after the idea, construction of the church began on 10 May 1935,340 years after the burning of Saint Savas remains. The cornerstone was laid by Metropolitan Gavrilo of Montenegro, the project was designed by Aleksandar Deroko and Bogdan Nestorović, aided by civil engineer Vojislav Zađina. The work lasted until Second World War Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, the churchs foundation had been completed, and the walls erected to the height of 7 and 11 meters. After the 1941 bombing of Belgrade, work ceased altogether, the occupying German army used the unfinished church as a parking lot, while in 1944 the partisans and the Red Army used it with the same purpose. Later, it was used for storage by various companies, the Society for Building of the Church ceased to exist and has not been revived. In 1958, Serbian Patriarch German II renewed the idea of building the church and he remade the original projects to make better use of new materials and building techniques. Construction of the building again on 12 August 1985
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St. Michael's Cathedral, Belgrade
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There was an older church, dedicated to St. Arch. It is one of the most important places of worship in the country and it is commonly known as just Saborna crkva among the city residents. The Cathedral has been proclaimed as the 1st category cultural property in 1979, the Cathedral Church in Belgrade with its architecture, art work and rich treasury is an impressive cultural monument. There was a church, dedicated to St. Archangel Michael. Protestant priest and a writer on travel Stjepan Gerlach gives us precious records of its looks in descriptions of travels of Emperor’s delegates to Istanbul, although spacious with all necessary liturgical accessories and furniture it was not large enough to receive all the Christian citizens of town of Belgrade. Later records of existence of church were mainly saved by writers on travel from the 17th and the 18th century. Unfortunately, serious historical circumstances once again affected the life of the Church resulting in this not the only restoration. Impressive Residence of Serbian Metropolitan was torn down, and the church rubbed, few decades later, at the beginning of 1798 the church once again suffered from damage, this time in fire. Repaired for services it served until the beginning of 1813, when after breaking of the First Serbian Uprising Turks desecrated and robbed it, necessary restoration work was performed after the Second Serbian Uprising. For the purpose of casting a great fire was lit, which burned for three days, people would pass by and throw diff erent silver objects to mould with bronze that was melting, so bells would have a more silvery sound. Former Belgrade citizens were waiting for this happening as for something great, for them the sound of bells did not represent just an ordinary religious custom. The bells represented a symbol of centuries expected victory, decision brought by Prince Milos was accepted among Turks with doubt and threat. The brave Duke replied, I know, I know Efendi Pasha, if I raise them I shall die of Turkish hand, I prefer to die of the Turkish hand then from hand of my master, as his disobedient servant. Today, the bell of the old Cathedral Church is situated in the tower of the Church of Ascension with its five bells different in size. This bell sounded for the fi rst time on 15 February 1830 when Serbian Princedom got its autonomy, construction of the new Cathedral Church had begun on 28 April 1837. The cannons were roaring and people were saying church blessing this happy, on the day of Patron’s Feast Day of the Church, St. Archangel Michael, on 8 November 1845, Metropolitan Petar Jovanović has consecrated the fi nished Church and served the first liturgy in it. Although the author of the design remained controversial for a time, it is certain that the Church was built by constructors from Pančevo. The cathedral was built from 1837-40, the Cathedral church was one of the biggest religious buildings in Serbia, and after the Church of Peter and Paul in Topčider, the oldest in Belgrade
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St. Mark's Church, Belgrade
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Marks Church or Church of St. Mark is a Serbian Orthodox church located in the Tašmajdan park in Belgrade, Serbia, near the Parliament of Serbia. It was built in the Serbo-Byzantine style by the Krstić brothers, completed in 1940 and it is one of the largest churches in the country. There is a small Russian Orthodox church next to St. Marks, the church, dedicated to Holy Apostle and Evangelist Mark, was built in the Interwar period between 1931 and 1940 in the Tašmajdan Park, in the centre of Belgrade. It was built north of a wooden 19th-century church that was destroyed in 1941. The original, wooden church, was built in the days of Belgrade Metropolitan Petar Jovanović, the main donator was merchant Lazar Panća. Dedicated to St. Mark, it was built within an existing cemetery and it was a rectangular building whose exterior surface area was 11.5 by 21 m and whose interior was 7.75 by 17.46 m. At the same time Prince Miloš Obrenović built the church of the Holy Apostles Peter. Work on both churches was supervised by architect Nikola Živković, in 1838, Prince Milošs eldest son Prince Milan and bishop Gavrilo Popović of Šabac were buried directly by the church. After the May Coup, the couple, King Alexander Obrenović I. 1870, the church was the seat of Terazije with 312 homes. It was destroyed during World War I by Austrian troops, then reconstructed in 1917 and it was destroyed in the 1941 German bombing of Belgrade. Due to the growth of the city and population increase. Marks Church was built according to their drawings between 1931 and 1940, the Gračanica Monastery was used as a model. The eruption of World War II interrupted the full completion of the church, only the construction work was finished. Divine service took place in the new church during the war, on that date the church was consecrated and the church opened for divine service. There were plans to decorate the interior with frescoes. The external walls are in two colors of materials in the Serbo-Byzantine style. The church bell tower is a part of the church itself on the west side, the Anniversary Day of Operation Storm, held for mourning killed and exiled Serbs from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, is held on August 5 in St
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Church of St. Basil of Ostrog, Belgrade
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Church of Saint Basil of Ostrog is a Serbian Orthodox Church located in Bežanijska Kosa neighbourhood of New Belgrade. Its construction started in 1996 and completed in 2001, and is the first church built in New Belgrade since World War II, the architect Mihajlo Mitrović adopted an old Christian rotunda-plan combined with side galleries and a tall bell-tower to the west. Funding for the project was provided by civilians, whom the saint is known to as the Miracle maker, official site of the Church of St Basil of Ostrog
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Church of St. Achillius, Arilje
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The Church of St. Achillius, or the Arilje Monastery is a Serbian Orthodox church in Arilje, western Serbia. It is dedicated to Saint Achillius of Larissa, a fighter against Arianism, the church was built in 1296 by King Stefan Dragutin of the Nemanjić dynasty, on the location of an earlier monastery built in 1219. The earlier monastery was the seat of the Bishop of Moravica and it is dedicated to Saint Achillius from Larissa, a fighter against Arianism and participant of the First Council of Nicaea in 325. God made him celebrate victory over Arianism, making a miracle to Achillius confession of the water runs from stone. According to its properties, it belongs to the Raška architectural style. At the time of Emperor Dušan, the Eparchy of Moravica was elevated to the rank of Metropolitanate, metropolis in Arilje monastery brotherhood and shared the fate of his people and country in a terrible rush of the Turks led by Mehmed II the Conqueror of Constantinople. They had to go nearly two centuries to the end of the forties 17th century revived again in the metropolitanate Moravica, Arilje bells will ring no sooner than in 1833. But this time not from the metropolitanate, but the parish church, the Church of St. Achillius was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia. In addition to value and historic significance, the church stands out as a gallery of precious frescoes. The most interesting part of the fresco-assembly make portraits of rulers from the Nemanjić, their relatives, for the first time in the history of Serbian fresco-paintings appears a new iconographic solution. Until then, it was common for the donor or the Virgin performances brought patron saint protector of Christ on the throne, bowed his head with the model of the temple in his hands. Fresco of St. Archangel Gabriel, called The Blue Angel, St. noble character in brilliant, simple Tunica, certainly set a figure of Archangel, clearly marked characters with strong muscles and a rich gown of warriors, is very artistic value. This fresco is classified in the narrowest circle of masterpieces of Serbian paintings, authors of Arilje frescoes are not known by name, but we know that they originated from Thessaloniki. The stylistic and iconographic terms of the paintings is a work that announces a milestone in the development of Serbian mural painting. Urošic, Dragutins younger son, was buried in the church, indicating the importance of the temple for the king, Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance Tourism in Serbia Јанковић, Марија. Епископије и митрополије Српске цркве у средњем веку, Српски јерарси од деветог до двадесетог века. The Serbian Episcopal sees in the thirteenth century, Saint Achillius Church Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Kosovo-Metohija
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Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Ras
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The Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, commonly known as Church of St. It is part of the Stari Ras complex, an UNESCO World Heritage Site and it is dedicated to Saint Peter and Paul. The exact date of founding is unknown, it is mentioned in the 9th century as the seat of the eparchy of Serbia, the findings are presently at the National Museum of Serbia, in Belgrade. Roman, Byzantine and medieval Slavic tombs surround the church, the present church has been built on several earlier churches of which remains have been well preserved. Archaeological findings point that the church has been several times in history, beginning in the 4th century. The architectural style resembles that of churches in Pomorje, Armenia, Georgia. The first Serbian bishopric was founded at the center at Ras. Ras itself originates from ancient Arsa, and it is mentioned as a Serbian town in Constantine VIIs De Administrando Imperio, the initial ecclessiastical affiliation is uncertain, it was subordinate to either Split or Durazzo, both then Byzantine. The church served as seat of the Serbian eparchy, as the plan is characteristic of first court chapels. Similarly, the Eparchy of Braničevo was founded in 878, Prince Petar, was entombed in the church. Christianity was spreading in his time, Prince Časlav may have added the frescoes, which are dated to the 10th century. Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes recognized the Ras region as being the focus of the Serbian lands, the Eparchy of Ras was organized into the newly established Archbishopric of Ohrid, amid the renewed annexation of the region, as part of a wider Byzantine-Slavic Orthodox area. In the chrysobulls of Emperor Basil II, dated 1020, the Eparchy of Ras is mentioned as serving the whole of Serbia, sometime before 1163, Stefan Nemanja, then only a Prince, was baptized in the church. Stefan Nemanja held the council that outlawed the Bogumils at the church, rastko left Serbia in 1192, for Mount Athos, where he took monastic vows and was given the name Sava. Stefan Nemanja abdicated in 1195, crowning Stefan Nemanjić at the Church of Peter, the father and son soon asked the Holy Community for the establishment of the Serbian religious base at the abandoned Hilandar, which they renovated, marking the beginning of cultural prospering. The ancient cell of Helandaris was donated by Emperor Alexios III Angelos to the Serbs as an eternal gift. and Stefan Nemanja establishes, Nemanja dies at Hilandar in 1199, while Sava continues his work in establishing the Serbian church. Henceforth, the Church of Peter ends its service as the seat of the Serbian church, in the same year he published the first constitution in Serbia – St. Savas Nomocanon. After the Nemanjić era, not much is mentioned about the church, the church frescoes date to the 10th, 12th and 13th centuries, while some frescoes were repainted in the mid-13th century
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Lazarica Church
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Church of the Holy First Martyr Stephen, better known as the Lazarica Church, is a Serbian Orthodox church in Kruševac, Serbia. It was built in 1375-1378 as an endowment of prince Lazar of Serbia, Lazarica, as an outstanding achievement of the Serbian medieval architecture, was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by the Republic of Serbia. Lazarica was built as a prototype of the Morava school of architecture, as a palace church associated with the Kruševac Fortress, today, only Lazarica and parts of the keep remain from the vast fortress complex. Informations about the founding of the church can be found in the Žitije despota Stefana Lazarevića by Constantine of Kostenets, Lazar of Serbia built the church at the same time as the fortifications for the capital Kruševac. In 1455, Kruševac fell under Ottoman Empire rule, and the church was abandoned and desecrated, Lazarica was used as a stable for horses, and the roof was torn down for use elsewhere. During the Russo-Austrian-Turkish War, from 1736 to 1739, Lazarica was partially reconstructed, after that, Kruševac fell under Ottoman rule again. The first major reconstruction of Lazarica occurred after the establishment of the independent Principality of Serbia, with numerous modifications over the next hundred years. The church is in the form of a trefoil, a variant of the cruciform plan and it has a semicircular apse on the inside, which is five-sided on the outside, with attached colonettes. The church is oriented five degrees from a perfect west–east orientation, the foundation of Lazarica is at an elevation of 159 metres. Internal length, from the top of the apse to the west wall of the narthex, is 15.65 feet. The western width of the nave is from 5.15 to 5.20 metres, internal height to the apex of the semicalotte main dome is 17.25 metres. Wall thickness ranges from 1 to 1.75 metres, the foundations were laid at a depth of 0.60 metres. A peculiar process was used to draw thick mortar joints out from the wall, ravanica monastery Tourism in Serbia Official website ЛАЗАРИЦА Lazarica at TO Kruševac
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Church of St. George, Lukovo
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The Church of St. George, also known as the Lukovo Church, is a Serbian Orthodox church in the village of Lukovo, southern Serbia. It was built during the reign of king Milutin near mines of lead, copper and it was damaged in the end of the 14th century and reconstructed in 1871, destroyed again in 1871 and rebuilt 1895. It is located on Nenads Stone at the slopes of Kopaonik. According to legend, Saint Sava raised a cross on Nenads Stone
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Saint George's Cathedral (Novi Sad)
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The Cathedral Church of the Holy Great-Martyr George is the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Bačka, located in Novi Sad, northern Serbia. The present-day church was completed in 1905, on the ruins of a built in 1734. It is located next to the Eparchy offices in the Bishops Palace and it is commonly known as Saborna crkva among the city residents. An older church in the style began building in 1720. It was burnt down in a bombing in 1849, during the Revolutions in the Habsburg areas, a new tower with new bells from Budapest was added during the rebuilding. The Cathedral is dedicated to the Saint George, the wall paintings were made by Stevan Aleksić. It is one of the foremost monuments of the architecture in Novi Sad. The Cathedral Church of Saint George in Novi Sad
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Church of the Assumption, Zrenjanin
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Uspenska church was built in 1746, in Bečkerek, today Zrenjanin. It is located in Svetosavska street and it is the oldest church in Zrenjanin. Thanks to the fact that it was covered with roof tiles, the church is built in Baroque style, and it is very similar to the Orthodox Cathedral in Sremski Karlovci. Iconostasis was done by Dimitrije Popović, and continued in 1815 by Georgije Popović, the wall paintings were done between 1928 and 1930 by academic painter Aleksandar Sekulić, who was born in Veliki Bečkerek. The Uspenska church testifies to the Bečkerek Serbs full acceptance of the modern European artistic streams around the middle of the 18th century, the church was last time renovated in 2000. Flood lights were installed in 2005, so it is possible to see all its beauty during night hours, Uspenska church is protected by law as a cultural and historical monument of interest. In the church yard, there are two crosses, which were removed from Zrenjanins two squares during the 1950s
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Church of St. Elijah, Podujevo
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The Church of Saint Elijah, also known as Saint Andrews Church, is а Serbian Orthodox church located on a small hill near the city of Podujevo, in Kosovo. The complex includes an Orthodox cemetery and it was built in 1929, and has been demolished several times, as of 2010, the church has been rebuilt and renovated five times. The Church was shelled and dome was destroyed in 1941, during World War II, later, after the collapse of Fascist Albania, the church was restored by the Serbian residents of Podujevo. Reconstruction was finally finished in 1971, in 1999, the church was burnt down in what appeared to be a well-planned action, conducted by criminal elements after KFOR patrols changed shifts. The barb wire that guarded building was cut and the door was forced open, in 2003, UNMIK made a request of the Diocese of Raška and Prizren to evacuate movable church inventory, as an attack seemed inevitable. The church was destroyed on 18 March 2004, during 2004 Kosovo Unrest, according to Czech KFOR Captain, Jindrich Plescher, the church was attacked by a mob of 500 Albanians. Czech media confirmed that Czech soldiers had to leave the Church compound that was destroyed along with the cemetery, the Albanians set a large fire in the middle of the church which severely burned it. Plescher stated that the Albanian attackers had dug up coffins from the nearby Serbian cemetery, St. Andrew was shelled, a bell tower completely destroyed with explosives and the wall that surrounded the church was demolished. Elijah Church from an Albanian family, the bell was a gift from Yugoslav King Alexander I Karađorđević to the Podujevo Church in 1932, two years prior to his assassination in Marseilles. The Albanian representatives asked three times for the bell, saying that the bell belonged to the Podujevo municipality, the chaplain of the battalion personally cleaned the bell. On 12 May 2006, the church was attacked again by Kosovo Albanians. After partial reconstruction, led by the Council of Europe fund, the doors of the church were breached. Anti-Serb sentiment Battle of Podujevo Podujevo bus bombing Podujevo massacre Video of the destruction and desecration of St. Elijahs Church
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Church of St. Nicholas, Prizren
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The Church of St. Nicholas, also known as Tutić Church is a Serbian Orthodox church located in Prizren in Kosovo. It was founded in 1331-1332 by Dragoslav Tutić, whose name was Nikola. Later, the became a possession of the Visoki Dečani Monastery. Since 1990, it has been on Serbias list of Monuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance, at the time of the 2004 unrest in Kosovo, the church was vandalized. Since 2005, with support from the European Union, work has been undertaken to restore the church to its original state. The church of St. Nicholas is a stone and brick single-nave church, with a central octagonal dome. The altar apse is semicircular, with niches for diaconicon. The builders inscription is partially preserved but 19th century manuscripts indicate that the church was built in 1331-1332. The frescoes in the church are preserved to a degree and are assumed to have been introduced immediately after the churchs construction, Monuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance Prizren Notes, References
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Mala Gospojina Church
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The Church of the Nativity of the Most Holy Mother of God is a Serbian Orthodox Church in Obilić, central Kosovo. As of 2008, it serves some 2,200 Serbs in the municipality of Obilić and it is ecclesiastically part of the Eparchy of Raška and Prizren. It was left during the Kosovo War, the first liturgical service was held in 2003, on the Nativity of the Theotokos. It was damaged in the 2004 unrest but has since been partially renovated, BISHOP ARTEMIJE SERVES HOLY LITURGY IN OBILIC. Srbi u Obiliću obeležili Malu Gospojinu - Studio B. naslovi. net
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