1.
Sparrow
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Sparrows are a family of small passerine birds, Passeridae. They are also known as sparrows, or Old World sparrows, names also used for a particular genus of the family. They are distinct from both the American sparrows, in the family Emberizidae, and from a few other birds sharing their name, such as the Java sparrow of the family Estrildidae. Many species nest on buildings, and the house and Eurasian tree sparrows in particular cities in large numbers. They are primarily seed-eaters, though they also consume small insects, some species scavenge for food around cities and, like gulls or rock doves, will happily eat virtually anything in small quantities. Generally, sparrows are small, plump, brown-grey birds with tails and stubby. The differences between species can be subtle. Members of this range in size from the chestnut sparrow, at 11.4 centimetres and 13.4 grams, to the parrot-billed sparrow. Sparrows are physically similar to other seed-eating birds, such as finches, but have a vestigial dorsal outer primary feather and this bone, the preglossale, helps stiffen the tongue when holding seeds. Other adaptations towards eating seeds are specialised bills and elongated and specialised alimentary canals, the family Passeridae was introduced by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. Under the classification used in the Handbook of the Birds of the World main groupings of the sparrows are the true sparrows, the snowfinches, and these groups are similar to each other, and are each fairly homogeneous, especially Passer. Some classifications also include the sparrow-weavers and several other African genera which are similar to Passer. They therefore classify it as its own subfamily within Passeridae, some, starting with P. P. Suskin in the 1920s, placed the sparrows in the weaver family as the subfamily Passerinae, and tied them to Plocepasser. Another family sparrows were classed with was the finches, some authorities previously classified the related estrildid finches of the Old World tropics and Australasia as members of the Passeridae. Like sparrows, the finches are small, gregarious and often colonial seed-eaters with short, thick. They are broadly similar in structure and habits, but tend to be very colourful, the 2008 Christidis and Boles taxonomic scheme lists the estrildid finches as the separate family Estrildidae, leaving just the true sparrows in Passeridae. The hedge sparrow or dunnock is similarly unrelated and it is a sparrow in name only, a relict of the old practice of calling more types of small birds sparrows. A few further bird species are called sparrows, such as the Java sparrow
Sparrow
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Sparrow
Sparrow
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A close-up of a male house sparrow
Sparrow
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Yellow-throated sparrow at
Keoladeo National Park, India
Sparrow
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A sparrow chick in Italy
2.
Sam Sparro (album)
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Sam Sparro is the eponymous debut studio album by Australian recording artist Sam Sparro. It was released in the UK on 28 April 2008, after the success of Sparros debut single, Black and Gold, which peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart. The album debuted at five during its first week of release in the UK. In September 2008 the nominees for the 2008 ARIA Awards with the album receiving two nominations including Best Male Artist and Breakthrough Artist – Album, cottonmouth was Sparros first single from the album, released one year before the album, on 10 June 2007. Black and Gold was the single from the album, meant to act as a lead single for the albums release soon there after. The song went on to become a hit in the U. K. as well as in other countries worldwide. It entered the UK Singles Chart at #23 and went on to peak at #2 for three non-consecutive weeks. The song also went on the peak at #4 in both Australia and Norway, #5 in Ireland, Europe, and Turkey, and #8 on the US Billboard Dance Charts, too Many Questions was released in New Zealand, to the countrys iTunes store on 21 June 2008. It is unclear if the song was supposed to have been an international release or not. 21st Century Life was the single from the album to be released internationally. However, It peaked at #33 on the Australian Airplay Chart, pocket was released to iTunes in Australia on 13 December 2008. Notes ^a signifies a co-producer Credits adapted from the notes of Sam Sparro. Notes ^a signifies person as Sparros father ^b signifies person as Sparros brother ARIA Music Awards
Sam Sparro (album)
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Sam Sparro
3.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
Sydney
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The
Sydney Opera House and
CBD at dusk from
Jeffrey Street,
Kirribilli in December 2008
Sydney
–
A Direct North General View of Sydney Cove, by convict artist
Thomas Watling in 1794
Sydney
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Sydney Cove from
Dawes Point, 1817
4.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
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Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
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The name London may derive from the
River Thames
5.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
Funk
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George Clinton and
Parliament Funkadelic in 2006
Funk
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Simple kick and snare funk motif. The kick first sounds two onbeats, which are then answered by two offbeats. The snare sounds the backbeat.
Funk
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James Brown, one of the founding fathers of funk
Funk
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George Clinton and P-Funk All Stars, Long Beach 2009
6.
Synthpop
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Synth-pop is a subgenre of new wave music that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco, and particularly the Krautrock of bands like Kraftwerk. It arose as a genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post-punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late-1970s to the mid-1980s. In Japan, Yellow Magic Orchestras success opened the way for bands such as P-Model, Plastics. The development of polyphonic synthesizers, the definition of MIDI. This, its adoption by the acts from the New Romantic movement, together with the rise of MTV. Synth-pop is sometimes deployed interchangeably with electropop, but electropop may also denote a variant of synth-pop that places emphasis on a harder. In the late 1980s duos such as Erasure and Pet Shop Boys adopted a style that was successful on the US dance-charts. Some artists and bands were criticised for gender bending, Synth-pop was defined by its primary use of synthesizers, drum machines and sequencers, sometimes using them to replace all other instruments. Borthwick and Moy have described the genre as diverse but, many synth-pop musicians had limited musical skills, relying on the technology to produce or reproduce the music. The result was often minimalist, with grooves that were woven together from simple repeated riffs often with no harmonic progression to speak of. Early synth-pop has been described as eerie, sterile, and vaguely menacing, using droning electronics with little change in inflection, common lyrical themes of synth-pop songs were isolation, urban anomie, and feelings of being emotionally cold and hollow. Synthesizers were increasingly used to imitate the conventional and clichéd sound of orchestras, thin, treble-dominant, synthesized melodies and simple drum programmes gave way to thick, and compressed production, and a more conventional drum sound. Lyrics were generally optimistic, dealing with more traditional subject matter for pop music such as romance, escapism. According to music writer Simon Reynolds, the hallmark of 1980s synth-pop was its emotional, at times operatic singers such as Marc Almond, Alison Moyet and Annie Lennox. Because synthesizers removed the need for groups of musicians, these singers were often part of a duo where their partner played all the instrumentation. Later synth-pop saw a shift to a style influenced by other genres. Electronic musical synthesizers that could be used practically in a recording studio became available in the mid-1960s, the portable Minimoog, which allowed much easier use, particularly in live performance was widely adopted by progressive rock musicians such as Richard Wright of Pink Floyd and Rick Wakeman of Yes
Synthpop
–
The
Prophet-5, one of the first
polyphonic synthesizers. It was widely used in 1980s synthpop, along with the
Roland Jupiter and
Yamaha DX7.
Synthpop
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Kraftwerk, one of the major influences on synthpop, in 1976.
Synthpop
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Yellow Magic Orchestra in 2008.
Synthpop
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Gary Numan performing in 1980
7.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
Soul music
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James Brown
Soul music
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Al Green, influential soul performer
Soul music
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Levi Stubbs singing lead with the Four Tops in 1966
Soul music
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Isaac Hayes performing in 1973
8.
Neo soul
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Neo soul is a genre of popular music. The term was coined by music industry entrepreneur Kedar Massenburg during the late 1990s to market and describe a style of music emerged from soul. It has been noted by writers for its traditional R&B influences, conscious-driven lyrics. Neo soul developed during the 1980s and early 1990s, in the United States and United Kingdom and it earned mainstream success during the 1990s, with the commercial and critical breakthroughs of several artists, including DAngelo, Erykah Badu, Lauryn Hill, and Maxwell. Their music was marketed as an alternative to the producer-driven, digitally approached R&B of the time and its mainstream presence declined during the 2000s, although newer artists emerged through more independent means of marketing their music. According to music journalist Mark Anthony Neal, neo-soul and its various incarnations has helped to redefine the boundaries, the success of DAngelos 1995 debut album Brown Sugar has been regarded by several writers and music critics as inspiration behind the terms origin. In a 2002 interview for Billboard, Massenburg said that genre classifications are often unpopular because they may be suggestive of a short-lived trend. However, although he said neo soul is still essentially soul music, neo-soul artists tried to look both backward and forward, acting in the belief that a continuum might exist. Despite some ambivalence from artists, the term received widespread use by music critics and writers who wrote about artists, African American studies professor Mark Anthony Neal has described neo soul as everything from avant-garde R&B to organic soul. A product of trying to something outside of the norm in R&B. They also infuse jazz, funk, and African musical elements into R&B, noting that most of the genres artists are singer-songwriters, writers have viewed their lyrical content as more conscious-driven and having a broader range than most other R&B artists. AllMusic calls it roughly analogous to contemporary R&B, dimitri Ehrlich of Vibe said that they emphasize a mix of elegant, jazz-tinged R&B and subdued hip hop, with a highly idiosyncratic, deeply personal approach to love and politics. Music writers have noted that neo soul artists are predominantly female, jason Anderson of CBC News called neo soul a sinuous, sly yet unabashedly earnest alternative and kind of haven for listeners turned off by the hedonism of mainstream hip-hop and club jams. Neo soul artists are associated with alternative lifestyles and fashions, including organic food, incense. In a 1998 article on neo soul, Time journalist Christopher John Farley wrote that such as Hill, DAngelo. Neo soul artists during the 1990s were heavily inspired by the sound and mellow instrumentation of Gil Scott-Herons. All About Jazz cited Jackson as one of the architects of the sound. Neo soul originated in the 1980s and early 1990s, with the work of acts such as Prince
Neo soul
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Although she disputes the term, Erykah Badu has been dubbed "the first lady of neo soul" and "the queen of neo-soul".
Neo soul
–
Raheem DeVaughn performs socially conscious and love-themed songs, and has been compared to
Donny Hathaway and
Marvin Gaye.
9.
House music
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House music is a genre of electronic music created by club DJs and music producers in Chicago in the early 1980s. Early house music was characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals. While house displayed several characteristics similar to music, it was more electronic and minimalistic. House music became popular in Chicago clubs in 1984 and it was pioneered by figures such as Frankie Knuckles, Phuture, Kym Mazelle, and Mr. Fingers, and was associated with African-American and gay subcultures. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, Baltimore, in the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America, and Australia. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream pop, in the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. House music has also fused with other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the wave of progressive house. The genre has remained popular and fused into other subgenres, for example, ghetto house, deep house. As of 2016, house music popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe. The song structure of music songs typically involves an intro, a chorus, various verse sections, a midsection. Some songs do not have a verse, taking a part from the chorus. The drum beat is one of the important elements within the genre and is almost always provided by an electronic drum machine rather than by a human drummer playing drumkit. The drum beats of house are four on the floor, with bass drums played on every beat, House music is often based on bass-heavy loops or basslines produced by a synthesizer and/or from samples of disco or funk songs. The tempo of most house songs is between 118 and 135 beats per minute, soul music and disco influenced house music. These artists produced longer, more repetitive, and percussive arrangements of existing disco recordings, early house producers such as Frankie Knuckles created similar compositions from scratch, using samplers, synthesizers, sequencers, and drum machines. Rachel Cain, co-founder of an influential Trax Records, was involved in the burgeoning punk scene and cites industrial
House music
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An honorary
street name sign in
Chicago for house music and
Frankie Knuckles.
House music
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Building in New York City where the
Paradise Garage nightclub was located
House music
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Swedish House Mafia performing in 2011.
10.
Island Records
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Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time
Island Records
–
Island Records
11.
Virgin
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Virginity is the state of a person who has never engaged in sexual intercourse. Like chastity, the concept of virginity has traditionally involved sexual abstinence, the concept of virginity usually involves moral or religious issues and can have consequences in terms of social status and in interpersonal relationships. Although virginity has social implications and had significant legal implications in some societies in the past, the term virgin originally only referred to sexually inexperienced women, but has evolved to encompass a range of definitions, as found in traditional, modern, and ethical concepts. The social implications of virginity still remain in societies. The word virgin comes via Old French virgine from the form of Latin virgo, genitive virgin-is. As in Latin, the English word is often used with wider reference, by relaxing the age. In this case, more mature women can be virgins, men can be virgins, and potential initiates into many fields can be colloquially termed virgins, for example, in the latter usage, virgin means uninitiated. The Latin word likely arose by analogy with a suit of lexemes based on vireo, meaning to be green, fresh or flourishing, mostly with botanic reference—in particular, virga meaning strip of wood. The first known use of virgin in English is found in a Middle English manuscript held at Trinity College, Cambridge of about 1200, martirs, and confessors, and uirgines maked faier bode inne to women. By about 1300, the word was expanded to also to Mary. These are three of the eighteen definitions of virgin from the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, most of the OED1 definitions, however, are similar. The German word for virgin is Jungfrau, Jungfrau literally means young woman, but is not used in this sense. Instead junge Frau can be used, the rather dated German word for a young woman, without implications regarding sexuality, is Fräulein. Fräulein was used in German as a title of respect, equivalent to current usage of Miss in English, Jungfrau is the word reserved specifically for sexual inexperience. As Frau means woman, it suggests a female referent, unlike English, German also has a specific word for a male virgin Jüngling. It is, however, dated too and rarely used, Jungfrau, with some masculine modifier, is more typical, as evidenced by the film, The 40-Year-Old Virgin, about a 40-year-old male virgin, titled in German, Jungfrau, männlich, sucht…. Note that the used for the starsign virgo also is Jungfrau. German also distinguishes between young women and girls, who are denoted by the word Mädchen, the English cognate maid was often used to imply virginity, especially in poetry - e. g. Maid Marian, the love interest of the legendary outlaw Robin Hood in English folklore
Virgin
–
Youth by French painter
William-Adolphe Bouguereau. White has traditionally been associated with ritual purity, innocence and virginity.
Virgin
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Le Droit Du Seigneur (1872) by Jules-Arsène Garnier
Virgin
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Las Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho (1884) by
Félix Resurrección Hidalgo
Virgin
–
Detail of The Reading Madonna by
Giorgione (c. 1500)
12.
Josh Abraham
–
Josh Abraham is an American record producer, songwriter, and music executive. Having worked with some of the industrys most successful artists over the past 15 years including P. His career began in the studio in the mid-1990s, as a self-taught musician, producer, mixer. He met vocalist Jay Gordon leading to work on some of the biggest selling albums of the decade. As a client of The Firm, Inc. he became A&R and Staff Producer, leading to a role at Virgin Records where he teamed up with the likes of Thirty Seconds to Mars. In 2004, Abraham formed Pulse Recording, after purchasing the property which operated as Soundcastle Recording Studios for more than 25 years, the building has received the prestigious American Institute of Architects award for quality of construction and design. Dre, Herbie Hancock, and Mary J. Blige and he went on to create Pulse Management and Songs of Pulse, both operating under the Pulse Recording umbrella. Pulse Recording now operates two Recording studios, one based at its headquarters in Los Angeles, and one based in Burbank, California. In 2012, the established a partnership with Creative Nation. Latin Grammy Awards 2011 - Album of the Year Josh Abraham on Twitter Josh Abraham on Facebook
Josh Abraham
–
Josh Abraham
13.
Adam Lambert
–
Adam Mitchel Lambert is an American singer, songwriter and stage actor. Since 2009, he has sold over 3 million albums and 5 million singles worldwide, Lambert rose to fame in 2009 after finishing as runner-up on the eighth season of American Idol. Later that year, he released his album, For Your Entertainment. The album spawned hit singles, including Whataya Want from Me. In 2012, Lambert released his studio album, Trespassing. The album premiered at one on the U. S. Billboard 200. In 2015, Lambert released his album, The Original High. Alongside his solo career, Lambert has collaborated with rock band Queen as lead vocalist for Queen + Adam Lambert since 2011, culminating in a successful world-wide tour from 2014 to 2016. Lambert was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, on January 29,1982, to mother Leila, a dental hygienist, and father Eber Lambert and his father is of partial Norwegian descent and his mother is Jewish. Lambert was raised in his mothers religion and he has a younger brother, Neil. Shortly after his birth, his family moved to San Diego, Lambert began performing with Metropolitan Educational Theatre network from the age of nine. There, he became involved with theater and choir, performed vocals with the schools jazz band. He also appeared in professional productions such as Hello, Dolly. Camelot, The Music Man, Grease, Chess and Peter Pan, at such as The Starlight, The Lyceum. Life is all about taking risks to get what you want, at 19, Lambert landed his first professional job, performing on a cruise ship for ten months with Anita Mann Productions. Afterwards, he performed in opera in Orange County, California. By 21, he was signed with a manager and cast in a European tour of Hair and he finished performances with the musical in 2008. During this same period, Lambert briefly fronted underground rock band The Citizen Vein with Steve Sidelnyk, Tommy Victor and Monte Pittman
Adam Lambert
–
Lambert performing at Queen + Adam Lambert concert 2014
Adam Lambert
–
Lambert singing the
national anthem during his visit to
MCAS Miramar (2009)
Adam Lambert
–
Lambert at the
16th Screen Actors Guild Awards (2010)
Adam Lambert
–
Lambert performing on tour in Kiev, Ukraine March 2013
14.
Courtney Act
–
Shane Gilberto Jenek is an Australian drag queen, pop singer, entertainer and reality television personality. As Courtney Act, Jenek was a semi-finalist on Australian Idol in 2003 and was the singer of the competition to release an official solo single, following Guy Sebastian. The single, Rub Me Wrong, was released in 2004, Act was one of the runner ups in season six of RuPauls Drag Race. Act was born Shane Gilberto Jenek in Brisbane and attended Sandgate District State High School and she later moved to Sydney at the age of 18. She originally intended to take the name Ginger LeBon and be a redheaded, instead, she took the stage name Courtney Act, which is a pun on the phrase caught in the act as pronounced in a non-rhotic accent such as Australian English. In December 2013, Logo announced that Courtney Act was among 14 drag queens who would be competing on the season of RuPauls Drag Race. She later went on to become a finalist in the competition, alongside fellow contestants Adore Delano and Bianca Del Rio, in July 2014, Courtney Act became the first drag performer in history to sing live with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. Act appeared as a guest performer with Cheyenne Jackson in Hello, Cheyenne Jackson Goes to the Movies. The two sang a duet of Elephant Love Song from the 2001 Baz Luhrmann film Moulin Rouge, in September 2014, Courtney Act, along with Willam Belli and Alaska Thunderfuck 5000, were the first drag queens to become ad girls for American Apparel. They worked for the campaign Support Artists, Support Ethical Manufacturing of the fashion brand, Courtney also has a Wig Company called Wigs By Vanity that she set up in 2003 for drag queens with a business partner and fellow drag queen, Vanity Faire. In December 2015, Courtney was featured on two singles from the Christmas Queens LP, From Head To Mistletoe, and Christmas Sweater with fellow American Apparel ad girls Willam, as of 2016, Act has been a foreign correspondent for the Australian news website, Junkee. Act covered the Presidental election of 2016 for the site, attending rallies of both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, following Trumps election, Act also participated in and reported on the 2017 Womens March. Official website Shane Jenek at the Internet Movie Database Courtney Act discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs
Courtney Act
–
Courtney Act in April 2014
15.
Mark Ronson
–
Mark Daniel Ronson is an English musician, DJ, singer, songwriter and record producer. Although his debut album Here Comes the Fuzz failed to make an impact on the charts and this earned him a Brit Award for Best British Male Solo Artist in 2008. His third studio album, Record Collection, was released on 27 September 2010, in 2014, Ronson achieved his first UK and US number one single with Uptown Funk, which featured vocals from Bruno Mars. The song earned Ronson the 2015 Brit Award for British Single of the Year, and his fourth studio album, Uptown Special, was released in January 2015, and became his first UK number one album and also peaked at number 5 in the US. Ronson produced Cold Shoulder on Adeles first album,19 and he has won Record of the Year twice, in 2008 as a producer and in 2016 as a performing artist. One of the most successful musicians in contemporary British popular culture, Ronson was born at the Wellington Hospital, St Johns Wood, London, to Jewish parents, Laurence Ronson, a real-estate speculator and music manager, and Ann Dexter. His ancestors immigrated from Austria, Russia, and Lithuania, Ronson was brought up in Masorti Judaism and had a Bar Mitzvah ceremony. The family name was originally Aaronson, and was shortened by Marks grandfather Henry and he is the nephew of businessman Gerald Ronson. Through his mother, he is related to British Conservative politicians Sir Malcolm Rifkind and Leon Lord Brittan. He is not related to the late English guitarist Mick Ronson, after his parents divorced, his mother married Foreigner guitarist Mick Jones, which contributed to a childhood surrounded by music. Ronson has twin sisters who are two younger, Charlotte Ronson, a fashion designer, and Samantha Ronson, a singer. Ronson also has five younger half-siblings, Alexander and Annabelle, from his mothers marriage to Mick Jones, and Henrietta, David, Ronson – along with his mother, step-father and twin sisters – moved to New York City when he was eight years of age. Living on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, he counted Sean Lennon – son of John Lennon, Ronson attended high school at the private Collegiate School in Manhattan before attending Vassar College and then New York University. While attending New York University, Ronson became a regular at downtown hip hop spots and made his name as a DJ on the New York club scene in 1993 and he soon became known for his diverse, genre-spanning selection. Influenced by funk, the hip hop scene of New York and he was soon a popular and sought after DJ in New York City, frequently booked for high-profile events and private parties. In 1999, Ronson was featured in an ad wearing Tommy Hilfiger denim in the studio for an ad campaign for the company. Mark made the leap from DJ to producer after Nikka Costas manager heard one of his sets, Ronson produced Costas song Everybody Got Their Something, and Ronson soon signed a record contract with Elektra Records. He had already produced tracks for Hilfiger ads and, in 2001, Ronsons debut album, Here Comes the Fuzz, was released in 2003
Mark Ronson
–
Ronson in 2012
Mark Ronson
–
Ronson in 2007
Mark Ronson
16.
Theophilus London
–
Theophilus Musa London is a Trinidadian-born American rapper and singer. London was born in Trinidad, and later moved to Brooklyn and he then moved to the Poconos and graduated from Pocono Mountain East High School in 2006. His debut EP Lovers Holiday, released on Warner Bros. Records on February 7,2011, features TV on the Radios Dave Sitek, Sara Quin from Tegan and Sara, Glasser, and Solange Knowles. His full-length debut album Timez Are Weird These Days, mixed by noted producer Dan Carey, was released by Warner Brothers on July 19,2011, London was one of the headliners of the Northside Festival in Brooklyn in June 2011. On June 30,2011, London performed at the Montreal International Jazz Festival, the buzz has been building for some time. He also said that he would be releasing a new mixtape titled I Want You Still, in September 2014, it was announced that the new album would be released in October and executive produced by Kanye West. 2011, Timez Are Weird These Days 2014, Vibes 2008, Jam
Theophilus London
–
Theophilus London at Fri-Son in Fribourg, Switzerland (2010)
Theophilus London
–
Theophilus London (2011)
17.
The Bottletop Band
–
The Bottletop Band is a supergroup consisting of leading musicians of both Brazilian and English music. Mario Caldato, Jr. is the organiser of the band, overseeing the whole Bottletop band record and he was behind the mixing. Notable musicians include Carl Barât, Eliza Doolittle, Gruff Rhys, Matt Helders, Andy Nicholson, despite primarily being a jam band, the band was eventually organised to record an album, Dream Service, from which all proceeds have been given the Bottletop charity. The charity in which supports initiatives in Brazil, Malawi, Rwanda, Mozambique, the bands debut single, The Fall of Rome, was made available for free download on the projects official website. A remix of the track by Evil 9 was made shortly made after the singles release and it was to be the English musicians that recorded first before the Brazilian musicians. These loops and live jams were then sent across to Rio de Janeiro for the artists to add their ideas. In L. A. having overseen the project, as he eventually pieced together the final material and mixed the tracks to create Dream Service. The first release, Africa consisted of rare afrobeat remixed by Paul Oakenfold, the follow-up album, Brazil includes remixes composed by Fatboy Slim and Jazzanova, and garnered praise from the likes of The Independent, Bob Geldof and Michael Eavis. The Bottletop Bands official website Bottletops official website The making of Dream Service
The Bottletop Band
–
The Bottletop Band
18.
Maltese people
–
The Maltese are an ethnic group indigenous to Malta, and identified with the Maltese language. Malta is an island in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, included within the ethnic group defined by the Maltese people are the Gozitans who inhabit Maltas sister island, Gozo. Malta has been inhabited from around 5200 BC, since the arrival of settlers from the island of Sicily. A significant prehistoric Neolithic culture marked by Megalithic structures, which date back to c.3600 BC, existed on the islands, as evidenced by the temples of Mnajdra, Ggantija, the Phoenicians colonized Malta between 800-700 BC, bringing their Semitic language and culture. After a period of Byzantine rule and a sack by the Vandals. The Muslim rule was ended by the Normans who conquered the island in 1091, the islands were completely re-Christianised by 1249. The islands were part of the Kingdom of Sicily until 1530, in 1530 Charles I of Spain gave the Maltese islands to the Order of Knights of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem in perpetual lease. The French under Napoleon took hold of the Maltese islands in 1798, as part of the Treaty of Paris Malta became a British colony, ultimately rejecting an attempted integration with the United Kingdom in 1956. Malta became independent on 21 September 1964, under its 1964 constitution Malta initially retained Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Malta, with a Governor-General exercising executive authority on her behalf. On 13 December 1974 it became a republic within the Commonwealth, with the President as head of state, on 31 March 1979 Malta saw the withdrawal of the last British troops and the Royal Navy from Malta. This day is known as Freedom Day and Malta declared itself as a neutral, Malta joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 and joined the Eurozone on 1 January 2008. The earliest inhabitants of the Maltese Islands are believed to have crossed over from nearby Sicily sometime before 5000 BC. It has been subjected to the complex, historic processes that gave rise to the linguistic and ethnic admixture that defines who the people of Malta. Present-day Maltese culture is essentially Latin European with the recent British legacy also in evidence, in the early part of its history Malta was also exposed to Arab influences. The present-day legacy of this is rather than cultural. Maltese people speak the Maltese language, a Semitic language written in the Latin alphabet in its standard form, the language is descended from Siculo-Arabic, a dialect of Arabic spoken in Sicily. In the course of Maltas history, the language has adopted large amounts of vocabulary from Sicilian, Italian, English, the official languages of Malta are Maltese and English. Maltese became a language of Malta in 1934, replacing Italian
Maltese people
–
The temple complex of
Mnajdra (4th mi-3200 BC)
Maltese people
–
Child Migrants' Memorial at the
Valletta Waterfront, commemorating the 310 Maltese child migrants who travelled to Australia between 1950 and 1965.
19.
Star Trek
–
Star Trek is an American science fiction media franchise based on the television series created by Gene Roddenberry. The first television series, simply called Star Trek and now referred to as The Original Series, debuted in 1966 and it followed the interstellar adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and his crew aboard the starship USS Enterprise, an exploration vessel. The Star Trek canon of the franchise include The Original Series, a series, four spin-off television series, its film franchise. In creating Star Trek, Roddenberry was inspired by the Horatio Hornblower novels, the satirical book Gullivers Travels and these adventures continued in the short-lived Star Trek, The Animated Series and six feature films. The adventures of The Next Generation crew continued in four feature films. In 2009, the franchise underwent a reboot set in an alternate timeline, or Kelvin Timeline. This film featured a new cast portraying younger versions of the crew from the show, their adventures were continued in the sequel film. The thirteenth film feature and sequel, Star Trek Beyond, was released to coincide with the franchises 50th anniversary, a new Star Trek TV series, titled Star Trek, Discovery, will premiere in May 2017 on the digital platform CBS All Access. Star Trek has been a phenomenon for decades. Fans of the franchise are called Trekkies or Trekkers, the franchise spans a wide range of spin-offs including games, figurines, novels, toys, and comics. Star Trek had an attraction in Las Vegas that opened in 1998. At least two museum exhibits of props travel the world, the series has its own full-fledged constructed language, Klingon. Several parodies have been made of Star Trek, in addition, viewers have produced several fan productions. As of July 2016, the franchise had generated $10 billion in revenue, Star Trek is noted for its cultural influence beyond works of science fiction. The franchise is also noted for its civil rights stances. The Original Series included one of televisions first multiracial casts, Star Trek references can be found throughout popular culture from movies such as the submarine thriller Crimson Tide to the animated series South Park. As early as 1964, Gene Roddenberry drafted a proposal for the series that would become Star Trek
Star Trek
–
The Star Trek logo as it appears in the reboot
Star Trek
–
The Starfleet emblem as seen in the franchise.
Star Trek
–
Star Trek creator, producer and writer
Gene Roddenberry
Star Trek
–
Captain James T. Kirk and Commander Spock, played by
William Shatner and
Leonard Nimoy, pictured here in The Original Series.
20.
Tujunga, Los Angeles, California
–
Sunland-Tujunga /təˈhʌŋɡə/ is a neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles located by the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains in the Crescenta Valley. The merging of these communities under a hyphenated name goes back as far as 1928, Sunland-Tujunga contains the highest point of the city, Mount Lukens. The neighborhood lies between the Verdugo Mountains and the San Gabriel Mountains and it is contiguous on the east with La Crescenta-Montrose. Sunland and Tujunga are divided by Mount Gleason Avenue, with Sunland on the west, Mount Lukens within Tujunga is the highest point in Los Angeles at 5,074 ft. In 1925 there were no sidewalks or curbs in Tujunga, a state highway ran through the town. Streets within the Sunland and Tuna Canyon annex to Los Angeles were renamed in June 1929, the main east-west road, previously known as Michigan Avenue, became Foothill Boulevard. Sunset renamed to Commerce St. Manzanita Drive was renamed McGroarty Avenue in honor of John Steven McGroarty, exits in Sunland and Tujunga are, from west to east, at Sunland Boulevard, La Tuna Canyon Road and Lowell Avenue. The freeways right-of-way almost completely bypasses the main part of the community, today, the neighborhood has one major thoroughfare, Foothill Boulevard. Nearly all businesses in Sunland-Tujunga are located on or near Foothill Boulevard, Tujunga Canyon Boulevard is a heavily travelled north-south route, but is primarily residential. Sunland Boulevard and Wentworth Street are popular surface streets which connect the community to Sun Valley, Sunland-Tujunga is also served by the Interstate 210 freeway. Sunland-Tujunga has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate, Sunland and Tujunga were originally home to the Tongva people. In 1840 the area was part of the Rancho Tujunga Mexican land grant, the name Tujunga is assumed to have meant old womans place in the extinct Tongva language, where Tuhu old woman is a term for Mother Earth in Tongva mythology. Sunland began life as Monte Vista in 1885, when 2,200 acres of the Tejunga Park tract were divided into lots ranging from five to 40 acres. One of the first uses of the new tract was the planting of 40 acres of olives, in 1887 the Monte Vista Hotel was being served by the Sunland Post Office. By 1906, the appellation Sunland was being used by the Los Angeles Times rather than Monte Vista. A1907 story noted that Sunland was the first supply store, in 1908, Sunland was referred to as difficult to access, at a height of 1,500 feet over rough mountain roads. An automobile trip from Los Angeles took a day to complete. In 1910, a Los Angeles Times correspondent wrote about Sunland, one gets no inkling of the beauties till he is right in the town
Tujunga, Los Angeles, California
–
Historic
Bolton Hall in Tujunga, 2008
Tujunga, Los Angeles, California
–
John Steven McGroarty, a Tujunga-based
poet laureate, in 1893
Tujunga, Los Angeles, California
–
Districts and neighborhoods
21.
Chaka Khan
–
Chaka Khan is an American recording artist whose career has spanned five decades, beginning in the 1970s as the frontwoman and focal point of the funk band Rufus. Widely known as the Queen of Funk, Khan has won ten Grammys and has sold an estimated 70 million records worldwide, Khan was ranked at number 17 in VH1s original list of the 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll. In 2015, she was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for the second time, Khan was the first R&B artist to have a crossover hit featuring a rapper, with I Feel for You in 1984. In the course of her career, Khan has achieved three gold singles, three gold albums and one platinum album with I Feel for You. With Rufus, she achieved four gold singles, four gold albums, in December 2016, Billboard magazine ranked her as the 65th most successful dance artist of all-time. Chaka Khan was born Yvette Marie Stevens on March 23,1953 into an artistic, bohemian household in Chicago, Illinois. She is the eldest of five born to Charles Stevens and Sandra Coleman. She was raised in the Hyde Park area, an island in the middle of the madness of Chicagos rough South Side housing projects and her sister Yvonne later became a successful musician in her own right under the name Taka Boom. Her only brother, Mark, who formed the funk group Aurra and she has two other sisters, Zaheva Stevens and Tammy McCrary. Chaka Khan was raised as a Catholic and she attributed her love of music to her grandmother, who introduced her to jazz as a child. Khan became a fan of rhythm and blues music as a pre-teen and at eleven formed a group, the Crystalettes. Though many think that she was given the name Chaka while in the Panthers she has made it clear that her name Chaka Adunne Aduffe Hodarhi Karifi was given to her at age 13 by a Yoruba Baba. In 1969, she left the Panthers and dropped out of school, having attended Calumet High School. She began to perform in groups around the Chicago area, first performing with Cash McCalls group Lyfe, which included her then boyfriend Hassan Khan. She was asked to replace Baby Huey of Baby Huey & the Babysitters after Hueys death in 1970, the group disbanded a year later. While performing in bands in 1972, she was spotted by two members of a new group called Rufus and soon won her position in the group. They later signed with ABC Records in 1973, prior to signing with the label, she married on-and-off boyfriend Hassan Khan, changing her stage name to Chaka Khan. In 1973, Rufus released their eponymous debut album and that changed when Wonder himself collaborated with the group on a song he had written for Khan
Chaka Khan
–
Chaka Khan
Chaka Khan
–
Chaka was Khan's first album and it was given Gold Certification by the US.
22.
Public relations
–
Public relations is the practice of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public. Public relations may include an organization or individual gaining exposure to their audiences using topics of public interest and this differentiates it from advertising as a form of marketing communications. Public relations is the idea of creating coverage for clients for free, an example of good public relations would be generating an article featuring a client, rather than paying for the client to be advertised next to the article. Jobs central to public relations include account coordinator, account executive, account supervisor, Public relations specialists establish and maintain relationships with an organizations target audience, the media, and other opinion leaders. The public relations professional must know how to address those concerns using the most powerful tool of the public relations trade. Public relations and journalism have similarities in the work they do, followed by executing a program of action to earn public understanding and acceptance. However, when Lee was later asked about his role in a hearing with the United Transit Commission, in 1948, historian Eric Goldman noted that the definition of public relations in Websters would be disputed by both practitioners and critics in the field. Public Relations Society of America, a trade association, defined public relations in 1982 as, Public relations helps an organization. Public relations can also be defined as the practice of managing communication between an organization and its publics, most textbooks consider the establishment of the Publicity Bureau in 1900 to be the founding of the public relations profession. Basil Clark is considered the founder of public relations in the United Kingdom for his establishment of Editorial Services in 1924, most historians believe public relations became established first in the US by Ivy Lee or Edward Bernays, then spread internationally. Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe when they created European subsidiaries as a result of the Marshall plan, the second half of the 1900s is considered the professional development building era of public relations. Trade associations, PR news magazines, international PR agencies, in the early 2000s, press release services began offering social media press releases. The U. S Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in 2014, the top ten percent in the field made around $105,720 and the bottom ten percent made around $31,190. For public relations managers, however, the annual wage in 2011 was $93,310. Workers in the 90th percentile earned around $176,400, and workers in the 10th percentile earned $50,360, according to the U. S. Department of Labor. The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics also projects an employment growth of 12 percent between 2012 and 2022 for the profession, where an additional 27,400 jobs will need to be filled. The public relations profession has claimed the No.75 spot on the 2014 U. S. News & World Report list of Best Jobs because of its promising direction. In the United States, public relations professionals earn an annual salary of $49,800 which compares with £40,000 for a practitioner with a similar job in the UK
Public relations
–
Topics and terminology
23.
Black and Gold (Sam Sparro song)
–
Black and Gold is the lead single from Australian recording artist Sam Sparros eponymous debut album. The song was written by Sam Falson & Jesse Rogg and it has been remixed by Max Sanna and Steve Pitron, Paul Epworth, Al Usher, Kings of the Universe, Kromatik, and Russ Chimes. The original version of the single was available online on 23 March 2008. On 7 April, the CD,12 and limited edition 7 singles were released, Black and Gold explores the relationship between reason, spirituality, and love. The song was nominated for Best Dance Recording at the 2009 Grammy Awards and it was also included on the soundtrack of the football video game FIFA09. Modus Vivendi Music released an EP entitled Black + Gold, featuring the song, in the autumn of 2007, all songs from that EP, excluding Miss Rexi, appear in new revisions on Sparros debut eponymous studio album, released with Island UK in May 2008. Black and Gold was made available as a download on 23 March 2008 as the lead single from Sam Sparro. The song was nominated for the 2009 Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording and it received three nominations for the 2008 ARIA Awards in the categories for Breakthrough Artist – Single, Best Pop Release and Single of the Year. The song has been certified gold in both Australia and the UK, in a video interview, Sparro confirmed that the songs subject is his religious faith, saying It is about God, yeah. I do like to have faith in something that is bigger than me, the song was used in the 2009 films Obsessed and Fame, and appears on their official soundtrack releases. The song appears on the soundtrack of the game, FIFA09, as well as appearing in the 2010 video game DJ Hero 2. A music video was released to promote the single, there were two music videos produced for Black and Gold. The first was directed by Mariah Garnett, the video had a significantly low budget, and was later scrapped after Sparros deal with Island Records. The second music video was directed by AlexandLiane, funded through Sparros new contract, the music video depicts Sparro emerging from a Limousine with many copies of himself in an underground garage. The Garage, illuminated by chains of lights, pulsating as Sparro and his copies dance, the video has a color theme of black and gold after the title, a theme reminiscent of the first video. The second video, directed by AlexandLiane, received a nomination for Best Dance Video at the 2009 MTV Australia Awards, the song has been covered live several times by Irish band The Blizzards. The song was covered at BBC Radio 1s Live Lounge by both Adele and Guillemots in 2008, Guillemotss cover was featured on the shows third compilation. Ellie Goulding and Liam Payne have also covered this song, Payne covered the song during his gigs before he joined boy band One Direction
Black and Gold (Sam Sparro song)
–
"Black and Gold"
Black and Gold (Sam Sparro song)
–
Sam Sparro dancing with his look-a-likes, from the second music video for "Black and Gold".
Black and Gold (Sam Sparro song)
–
The song has been covered by multiple artists including
Adele (left) and
Katy Perry (right).
Black and Gold (Sam Sparro song)
24.
Names of the Romani people
–
Self-designation also varies, In Central and Eastern Europe, Roma is common. The Romani of England call themselves Romanichal, those of Scandinavia Romanisæl, in German-speaking Europe, the self-designation is Sinti, in France Manush, while the groups of Spain, Wales and Finland use Kalo/Kale. There are numerous subgroups and clans with their own self-designations, such as the Kalderash, Machvaya, Boyash, Lovari, Modyar, Xoraxai, Lăutari, in the English language, Rom is a noun and an adjective, while Romany is also a noun and an adjective. Both Rom and Romany have been in use in English since the 19th century as an alternative for Gypsy, Romany is also spelled Romani, or Rommany. Sometimes, rom and romani are spelled with a r, i. e. rrom and rromani. This is well established in Romani itself, since it represents a phoneme which in some Romani dialects has remained different from the one written with a single r, Roma is a term primarily used in political contexts to refer to the Romani people as a whole. Still, some subgroups of Romani do not self-identify as Roma, because all Romanies use the word Romani as an adjective, the term began to be used as a noun for the entire ethnic group. Today, the term Romani is used by some organizations — including the United Nations, the Oxford English Dictionary states a gipsy is a member of a wandering race, of Indian origin, which first appeared in England about the beginning of the 16th c. According to the OED, the word was first used in English in 1514, with several uses in the same century. This exonym is sometimes written with a letter, to show that it designates an ethnic group. The Spanish term gitano, the French term gitan and the Basque term ijito have the same origin, during the 16th and 17th centuries, the name was written in various ways, Egipcian, Egypcian, gypcian. The word gipsy/gypsy comes from the spellings which had lost the initial capital E, as time elapsed, the notion of the gipsy/gypsy altered to include other associated stereotypes such as nomadism and exoticism. John Matthews in The World Atlas of Divination refer to gypsies as Wise Women, colloquially, gipsy/gypsy is used refer to any person perceived by the speaker as fitting the gypsy stereotypes. Gipsy has several developing and overlapping meanings under English Law, the definition includes such groups as New Age Travellers as well as Irish Travellers and Romany. In the text, emperor Constantine Monomachos employs the Adsincani to exterminate wild animals, because many Romanies living in France had come via Bohemia, they were referred to as Bohémiens
Names of the Romani people
–
Distribution of the Romani people in Europe based on self-designation.
25.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
–
Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
–
Flag
United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
26.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Australia
–
Aboriginal rock art in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
–
Portrait of Captain
James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
–
Tasmania's
Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed
Australian Convict Sites.
27.
UK Albums Chart
–
The UK Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts Company on Fridays and it is broadcast on BBC Radio 1 and published in Music Week magazine, and on the OCC website. To qualify for the Official Albums Chart the album must be the correct length and it must be more than three tracks or 20 minutes long and not be classed as a budget album. A budget album costs between £0.50 and £3.75, additionally, various artist compilations – which until January 1989 were included in the main album listing – are now listed separately in a compilations chart. Full details of the rules can be found on the OCC website. In the 1970s the new chart was revealed at 12,45 pm on Thursdays on BBC Radio 1. Since October 1993 it has included in The Official Chart show from 4,00 –5,45 pm on Fridays. A weekly Album Chart show was licensed out to BBC Radio 2 and presented by Simon Mayo,2005 saw a record number of artist album sales with 126.2 million sold in the UK. In February 2015, it was announced that, due to the sales of albums and rise in popularity of audio streaming. Under the revised methodology, the Official Charts Company takes the 12 most streamed tracks from one album, the total of these streams is divided by 1000 and added to the pure sales of the album. This calculation was designed to ensure that the chart continues to reflect the popularity of the albums themselves. The final number one album on the UK Albums Chart to be based purely on sales alone was Smoke + Mirrors by Imagine Dragons, on 1 March 2015, In the Lonely Hour by Sam Smith became the first album to top the new streaming-incorporated Official Albums Chart. The most successful artists in the charts depends on the criteria used, as of February 2016, Queen albums have spent more time on the British album charts than any other musical act, followed by The Beatles, Elvis Presley, U2 and ABBA. By most weeks at one, however, The Beatles lead with a total of 174 weeks. The male solo artist with the most weeks at one is Presley with a total of 66 weeks. Presley also holds the record for the most number one albums by a solo artist and most top ten albums by any artist. Madonna has the most number one albums by a female artist in the UK, though this includes the Evita film soundtrack which was a cast recording, Adele is the female solo artist with the most weeks at number one, with a total of 37 weeks. Queens Greatest Hits is the album in UK chart history with 6 million copies sold as of February 2014
UK Albums Chart
–
The Official Albums Chart logo, as introduced by the Official Charts Company in October 2011
UK Albums Chart
28.
Music recording sales certification
–
Music recording sales certification is a system of certifying that a music recording has shipped or sold a certain number of copies. The threshold quantity varies by type and by nation or territory, almost all countries follow variations of the RIAA certification categories, which are named after precious materials. The number of sales or shipments required for these awards depends upon the population of the territory in which the recording is released, typically, they are awarded only to international releases and are awarded individually for each country in which the album is sold. Different sales levels, some perhaps 10 times lower than others, the original gold record awards were presented to artists by their own record companies to publicize their sales achievements. The first of these was awarded by RCA Victor to Glenn Miller and His Orchestra in February 1942, another example of a company award is the gold record awarded to Elvis Presley in 1956 for one million units sold of his single Dont Be Cruel. The first gold record for an LP was awarded by RCA Victor to Harry Belafonte in 1957 for the album Calypso and these sales were restricted to U. S. -based record companies and did not include exports to other countries. For albums in 1968, this would mean shipping approximately 250,000 units, the platinum certification was introduced in 1976 for the sale of one million units, album or single, with the gold certification redefined to mean sales of 500,000 units, album or single. No album was certified platinum prior to this year, for instance, the recording by Van Cliburn of the Tchaikovsky Piano Concerto from 1958 would eventually be awarded a platinum citation, but this would not happen until two decades after its release. In 1999, the certification was introduced for sales of ten million units. On 14 March 1958, the RIAA certified its first gold record, soundtrack was certified as the first gold album four months later. In 1976, RIAA introduced the platinum certification, first awarded to Johnnie Taylors single, Disco Lady, as music sales increased with the introduction of compact discs, the RIAA created the Multi-Platinum award in 1984. Diamond awards, honoring those artists whose sales of singles or albums reached 10,000,000 copies, were introduced in 1999 and this became much less common once the majority of retail sales became paid digital downloads and digital streaming. In most countries certifications no longer apply solely to physical media, in June 2006, the RIAA also certified the ringtone downloads of songs. Streaming from on-demand services such as Rhapsody and Spotify has been included into existing digital certification in the U. S since 2013, in the U. S. and Germany video streaming services like YouTube, VEVO, and Yahoo. Music also began to be counted towards the certification, in both cases using the formula of 100 streams being equivalent to one download, other countries, such as Denmark and Spain, maintain separate awards for digital download singles and streaming. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry was founded in 1996, and grants the IFPI Platinum Europe Award for album sales over one million within Europe, multi-platinum Europe Awards are presented for sales in subsequent multiples of one million. Eligibility is unaffected by time, and is not restricted to European-based artists, IMPALA sales awards were launched in 2005 as the first sales awards recognising that success on a pan-European basis begins well before sales reach one million. The award levels are Silver, Double Silver, Gold, Double Gold, Diamond, Platinum, below are certification thresholds for the United States and United Kingdom
Music recording sales certification
–
A gold record for
The Beatles '
Hey Jude
Music recording sales certification
–
Gold record presented to
Artie Schroeck for his arrangement on "
Can't Take My Eyes Off You ", 1967
Music recording sales certification
–
Boy band
Plus One displaying their gold records.
Music recording sales certification
–
Somali singer
Saado Ali Warsame receiving a gold record Lifetime Achievement Award.
29.
British Phonographic Industry
–
The BPI Limited, commonly known as the British Phonographic Industry or BPI, is the British recorded music industrys trade association. Its membership comprises hundreds of companies including all three major record companies in the UK, and hundreds of independent music labels and small to medium-sized music businesses. It has represented the interests of British record companies since being formally incorporated in 1973 when the aim was to promote British music. In 2007, the legal name was changed from British Phonographic Industry Limited. It founded the annual BRIT Awards for the British music industry in 1977, the organizing company, BRIT Awards Limited, is a fully owned subsidiary of the BPI. Proceeds from both shows go to the BRIT Trust, the arm of the BPI that has donated almost £15m to charitable causes nationwide since its foundation in 1989. In September 2013, the BPI presented the first ever BRITs Icon Award to Sir Elton John, the BPI also endorsed the launch of the Mercury Prize for the Album of the Year in 1992. In September 2008, the BPI became one of the members of UK Music. The BRIT Trust is the music charity actively supporting all types of education across the entire spectrum of music. Through the projects it supports, which include Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy and the BRIT School, proceeds from the BRIT Awards and the Classic BRITs shows go to the BRIT Trust, which has donated almost £15m to charitable causes nationwide since its foundation. Opened in September 1991, the BRIT School is a joint venture between The BRIT Trust and the Department for Education and Skills, based at Selhurst in Croydon, the school is the only non fee-paying performing arts school in the UK. It teaches up to 1,100 students each year aged from 14–19 years in music, dance, drama, musical theatre, production, media and art & design. Students are from diverse backgrounds and are not required to stick to their own discipline, dancers learn songwriting. Nor do students have to work/perform in the evening to pay for the tuition, the BPI administers the Platinum, Gold and Silver awards scheme for music releases in the United Kingdom. The level of the award varies depending on the format of the release, member companies do, however, still have the option to certify titles based on shipment levels if they choose to. Since July 2014, audio streaming has also included for singles at a ratio of 100 streams equivalent to 1 unit. From June 2015, audio streams were added to album certifications, according to BPI, they would take the 12 most-streamed tracks from the standard version of an album, with the top two songs down-weighted in line with the average of the rest. The total of these streams will be divided by 1,000, additionally, personnel are also seconded to the City of London Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit top support anti-piracy operations
British Phonographic Industry
–
A gold certification for
Eric Clapton 's album
August.
30.
21st Century Life
–
21st Century Life is the 2nd single from Sam Sparros eponymous debut album, released on 21 July 2008. The Song was featured on one episode of Britannia High and it is also the music to the BBC Three drama. The song made it to BBC Radio 1s C-List, but was later dropped, the video features Sam dancing and singing in front of bright backgrounds intercut with animations of cardboard cut-out characters. The video was directed by Mariah Garnett, even though the single was released in 2008 the song did not chart in the Australian ARIA charts until February 2009. Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
21st Century Life
–
"21st Century Life"
31.
Pocket (Sam Sparro song)
–
Pocket is the 3rd single from Sam Sparros eponymous debut album, released in 2008. Pocket was first played on Australian radio in November 2008 and it was released onto the Australian iTunes Store on December 13 of the same year. The download consists of the song Pocket and the B-Side, Gypsy Woman, Pocket was originally intended to be released as an international single, but its release was halted abruptly after only having been released in Australia. Digital download Pocket –3,39 Gypsy Woman –3,28 Credits adapted from the notes of Sam Sparro. Paul Epworth - writing, production Sam Falson – vocals, writing Dan Grech-Marugerat – mixing The single has peaked at #33 on the Australia Airplay Chart, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Pocket (Sam Sparro song)
–
"Pocket"
32.
American Boy
–
American Boy is a song recorded by British rapper and singer Estelle for her second studio album Shine. It features vocals from American rapper Kanye West, the song was written by Estelle, West, will. i. am, John Legend, Josh Lopez, Caleb Speir, and Keith Harris. It was produced by will. i. am, who produced the albums previous single, Wait a Minute. American Boy is a breezy disco-funk song that describes a romance with an American suitor. The songs conception came after Legend, Estelles mentor, suggested she write a song about meeting an American man, American Boy was released by Atlantic Records as the albums second single on 31 March 2008. The song received positive reviews music critics, who praised its fresh sound. The song reached the top five in many European and Oceanic markets, including Belgium and it also achieved success in the United States, peaking at number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming Estelles breakout song in the country. The song earned nominations, and ultimately won a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration. The music video, featuring a variety of celebrity guests, earned a Video Music Award nomination for Best UK Video, as a result of the songs popularity, Estelle performed it at several award shows and venues. American Boy was written by Estelle, will. i. am, John Legend, Kanye West, Josh Lopez, Caleb Speir and Keith Harris. It was also produced by will. i. am and recorded over the instrumental of his song Impatient, the credits of Lopez, Speir, and Harris were the result of this sampling. In a 2008 interview with Pete Lewis of Blues & Soul, Estelle explained how the song came to fruition, We were just messing about in the studio, and John just said to me Why dont you write a song about meeting an American boy. So I was like Well, thats pretty easy - because I have a lot of friends out there in New York. And I unwittingly ended up creating a new ladies anthem and she also spoke about Wests involvement on the song, commenting Kanye basically just brought his own cheeky self to the track, his own sense of humour. At first he was like How can you rap over a dance beat. -, instrumentation on the track includes drums, keys, synths, and bass, the former were provided by will. i. am while Caleb Speir provided the latter. Will. i. am also co-recorded and co-engineered the song with Padriac Kerin at The Record Plant in Hollywood, Florida as well as Hit Factory Criteria, serge Tsai mixed the song and recorded Wests rap at Platinum Sound Recording Studios in New York City. American Boy is a disco and funk song that, according to the sheetmusic published at Musicnotes. com by Alfred Publishing Co. Inc. is set to metronome of 120 beats per minute. Estelles vocals, which have been described as sweet and flirty, timothy Gabriele of PopMatters described Estelles vocals as those of one connecting with her inner soul chanteuse
American Boy
–
"American Boy"
33.
Estelle (musician)
–
Estelle Fanta Swaray, simply known as Estelle, is a British singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress from West London, England. Estelle is known for her eclectic mix of musical genres including R&B, soul, reggae, grime, hip hop. She has experienced success with the single American Boy featuring Kanye West, reaching number 1 in the United Kingdom. Estelle has released critically acclaimed records and received a Grammy Award among other accolades. She is known for her collaborations with artists including John Legend, Robin Thicke, Rick Ross, Chris Brown, will. i. am, since 2013, she has voiced the character Garnet in the animated TV series Steven Universe. Estelle Swaray was born and raised in West London, England and her mothers family came from Senegal, and her father is from the Caribbean island of Grenada. She was the born of eight children. Estelles parents were very religious when she was growing up, instead, spiritual music—particularly American gospel—and traditional African music were what Estelle grew up listening to. However, she would listen to hip hop when not at home. She spent her childhood listening to her parents reggae records and her aunts soul collection before discovering hip hop. I got into hip hop from my uncle, he was playing us Kool G Rap and Big Daddy Kane, he was a bad boy. By the time she was in her early 20s, she had decided on a music career, Estelle got her start in Londons renowned hip-hop record store Deal Real. Her fellow employees encouraged her to take a chance and get on the mic on-stage, soon she was playing numerous London clubs and appearing with the likes of Manuva and Rodney P. Local hero Skitz asked her to appear on his 2000 album, Countryman and she made her solo debut in 2003 with the 12 Excuse Me, released on the label Paradise Isle. Her career got a jump-start in the early 2000s when she happened to see Kanye West sitting in a restaurant while on a trip to Los Angeles, Estelle approached Kanye, introduced herself and asked for an introduction to John Legend. She eventually got that introduction, and Legend eventually helped produce two songs on her debut album, Estelles debut album, The 18th Day, was released in the UK in October 2004. Her breakthrough track came when 1980 was released by the V2 label, in October 2004, V2 released her album, it took its title after how Estelles mother almost died while giving birth to the future singer on 18 January. The album was a modest success, debuting at No.35 on the UK albums chart and she also received a MOBO Award in the UK for Best Newcomer
Estelle (musician)
–
Estelle in 2008
Estelle (musician)
–
Estelle performing at the
New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival on May 1, 2015.
34.
Jo Whiley
–
Johanne Jo Whiley is an English radio DJ and television presenter. She was the host of the long-running weekday Jo Whiley Show on BBC Radio 1, Whiley was born in Northampton to Martin, an electrician, and Christine, a postmistress. She attended Campion School at Bugbrooke, near Northampton and then studied applied languages at Brighton Polytechnic, the illness is congenital and Whiley is a carrier. In 2006, she said that she had tested at each of her pregnancies. In Whileys final year of her degree, still unsure of what she wanted to do and it allowed anyone to get on the radio and required Whiley to attend shows and interview the musicians. After a year, Whiley left for City University London for a course on radio journalism. After writing many letters, she got a job as a researcher on WPFM, when the presenters Terry Christian and Gary Crowley left, she took over, gaining her first presenting role. Whiley moved on to BBC Radio 1 from September 1993 until March 2011, during the heyday of Britpop with bands such as Blur and she hosted a weekday evening show called The Evening Session with Steve Lamacq, which was oriented towards less-mainstream, non-dance music. Whiley presented her own show on Saturday afternoon in late 1995, from 1995 to 1998, Whiley was a regular guest presenter on Top of the Pops, initially co-presenting with fellow DJ Steve Lamacq before flying solo and alternating with Zoë Ball and Jayne Middlemiss. The three women are referred to by the Top of the Pops website as the 90s girls, however, the only occasion when all three presented together was on Christmas Day 1997. Whiley returned to the show twice between 2005–06 to co-present with lead presenter Fearne Cotton, in July 2009, Whiley published her autobiography, My World in Motion, on CD from Random House Audiobooks. From February 1997, Whiley had a weekday show, called The Jo Whiley Show. This included elements of the show, such as tour dates. When Simon Mayo left Radio 1 for Radio Five Live in February 2001, as of 2005, the BBC paid Whiley a salary of £250,000. In July 2008, The Jo Whiley Show was fined £75,000 for misleading listeners for an incident involving a member of BBC staff posing as a member of the taking part in a competition. The BBC claim Whiley herself was unaware of the deception at the time of its broadcast, in July 2009, it was announced that the Jo Whiley show would end broadcasting in September as part of a major shake-up of Radio 1s weekday schedule. The shake-up, billed as the biggest at Radio 1 for five years, would see Greg James move to the afternoon slot, Cotton took over many of Whileys popular features including the famous Live Lounge segment. Her final weekday programme took place on 18 September 2009, following the Jo Whiley Show, Whiley went on to present a weekend show on Radio 1 between 1pm and 4pm
Jo Whiley
–
Jo Whiley at the
Student Radio Awards (2005)
Jo Whiley
–
Jo Whiley at the
Electric Proms in 2010
Jo Whiley
–
Whiley backstage on 23 June 2011
35.
BBC Radio 1
–
Radio 1 provides alternative genres after 7,00 pm, including electronic dance, hip hop, rock, indie or interviews. It was launched in 1967 to meet the demand for music generated by radio stations. Recently, the BBC claimed that it targets the 15–29 age group. BBC Radio 1 started 24-hour broadcasting on 1 May 1991, Radio 1 was established in 1967 as a successor to the BBC Light Programme, which had broadcast popular music and other entertainment since 1945. Radio 1 was conceived as a response to the popularity of offshore pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline and Radio London. Radio 1 was launched at 7,00 am on Saturday 30 September 1967. The first words on Radio 1 – after a countdown by the Controller of Radios 1 and 2, Robin Scott, welcome to the exciting new sound of Radio 1. This was the first use of US-style jingles on BBC radio, the first complete record played on Radio 1 was Flowers in the Rain by The Move. The second single was Massachusetts by The Bee Gees, the breakfast show remains the most prized slot in the Radio 1 schedule, with every change of breakfast show presenter exciting considerable media interest. Despite this, it gained massive audiences, becoming the most listened to station in the world with audiences of over 10 million claimed for some of its shows, in the early-mid-1970s Radio 1 presenters were rarely out of the British tabloids, thanks to the Publicity Departments high-profile work. Alan Freemans Saturday Rock Show was voted Best Radio Show 5 years running by readers of a music publication. In his last few months as controller, Johnny Beerling commissioned a handful of new shows that in some set the tone for what was to come under Matthew Bannister. One of these Loudnproud was the UKs first national radio series aimed at a gay audience, far from being a parting quirk, the show was a surprise hit and led to the networks first coverage of the large outdoor Gay Pride event in 1994. Bannister took the reins fully in October 1993 and his aim was to rid the station of its Smashie and Nicey image and make it appeal to the under 25s. Although originally launched as a station, by the early 1990s. Many listeners rebelled as the first new DJs to be introduced represented a crossover from other parts of the BBC with Emma Freud, Evans was a popular but controversial presenter who was eventually sacked in 1997 after he demanded to present the breakfast show for only four days per week. Evans was replaced from 17 February 1997 by Mark and Lard – Mark Radcliffe and they were replaced by Zoë Ball and Kevin Greening eight months later in October 1997, with Greening moving on and leaving Ball as solo presenter. Documentaries like John Peels Lost in Music which looked at the influence that the use of drugs have had over popular musicians received critical acclaim but were slated inside Broadcasting House, later in the 1990s the Britpop boom declined, and manufactured chart pop came to dominate the charts
BBC Radio 1
–
Steve Lamacq, Jo Whiley and Zane Lowe
BBC Radio 1
–
BBC Radio 1
36.
ARIA Music Awards
–
The Australian Recording Industry Association Music Awards is an annual series of awards nights celebrating the Australian music industry, put on by the Australian Recording Industry Association. For 2010, ARIA introduced public voted awards for the first time,31 to No.5 in the ARIA Charts, its highest position. It later included smaller record companies representing independent acts/labels and has over 100 members, ARIA provided peer voting for some awards, while Countdown provided coupons in the related Countdown Magazine for viewers to vote for populist awards. At the 1985 Countdown awards ceremony, held on 14 April 1986, fans of INXS and Uncanny X-Men scuffled during the broadcast, the ARIA Hall of Fame honours Australian musicians achievements have had a significant impact in Australia or around the world. The first ceremony, in 1987, featured Elton John as the compere and was held at the Sheraton Wentworth Hotel, there were no live performances at the early ARIAs, music for both walk on/walk off was supplied by a nightclub dj, Rick Powell. All subsequent ceremonies were held in Sydney except the 1992 event at World Congress Centre, for 2010, ARIA introduced public voted awards for the first time. 31 to No.5 in the ARIA Charts, its highest position, the first televised ARIA Awards ceremony occurred in 1992, all subsequent ceremonies were televised. They were broadcast on Network Ten from 2002 to 2008 and returned in 2010, nine Network aired the ceremony on 26 November 2009, its digital channel, GO. aired the 2011 ARIA Music Awards on 27 November 2011. At the 1988 ceremony a fracas developed between band manager, Gary Morris, accepting awards for Midnight Oil, and former Countdown compere, Ian Molly Meldrum and they conflicted over visiting United Kingdom artist, Bryan Ferry, who had also presented an award. Morris objected to Ferrys presence and insulted him, Meldrum defended Ferry, in 1995 electronic music group, Itch-E and Scratch-E, won the inaugural award for Best Dance Release for their single, Sweetness and Light. Band member, Paul Mac thanked Sydneys ecstasy dealers for their help, one of the sponsors of the awards, that year, was the National Drug Offensive. In 2005 Mac explained that he did not expect to win and his speech was bleeped for the TV broadcast. Network Ten disputed the finding, however their basis for defence was criticised by Media Watch, there never seems to be enough reference or homage paid to great Aussie pop and rock trailblazers who made and continue to make Australian music what it is today. To be eligible, a release must be available within the specified period for a given year. Material must be previously unrecorded, thus ruling out most live albums, a recording can be nominated within multiple categories, but only one genre category. Re-released recordings are not eligible and compilations are not eligible, Artists must either be Australian citizens, or have applied for or attained permanent resident status and have resided in Australia for at least six months within the specified period. For bands, at least half the members of the group must meet this requirement, if a recording refers to both an individual and a band, it must be nominated only the basis of the individual or the band, not mixed or both. Some categories have further requirements as specified below, Album/Single of the Year, Best Rock Album, Recording must be directed toward Contemporary Rock, Modern Rock and Active Rock formats
ARIA Music Awards
–
2008
ARIA Hall of Fame, at
Melbourne Town Hall
37.
Grammy Award
–
A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
Grammy Award
–
Grammy Awards
Grammy Award
38.
Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording
–
The award for Best Dance Recording was first presented to Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder in 1998 for the song Carry On. In 2003, the Academy moved the category from the Pop field into a new Dance field, according to the Academy, the award is designated for solo, duo, group or collaborative performances, and is limited to singles or tracks only. Award recipients have included the producers, engineers, and/or mixers associated with the nominated work in addition to the recording artists. Justin Timberlake and Skrillex are the artists to win the award more than once. Madonna holds the record for the most nominations, with five, gloria Estefan holds the record for the most nominations without a win, with three. Some Academy members debated whether dance music, with its use of layering, remixing, lack of melody or verse. In 1998, Harris efforts paid off when the Academy first presented the award to Donna Summer, ^ Each year is linked to the article about the Grammy Awards held that year. Dance Music Hall of Fame Official site of the Grammy Awards
Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording
–
1999 award winner,
Madonna, performing "
Ray of Light " on the
Confessions Tour
Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording
–
2004 winner,
Kylie Minogue. performing in Paris in 2006.
Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording
–
2005 award winner,
Britney Spears
Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording
–
Two-time consecutive award winner,
Justin Timberlake
39.
Basement Jaxx
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Basement Jaxx are an English electronic music duo consisting of Felix Buxton and Simon Ratcliffe. The pair got their name from the night club they held in their hometown of Brixton, London. They first rose to popularity in the mid 1990s, in 1993, the pair first met in a pub in Clapham, London through a mutual friend. They bonded over an appreciation of New York house music and they released their first extended play called EP1 via the British independent record label Wall of Sound, with the help of its founder Mark Jones. The album went on to sell over a thousand copies, with plays from Tony Humphries in New York City, a thing that caught member Ratcliffe mind-blow. Knowing that people you respect are supporting your music is so important in the days as encouragement to keep going, it means you are doing something right. They then began working with vocalist Corrina Joseph in their first attempts at making proper songs, one of the collaborations outputs was Fly Life. They were joined by DJs including DJ Sneak, Daft Punk and they mutated the night into an equally popular club called Rooty, the namesake of their second album. In 1995, Samba Magic was picked up for distribution by Virgin Records, in the same year, they moved their studio out of the basement to a place in Camberwell and started their writing there. Their fourth extended play was named EP3 in an example of their trademark eccentricity. In 1997, Basement Jaxx was the act for Daft Punks Daftendirektour when Daft Punk first came to the UK. Thanks to the success of the single, they ended up signing a deal with XL. In 1999, the released their first full-length album, Remedy. Remedy included the single Red Alert, which was featured in the film Bend It Like Beckham as well as Nickelodeon and Coca-Cola commercials. Other singles on album were Jump N Shout, Bingo Bango, and Rendez-Vu. Basement Jaxx also released Jaxx Unreleased, an album of B-sides, remixes. 2000 saw them release Camberwell, another release of new material and their next album, 2001s Rooty included singles Romeo, Jus 1 Kiss, Wheres Your Head At. Do Your Thing, and Get Me Off, the music video for album opener Romeo is an homage to the Bollywood film style
Basement Jaxx
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Basement Jaxx in 2009. From left: Felix Buxton, Simon Ratcliffe
40.
Feelings Gone
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Feelings Gone is a song by British electronic music duo Basement Jaxx. It was released on 8 September 2009 as the single from their fifth studio album. It was digitally released on 8 September in the United States and was released in the United Kingdom on 21 September 2009, the song features vocals from the Australian-born singer-songwriter Sam Sparro. The music video for the song was directed by Andy Soup, official music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Feelings Gone
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"Feelings Gone"
41.
Darryl McDaniels
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Matthews McDaniels is an American musician. He is a member of the hip hop group Run–D. M. C. and is considered one of the pioneers of hip hop culture. McDaniels grew up in New York City and he was born to an unwed mother who surrendered him to the New York Foundling home. He was a ward of the Foundling, in care, until placed with the McDaniels. He attended Rice High School in Manhattan and later enrolled in St. Johns University in Queens, McDaniels first became interested in hip hop music after listening to recordings of Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five. In 1978, McDaniels taught himself to DJ in the basement of his parents home, using turntables, during this period he adopted the stage name Grandmaster Get High. Later that year, McDaniels sold his DJ equipment, after his friend Joseph Run Simmons acquired his own turntables, after Jam-Master Jay – who had a reputation as the best young DJ in Hollis – joined the group, Run encouraged McDaniels to rap rather than DJ. Gradually, McDaniels came to prefer rapping to mixing records, in 1981, he dropped the Easy D moniker in favor of DMcD, the way he signed his work in school, and then to the shorter D. M. C. This new nickname alternately stood for Devastating Mic Control or Darryl Mac, in 1984, the trio released their self-titled debut album and became very successful in the hip-hop industry. The groups success continued to grow and reached its peak with their third album Raising Hell, the album went to No.6 on the Billboard 200 and No.1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, making Run-D. M. C. The most popular group at the time. During this time, McDaniels began to build a reputation as a heavy drinker and he was known to drink up to eight 40-ounce bottles of malt liquor a day and was arrested twice for public intoxication and driving while intoxicated. Wrote Christmas in Hollis for A Very Special Christmas, the music video for Christmas in Hollis was shot in Hollis, Queens. Filmed the video during their 1987 tour, DMCs mother made a guest appearance in the video. In 1997, McDaniels began to develop a deep depression and he became extremely unhappy with the rigorous routine of touring and performing, and with being away from his wife and newborn son. He began to rely heavily on drugs and alcohol to ease the pain. While on tour, McDaniels noticed his voice was giving out and he was later diagnosed with spasmodic dysphonia, a vocal disorder which causes involuntary spasms of the larynx muscles. He believes it was caused by the way in which he performs his lyrics compounded with the years of heavy drinking
Darryl McDaniels
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McDaniels at the 2014
New York Comic Con
Darryl McDaniels
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McDaniels performing with his backing band in 2011
42.
Return to Paradise (Sam Sparro album)
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Return to Paradise is Australian singer-songwriter and producer Sam Sparros second album. It was released on 1 June 2012, the album entered the Australian Albums Chart, peaking at number 41. In Belgium the album peaked at number 35 on the Belgian Albums Chart, the album had less success in the United Kingdom, however, failing to chart in the top 200 or to produce any charting singles. This album has a different sound compared to his previous album, whereas Sam Sparro was primarily a dance-pop and electropop album, Return to Paradise is influenced by disco, especially 90s house. Sparro again worked with producer and long-time friend Jesse Rogg, who helped to produce almost every track on Sparros debut album Sam Sparro, Sparros father, Chris Falson, is cited as having played guitar on the track Closer. Sparro also worked with Charlie Wilcox on the songs Happiness and We Could Fly, who he had worked with on Still Hungry. Sparro worked on a few songs with Jono Sloan, john Fields is responsible for mixing almost all tracks from Return to Paradise. Lester Mendez, who has worked with Sparro on the tracks Shady and Broken English written for Adam Lamberts second album Trespassing. Isabella Summers of Florence + the Machine worked on Shades of Gray, bethany Cosentino of Best Coast sang backing vocals for and co-wrote Yellow Orange Rays. The Swedish pop singer-songwriter, Erik Hassle, is one of the writers of the second single, greg Kurstin and Stuart Zender are also featured writers, producers, and instrumentalists on the album. Credits adapted from the notes of Return to Paradise. Notes ^a signifies person as Sparros father
Return to Paradise (Sam Sparro album)
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Return to Paradise
43.
SoundCloud
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SoundCloud is an online audio distribution platform based in Berlin, Germany, that enables its users to upload, record, promote, and share their originally-created sounds. SoundClouds content is split between music and other audio. Founders Alexander Ljung and Eric Wahlforss are the executive officer and chief technical officer. SoundCloud was established in Berlin in August 2008 by Swedish sound designer Ljung, in a 2009 interview with Wired, Ljung said, In April 2009, SoundCloud received €2.5 million Series A funding from Doughty Hanson Technology Ventures. By May 2010, SoundCloud announced it had one million users, in January 2011, it was confirmed that SoundCloud had raised a US$10 million Series B funding round from Union Square Ventures and Index Ventures. On 15 June 2011, SoundCloud announced they had five million registered users, on 23 January 2012, SoundCloud announced on their blog that they had 10 million registered users. By May 2012,15 million users were announced by the company at a conference held in San Francisco. The usage level for the site was growing by 1.5 million users per month at this stage, the new API was released to the public in December 2012. The response from users was mixed, and many expressed dissatisfaction with the change, SoundCloud received over 60,000 comments regarding the new layout by 10 December 2012. Also in December 2012, the data showed that SoundCloud was reaching 180 million people per month—8 percent of the global Internet—while users were uploading 10 hours of content every minute. In March 2013, Twitter announced SoundCloud as a third-party music partner, alongside iTunes, however, the initiative never eventuated, SoundClouds inability to load licensed music—due to the absence of arrangements with the major music labels—was cited as a major reason. SoundCloud announced in January 2014 that it had commenced negotiations with the music companies. The announcement was publicised after a round of funding in which US$60 million was raised, the additional finances were suggested as the reason for the plan, as finalizing such deals is a costly process. In March 2014, SoundCloud was reportedly in a round of talks with major music labels about licensing after the January negotiations did not amount to anything substantial. However, the outcome of the talks was not forthcoming in any media sources, later in May, the media reported that Twitter had regained interest in SoundCloud and was considering acquiring the platform for around US$2 billion. The next after the publicity of the deal surfaced, the prospect was no longer an active consideration, on 28 September 2016, Spotify announced that it was in talks to buy SoundCloud. On 8 December 2016, Spotify was reported to have abandoned its acquisition plans, other startups that have crossed such a threshold include Spotify and Uber. At this time, SoundCloud claimed that 175 million unique listeners used the site each month, although SoundCloud did not have paid subscriptions for ad-free streaming, they had planned to launch one in 2015
SoundCloud
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SoundCloud
44.
Facebook
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Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook gradually added support for students at other universities. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement. The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students, Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops, laptops, tablet computers, and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks. After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, in groups, editors can pin posts to top. Additionally, users can complain about or block unpleasant people, because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen, Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012, and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. On July 13,2015, Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poors 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion, Facebook has more than 1.86 billion monthly active users as of December 31,2016. As of April 2016, Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world, Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only. Zuckerberg wrote a program called Facemash on October 28,2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore, to accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into protected areas of Harvards computer network and copied private dormitory ID images. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online, the site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section and he shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes. The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004 and he said that he was inspired by an editorial about the Facemash incident in The Harvard Crimson. On February 4,2004, Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook, originally located at thefacebook. com. com and they claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation and they later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares. Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, within the first month, eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website
Facebook
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Facebook login/signup screen
Facebook
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Mark Zuckerberg, co-creator of Facebook, in his
Harvard dorm room, 2005.
Facebook
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Facebook headquarters entrance sign at 1 Hacker Way,
Menlo Park, California
Facebook
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Billboard on the
Thomson Reuters building welcomes Facebook to NASDAQ, 2012
45.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
Twitter
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A blueprint sketch, c. 2006, by
Jack Dorsey, envisioning an
SMS -based
social network.
Twitter
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Twitter's homepage as of August 2015 (only in select countries)
Twitter
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Jack Dorsey, a co-founder and the chairman of Twitter, in 2009
Twitter
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Twitter's San Francisco, California headquarters, as seen from a corner on Market Street
46.
Sam Sparro discography
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Sam Sparro, the Australian born pop, dance, house, and soul singer-songwriter, producer, and remix engineer, has released two studio albums. His eponymous debut album, Sam Sparro, released through both Modus Vivendi and Island Records, has been certified Gold and his second album, Return to Paradise was released with EMI. Sparro has released five extended plays and his first extended play Black + Gold was released by Modus Vivendi Music in January 2007. London Festival 08 was first released on January 1,2008 with Island Records, Sparro released his third extended play, Pink Cloud, as a free download to promote his then upcoming second album before a number of release push-backs. He released Quantum Physical, Vol.1 independently on October 1,2014, on October 16,2015 Sparro released the second volume of Quantum Physical with Intuit Records. As a lead artist, Sparro has released ten singles and five promotional singles and his most successful single, Black and Gold, garnered him a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording in 2009. The single Happiness was certified Platinum in Belgium, the single Pocket also charted in Australia. Sparro has also featured on four singles, including songs by Beni, Mason, and Plastic Plates. On August 13,2013 he released the single Hang on 2 Your Love with Durand Bernarr from his extended play Quantum Physical, Vol.1. 0n July 31,2015 he released the single Hands Up from his extended play Quantum Physical, Vol.2, Sparro has also made numerous other album appearances through featured vocal performances, remix engineering, songwriting, and production. He has remixed songs for Kimbra, OK Go, Livvi Franc, Sky Ferreira, Miami Horror, Penguin Prison, Lolene, Saint Motel, OSpada, and Love Grenades. Cameo Lover, the song Sparro remixed for Kimbra, has featured as a bonus track on her Platinum selling debut album. Track listings for maxi singles that failed to chart The following have been officially released, the following have been written and/or produced by Sparro for other artists. Specific Official website Sam Sparro on Soundcloud, Sam Sparro at AllMusic Sam Falson on BMI Publishing. Sam F Falson on BMI Publishing, Sam Frankland Falson on BMI Publishing. Sam Sparro discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs
Sam Sparro discography
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Sam Sparro discography
47.
GLAAD Media Award
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In addition to film and television, the Awards also recognize achievements in other branches of the media and arts, including theatre, music, journalism and advertising. Results are then certified by a Review Panel who determine the final list of recipients based on voting results, the 1st GLAAD Media Awards ceremony honoring the 1989 season was held in 1990, and recognized 34 nominees in 7 competitive categories. The 1st Annual Awards ceremony recognized 34 nominees in 7 competitive categories and was a small affair. Twenty years ago when I proudly accepted the first GLAAD Media Award…it was a small crowd. There are more photographers here tonight than there were people then, for the first six years, winners were announced prior to the ceremony. Beginning with the 7th Annual Awards held in 1996, the change was made to its current format, the 15th Annual Awards held in 2004 marked the first year nominations were expanded to recognize media in Spanish-language categories. The 16th Annual Awards held in 2005 marked the first year that the ceremonies were televised, the original GLAAD Media Award stood approximately 6-inches tall, consisting of a flat, 5-inch square shaped crystal sculpture with a design of five concentric circles on a newsprint background. The sculpture was traditionally etched with the year it was presented followed by the words GLAAD Media Award and was mounted perpendicular to its flat, quadrant shaped base. The award remained unchanged until 2009, when an all new statuette designed by David Moritz of Society Awards was unveiled for the 20th annual GLAAD Media Awards ceremonies. Nominees are selected by GLAAD Nominating Juries consisting of over 90 volunteers with interest, Nominating Juries may select up to five nominees in each category. If no projects are deemed worthy of nomination in a particular category, at the end of the year, the Nominating Juries submit their list of recommended nominees to GLAADs staff and Board of Directors for approval. GLAAD does not monitor media created by and for the LGBT community for defamation, therefore media outlets created by, over 600 GLAAD Media Award voters participate in the selection of Honorees from the pool of Nominees in each category via online balloting. Voters are made up of three groups, GLAAD staff and board, GLAAD Alliance and Media Circle members, and GLAAD volunteers & allies. These results are reviewed for certification by a Review Panel which consists of the GLAAD Board co-chairs, senior GLAAD program and communications staff. The first Annual Awards recognized Honorees in just 7 competitive categories, while many of the categories have been expanded over time, several early categories have been merged or phased out altogether. One notable example being the omission of the Outstanding Daytime Drama category in 2011, the most notable of these Special Honorary Awards are, Advocate for Change Award – Presented at the Los Angeles GLAAD Media Awards in 2013. Its inaugural recipient was former U. S. Davidson/Valentini Award – Presented annually at the San Francisco GLAAD Media Awards and it is named in memory of Craig Davidson, GLAADs first executive director, and his partner Michael Valentini, a GLAAD supporter. It is presented to an openly LGBT individual who has made a significant difference in promoting equal rights for the LGBT community, excellence in Media Award – Presented annually at the New York GLAAD Media Awards
GLAAD Media Award
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GLAAD Media Award Honoree
Laverne Cox at the
25th GLAAD Media Awards, Los Angeles, April 12, 2014.
GLAAD Media Award
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GLAAD Media Award statuette
48.
Grammy Awards of 2009
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The 51st Annual Grammy Awards took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, on February 8,2009. Robert Plant & Alison Krauss were the biggest winners of the night, Krauss became the sixth female solo artist to have won 5 awards in one night joining Lauryn Hill, Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Beyoncé Knowles, and Amy Winehouse. Lil Wayne received the most nominations with eight, the awards broadcast won a 2009 Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or Special. LL Cool J Duffy Whitney Houston T-Pain Al Green Natalie Cole Kanye West Herbie Hancock Green Day Blink-182 Sean Combs Morgan Freeman Charlie Haden Estelle Jack Black Zooey Deschanel will. i. I. A, blige Back of My Lac - J. Holiday First Love - Karina Year of the Gentleman - Ne-Yo Fearless - Jazmine Sullivan Best Rap Solo Performance A Milli – Lil Wayne Roc Boys, – Jay-Z Paris, Tokyo – Lupe Fiasco N. I. *. *. E. R. Best Latin Pop Album La Vida, the artists who won five before her are Lauryn Hill, Alicia Keys, Norah Jones, Beyoncé Knowles, and Amy Winehouse. However, at the next year, Beyoncé surpassed the record by gaining six such awards. M. The four Grammys Lil Wayne won were the first ever Grammy Award wins in his Career, after a four-year hiatus, pop-punk band Blink-182 announced their reunion before giving the award for rock album of the year to alternative rock band Coldplay. Official Site Winners NARAS CBS GRAMMY Site
Grammy Awards of 2009
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51st Annual Grammy Awards
49.
GQ Australia
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GQ Australia is the Australian version of mens magazine GQ. GQ Australia is a guide for men, and includes articles, advertisements and advertorials on grooming tips, fashion details, travel ideas. GQ Australia recently celebrated 15 years with the release of the March/April 2014 issue, the magazine is published by NewsLifeMedia, and has a cover price of A$9.99. Each year the magazine holds the GQ Man of the Year Awards, in 2013, comedian duo Hamish Blake and Andy Lee were joint winners. Vol.1, no.1 Greenwich, NSW, Condé Nast Publications Inc. 1998– Not published between December/January 1999/2000 and Special ed. Monthly, September 1998–December/January 1999/2000, ISSN 1440-7795 GQ Mens magazines GQ Australia official website Get Qualified Australia official website
GQ Australia
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GQ Australia
