1.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
2.
Order of Saint Benedict
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Each community within the order maintains its own autonomy, while the order itself represents their mutual interests. Internationally, the order is governed by the Benedictine Confederation, a body, established in 1883 by Pope Leo XIIIs Brief Summum semper, individuals whose communities are members of the order generally add the initials OSB after their names. The monastery at Subiaco in Italy, established by Saint Benedict of Nursia circa 529, was the first of the monasteries he founded. He later founded the Abbey of Monte Cassino, there is no evidence, however, that he intended to found an order and the Rule of Saint Benedict presupposes the autonomy of each community. It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that Augustine, the prior, at various stopping places during the journey, the monks left behind them traditions concerning their rule and form of life, and probably also some copies of the Rule. Lérins Abbey, for instance, founded by Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine, in Gaul and Switzerland, it supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually displaced the earlier codes. Largely through the work of Benedict of Aniane, it became the rule of choice for monasteries throughout the Carolingian empire, Monastic scriptoria flourished from the ninth through the twelfth centuries. Sacred Scripture was always at the heart of every monastic scriptorium, as a general rule those of the monks who possessed skill as writers made this their chief, if not their sole active work. In the Middle Ages monasteries were founded by the nobility. Cluny Abbey was founded by William I, Duke of Aquitaine in 910, the abbey was noted for its strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict. The abbot of Cluny was the superior of all the daughter houses, one of the earliest reforms of Benedictine practice was that initiated in 980 by Romuald, who founded the Camaldolese community. The English Benedictine Congregation is the oldest of the nineteen Benedictine congregations, Augustine of Canterbury and his monks established the first English Benedictine monastery at Canterbury soon after their arrival in 597. Many of the sees of England were founded and governed by the Benedictines. Monasteries served as hospitals and places of refuge for the weak, the monks studied the healing properties of plants and minerals to alleviate the sufferings of the sick. Germany was evangelized by English Benedictines, willibrord and Boniface preached there in the seventh and eighth centuries and founded several abbeys. In the English Reformation, all monasteries were dissolved and their lands confiscated by the Crown, during the 19th century they were able to return to England, including to Selby Abbey in Yorkshire, one of the few great monastic churches to survive the Dissolution. St. Mildreds Priory, on the Isle of Thanet, Kent, was built in 1027 on the site of an abbey founded in 670 by the daughter of the first Christian King of Kent, currently the priory is home to a community of Benedictine nuns
3.
Manila
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Manila, officially City of Manila, is the capital of the Philippines. Founded on June 24,1571, by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi and it is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and is home to many landmarks, some of which date back to the 16th century. In 2012, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city, the city proper is home to 1,780,148 people in 2015, forming the historic core of Metro Manila, the capital region of the Philippines. The metropolitan area, which includes the much larger Quezon City, Manila is also the most densely populated city proper in the world, with 41,515 people per square kilometer. The term Manila is commonly used to refer to either the whole area or the city proper. Manila is located on the shore of the Manila Bay on one of the finest harbors in the country. The city has six districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress. Manila was once ruled by the Kingdom of Tondo before it became a province of the Majapahit Empire. During the Bruneian invasion of the Philippines, Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured Seludong and renamed it Maynilà, Maynilà became a vassal state of the Sultanate of Brunei, established to overpower Tondo. In 1571, conquistadors arrived from Mexico, across the Pacific Ocean, Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city, incorporated Tondo and built some of the oldest churches in the country, including San Agustin Church. The conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla, Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila–Acapulco galleon trade route linking Spanish America with Asia, one of the earliest examples of globalization. Because of its location on Pacific trade routes, Manila received the moniker Pearl of the Orient. Spanish rule of the Philippine archipelago lasted for more than three centuries, until 1898, order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade. In the 19th century, Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia, before the Spanish–American War, it saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution. After the war, the United States took control, switched the official language from Spanish to English, near the end of World War II, during the Battle of Manila, most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force. As a result, relatively little remains of Manilas prewar and colonial architecture, although there are ongoing projects, especially within the old walled city. Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, originated from the word nilà, referring to a mangrove tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River. The flowers were made into garlands that, according to folklore, were offered to statues on religious altars or in churches
4.
Metro Manila
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These 5 provinces, plus Metro Manila and Pampanga, sum to 30.7 million residents as of the newly counted census of 2015. The region is the center of culture, economy, education, NCR is one of the 12 defined metropolitan areas in the Philippines according to the National Economic and Development Authority. Designated as a global city, NCR exerts a significant impact on commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education. It is the home to all the consulates and embassies in the Philippines and its economic power makes the region the countrys premier center for finance and commerce. NCR accounts for 37. 2% of the domestic product of the Philippines. The Province of Manila, the progenitor to the present-day Metro Manila, is one of the eight provinces that revolted against the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. The province was honored as one of the sun rays in the Flag of the Philippines, a historical province known as Manila encompasses the former pre-Hispanic kingdoms of Tondo and Maynila. It became the capital of the colonial Philippines, with Manila serving as the center of colonial power, in 1898, it included the City of Manila and 23 other municipalities. Mariquina also served as the capital from 1898-1899, just as when the sovereignty of the Philippines was transferred to the United States, the province was dissolved and most of it was incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal in 1901. Since the Spanish colonial period, Manila was considered as one of the global cities. Pasig serves as its provincial capital, in 1939, President Quezon established Quezon City with a goal to replace Manila as the capital city of the country. A masterplan for Quezon City was completed, the establishment of Quezon City meant demise of the grand Burnham Plan of Manila, with funds being diverted for the establishment of the new capital. World War II further resulted in the loss most of the developments in the Burnham Plan, but more importantly, later on, Quezon City eventually declared as the national capital from 1948-1976. The tile was re-designated back to Manila through Presidential Decree No.940 owing to its significance as the seat of government of the Philippines since the Spanish colonial period. During the war, President Manuel L. Jorge Vargas was appointed as its mayor, Mayors in the cities and municipalities included in the City of Greater Manila served as vice mayors in their town. This was in order to ensure Vargas, who was Quezons principal lieutenant for administrative matters, the City of Greater Manila was abolished by the Japanese with the formation of the Philippine Executive Commission to govern the occupied regions of the country. The City of Greater Manila served as a model for the present-day Metro Manila, on November 7,1975, Metro Manila was formally established through Presidential Decree No.824. The Metropolitan Manila Commission was also created to manage the region, on June 2,1978, through Presidential Decree No
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Mendiola Street
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Mendiola Street is a short thoroughfare in San Miguel, Manila, Philippines. The street is named after Enrique Mendiola, an educator, textbook author, as a street close to Malacañang Palace, the President of the Philippines official residence, it has been the site of numerous and sometimes bloody demonstrations. On the north end of the street is the Chino Roces Bridge, named in honor of Chino Roces, Mendiola Street starts at the intersection of Legarda Street and Claro M. Recto Avenue and ends at José P. Laurel Street, just outside Malacañang Palace. Four colleges and universities which forms a part of the University Belt are in Mendiola Street, to protect Malacañang Palace, the part of Mendiola Street that starts at the sentinel gate in front of the College of the Holy Spirit and La Consolacion College Manila is closed to vehicles. Vehicles are diverted to Concepcion Aguila Street, a side street that passes through residential areas of San Miguel district. The confrontation resulted in the deaths of four student demonstrators, on January 22,1987, crowd control troops opened fire on a protest rally of about 10,000 peasant farmers demanding genuine land reform from then-President Corazon Aquino. Thirteen of the protesters were killed and hundreds were injured in the incident now known as the Mendiola massacre and they demanded the release of Estrada. Mendiola Street and the vicinity around Malacañang Palace became a front line after the protesters tried to storm the Palace, casualties were high on both the Estrada supporters and government troops end. President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declared a state of emergency to stifle the rioting. GMANews. TV, Protest marks 21st anniversary of Mendiola Massacre -21 January 2008 gmanews. tv/video, Saksi, Mendiola Massacre anniversary march comes off peaceful,23 January 2008
7.
Taytay, Rizal
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The Municipality of Taytay is a first class, densely populated municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 319,104 people and it is the third most populous municipality in the country, after Rodriguez and Cainta. Conurbated with Metro Manila, it is bounded by Cainta on the north, Pasig City and Taguig City on the west, Antipolo City in the east and Angono on the south. While economically, demographically and politically qualified, plans to convert it into a city was set aside, pending social, the National Competitiveness Council has named Taytay as the 2nd Most Competitive Municipality in 2016, up from 10th place in 2014 and 3rd place in 2015. Taytay is one the municipalities in the Philippines that has high financial capability with Php 775,307,345.00 million, making it the 2nd/3rd Richest Municipality in the Philippines in 2016. Taytay can be reached from Metro Manila by C-6 Road passing from Parañaque, Muntinlupa and Taguig on the south, Ortigas Avenue from Pasig City on the east, quezon Avenue from Angono on the west. Taytay began as a settlement situated near the Laguna de Bay that formed part of the Kingdom of Namayan whose seat of power was situated in what is now Sta. Upon the arrival of the French, the Franciscans proceeded to evangelize the inhabitants there, the Jesuits took over the administration of the parish in 1591. As the old settlement was prone to flooding due to its proximity to the lake, pedro Chirino, the Jesuit parish priest at that time, moved the parish further inland atop a hill, where the present St. John the Baptist Church stands to this day. Along with the parish, many of the inhabitants relocated inland as well near the church, around the same time, the Encomienda of Taytay was created in 1532, placed under the jurisdiction of the old province of Tondo. Taytay suffered heavy casualties during the Philippine–American War in 1899, with the church almost burned down, on June 11,1901, Taytay became part of the newly created Province of Rizal by virtue of an Act No.137 enacted by the First Philippine Commission. In 1903, Taytay was merged with the towns of Cainta. That did not last long as Angono was separated to be merged with Binangonan later that year, during the Second World War, Taytay was occupied by Japanese forces in 1942. On November 7,1975, by virtue of Presidential Decree No,824, which created the Metro Manila Area, Taytay was among the towns that remained with the Province of Rizal. Its bid was supported by the League of Cities of the Philippines and then governor of Rizal, however, the cityhood campaign was set aside for the meantime, citing that there are priorities that needed to be attended to before cityhood. It is situated in the western portion, bounded by the grids 14° 34’24 north latitude. It shares boundaries with Cainta in the Northwest, Antipolo in the North-north-east, Angono in the East-southeast, the municipality is sited to East of Pasig City and to the North of Laguna Lake. It has an area of 38.80 km² representing 3. 3% of Rizal Provinces land area, the shape of Taytay is rectangular – trapezoidal with gently hilly rolling terrain on its eastern side while relatively flat on its south-western side, including the poblacion
8.
Alabang
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Alabang is a barangay in Muntinlupa, Philippines. At one time the area was a district, and has since grown from a village to a commercial center, including the Alabang Commercial Center. It is also resides near the Jalgalado Business Park, a large portion of Ayala Alabang came from Barangay Alabang. Barangay Alabang, part of the district of Muntinlupa, has undergone tremendous growth mainly due to a development boom in the late 1990s. V. The mall opened in the middle of May,1998, and it became Filinvest’s flagship project, festival Supermall is the biggest of all five current malls in City. It is located at the heart of Filinvest City, a business district in Alabang. The mall can be accessed via South Luzon Expressway from Filinvest Exit, Alabang Exit, and South Station Exit. Festival Supermall is also adjacent to some of the largest malls South of Metro Manila, namely Alabang Town Center, SM Southmall, Starmall Alabang, or formerly known as Metropolis Star Alabang is the first community shopping mall in this city and it is owned by Starmalls, Inc. It has features and anchors like, Robinsons Supermarket, Robinsons Department Store, Finds, Cinemas, there is also the South station, Fastbyte at Northgate, Westgate Center, Commerce Center, South Supermarket and The Filinvest Tent Commercial Block. There are multiple car dealerships located in Muntinlupa and most of them are along the Alabang-Zapote Road in Alabang, Ford Motors Alabang has a five-floor facility covering a floor area of nearly 13,000 square meters. The Ford dealership boasts a 2-floor, 23-vehicle showroom and a 4-floor, toyota Alabang also constructed a facility with a showroom, parts warehouse, office & service facilities in a 5,000 square meter lot adjacent to the Ford Dealership. Audi Alabang, Chevrolet Alabang, Crysler Alabang, Mitsubishi Motors Alabang, Nissan and Suzuki Alabang are also located within the area, still in Alabang-Zapote Road but located in barangay Ayala Alabang are Hyundai Alabang, Isuzu Alabang and Honda Alabang. Muntinlupa Ayala Alabang Media related to Alabang at Wikimedia Commons West Valley Fault in Muntinlupa City -3229 IV 6C Alabang
9.
Muntinlupa
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Muntinlupa, officially the City of Muntinlupa, is the southernmost city in Philippine National Capital Region. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 504,509 and it is classified as a highly urbanized city. It is given the nickname Emerald City of the Philippines by the tourism establishment, Muntinlupa came from at least three versions. First, its association with the topsoil in the area. Third, the nature of the area, where the term Monte or mountain was expanded to Muntinlupa or mountain land. 1869, The lands were transferred to the state and large individual landholders, August 6,1898, The town supported the Philippine Revolution against the Spaniards and formally joined the revolutionary government headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. June 1,1901, The Philippine Commission promulgated Rizal Province on June 11,1901 through Act 137, Muntinlupa becomes a district of Morong, Rizal. November 25,1903, Under the American regime, Muntinlupa was incorporated under Act 1008, Muntinlupa residents protested this Executive Act, and through their town head, Marcelo Fresnedi, filed a formal petition to the Governor for the return of the municipality to the province of Rizal. March 22,1905, Act 1308 paved the way for Muntinlupas return to Rizal province to become a part of Taguig along with Pateros. January 1,1918, Governor General Harrisons Executive Order 108, vidal Joaquin, a native of Alabang, served as the first appointed mayor in 1918-1919 followed by Primo Ticman, native of Poblacion 1919-1922 while the first elected mayor was Melencio Espeleta. January 22,1941, The historic New Bilibid Prison, the penitentiary, was established in the hills of Muntinlupa. November 7,1975, Muntinlupa became a part of Metropolitan Manila by virtue of Presidential Decree No.824 issued by then President Ferdinand E. Marcos, in the ratification of the 1987 Constitution, Muntinlupa together with Las Piñas formed one political district. December 6,1988, President Corazon C. Aquino by Proclamation 351 declares the 19th of December as Municipality of Muntinlupa Day, february 16,1995, House Bill No.14401 converting the Municipality of Muntinlupa into a highly urbanized city was approved by the House of Representatives. Then on March 1, Muntinlupa becomes the 65th city in the Philippines as signed into law by President Fidel V. Ramos, August 3,2007, The city hall of Muntinlupa was completely damaged and later abandoned due to a fire. The fire started from an area behind the city hall. Almost all files, important documents and other references of Muntinlupa were burned, muntinlupa’s terrain is relatively flat to sloping towards the east along the lake. Gentle rolling hills occupy the part of the city, with elevation increasing up to 60 meters. The West Fault is capable of producing large earthquakes on its active phases with a magnitude of 7 or higher
10.
Filipino language
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Filipino /ˌfɪlɪˈpiːnoʊ/, in this usage, refers to the national language of the Philippines. Filipino is also designated, along with English, as a language of the country. It is the register of the Tagalog language, an Austronesian. As of 2007, Tagalog is the first language of 28 million people, or about one-third of the Philippine population, Filipino is among the 185 languages of the Philippines identified in the Ethnologue. Filipino is ideally a pluricentric language, in reality, however, Filipino has been variously described as simply Tagalog in syntax and grammar, with no grammatical element or lexicon coming from. Other major Philippine languages, and as essentially a version of Tagalog. In most contexts, Filipino is understood to be a name for Tagalog. There was no language in the Philippine archipelago when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century. The four major trade languages were Visayan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, as the Philippine languages are all closely related and therefore easy for Filipinos to learn, most speakers of smaller languages spoke two or more of such regional languages. The first dictionary of Tagalog was written by the Franciscan Pedro de San Buenaventura, a latter book of the same name was written by Czech Jesuit missionary Paul Klein at the beginning of the 18th century. Klein spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books and he wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez. On November 13,1936, Commonwealth act No, on November 12,1937, the First National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth approved the law for the establishment of the Surián ng Wikang Pambansâ. This institute would be responsible for surveying and researching existing native languages in order to determine among them the basis for a national language of the Philippines. Then-president Manuel L. Quezon later appointed representatives for each major regional language to form NLI, sales Rodriguez, Hadji Butu, and Cecilio Lopez. On December 13,1937, Presisis of the new national language, Spanish was the language of the 1896 Revolution and the Katipunan, but the revolution was led by people who also spoke Tagalog. In 1959, the became known as Pilipino in an effort to dissociate it from the Tagalog ethnic group. However, neither the nor the amended version specified either Tagalog or Pilipino as the basis for Filipino. Instead they tasked the National Assembly to, take steps toward the development and this move has drawn much criticism from the nations other ethnic groups
11.
National Cheerleading Championship
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The annual competition, which started in 2006, is modeled after US competitive cheerleading competitions. It is the only Philippine cheerleading organization that has well known American names in cheerleading to judge its competitions, as well as its camps. NCC is a member of the Philippine Cheerleading Alliance, the governing body for cheerleading in the Philippines. National Cheerleading Championship started as a one-day invitational cheerleading championship in 2006 and it started with two divisions, College and High School divisions, composed of ten teams and was held in Araneta Coliseum. The inaugural event was judged by invited American judges, such as Joe Jackson of the Cheerleaders of America, in 2008, twenty nine teams from all over the country participated in the competition securing its title as the only national cheerleading competition in the Philippines. By 2009, it first held regional qualifiers among three key cities in the Philippines, by 2010, with eighty five squads joining the qualifiers, the regional qualifiers was expanded to six, divisions were also expanded to six. In 2011, the divisions were expanded more to eight, official Website National Cheerleading Championship on Facebook National Cheerleading Championship on Twitter National Cheerleading Championship on YouTube
12.
San Beda Red Lions
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The San Beda Red Lions is the collegiate varsity basketball team of San Beda College that plays in the NCAA. The juniors basketball team is called the Red Cubs of San Beda College-Rizal, the latter plays in the Womens National Collegiate Athletic Association. San Beda is the founding member of the NCAA left in the league. The Lion is the mascot of all the varsity teams, the other varsity teams have their own names for distinction purposes. Here are the names of the San Beda varsity teams. In honor of Venerable Bede who is an English man, the school chose the Red Lion Rampant which is the symbol of the ancient Scots/English for courage as part of its school logo. San Beda pays tribute to the courage of the Benedictine monks by adopting the Red Lion, one of the more popular line in the traditional Bedan cheers is ¡Ánimo San Beda. Bedans use ¡Ánimo. to mean COURAGE in their cheers, when Bedans yell ¡Ánimo San Beda. they actually mean Courage San Beda. /Have Courage San Beda. Faithful to the Spanish idiomatic usage of the word, ¡Ánimo. is a Spanish word which means spirit, energy, vitality, purpose and will. Used as an expression of encouragement by Spanish speaking societies, it means courage or have courage, avance San Beda. and Vamos. were also popular then. In the pre-war Spanish San Beda cheer, ¡Ánimo. is also included, even in the traditional English cheer, Stand on the Grandstand, ¡Ánimo. is extensively used. It is a belief among Bedans that the popular line Animo ________, Beat _________ used by other schools as a stand-alone cheer. The most recent cheer which incorporates ¡Ánimo San Beda. is the 1970s SBCA, said cheer was adopted in the 1970s to pay tribute to the new addition to the Benedictine community, the Benedictine Abbey School – San Beda Alabang. American Catholic schools started the practice of adopting a school mascot when they became wary of sports such as St. Peter mauls St. Paul 80 –40. School administrators and the local Catholic parishioners became uncomfortable with a saint whipping another saint, in the Philippines, schools started to copy this practice in the early 1940s. Sergio Martinez OSB, inspired by English tradition, coined the moniker Red Lion for the school, Red is the color of courage, of a warrior and a martyr. The lion on the hand represents dominance, the King of the Jungle. In the old tradition, combining RED with the LION symbolizes dauntless courage, bravery, strength, ferocity, valor
13.
Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
14.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
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Christian monasticism
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Christian monasticism is the devotional practice of individuals who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship. It has come to be regulated by rules and, in modern times. Those living the life are known by the generic terms monks. In modern English, they are known by the gender-neutral term monastics. The word monk originated from the Greek monachos monk, itself from monos meaning alone, monks did not live in monasteries at first, rather, they began by living alone, as the word monos might suggest. As more people took on the lives of monks, living alone in the wilderness, they started to come together, quickly, the monks formed communities to further their ability to observe an ascetic life. According to Christianity historian Robert Louis Wilken, By creating a social structure within the Church they laid the foundations for one of the most enduring Christian institutions. Monastics generally dwell in a monastery, whether they live there in community, the basic idea of monasticism in all its varieties is seclusion or withdrawal from the world or society. Monastic life is distinct from the religious orders such as the friars, canons regular, clerks regular, the latter have essentially some special work or aim, such as preaching, teaching, liberating captives, etc. which occupies a large place in their activities. While monks have undertaken labours of the most varied character, in case this work is extrinsic to the essence of the monastic state. Both ways of living out the Christian life are regulated by the church law of those Christian denominations that recognize it. Christian monastic life does not always involve communal living with like-minded Christians, Christian monasticism has varied greatly in its external forms, but, broadly speaking, it has two main types the eremitical or secluded, the cenobitical or city life. St. Anthony the Abbot may be called the founder of the first, the monastic life is based on Jesuss amen to be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect. This ideal, also called the state of perfection, can be seen, for example, in the Philokalia and their manner of self-renunciation has three elements corresponding to the three evangelical counsels, poverty, chastity and obedience. Monks and friars are two distinct roles, in the thirteenth century … new orders of friars were founded to teach the Christian faith, because monasteries had declined. First Century groups such as the Essenes and the Therapeutae followed lifestyles that could be seen as precursors to Christian monasticism, the Carmelites find inspiration in the old testament prophet Elijah. From the earliest times within the Christian Church, there were probably individual hermits who lived a life in isolation in imitation of Jesuss 40 days in the desert and they have left no confirmed archaeological traces and only hints in the written record. Communities of virgins who had consecrated themselves to Christ are found at least as far back as the 2nd century, eremitic monasticism, or solitary monasticism, is characterized by a complete withdrawal from society
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Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
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San Beda College
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San Beda College and is a private Roman Catholic Benedictine college run by the Benedictine monks in the Philippines. It is located in Mendiola, Manila, for college and Taytay, Rizal for Elementary and it was founded in 1901 primarily to defend the Catholic battlements in the field of education. San Beda, which was then as El Colegio de San Beda. It has since expanded to a full college with both undergraduate and post-graduate degree offerings. It has two campuses, the San Beda College-Rizal and the San Beda College Alabang located in Alabang Hills Village in Muntinlupa City. San Beda College Alabang however is autonomous from the other two San Beda campuses and has its own set of administrators and officials. The San Beda Graduate School of Liturgy in Manila, meanwhile, traces its roots and origins to the Paul VI Institute of Liturgy in Malaybalay City. San Beda College offers programs in the fields of accountancy, business, marketing, economics, in 2003, the once all-male San Beda College finally opened its doors to female students and relocated its Basic Education Department to a new and bigger campus in Taytay, Rizal. The school has adopted for itself the moniker, San Beda Red Lions and its brother school, San Beda College Alabang is a member of sports leagues such as the WNCAA, NCAA South and the National Cheerleading Competition. In 2013, of the 50 Richest Filipinos ranked by Forbes Magazine, five were elementary and/or high school graduates and alumni of San Beda College, namely, Mr, Robert G. Coyiuto, Jr. Mr. Andrew Gotianun, Ambassador Eduardo Cojuangco, Jr. Ambassador Jose E. B, antonio, and PLDT Chairman Manuel V. Pangilinan. The Rizal campus of San Beda College houses the basic unit of the College. It is located in Taytay, Rizal and became operational in Academic Year 2004-2005, initially with Nursery, Kinder, Preparatory, Grade 1, thus, the Primary Grade School, Middle Grade School, and High School became the units of the Basic Education Department. Moreover, the curriculum was re-aligned with the school’s co-educational program. The last batch of Grade 6 students in Mendiola campus graduated in 2007, the Benedictine College, however, decided to relocate not only the school but also the Orders monastery to Mendiola in order to accommodate an increasing student population. The Mendiola Campus formally opened in 1926, however, the monastic fathers abandoned the idea and instead decided to stay in Mendiola and to build another campus in Alabang at the same time. At present, SBC-Manila houses four colleges, Arts and Sciences, Nursing, Medicine, the three graduate schools of San Beda namely, Business, Law, and Liturgy, are located in the Mendiola campus. The College of Arts and Sciences is the oldest college or tertiary level department in San Beda College-Mendiola, Manila, more fondly called by its acronym, CAS, the Arts and Sciences department has brought many awards and achievements to San Beda College
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Bede
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He is well known as an author and scholar, and his most famous work, Ecclesiastical History of the English People gained him the title The Father of English History. Bedes monastery had access to a library which included works by Eusebius, Orosius. Almost everything that is known of Bedes life is contained in the last chapter of his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, a history of the church in England. It was completed in about 731, and Bede implies that he was then in his fifty-ninth year, a minor source of information is the letter by his disciple Cuthbert which relates Bedes death. Bede, in the Historia, gives his birthplace as on the lands of this monastery, Bede says nothing of his origins, but his connections with men of noble ancestry suggest that his own family was well-to-do. Bedes first abbot was Benedict Biscop, and the names Biscop, Bedes name reflects West Saxon Bīeda. It is an Anglo-Saxon short name formed on the root of bēodan to bid, the name also occurs in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, s. a. 501, as Bieda, one of the sons of the Saxon founder of Portsmouth, the Liber Vitae of Durham Cathedral names two priests with this name, one of whom is presumably Bede himself. Some manuscripts of the Life of Cuthbert, one of Bedes works, mention that Cuthberts own priest was named Bede, at the age of seven, Bede was sent to the monastery of Monkwearmouth by his family to be educated by Benedict Biscop and later by Ceolfrith. Bede does not say whether it was intended at that point that he would be a monk. Monkwearmouths sister monastery at Jarrow was founded by Ceolfrith in 682, in 686, plague broke out at Jarrow. The two managed to do the service of the liturgy until others could be trained. The young boy was almost certainly Bede, who would have been about 14, when Bede was about 17 years old, Adomnán, the abbot of Iona Abbey, visited Monkwearmouth and Jarrow. Bede would probably have met the abbot during this visit, in about 692, in Bedes nineteenth year, Bede was ordained a deacon by his diocesan bishop, John, who was bishop of Hexham. There might have been minor orders ranking below a deacon, in Bedes thirtieth year, he became a priest, with the ordination again performed by Bishop John. In about 701 Bede wrote his first works, the De Arte Metrica and De Schematibus et Tropis and he continued to write for the rest of his life, eventually completing over 60 books, most of which have survived. Not all his output can be dated, and Bede may have worked on some texts over a period of many years. His last-surviving work is a letter to Ecgbert of York, a former student, Bede may also have worked on one of the Latin bibles that were copied at Jarrow, one of which is now held by the Laurentian Library in Florence
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University of Santo Tomas
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The university is run by the Order of Preachers. The patron of the university is St. Thomas Aquinas, while St. Catherine of Alexandria is the patroness, the university is composed of several autonomous faculties, colleges, schools and institutes, each conferring undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate degrees, and the basic education units. Several degree programs have been accredited by the Commission on Higher Education as Centers of Excellence, moreover, it was awarded with an Institutional Accreditation by the CHED through the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines. Prominent Thomasians include saints, Philippine presidents, heroes, artists, scientists, professionals, and religious figures, the athletic teams are the Growling Tigers, who are members of the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and are consistent winners of the Overall Championship. The foundation of the University is ascribed to Miguel de Benavides and he came to the Philippines with the first Dominican mission in 1587. He went on to bishop of Nueva Segovia, and was promoted archbishop of Manila in 1601. Upon his death in July 1605, Benavides bequeathed his library, Bernardo de Santa Catalina carried out Benavides’s wishes and was able to secure a building near the Dominican church and convent in Intramuros for the College. In 1609, permission to open the College was requested from King Philip III of Spain, on April 28,1611, notary Juan Illian witnessed the signing of the act of foundation by Baltasar Fort, OP, Bernardo Navarro, OP, and Francisco Minayo, OP. Fort, appointed that year to the post of Father Provincial, the Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santísimo Rosario was established on April 28,1611, from the Benavidess library. Later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomás, it was elevated by Pope Innocent X to a university on November 20,1645 in his brief and this makes the institution the first in the islands to be formally elevated to the status of university. Its complete name is The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas and this makes the UST the first and only formally declared royal and pontifical university in the Philippines. The university was located within the city of Intramuros in Manila. The first courses offered by the Colegio de Santo Tomás were canon law, theology, philosophy, logic, grammar, the arts, in 1871, it began offering degrees in Medicine and Pharmacy, the first in colonized Asia. Also that year, it began accepting female enrollees, in the last four decades, the university grew into a full-fledged institution of higher learning, conferring degrees in law, medicine, and various academic letters. The university has graduated Philippine national heroes, presidents, and even saints, the Medicine and Civil Law courses were retained in Intramuros at that time. During World War II, the Japanese forces converted the Sampaloc campus into an internment camp for aliens, mostly Americans. The original Intramuros campus was destroyed in 1944 by an arson created by the Japanese Kempeitai, more than 4,000 foreigners survived under difficult conditions in the internment camp for 37 months from January 1942 until February 1945 when the camp was liberated by American soldiers. In its long history, the university has been under the leadership of more than 90 Rectors, uSTs first Filipino rector was Fr
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Our Lady of Montserrat Abbey (Manila)
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The Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat, or Manila Abbey, is a Benedictine mens monastery located on Mendiola Street in Manila, the Philippines. The monastery was founded by monks from Spain in 1895, in the years of Spanish colonial era in the Philippines and is dedicated to Our Lady of Montserrat. The resident monks, which belong to the Philippine Pro-Province of the Subiaco Cassinese Congregation also operate San Beda College on the abbeys grounds, in the 19th century, several anti-clerical governments in Spain took measures to suppress the many monasteries there. If they were not closed outright, communities were forbidden by the state to accept new candidates, with time however, exceptions were made for monasteries which would operate in the far-flung regions still a part of Spains once mighty empire, primarily the Philippines. As a result of this incentive, the ancient Benedictine Abbey of Our Lady of Monserrat near Barcelona made the decision to establish a foundation in the area of Manila. On September 12,1895, eight monks and six laybrothers, under the leadership of Dom José Deas y Villar. After being hosted by the local Jesuit community, the monks obtained property for themselves in Surigao, the American occupation of the Philippines in 1898, in the course of the Spanish–American War, changed the new monasterys situation dramatically. Loss of financial support from the Spanish crown for the Catholic missions in the left the community in desperate straits. On June 17,1901, they opened San Beda College, named after the great English Benedictine scholar and saint, the curriculum consisted of elementary, secondary and initial university studies, with graduates awarded either a Bachelor of Arts degree or a diploma in business. The college was accredited in 1906 by the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas, by that time, the monastery grounds had become too small for the monks and the college, so the monks purchased land on Mendiola Street. In 1909, they entrusted the care of the region to Missionaries of the Sacred Heart from the Netherlands and moved to their current location. The cornerstone of the church was laid on February 15,1925. It was built in a Neogothic exterior, with a Neo-baroque interior painted by Dom Lesmes López, a Spaniard, the pair worked on the abbey church from 1931–1939, leaving only the back wall of the nave above the entrance blank. Dom Lesmes Lópezs paintings on the ceiling of the nave include the 16 allegories on the virtues, theology. The Apotheosis of the Holy Name of Jesus were painted over the sanctuary, paintings of the Stations of the Cross are also seen within the interior of the church. By 1971, the community had gone from a high point of some 100 monks to a membership of thirty. In 2010, Rev Aelred Nilo OSB designed the mural to fill the back wall of the nave. The mural depicts the history of the present congregation, as well as the Resurrected Christ, saints, the marker of Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat Manila was installed in 1939 at San Beda College, Mendiola, Manila
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World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
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Imperial Japanese Army
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The Imperial Japanese Army or IJA, literally Army of the Greater Japanese Empire, was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan, from 1871 to 1945. Later an Inspectorate General of Military Aviation became the agency with oversight of the army. During the Meiji Restoration, the forces loyal to Emperor Meiji were samurai drawn primarily from the loyalist daimyōs of Satsuma. This central army, the Imperial Japanese Army, became even more essential after the abolition of the han system in 1871. One of the differences between the samurai and the peasant class was the right to bear arms, this ancient privilege was suddenly extended to every male in the nation. In 1878, the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, based on the German General Staff, was established directly under the Emperor and was given broad powers for military planning and strategy. The Japanese invasion of Taiwan under Qing rule in 1874 was an expedition by Japanese military forces in response to the Mudan Incident of December 1871. The Paiwan people, who are indigenous peoples of Taiwan, murdered 54 crewmembers of a merchant vessel from the Ryukyu Kingdom on the southwestern tip of Taiwan. 12 men were rescued by the local Chinese-speaking community and were transferred to Miyako-jima in the Ryukyu Islands and it marked the first overseas deployment of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy. Not surprisingly, the new led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. One of the riots, led by Saigō Takamori, was the Satsuma Rebellion. Thenceforth, the military existed in an intimate and privileged relationship with the imperial institution, top-ranking military leaders were given direct access to the Emperor and the authority to transmit his pronouncements directly to the troops. The sympathetic relationship between conscripts and officers, particularly junior officers who were mostly from the peasantry, tended to draw the military closer to the people. In time, most people came to look more for guidance in matters more to military than to political leaders. By the 1890s, the Imperial Japanese Army had grown to become the most modern army in Asia, well-trained, well-equipped, however, it was basically an infantry force deficient in cavalry and artillery when compared with its European contemporaries. The Sino-Japanese War would come to symbolize the weakness of the military of the Qing dynasty and this was the result by Japans 120, 000-strong western-style conscript army of two armies and five divisions, which was well-equipped and well-trained when compared with their Qing counterparts. The Treaty of Shimonoseki made the Qing defeat official, with a shift in regional dominance in Asia from China to Japan. In 1899–1900, Boxer attacks against foreigners in China intensified eventually resulting in the siege of the legations in Beijing
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San Beda College of Law
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San Beda College of Law is the law degree-granting unit of San Beda College, a private, Roman Catholic college run by the Benedictine monks in the Philippines. The main campus, educational, and administrative offices are located at Mendiola Street in San Miguel, the College of Law was founded in 1948. Over the years, it has produced senators, justices of collegiate courts, trial judges, active lawyers, law professors. It has also achieved one of the highest bar passing rates, in the 2007 Bar Examinations, the College of Law got the highest passing percentage among all other law schools at 93. 27% for all examinees and 93. 18% for first takers. The San Beda College of Law once again got the highest passing percentage in the 2009 Bar Examination at 94. 21% and it also produced two top notchers for the same year, Reinier Paul Yebra and Charlene Mae Tapic placing first and second respectively. Extensive use in some subjects is made of on-line chat-sessions and in others, professors are invited from the senior members of the superior courts of the Philippines as well as from leading academics in law, criminology and related disciplines. Upon prior arrangement, the Law Dean and the Faculty may craft customized programs to suit the needs of foreign law students. The Master of Laws and the Doctor of Science in Jurisprudence programs do not require membership in the Philippine Bar, however, as a general rule, students should be members of the Philippine Bar. The San Beda College of Law in Alabang was established in 2004, badelles - Representative, 1st District of Lanao del Norte Elpidio F. Barzaga - Representative, 4th District of Cavite Leovigildo B. - Associate Justice, Philippine Court of Appeals Eduardo B, peralta, Jr. Tang- Presiding Justice, Sandiganbayan Gregory S. Ong - former Associate Justice of the anti-graft court Sandiganbayan Rodolfo Ponferrada, Sr
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Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)
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The Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines, abbreviated as CHED, is attached to the Office of the President for administrative purposes. It covers both public and private education institutions as well as degree-granting programs in all post-secondary educational institutions in the country. The CHED was established on May 18,1994 through Republic Act No.7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994 which was authored by Senator Francisco Tatad. The creation of CHED was part of an agenda for reforms in the countrys education system. Part of the reforms is the trifocalization of the education sector, the former chairman of the Commission on Higher Education was Romulo Neri, formerly Director General of the National Economic Development Authority and Socioeconomic Secretary. Neri was also a former Budget Secretary, on July 9,2008 however, Corazon dela Paz resigned as president and chief executive officer of the Social Security System and the President named Chairman Romulo Neri as head of the SSS. Hence, CHEDs post for chairman is now vacant, on August 20,2008, Manny Angeles was appointed new CHED Chairman, replacing Romulo Neri, and will be taking over acting CHED Chair Nona Ricaforte. Angeles was former chancellor of the Angeles University Foundation and president of the Clark Development Corporation, william Medrano was also appointed commissioner of the CHED on August 29,2008. The Chairman of CHED is also the Chairperson of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines, centers of Development on the other hand, are educational disciplines which have been considered to significantly improve over the course of the previous year. CHED disseminates information by a variety of means, for information specific to a particular institution, a letter is sent to that institution, or an officer is invited to collect it at CHED main office. The institution may then place a copy of the order on one of its own noticeboards, CHED also maintains a website where some of its policy documents are made available. CHED issues CMOs - CHED Memorandum Orders and these are often of national significance
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Doctor of Medicine
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The Doctor of Medicine is a terminal medical degree for practitioners of medicine. The meaning of the varies between different countries. In countries that follow the United States system, the M. D. denotes a first professional degree awarded upon initial graduation from medical school. In those countries, the title of the equivalent first professional degree is Bachelor of Medicine, in 1703, the University of Glasgows first medical graduate, Samuel Benion, was issued with the academic degree of Doctor of Medicine. North American medical schools switched to the tradition of the ancient universities of Scotland, the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York was the first American university to grant the MD degree instead of the MB. Early medical schools in North America that granted the Doctor of Medicine degrees were Columbia, Penn, Harvard, Maryland and these first few North American medical schools that were established were founded by physicians and surgeons who had been trained in England and Scotland. A feminine form, Doctress of Medicine or Medicinae Doctrix, has also used by the New England Female Medical College in Boston in the 1860s. The MD degree is earned in four years. Following the awarding of the MD, physicians who wish to practice in the United States are required to complete at least one internship year and those who wish to further specialize in areas such as cardiology or interventional radiology then complete a fellowship. Depending upon the chosen field, residencies and fellowships involve an additional three to eight years of training after obtaining the MD. This can be lengthened with additional research years, which can last one, the Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine or DO degree allows similar practice in the United States and Canada to the M. D. degree and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine are fully licensed physicians. The M. D. degree is awarded only by the 137 Medical Schools in the United States, similarly, M. D. s must attend M. D. rated residency and fellowship programs while D. O. s can attend either type of program. The American M. D. degree is recognized by most countries in the world. While the D. O. degree is getting more widely accepted in countries as fully licensed physicians. In Canada, the MD is the medical degree required to practice medicine. McGill University Faculty of Medicine is the medical school in Canada that continues to award the MD. MDCM is from the Latin Medicinae Doctorem et Chirurgiae Magistrum meaning doctor of medicine, upon graduation, students enter into a residency phase of training. Combined medical and research training is offered through programs granting MD-PhD, the National Institutes of Health through its Medical Scientist Training Program funds MD-PhD training programs at many universities
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University of the Philippines Manila
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The University of the Philippines Manila is a coeducational and public research university in the Philippines. Located in Manila, the capital city, it is the oldest of the seven constituent universities of the University of the Philippines system. Its oldest degree-granting unit is the College of Medicine, which was founded in 1905 as the Philippine Medical School and it is the center of health sciences education in the country, with the establishment of the National Health Sciences Center. It is also a research center in the health sciences in the Asia-Pacific region. It exercises administrative supervision over the Philippine General Hospital, as of 2001, the Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines has identified two Centers of Excellence in UP Manila. The COEs in the university are medicine and nursing, with the UP College of Medicine as the very first Center of Excellence in Medical Education in the country and it is currently among only five medical institutions to be recognized as Centers of Excellence in Medical Education. The UP Manila started with the establishment of the Philippine Medical School in 1905, the Philippine Medical School was later integrated into the University of the Philippines and was renamed College of Medicine and Surgery. In 1907, Philippine Commission Act 1688 dated August 17 created the Philippine General Hospital, PGH was eventually linked formally with the CM, with its dean becoming the PGH director. The College of Public Health, College of Pharmacy and the College of Dentistry started as units of CM and eventually became full-fledged colleges in 1932,1935 and 1948, during the World War II, the university continued to hold classes in makeshift rooms. After the war, the university transferred to the Diliman campus in 1948, in 1948, the Board of Regents established the College of Nursing. The then existing units related to the health sciences constituted the Center, with the College of Arts and Sciences Manila transformed into a full-fledged unit, on October 22,1982, the Center was renamed UP Manila by virtue of Presidential Executive Order No.4. In 1988, the Institute for Socio-Biomedical Research was created to serve as a common administrative, UP Manila is home to nine degree-granting units, the National Institutes of Health, a training hospital, the Philippine General Hospital, and, several academic and administrative support offices. The campus is spread out in the Ermita area as well as in three provinces and it also has a UP School of Health Sciences in Palo, Leyte, Baler, Aurora, and Koronadal in South Cotabato. (Side Note, After World War II, only three buildings of the original University of the Philippines campus remained largely intact, Rizal Hall or CAS, PGH, and PGH Nurses Home. Johnson, MSc Physics Interactive Learning Center, Iris Thiele Isip-Tan, MD, MSc UPM Research Grants Administration Office, Christine Hazel Casanova, MD Sentro ng Wikang Filipino-Manila, the College of Allied Medical Professions started in 1962 as the School of Allied Medical Professions. It offered the first Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy courses in the country, CAMP also offers a Bachelor of Science degree program in speech pathology. The College of Arts and Sciences was established through an approval of a creating a University Extension Division in Manila on June 21,1951. It offers courses in Arts and Communication, Behavioral Sciences, Biology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Physical Education, the College of Dentistry was founded in 1915 and offers undergraduate, post-graduate, and graduate programs in Dentistry
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Cadaver
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A cadaver, also called corpse in medical, literary, and legal usage, or when intended for dissection, is a deceased body. Observation of the stages of decomposition can help determine how long a body has been dead. The first stage is autolysis, more known as self-digestion. However, these enzymes are released into the cells because of active processes ceasing in the cells, as a result of autolysis, liquid is created that gets between the layers of skin and makes the skin peel off. During this stage, flies start to lay eggs in the openings of the body, eyes, nostrils, mouth, ears, open wounds, hatched larvae, of blowflies, subsequently get under the skin and start to eat the body. This bloating occurs largely in the abdomen, and sometimes in the mouth and this usually happens in about the second week of decomposition. Gas accumulation and bloating will continue until the body is decomposed sufficiently for the gas to escape and it is the last and longest stage. Putrefaction is where the structures of the body break down. The digestive organs, the brain, and lungs are the first to disintegrate, under normal conditions, the organs are unidentifiable after three weeks. The muscles can be eaten by bacteria or devoured by animals, eventually, sometimes after several years, all that remains is the skeleton. In acid-rich soils, the skeleton will eventually dissolve into its base chemicals, the rate of decomposition depends on many factors including temperature and the environment. The warmer and more humid the environment, the faster the body is broken down, greek physicians Herophilus and Erasistratus were among the first on record to have dissected bodies. Andreas Vesalius, author of De humani corporis fabrica, who was able to dispel many misconceptions by dissecting human cadavers, is regarded as the father of human anatomy. The tradition of dissecting criminals was carried up into the eighteenth and nineteenth century when anatomy schools became popular in England and Scotland, at that time, a greater percentage of Christians believed in the literal raising from the dead. Because the souls of dissected bodies could not go to heaven, criminals who were executed for their crimes were used as the first cadavers. From the 16th century until 1832, and the passage of the Anatomy Act, the demand for cadavers increased when the number of criminals being executed decreased. Since corpses were in high demand, it became commonplace to steal bodies from graves in order to keep the market supplied. The methods of preserving cadavers have changed over the last 200 years, at that time, cadavers had to be used immediately because there were no adequate methods to keep the body from quickly decaying
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Northern Marianas Islands
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The CNMI includes all islands in the Mariana Archipelago except Guam which is the southernmost island of the chain and a separate U. S. territory. The United States Department of the Interior cites a landmass of 183.5 square miles, according to the 2010 United States Census,53,883 people were living in the CNMI at that time. The vast majority of the population resides on Saipan, Tinian, the administrative center is Capitol Hill, a village in northwestern Saipan. However, most publications consider Saipan to be the capital because the island is governed as a single municipality, the first people of the Mariana Islands immigrated at some point between 4000 BC and 2000 BC from Southeast Asia. After first contact with Spaniards, they became known as the Chamorros, a Spanish word similar to Chamori. The ancient people of the Marianas raised colonnades of megalithic capped pillars called latte stones upon which they built their homes, the first European explorer of the area, the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, arrived in 1521. He landed on Guam, the southernmost island of the Marianas, the Spanish ships were met offshore by the native Chamorros, who delivered refreshments and then helped themselves to a small boat belonging to Magellans fleet. This led to a clash, in Chamorro tradition, little property was private and taking something one needed, such as a boat for fishing. The Spanish did not understand this custom, and fought the Chamorros until the boat was recovered, three days after he had been welcomed on his arrival, Magellan fled the archipelago. Spain regarded the islands as annexed and later made part of the Spanish East Indies. In 1734, the Spanish built a palace in Guam for the governor of the islands. Its remains are visible even in the 21st century, see the Plaza de España article, Guam operated as an important stopover between Manila and Mexico for galleons carrying gold between the Philippines and Spain. Some galleons sunk in Guam remain, in 1668, Father Diego Luis de San Vitores renamed the islands Las Marianas in honor of his patroness the Spanish regent Mariana of Austria, widow of Felipe IV. Most of the native population died from Spanish diseases or married non-Chamorro settlers under Spanish rule. New settlers, primarily from the Philippines and the Caroline Islands, were brought to repopulate the islands, the Chamorro population gradually recovered, and Chamorro, Filipino, and Carolinian languages and other ethnic differences remain in the Marianas. During the 17th century, Spanish colonists forcibly moved the Chamorros to Guam, by the time they were allowed to return to the Northern Marianas, many Carolinians from present-day eastern Yap State and western Chuuk State had settled in the Marianas. Both languages, as well as English, are now official in the Commonwealth, the Northern Marianas experienced an influx of immigration from the Carolines during the 19th century. Both this Carolinian subethnicity and Carolinians in the Carolines archipelago refer to themselves as the Refaluwasch, the indigenous Chamoru word for the same group of people is gupalao
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Rodrigo Duterte
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Rodrigo Rody Roa Duterte, also known as Digong, is a Filipino politician and jurist who is the 16th and current President of the Philippines. He is the first Mindanaoan to hold the office, and the fourth of Visayan descent, at 71 years old, Duterte is the oldest person to assume the Philippine presidency, eclipsing Sergio Osmeñas age of 65. Duterte studied political science at the Lyceum of the Philippines University, graduating in 1968, Duterte was among the longest-serving mayors in the Philippines, serving seven terms totaling more than 22 years in office. Duterte has alternately confirmed and denied his involvement in the killings, Duterte has repeatedly confirmed that he personally killed three kidnapping suspects while Mayor of Davao in 1988. On May 9,2016, Duterte won the Philippine presidential election with 38. 5% of the votes and his domestic policy has focused on combating illegal drug trade by initiating the Philippine Drug War. He has vowed to pursue an independent foreign policy, Duterte was born on March 14,1945, in Maasin. His maternal grandfather was a Chinese immigrant from Xiamen, Fujian and his father was Vicente G. Duterte, a Cebuano lawyer, and his mother Soledad Duterte, was a school teacher from Cabadbaran, Agusan and a civic leader of Maranao descent. Dutertes father was acting mayor of Danao, Cebu and subsequently the governor of Davao province. Rodrigos cousin Ronald, on the hand, served as Cebu City mayor from 1983 to 1986. Ronalds father, Ramon Duterte, also held the position from 1957 to 1959, the Dutertes consider the Cebu-based political families of the Durano and the Almendras clan as relatives. Duterte also has relatives from the Roa clan in Leyte through his mothers side, before they resettled to Davao, Dutertes family briefly lived in his birthplace in Maasin, Leyte, and in his fathers hometown in Danao, Cebu, until he was four years old. The Dutertes initially moved to Mindanao in 1948 but still went back and they finally settled in the Davao Region in 1950. Vicente as a lawyer engaged in practice, while Soledad taught in public schools as a teacher. Mrs Duterte, however, retired as a supervisor in 1952 when her lawyer-husband entered politics there, Duterte went to Laboon Elementary School in Maasin, for a year. He spent his elementary days at the Santa Ana Elementary School in Davao City. He graduated in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in science at the Lyceum of the Philippines in Manila. He obtained a law degree from San Beda College of Law in 1972, in the same year, he passed the bar exam. Duterte has said that he was abused by a priest when he was a minor
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Raul Roco
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Raul Sagarbarria Roco was a political figure in the Philippines. He was the standard-bearer of Aksyon Demokratiko, which he founded in 1997 as a vehicle for his presidential bids in 1998 and 2004 and he was a former senator and the Secretary of the Department of Education under the presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. He had a following among young voters in the Philippines, due to his efforts to promote honesty. Roco was married to Sonia Cubillo Malasarte, who is from Bohol and they have six children and seven grandchildren. Raúl Roco was born in Naga City in the Philippine province of Camarines Sur, Roco finished elementary school at age 10 from Naga Parochial School, and high school at age 14 from Ateneo de Naga. He graduated magna cum laude from San Beda College in Manila with a degree in English at the age of 18, then, he was also the Editor-in-Chief of The Bedan working with the likes of Rene Saguisag and Jaime Licauco. Later, Roco received a Bachelor of Laws degree and was the colleges Abbott Awardee for Over-All Excellence, in the United States, he studied Comparative Law as a University Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania, while also enrolled at the Wharton School. He was the president of the National Union of Students of the Philippines in 1961 and was named one of the Ten Outstanding Students of the Philippines in 1964 and his wife Sonia was the Most Outstanding Student that same year. As a result of his various achievements, he had been awarded seven honorary doctorates. After he passed the bar in 1965, Roco lobbied for the holding of a Constitutional Convention that aimed to amend the 1935 Philippine Constitution and he campaigned for a seat to represent his district in Camarines Sur. He won and thus became conventions youngest Bicolano delegate, from 1983 to 1985, he served as president of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines. While there, he was on the staff of the late Philippine Senator Benigno Ninoy Aquino. Alongside his work in law, he has served as a film producer. In 1974, he was the producer of the late film director Lino Brockas movie Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang. Roco was elected to the Senate in 1992 and 1995 serving until 2001 and he wrote the law which reformed the nations banking system, this earned him the title Father of the Bangko Sentral. Some other laws that he wrote resulted in the liberalization of the banking industry, in addition, he wrote the Intellectual Property Code and the Securities Regulation Code. Roco has also made contributions to education in the Philippines. He helped fund the teachers’ cooperatives as well as the increment mandated by the Magna Carta for Public School Teachers for retiring public school teachers, on the students’ side, he helped bring computers into Philippine universities, colleges, and public schools
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Leila de Lima
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Leila Norma Eulalia Josefa Magistrado de Lima is a Filipino lawyer, human rights activist and politician. Aquino III as the Philippines Secretary of the Department of Justice and she resigned as justice secretary on October 12,2015, to focus on her candidacy for a seat in the Senate of the Philippines in what was then an oncoming 2016 Philippine general election. She won one of the contested seats and currently serves as a Philippine senator in the Philippines 17th Congress. She is the eldest daughter of the former Philippine COMELEC Commissioner Vicente de Lima and Norma Magistrado and she was born and raised in Iriga of the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. De Limas aunt, Julie de Lima, married Communist Party of the Philippines founder Jose Maria Sison, De Lima completed her basic education at the La Consolacion Academy, where she graduated as class Valedictorian. She graduated in 1980 from the De La Salle University with an AB History degree and she finished her Bachelor of Laws degree at the San Beda College of Law in 1985. De Lima began her career as legal staff to Supreme Court associate justice Isagani Cruz from 1986 to 1989. She joined the Jardeleza Sobreviñas Diaz Hayudini and Bodegon Law Offices in 1989 where she served as a junior associate and she worked in the same position at the Jardeleza Law Offices from 1991 to 1993. De Lima joined the Philippine government in 1993 as a clerk and she resigned in 1995 to return to private practice. She then joined Roco, Buñag, Kapunan and Migallos law firm as its Junior Partner and she was also a professor of law at the San Beda College of Law during her private practice. De Lima served as a counsel to the campaign of Alan Peter Cayetano during his campaign in the Philippine Senate election,2007. Under President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Leila de Lima was appointed Chairperson of the Philippine Commission on Human Rights, when Benigno Aquino III took over, de Lima was tapped as Secretary of the Department of Justice under the President-elects new Cabinet. On July 2,2010, de Lima took over the helm of the Philippine Department of Justice, on August 27,2015, Justice Secretary de Lima assisted Isaias Samson, an expelled Minister of Iglesia ni Cristo, in filing a case against the sect. De Lima of the Liberal Party condemned the Philippine Drug War and she called for an end of vigilante killings of drug suspects. On her privilege speech at Senate on August 2, she noted that we cannot wage the war against drugs with blood, De Lima laments the indifference of the new government to extrajudicial killings and warns that more innocent people will suffer if the killings fail to stop. Duterte also alleged that De Lima’s driver had been using drugs, duterte later announced that he had in his possession wiretaps and ATM records which confirmed his allegations. He explained that he had received them from a foreign country. In September 2016, de Lima was removed from her position chairing a Senate Justice, De Lima, later, admitted her relationship with Dayan
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Antonio Eduardo Nachura
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Antonio Eduardo Bermejo Nachura was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines until his mandatory retirement in June 13,2011. He had been Solicitor-General of the Philippines at the time of his appointment to the Court was announced on January 31,2007 by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Nachura took his oath of office as Associate Justice on February 7,2007. Born in Catbalogan City, Nachura is a graduate of the San Beda College of Law and he placed 7th in the 1967 bar examinations. In addition, he holds a Doctor of Public Management from the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, from his years as a professor of law and a bar reviewer, Nachura has earned wide respect as an expert in political law. He was the Dean of the Arellano Law School from 1992 to 1994 and he resigned as Dean in 1994 to accept an appointment as Undersecretary of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports. In 1998, Nachura was elected congressman in the House of Representatives and he served in the 11th Congress and the 12th Congress. He was a candidate for re-election to the 13th Congress. In February 2006, Nachura was named Chief Presidential Legal Counsel by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, the following month, Nachura was appointed Solicitor-General by on March 17,2006, replacing Alfredo Benipayo. I-site. ph info page Justice Antonio Eduardo B
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Jose C. Mendoza
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Jose Catral Mendoza is the 168th Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He also became a senior investigator for the United States Embassy before entering government service as a senior research attorney in the Court of Appeals in 1977. Mendoza became a member of the Bench in 1989 when he was appointed presiding judge of the Regional Trial Court of Sta and he eventually became the executive judge of the same court in 1992. In 1994, he was designated presiding judge, and later on as executive judge, after 15 years as a judge, he was appointed Associate Justice of the Court of Appeals on July 4,2003. On January 4,2010, he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court to replace erstwhile Associate Justice Minita Chico-Nazario. Together with nine of the 15-member tribunal, he invalidated the executive order because of its apparent transgression of the equal protection clause for singling out the Arroyo administration, in his ponencia, Mendoza blatantly tagged Aquinos Truth Commission as a vehicle for vindictiveness and selective retribution. Mendoza nonetheless upheld the validity of the provisions of the RH Law despite his strong affiliation with the influential Catholic Church. It cannot demand that the nation follow its beliefs, even if it believes that they are good for the country. Supreme Court of the Philippines Official Website - MENDOZA, J. C. J
