1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
San Diego Convention Center
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The San Diego Convention Center is the primary convention center in San Diego, California. It is located in the Marina district of downtown San Diego near the Gaslamp Quarter, the center is managed by the San Diego Convention Center Corporation, a non-profit public benefit corporation created by the City of San Diego. The corporation also manages the San Diego Civic Theatre through a subsidiary called San Diego Theatres Inc, San Diego approved a measure to fund construction of a new convention center in 1983 on land owned by the Port of San Diego. Construction of the building began in March 1987 and was completed in November 1989. An expansion which doubled the square footage of the facility was completed in September 2001. In September 2008 the center took steps to acquire adjacent property for an additional expansion, notable events hosted at the convention center include the annual Comic-Con International convention and the Society for Neuroscience. Television game show Wheel of Fortune did live tapings of shows at the Convention Center featuring contestants from the San Diego area that aired nationally in 1997,2003, and 2007. It hosted the 1996 Republican National Convention, which nominated Bob Dole and Jack Kemp for President and Vice President of the United States and it was also the venue for the 2007 California Democratic Party Convention. In 2014, the Convention Center hosted the Biotechnology Industry Organization International Convention, the convention center offers 615,700 sq ft of exhibit space. As of 2009 it was the 24th largest convention facility in North America and it was designed by Canadian architect Arthur Erickson. Capacity for the facility is 125,000, the centers most distinguishing feature is the Sails Pavilion, a 90,000 sq ft exhibit and special event area. The Sails Pavilions roof consists of distinctive Teflon-coated fiberglass sails intended to reflect San Diegos maritime history, the Pavilion was originally built as an open-air facility under the roof. However, the found it hard to convince potential users to book an open-air facility, so in 2000 the Pavilion area was enclosed in glass. Another unusual feature of the center is its inclined elevator. By November 2012, there was a $520 million proposed expansion to the San Diego Convention Center, the proposed expansion would have increased the available space within the convention center by 33 percent and had a target completion date of early 2016. In March 2013, judicial approval was received for the method for the expansion. The expansion was approved by the California Coastal Commission in October 2013, attorney Cory Briggs was the filing attorney for the successful lawsuit, and has another lawsuit filed regarding the bay front nature of the proposed expansion. The decision was not appealed by the San Diego City Council, the effort to expand the convention center up to August 2014 expended $10 million
3.
Downtown San Diego
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Downtown San Diego, also referred to as Centre City, is the city center of San Diego, California, the eighth largest city in the United States. In 2010, the Centre City area itself had a population of more than 28,000, founded in 1850, downtown San Diego serves as the cultural, financial center and central business district of San Diego County with more than 4,000 businesses and nine districts. The city of San Diego was originally focused in Old Town near the Presidio, the location was not ideal because it was several miles from navigable water. He proposed the idea to William Heath Davis, who recruited four other investors, the partners under Daviss leadership purchased 160 acres of land in what is now Downtown San Diego. They laid out a plan for New Town and built a wharf. Several people built houses there, including the still-standing William Heath Davis House, however, New Town did not do well due to a lack of fresh water, a financial depression in 1851, and opposition from the established settlements in Old Town and La Playa. In 1867, Alonzo Horton purchased 800 acres of lands in the current Downtown area, and in 1869 he added Davis’s 160 acres to his holdings. Davis’s wharf had fallen to pieces by then, but Horton realized the area was ideal for a harbor. He built a new wharf at the end of Fifth Avenue in 1869 and he vigorously sold property and gave away land to promote development of the area, fueling the first of San Diego’s many real estate speculation booms. People flocked to the area, known as New Town, because of its access to shipping. In 1871 government records were moved to a new county courthouse in New Town, by the 1880s New Town had totally eclipsed Old Town as the heart of the growing city. In 1885 the transcontinental railroad reached San Diego, the Santa Fe railway station opened downtown in 1887. In 1886 the city’s first electric lights and first streetcars were established in New Town, in 1912 the Spreckels Theater opened downtown, the first modern commercial playhouse west of the Mississippi. A new commercial pier, the Broadway Pier, was built by the city in 1913 and these streetcars became a fixture of the neighborhood until their retirement in 1939. In 1964 the multi-story City Hall and Community Concourse were dedicated on a property at 202 C Street. Recent mayors and city councils have discussed building a replacement city hall, in the 1960s, Centre City began to fall into a state of disrepair and disrepute. Major businesses and stores moved from downtown to suburban shopping malls, Downtown became known as a hangout for homeless people and sailors on liberty. Tattoo parlors, bars, and strip clubs were predominant forms of business, trash littered the Gaslamp Quarter, many 19th century Victorian houses were rundown, and there were few buildings of significant size
4.
San Diego
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San Diego is a major city in California, United States. It is in San Diego County, on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, approximately 120 miles south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico. With an estimated population of 1,394,928 as of July 1,2015, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego has been called the birthplace of California, historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, the Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá, founded in 1769, formed the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of the newly independent Mexico, in 1850, California became part of the United States following the Mexican–American War and the admission of California to the union. The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the center of the region as well as the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area. San Diegos main economic engines are military and defense-related activities, tourism, international trade, the presence of the University of California, San Diego, with the affiliated UCSD Medical Center, has helped make the area a center of research in biotechnology. The original inhabitants of the region are now known as the San Dieguito, the area of San Diego has been inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile, sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast, in May 1769, Gaspar de Portolà established the Fort Presidio of San Diego on a hill near the San Diego River. It was the first settlement by Europeans in what is now the state of California, in July of the same year, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was founded by Franciscan friars under Junípero Serra. By 1797, the mission boasted the largest native population in Alta California, with over 1,400 neophytes living in, Mission San Diego was the southern anchor in California of the historic mission trail El Camino Real. Both the Presidio and the Mission are National Historic Landmarks, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain, and San Diego became part of the Mexican territory of Alta California. In 1822, Mexico began attempting to extend its authority over the territory of Alta California. The fort on Presidio Hill was gradually abandoned, while the town of San Diego grew up on the land below Presidio Hill. The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833, the 432 residents of the town petitioned the governor to form a pueblo, and Juan María Osuna was elected the first alcalde, defeating Pío Pico in the vote
5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
Fan convention
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Fan conventions are traditionally organized by fans on a not-for-profit basis, though some events catering to fans are run by commercial interests for profit. Many conventions have award presentations relating to their genre, commercial conventions are usually quite expensive and are hosted in hotels. There is often tight security for the celebrities to protect against potentially fanatic fans, anime conventions, gaming conventions, filk-music conventions, and furry conventions may all be considered derivatives of science-fiction conventions, which began in the late 1930s. Fan conventions for various genres of entertainment extends to the first conventions held in the 1930s, the growth of computerized communication, including the Internet and Internet-dependent applications in the 1980s and 1990s
8.
Shel Dorf
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Sheldon Shel Dorf was an American comic book enthusiast and the founder of the San Diego Comic-Con International. Dorf was also a freelance artist and graphic designer, who lettered the Steve Canyon comic strip for the last 12 to 14 years of the strips run. Born in Detroit, Michigan, Dorf was a fan of books and comic strips. Dorf studied at Chicagos Art Institute before moving to New York, in the 1960s, Dorf had made the acquaintance of a number of creators working in the two fields, among them Jack Kirby, upon whom Dorf would occasionally call. In 1964 back in Detroit, teenager Robert Brusch organised a convention for fans of the medium, which Dorf and Jerry Bails. The next year Dorf and Bails took over the event, christening it the Detroit Triple Fan Fair, the Detroit Triple Fan Fair is credited as being the first regularly held convention featuring comic books as a major component. Dorf went on to produce the DTFF in 1967 and 1968 as well, in 1970, Dorf moved to San Diego, California, to take care of his aging parents. Almost immediately, he organized a convention as a kind of dry run for the larger convention he hoped to stage. Dorfs first three-day San Diego comics convention, the Golden State Comic-Con, was held at the U. S. Grant Hotel from August 1–3,1970. It would eventually grow into the San Diego Comic-Con International, now considered the standard bearer for U. S. comic conventions. The convention moved in subsequent years to the El Cortez Hotel, the University of California, San Diego, comics historian Mark Evanier said Caniff honored Shel by making him into a character. It was a football player named Thud Shelley who appeared a few times in the Canyon strip. Jack Kirby also made Shel into a character, a father figure named Himon who appeared in Mister Miracle. In 1990, Dorf was employed as a consultant on Warren Beattys big-screen adaptation of Dick Tracy and his interview with Wally Wood for TBG was reprinted in Comic Book Artist #14. Dorf died at age 76 on November 3,2009, from diabetes-related complications in Sharp Memorial Hospital and he was survived by his brother, Michael. Since 2010, the Shel Dorf Awards have been presented at conventions in Michigan, including Detroit Fanfare, notes Bibliography Shel Dorf Tribute. com Remembering Shel Dorf Russ Maheras list of Shel Dorf interviews for The Buyers Guide for Comic Fandom
9.
WonderCon
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The convention will return to the Anaheim Convention Center in 2017. The convention was conceived by retailer John Barrett and originally held in the Oakland Convention Center, in 2003, it moved to San Franciscos Moscone Center. The shows original name was the Wonderful World of Comics Convention, the WonderCon logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Tim Zach. Retailer Joe Field and his partner Mike Friedrich owned and operated the convention for fifteen years, in 2001, they brokered a deal with the management team that runs the San Diego Comic-Con International to make it part of the Comic-Con International convention family. This gave the San Francisco show an audience and has made it a venue for previews and early screenings of major motion pictures. These have included Spider-Man 2 in 2004, Batman Begins and Fantastic Four in 2005, Superman Returns in 2006,300 in 2007, Watchmen in 2009, all of these events featured the stars of the films fielding questions from the audience. WonderCon had 34,000 attendees in 2009,39,000 in 2010, the show left the Bay Area after the 2011 con, because San Franciscos Moscone Center was being remodeled. The convention moved to Anaheim in 2012, and was rebranded WonderCon Anaheim, in 2016, a new convention started in the Bay Area, called the Silicon Valley Comic Con. WonderCon relocated from Anaheim to Los Angeles in 2016, and is now called WonderCon Los Angeles and was held March 25-27,2016 at the Los Angeles Convention Center, the 2017 edition of the convention returned to Anaheim and was held March 31-April 2,2017. While the main attraction of WonderCon has always been various retailers selling back issues of comic books and action figures, there is also an Artists Alley featuring mainly comic book artists selling artwork, signing books, and doing sketches, and mainstream celebrities signing autographed pictures. WonderCon hosted the Harvey Award ceremonies from 1997–1999, since 2007, academicians and comic industry professionals have held the Comics Arts Conference in conjunction with WonderCon. In addition, WonderCon features an event called Trailer Park, where trailers for upcoming films are shown, the WonderCon masquerade competition usually takes place on Saturday after the convention closes. Awards are given to those with the most creative performances, though anyone can participate, official website WonderCon feature on Sidewalks Entertainment WonderCon founders website
10.
Anaheim, California
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Anaheim is a city in Orange County, California, part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 336,265, making it the most populous city in Orange County, Anaheim remained largely a rural community until Disneyland opened in the city in 1955. This led to the construction of hotels and motels around the area. The city also developed into a center, producing electronics, aircraft parts. Anaheims city limits extend from Cypress in the west to the Riverside County line in the east and encompass a diverse collection of neighborhoods, Anaheim Hills is a master-planned community located in the citys eastern stretches that is home to many of the citys affluent. Downtown Anaheim has three historic districts, the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony. The Anaheim Resort, a district, includes Disneyland, Disney California Adventure. The Platinum Triangle, a redevelopment district surrounding Angel Stadium, is planned to be populated with mixed-use streets. Finally, Anaheim Canyon is a district north of California State Route 91. Anaheims name is a blend of Ana, after the nearby Santa Ana River, and heim, the city of Anaheim was founded in 1857 by 50 German-Americans who were residents of San Francisco and whose families had originated in Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Franconia in Bavaria. For $750 a share, the formed the Anaheim Vineyard Company. Their new community was named Annaheim, meaning home by the Santa Anna River in German, the name later was altered to Anaheim. To the Spanish-speaking neighbors, the settlement was known as Campo Alemán, although grape and wine-making was their primary objective, the majority of the 50 settlers were mechanics, carpenters and craftsmen with no experience in wine-making. The community set aside 40 acres for a center and a school was the first building erected there. The first home was built in 1857, the Anaheim Gazette newspaper was established in 1870, for 25 years, the area was the largest wine producer in California. However, in 1884, a disease infected the grape vines, other crops – walnuts, lemons and oranges – soon filled the void. Fruits and vegetables had become viable cash crops when the Los Angeles – Orange County region was connected to the railroad network in 1887. The famous Polish actress Helena Modjeska settled in Anaheim with her husband and various friends, among them Henryk Sienkiewicz, Julian Sypniewski, while living in Anaheim, Helena Modjeska became good friends with Clementine Langenberger, the second wife of August Langenberger
11.
Alternative Press Expo
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The Alternative Press Expo or APE, as it is more commonly known, is a comics convention. It was founded in 1994 by Dan Vado as an event for self-publishers, independent publishers and it was originally held in San Jose, California. Comic-Con International took over responsibility for the event in 1995, APE is currently held in San Jose after being held in San Francisco for 15 years. Two days after APE2014, Dan Vado announced the responsibility for APE was being handed back to him, the event moved to San Francisco in 2000, originally at Herbst Pavilion, Fort Mason, before moving to the Concourse Exhibition Center in 2003. APE began life as an event, but was expanded to cover two days in 1998. However, the first event held in San Francisco was a one-day event, the programming available at the event has also grown, with APE2005 offering panels, seminars, exhibitions and special guests. APE was moved to the beginning in 2008. Official website Major Books Fairs in the United States of America
12.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
13.
Horror fiction
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Horror is a genre of fiction which is intended to, or has the capacity to frighten, scare, disgust, or startle their readers or viewers by inducing feelings of horror and terror. Literary historian J. A. Cuddon has defined the horror story as a piece of fiction in prose of variable length, which shocks or even frightens the reader, or perhaps induces a feeling of repulsion or loathing. It creates an eerie and frightening atmosphere, Horror is frequently supernatural, though it can be non-supernatural. Often the central menace of a work of fiction can be interpreted as a metaphor for the larger fears of a society. The genre of horror has ancient origins with roots in folklore and religious traditions, focusing on death, the afterlife, evil, the demonic and these were manifested in stories of beings such as witches, vampires, werewolves and ghosts. 18th century Gothic horror drew on these sources with the seminal and controversial The Castle of Otranto by Horace Walpole and this marked the first incorporated elements of the supernatural instead of pure realism. In fact, the first edition was published disguised as a medieval romance from Italy discovered and republished by a fictitious translator. Once revealed as contemporary, many found it anachronistic, reactionary, or simply in poor taste — but it proved to be immediately popular. That first novel of Gothic horror inspired such works as Vathek by William Beckford, A Sicilian Romance, The Mysteries of Udolpho and The Italian by Ann Radcliffe and The Monk by Matthew Lewis. A significant amount of fiction of this era was written by women and marketed at a female audience. The Gothic tradition blossomed into the modern readers call horror literature in the 19th century. Each of these novels and novellas created an icon of horror seen in modern re-imaginings on the stage. The proliferation of periodicals, as early as the turn of the century. One writer who specialized in fiction for mainstream pulps such as All-Story Magazine was Tod Robbins, whose fiction dealt with themes of madness. Later, specialist publications emerged to give horror writers an outlet, including Weird Tales, influential horror writers of the early 20th century made inroads in these mediums. Early cinema was inspired by aspects of horror literature, and early horror cinema started a strong tradition of horror films. This imagery made these comics controversial, and as a consequence they were frequently censored, many modern novels claim an early description of the living dead in a precursor to the modern zombie tale, including Dennis Wheatleys Strange Conflict, H. P. Lovecraft stories such as Cool Air, In The Vault, richard Mathesons novel I Am Legend would also influence an entire genre of apocalyptic zombie fiction emblematic of the films of George A. Romero
14.
Anime
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Anime is Japanese hand-drawn or computer animation. The word is the pronunciation of animation in Japanese, where this term references all animation. Arguably, the abstract approach to the words meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. For simplicity, many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism. The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917, and Japanese anime production has continued to increase steadily. Anime is distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly to home media and it is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences. Anime is an art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. It consists of an ideal story-telling mechanism, combining art, characterization, cinematography. The production of anime focuses less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of effects, including panning, zooming. Being hand-drawn, anime is separated from reality by a gap of fiction that provides an ideal path for escapism that audiences can immerse themselves into with relative ease. Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and features can be quite varied, the anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, including major names like Studio Ghibli, Gainax, and Toei Animation. Despite comprising only a fraction of Japans domestic film market, anime makes up a majority of Japanese DVD sales and it has also seen international success after the rise of English-dubbed programming. This rise in popularity has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the anime art style. Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that all genres found in cinema. In Japanese, the term refers to all forms of animation from around the world. In English, anime is more used to denote a Japanese-style animated film or television entertainment or as a style of animation created in Japan. The etymology of the anime is disputed. The English term animation is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション and is アニメ in its shortened form, in English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun
15.
Manga
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Manga are comics created in Japan or by creators in the Japanese language, conforming to a style developed in Japan in the late 19th century. They have a long and complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art, the term manga in Japan is a word used to refer to both comics and cartooning. Manga as a term used outside Japan refers to comics published in Japan. In Japan, people of all ages read manga, many manga are translated into other languages. Since the 1950s, manga has become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry, representing a ¥406 billion market in Japan in 2007. Manga have also gained a significant worldwide audience, in Europe and the Middle East the market was worth $250 million in 2012. In 2008, in the U. S. and Canada, the market was valued at $175 million, the markets in France. Manga stories are printed in black-and-white, although some full-color manga exist. In Japan, manga are usually serialized in manga magazines, often containing many stories. If the series is successful, collected chapters may be republished in tankōbon volumes, frequently but not exclusively, a manga artist typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company. If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated after or even during its run, sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action or animated films. Manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in parts of the world, particularly in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan. The word manga comes from the Japanese word 漫画, composed of the two kanji 漫 meaning whimsical or impromptu and 画 meaning pictures, rakuten Kitazawa first used the word manga in the modern sense. In Japanese, manga refers to all kinds of cartooning, comics, among English speakers, manga has the stricter meaning of Japanese comics, in parallel to the usage of anime in and outside Japan. The term ani-manga is used to describe comics produced from animation cels, writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U. S, occupation of Japan, and stresses U. S. cultural influences, including U. S. comics and images and themes from U. S. television, film, and cartoons. Regardless of its source, an explosion of artistic creativity certainly occurred in the period, involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka. Astro Boy quickly became popular in Japan and elsewhere
16.
Collectible card game
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A collectible card game, also called a trading card game or customizable card game, is a kind of card game that first emerged in 1993 and consists of specially designed sets of playing cards. Successful CCGs typically have upwards of thousands of cards, with the first developed. Typically, a CCG is initially played using a deck, or intro deck. This deck may be expanded or modified with cards from booster packs, One of these cards is a rare or unique card that is much harder to obtain than the remaining cards and often has a higher value than the rest. These values can change over time as distribution changes, cards banned in playing formats. Eventually, with cards, players may create new decks from scratch. Despite the dominance of Magic, The Gathering in the CCG market, Pokémon, and Legend of the Five Rings. Other notable CCGs have come and gone, Star Wars, Lord of the Rings, Vampire, The Eternal Struggle, Middle-earth, World of Warcraft, Dragon Ball Z, many other CCGs were produced, but had little or no commercial success. More recently, digital collectible card games have gained popularity, spurred by the success of Hearthstone, while players typically start by purchasing a complete preset starter deck so they can play from the onset, additional cards generally come in the form of randomized booster packs. Cards distribution in such packs are set by a rarity system, due to this nature of publishing, CCGs often have expansions that add more potential cards to the games library, creating new card combinations and often shifting the metagame with the CCG community. The exact definition of what makes a CCG is vague as many games are marketed under the collectible card game moniker. The rudimentary definition requires the game to resemble trading cards in shape and function, be mass-produced for trading or collectibility, the definition of CCGs is further refined as being a card game in which the player uses his own deck with cards primarily sold in random assortments. Acquiring these cards may be done by trading with other players or buying card packs, if every card in the game can be obtained by making a small number of purchases, or if the manufacturer does not market it as a CCG, then it is not a CCG. Terms such as collectible and trading are used interchangeably because of copyrights, CCGs can further be designated as live or dead games. Dead games are those CCGs which are no longer supported by their manufacturers and have ceased releasing expansions, live games are those CCGs which continue to be supported by their manufacturers. Usually this means that new expansions are being created for the game, lCGs are card games that share many of the same characteristics as CCGs, but without the randomized booster packs characteristic of trading cards and CCGs. Other similar card games have been marketed or referred to as CCGs, Collectible Common-Deck Card Games are those games where players do not have their own personal deck, and consequently, no customization of decks occur and no trading or metagame is developed. Non-Collectible Customizable Card Games are those games where each player has their own deck, many of these games are sold as complete sets
17.
Video game
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A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
18.
Webcomic
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Webcomics are comics published on a website. While many are published exclusively on the web, others are published in magazines. Webcomics can be compared to self-published print comics in that anyone with an Internet connection can publish their own webcomic, readership levels vary widely, many are read only by the creators immediate friends and family, while some of the largest claim audiences well over one million readers. Webcomics range from traditional comic strips and graphic novels to avant garde comics and they sometimes take on the role of a comic blog. There are several differences between webcomics and print comics, with webcomics the restrictions of the traditional newspapers or magazines can be lifted, allowing artists and writers to take advantage of the webs unique capabilities. The freedom webcomics provide allows artists to work in nontraditional styles, clip art or photo comics are two types of webcomics that do not use traditional artwork. A Softer World, for example, is made by overlaying photographs with strips of typewriter-style text, pixel art, such as that created by Richard Stevens of Diesel Sweeties, is similar to that of sprite comics but instead uses low-resolution images created by the artist himself. However, it is common for artists to use traditional styles and layouts. Some webcomics stretch the boundaries of taste, taking advantage of the fact that internet censorship is virtually nonexistent in countries like the United States, Webcomics come in a large variation of formats throughout the world. Comic strips, generally consisting of three or four panels, have traditionally been a format for webcomics. Other webcomics may mimic the pages of comic books and graphic novels. Such a format proved successful in South-Korean webcomics when JunKoo Kim implemented an infinite scrolling mechanism in Line Webtoon in 2004. Some webcartoonists, such as political cartoonist Mark Fiore or Charley Parker with Argon Zark, incorporate animations or interactive elements into their webcomics. The first comics to be shared through the Internet were created in the mid-1980s, services such as CompuServe and Usenet were used before the World Wide Web started to rise in popularity in 1993. Early webcomics were usually derivatives from strips in newspapers, but when the Web became widely popular in the mid-1990s. By the year 2000, various webcomic creators were financially successful, unique genres and styles became popular during this period. In the second half of the 2000s, webcomics became less financially sustainable due to the rise of social media, however, crowdsourcing through Kickstarter and Patreon also became popular in this period, allowing readers to donate money to webcomic creators directly. The 2010s also saw the rise of webtoons in South Korea, in March 1995, Bebe Williams launched the webcomics portal Art Comics Daily, an online gallery of several webcomics
19.
Fantasy
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Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other elements as a main plot element, theme. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds, in popular culture, the fantasy genre is predominantly of the medievalist form. In its broadest sense, however, fantasy works by many writers, artists, filmmakers. Fantasy is studied in a number of disciplines including English and other studies, cultural studies, comparative literature, history. The identifying trait of fantasy is the reliance on imagination to create narrative elements that do not have to rely on history or nature to be coherent. This differs from realistic fiction in that whereas realistic fiction has to attend to the history and natural laws of reality, an author applies his or her imagination to come up with characters, plots, and settings that are impossible in reality. Fantasy has often compared with science fiction and horror because they are the major categories of speculative fiction. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by the plausibility of the narrative elements, a science fiction narrative is unlikely, though seeming possible through logical scientific and/or technological extrapolation, whereas fantasy narratives do not need to be scientifically possible. The imagined elements of fantasy do not need an explanation to be narratively functional. Authors have to rely on the suspension of disbelief, an acceptance of the unbelievable or impossible for the sake of enjoyment. Despite both genres heavy reliance on the supernatural, fantasy and horror are distinguishable, horror primarily evokes fear through the protagonists weaknesses or inability to deal with the antagonists. Beginning perhaps with the earliest written documents, mythic and other elements that would come to define fantasy. MacDonald was an influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, lord Dunsany established the genres popularity in both the novel and the short story form. Many popular mainstream authors also began to write fantasy at this time, including H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Indeed, juvenile fantasy was considered more acceptable than fantasy intended for adults, nathaniel Hawthorne wrote fantasy in A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, intended for children, though works for adults only verged on fantasy. Political and social trends can affect a societys reception towards fantasy, in the early 20th century, the New Culture Movements enthusiasm for Westernization and science in China compelled them to condemn the fantastical shenmo genre of traditional Chinese literature
20.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
21.
Publishers Weekly
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Publishers Weekly is an American weekly trade news magazine targeted at publishers, librarians, booksellers and literary agents. Published continuously since 1872, it has carried the tagline, “The International News Magazine of Book Publishing and Bookselling, with 51 issues a year, the emphasis today is on book reviews. The magazine was founded by bibliographer Frederick Leypoldt in the late 1860s, the publication was a compilation of information about newly published books, collected from publishers and from other sources by Leypoldt, for an audience of booksellers. By 1876, Publishers Weekly was being read by nine tenths of the booksellers in the country, in 1878, Leypoldt sold The Publishers Weekly to his friend Richard Rogers Bowker, in order to free up time for his other bibliographic endeavors. Eventually the publication expanded to include features and articles, harry Thurston Peck was the first editor-in-chief of The Bookman, which began in 1895. Peck worked on its staff from 1895 to 1906, and in 1895, in 1912, Publishers Weekly began to publish its own bestseller lists, patterned after the lists in The Bookman. These were not separated into fiction and non-fiction until 1917, when World War I brought an increased interest in non-fiction by the reading public. Born April 12,1879, in Malden, Massachusetts, Melcher began at age 16 in Bostons Estes & Lauriat Bookstore and he moved to Indianapolis in 1913 for another bookstore job. In 1918, he read in Publishers Weekly that the editorship was vacant. He applied to Richard Rogers Bowker for the job, was hired and he remained with R. R. Bowker for 45 years. While at Publishers Weekly, Melcher began creating space in the publication, in 1919, he teamed with Franklin K. Mathiews, librarian for the Boy Scouts of America, and Anne Carroll Moore, a librarian at the New York Public Library, to create Children’s Book Week. When Bowker died in 1933, Melcher succeeded him as president of the company, in 1943, Publishers Weekly created the Carey–Thomas Award for creative publishing, naming it in honor of Mathew Carey and Isaiah Thomas. In 2008, the circulation was 25,000. It attempts to serve all involved in the creation, production, marketing and sale of the word in book, audio, video. The book review section of Publishers Weekly was added in the early 1940s and grew in importance during the 20th century and through the present time. It currently offers prepublication reviews of 9,000 new trade books each year, in a range of genres and including audiobooks and e-books. These anonymous reviews are short, averaging 200–250 words, and it is not unusual for the section to run as long as 40 pages. In the past, a book review editorial staff of eight editors assigned books to more than 100 freelance reviewers, some are published authors, and others are experts in specific genres or subjects
22.
Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages
23.
Greg Bear
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Gregory Dale Greg Bear is an American writer best known for science fiction. His work has covered themes of conflict, artificial universes, consciousness and cultural practices. His most recent work is the Forerunner Trilogy, written in the Halo universe, Greg Bear has written 44 books in total. Greg Bear was also one of the five co-founders of the San Diego Comic-Con, Bear was born in San Diego, California. He attended San Diego State University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree, at the University, he was a teaching assistant to Elizabeth Chater in her course on science fiction writing, and in later years her friend. Bear is often classified as a science fiction author, based on the scientific details in his work. Early in his career, he published work as an artist, including illustrations for an early version of the Star Trek Concordance and covers for Galaxy. He sold his first story, Destroyers, to Famous Science Fiction in 1967, Bear often addresses major questions in contemporary science and culture with fictional solutions. In Queen of Angels, Bear examines crime, guilt, and he frames these questions around an examination of consciousness and awareness, including the emergent self-awareness of highly advanced computers in communication with humans. In Darwins Radio and Darwins Children, he addresses the problem of over-population with a mutation in the human genome making, basically, the question of cultural acceptance of something new and unavoidable is also brought up. One of Bears favorite themes is reality as a function of observers, in Blood Music, reality becomes unstable as the number of observers—trillions of intelligent single-cell organisms—spirals higher and higher. Anvil of Stars and Moving Mars postulate a physics based on information exchange between particles, capable of being altered at the bit level, in Moving Mars, this knowledge is used to remove Mars from the solar system and transfer it to an orbit around a distant star. Blood Music was first published as a story and then expanded to a novel. It has also credited as the first account of nanotechnology in science fiction. In later works, beginning with Queen of Angels and continuing with its sequel, Slant and this historical sequence continues with Heads—which may contain the first description of a so-called quantum logic computer—and with Moving Mars. This sequence also charts the development of self-awareness in AIs. Its continuing character Jill was inspired in part by Robert A. Heinleins self-aware computer Mycroft HOLMES in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, Bear, Gregory Benford, and David Brin wrote a trilogy of prequel novels to Isaac Asimovs influential Foundation trilogy. Bear is credited for the middle book, while most of Bears work is science fiction, he has written in other fiction genres
24.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
25.
Detroit Triple Fan Fair
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The Detroit Triple Fan Fair was a multigenre convention generally held annually in Detroit, Michigan, from 1965 to 1977. It is credited as being the first regularly held convention featuring comic books as a major component, in addition to the typical convention features like a dealer room and panel-led discussions, the Detroit Triple Fan Fair featured a costume contest, and films till dawn. From 1967 to at least 1969, the presented the Nova Award to that years guest of honor. In later years, the DTFF also sponsored an amateur film contest, on May 24,1964, at the Hotel Tuller, teenagers Robert Brosch and Dave Szurek organized a Detroit-based convention for about 80 fans of the comic book medium. Robert Brosch, an authority on horror films, also stayed involved with the DTFF in various capacities at least through 1970, the first official DTFF took place July 24–25,1965, at the Embassy Hotel in Detroit. Film showings included Lon Chaneys Phantom of the Opera and admission charge was $2.00 for both days, in what soon became a trend, aspiring local comic book creators flocked to the early events, and often became involved with organizing the show each year. For instance, the then-18-year-old Carl Lundgren was co-chairman of the 1965 DTFF, the reputation of the convention was such that a number of other industry professionals would appear at the event unbilled. Among the films screened at the 1969 show were the Boris Karloff films The Mummy, Frankenstein, letterer Ken Bruzenak attended the 1969 convention, where he met his hero Jim Steranko, and also crossed paths with future collaborator Howard Chaykin for the first time. Co-founder Dorf left Detroit and the DTFF for Southern California in late 1969, the 1970 show, organized by Buckler and DTFF originator Robert Brosch, expanded to a five-day affair that shared events with Dum-Dum 70. Panels were held on topics as Carl Barks & Walt Kelly, the future of comics. The Academy of Comic Book Arts provided an exhibit of original art, the dealer room was known as the Huckster Room and movies till dawn were shown every night from Sept. 3–6. A masquerade ball, with prizes for the best costume, was held Saturday night, in addition to co-organizer Buckler, other attendees at the 1970 DTFF who later became comics industry professionals included Arvell Jones, Tom Orzechowski, Greg Theakston, and Tony Isabella. No DTFF was held in 1971, and Detroit-area enthusiasts Tom Orzechowski, Terry Austin, Tony Isabella, Arvell Jones, Martin Pasko, accordingly, in August 1972 they organized the Detroit Tri-Con at the Pick-Fort Shelby Hotel. Official guests include Edmond Hamilton, Leigh Brackett, Gray Morrow, Lin Carter, Al Williamson, Russ Myers, John Jakes, casey Brennan, Robert Taylor, and Fan Guest of Honor Rick Yager, the program cover was by Gray Morrow. Films included Fritz Langs Metropolis, Douglas Fairbanks The Thief of Bagdad, Arthur Conan Doyles The Lost World, Greg Theakston became a major player in the DTFF after Shel Dorf left, coming to own it from 1973 until its 1978 dissolution. In response to the Detroit Tri-Con, and asserting that the Triple Fan Fair was alive and well and that years show shared billing with Al Schusters Star Trek Convention, guests included Gene Roddenberry and Majel Barrett, as well as Neal Adams. In addition, Vaughn Bodē debuted his Bodē Cartoon Concert at the 1972 show, admission each day to the 1972 DTFF was $4 at the door. One of Theakstons first acts as official DTFF owner was to two shows in 1973, one over Memorial Day weekend, and one in October
26.
U.S. Grant Hotel
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The U. S. Grant Hotel is a historic hotel in downtown San Diego, California. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and it is 11 stories high and has 270 guest rooms in addition to meeting rooms and a ballroom. The hotel was built by Ulysses S. Grant, Jr. son of president Ulysses S. Grant, Grant bought the Horton House Hotel and demolished it to construct the current hotel. Noted architect Harrison Albright designed the hotel, San Diego voters helped finance $700,000 for the $1.5 million needed to construct the hotel after Grant lacked the funds to do so. The hotel opened on October 15,1910 and included two swimming pools as well as a ballroom on the top floor, the hotels signature restaurant is the Grant Grill, which opened in 1952. It became a spot for downtown businessmen and politicians, so much so that ladies were not permitted in the restaurant after 3 PM. In 1969 a group of prominent local women staged a sit-in which resulted in the restaurant abandoning its men-only policy, the hotel was refurbished in the 1980s, but fell upon hard times in the subsequent decade due to a financial slump. The hotel changed hands several times during the 1990s, in 2003, the hotel was purchased by the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation, who closed the doors for 21 months to renovate the building. The hotel is operated by Starwood Hotels and Resorts as a part of their Luxury Collection and these dinners attracted a wide range of military officials and guests from all over the world. The inaugural San Diego Comic-Con International, which was then called San Diego’s Golden State Comic-Con, was held at the U. S. Grant Hotel in 1970, famous guests have included Albert Einstein, Charles Lindbergh, Woodrow Wilson and 12 additional United States Presidents. The hotel includes three presidential suites that have been tailored to Secret Service requirements for accommodating presidential visits
27.
El Cortez (San Diego)
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El Cortez is a landmark hotel in San Diego, California. Built from 1926 to 1927, the El Cortez was the tallest building in San Diego when it opened and it sits atop a hill at the north end of Downtown San Diego, where it dominated the city skyline for many years. From its opening in 1927 through the 1950s, it was the most glamorous apartment-hotel in San Diego, the large El Cortez sign, which is illuminated at night, was added in 1937 and could be seen for miles. In the 1950s, the worlds first outside glass elevator was built at the El Cortez, during the late 1960s and 1970s, the El Cortez fell on harder times. The El Cortez closed as a hotel in 1978 when it was purchased by evangelist Morris Cerullo to serve as an evangelism school. Cerullo sold the property in 1981, and the El Cortez was threatened with demolition until the San Diego Historic Site Board designated it as a site in 1990. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, many of the original elements remain in place, though substantial interior modifications have been made. The building is the 28th tallest building in San Diego, based on its height of 310 ft, construction of the El Cortez began in 1926 and was completed the next year at a cost of $2,500,000. The 14-story hotel was built by Richard T. Robinson, Jr. and designed by architects Albert R. Walker, the building utilizes the Spanish Colonial Revival architectural style. The hotel was built on the site of Ulysses S. Grant, the building is named for the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés. El Cortez Hotel opened on Thanksgiving Day on November 26,1927, a crowd of 50,000 people were present at the opening—a third of the San Diego population. When the building was first opened, it had 117 rooms,85 of these used for apartments, at the time of the opening, the Los Angeles Times reported, The building is Spanish Renaissance in design. In keeping with the architecture, approach to the building is made through a Spanish garden of flowers, just above the entrance is an open-air garden retreat. More than sixty years later, the Times noted that the El Cortez’s graceful proportions and unique layout, with side wings embracing the main entrance. The hotels main ballroom, the Don Room, was known as one of the most beautiful rooms in the city with an ornately carved sandalwood ceiling supported by pillars. The 200-seat Aztec Dining Room also reflected the hotels opulence, critics dubbed it the outstanding eating rendezvous of the community. Because of its vast windows, brilliant ceiling and handsome equipment, the art deco style Sky Room, added in 1940, became renowned for its glass walls and 360-degree view of the city. At a height of 310 feet, penthouse guests could see up to 30 miles away, the top of the building includes a red neon sign with the words El Cortez, which was first added in 1937
28.
University of California, San Diego
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The University of California, San Diego is a public research university located in the La Jolla neighborhood of San Diego, California, in the United States. The university occupies 2,141 acres near the coast of the Pacific Ocean with the main campus resting on approximately 1,152 acres, UC San Diego is organized into six undergraduate residential colleges, three graduate schools, and two professional medical schools. UC San Diego is also home to Scripps Institution of Oceanography, one of the first centers dedicated to ocean, earth and atmospheric science research and education. UC San Diego Health, the only academic health system, provides patient care, conducts medical research. According to the National Science Foundation, UC San Diego spent $1.101 billion on research and development in fiscal year 2015, ranking it 5th in the nation. UC San Diego faculty, researchers, and alumni have won 20 Nobel Prizes, eight National Medals of Science, eight MacArthur Fellowships, two Pulitzer Prizes, and three Fields medals. Local citizens supported the idea, voting the same year to transfer to the university 59 acres of land on the coast near the preexisting Scripps Institution of Oceanography. This outraged local conservatives, as well as Regent Edwin W. Pauley, UC President Clark Kerr satisfied San Diego city donors by changing the proposed name from University of California, La Jolla, to University of California, San Diego. The city voted in agreement to its part in 1958, because of the clash with Pauley, Revelle was not made chancellor. Herbert York, first director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, was designated instead, York planned the main campus according to the Oxbridge model, relying on many of Revelles ideas. UC San Diego was the first general campus of the University of California to be designed from the top down in terms of research emphasis, local leaders disagreed on whether the new school should be a technical research institute or a more broadly based school that included undergraduates as well. John Jay Hopkins of General Dynamics Corporation pledged one million dollars for the former while the City Council offered free land for the latter, maria Goeppert-Mayer, later the second female Nobel laureate in physics, was appointed professor of physics in 1960. The graduate division of the school opened in 1960 with 20 faculty in residence, with instruction offered in the fields of physics, biology, chemistry, before the main campus completed construction, classes were held in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. By 1963, new facilities on the mesa had been finished for the School of Science and Engineering, ten additional faculty in those disciplines were hired, and the whole site was designated the First College, later renamed after Roger Revelle, of the new campus. York resigned as chancellor that year and was replaced by John Semple Galbraith, the undergraduate program accepted its first class of 181 freshman at Revelle College in 1964. Second College was founded in 1964, on the land deeded by the federal government, the School of Medicine also accepted its first students in 1966. Political theorist Herbert Marcuse joined the faculty in 1965, a champion of the New Left, he reportedly was the first protestor to occupy the administration building in a demonstration organized by his student, political activist Angela Davis. Further student unrest was felt at the university, as the United States increased its involvement in the Vietnam War during the early 1960s, protests escalated as the war continued and were only exacerbated after the National Guard fired on student protesters at Kent State University in 1970
29.
Golden Hall (arena)
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Golden Hall is a 3, 200-seat indoor arena in San Diego, California. It is located within the San Diego Concourse at 202 C Street San Diego, built in 1964, Golden Hall has been the host of many concerts, events and athletics. Legendary musical artists Bob Dylan, The Rolling Stones, Grateful Dead, Boston, another notable appearance by blues legend B. B. King, performed on June 14,1975. In the 1973–74 basketball season, Golden Hall was home to the San Diego Conquistadors of the American Basketball Association, the Conquistadors, nicknamed the Qs were coached by NBA Hall of Fame player Wilt Chamberlain during the 1973–74 season. The team had a record of 37–47, finishing 4th in the ABA Western Division, the Qs started as an ABA expansion franchise in 1972–73. They played at Peterson Gym on the campus of San Diego State University during their initial season and this forced the Qs to play at 3, 200-seat Golden Hall. After signing 7-foot-1-inch-tall Chamberlain to serve as a player-coach, the team used the advertising slogan Tallest Coach in the Smallest Arena, rookie Caldwell Jones, ABA All-Star Red Robbins, ABA All-Star Stew Johnson and former NBA All-Star Flynn Robinson were notable players on the Qs roster that season. Bloom lured Chamberlain from the National Basketball Associations Los Angeles Lakers for a reported $600,000, ultimately, Chamberlain was not allowed to be a player for San Diego, as the Lakers sued for violation of contract, leaving Chamberlain as Head Coach only. Then, on November 7,1973, Blooms 20,000 seat $200 million arena in Chula Vista narrowly failed in a special referendum, Chamberlain reportedly had refused to campaign for the arena project. If I have to go there, they cant want it very much, after the arena referendum failed, the ABA directed Bloom to look at moving the team to Los Angeles. However, Bloom and Graham then reached agreement to move the team from Golden Hall, following the 1973–74 season, the Qs finally moved to the San Diego Sports Arena. Chamberlain retired after his one season as Qs coach and did not move with the team, the team struggled and had low attendance at the new arena. Following the 1974–75 season, Bloom sold the team to Frank Goldberg, after changing their name to the San Diego Sails and starting the 1975-76 season with a 3–8 record, the franchise folded. Low attendance and a bleak future led to Goldbergs decision on November 12,1975
30.
Society for Creative Anachronism
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The Society for Creative Anachronism is an international living history group with the aim of studying and recreating mainly Medieval European cultures and their histories before the 17th century. Founded in 1966, the non-profit educational corporation has over 30,000 paid members as of 2014 with about 60,000 total participants in the society. The SCAs roots can be traced to a graduation party of a UC Berkeley medieval studies graduate. It ended with a parade down Telegraph Avenue with everyone singing Greensleeves and it was styled as a protest against the 20th century. The SCA still measures dates within the society from the date of that party, for example,2009 May 1 to 2010 April 30 was A. S. Berkeley was dropped as the group expanded, in 1968, Bradley moved to Staten Island, New York and founded the Kingdom of the East, holding a tournament that summer to determine the first Eastern King of the SCA. That September, a tournament was held at the 26th World Science Fiction Convention, the SCA had produced a book for the convention called A Handbook for the Current Middle Ages, which was a how-to book for people wanting to start their own SCA chapters. Convention goers purchased the book and the idea spread, soon, other local chapters began to form. In October 1968, the SCA was incorporated as a 501 non-profit corporation in California, by the end of 1969, the SCAs three original kingdoms had been established, West Kingdom, East, and Middle. All SCA kingdoms trace their roots to these original three, other activities include the study and practice of heraldry and scribal arts. Members are afforded opportunities to register a medieval name and coat of arms. SCA scribes produce illuminated scrolls to be given by SCA royalty as awards for various achievements, most local groups in the SCA hold weekly fighter practices, and many also hold regular archery practices, dance practices, A&S nights and other regular gatherings. Some kingdoms and regions also have occasional war practices, where fighters practice formations, some local groups participate in nearby Renaissance fairs, though the main focus of activity is organized through the SCAs own events. Each kingdom in the SCA runs its own schedule of events which are announced in the kingdom newsletter, other annual or semi-annual Kingdom-level events held analogously by most or all SCA kingdoms include Crown Tournament, Coronation, Kingdom Arts and Sciences competition and Queens Prize. Additionally, most baronies in the SCA have their own annual events such as Baronial Arts and Sciences competition, a championship tournament. Various SCA groups also sometimes host collegia or symposia, where members gather for a raft of classes on various medieval arts and sciences, the SCA produces two quarterly publications, The Compleat Anachronist and Tournaments Illuminated, and each kingdom publishes a monthly newsletter. The Compleat Anachronist is a quarterly monographic series, each focused on a specific topic related to the period of circa 600–1600 in European history. Issues are written by SCA members and have covered a range of topics
31.
Mythopoeic Society
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The Mythopoeic Society was founded in 1967 by Glen H. GoodKnight. Originally composed of groups based in the Los Angeles area, it expanded to include organized branches across North America. Membership is open to those who read, study, or write in the genres of myth, mythlore, edited by Janet Brennan Croft, publishes peer-reviewed articles on mythic and fantastic works, available by subscription. The Mythic Circle is a collection of fiction and poetry, published yearly. In addition to the periodicals, the society formed The Mythopoeic Press to publish material by and about writers of mythopoeic and fantastic literature, works published include out-of-print materials, collections of short articles and essays, and scholarly items. Mythcon XX was held in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1989, Mythcon XXIII was held at Keble College, Oxford, England, in 1992 as part of The J. R. R. Tolkien Centenary Conference, co-sponsored with The Tolkien Society, likewise, Mythcon XXXVI in 2005 was held at Aston University, Birmingham, England, combined with Tolkien 2005 -50 Years of The Lord of the Rings, sponsored by The Tolkien Society. Since 1971 the Mythopoeic Society has bestowed a series of awards to outstanding works. In 1991 the literary award was broken into two categories, the Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature and the Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Children’s Literature, the Mythopoeic Scholarship Award in Inklings Studies is given to books on J. R. R. Tolkien, C. S. Lewis, and/or Charles Williams that make significant contributions to Inklings scholarship, for the scholarship awards, books first published during the previous three years are eligible, including finalists for previous years. Mythopoeic literature The Tolkien Society Tolkien fandom Science fiction studies Official website Article, Geek Stuff to Do Mythcon 2009 by Corrina Lawson July 7,2009, Wired. com
32.
Bob Schreck
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Bob Schreck is an American comic book writer and editor. A co-founder of Oni Press, Schreck worked for long stretches at both Dark Horse Comics and DC Comics and he is currently editor-in-chief of Legendary Comics. One of Shrecks earliest jobs in comics was working with Creation Entertainment in the early 1980s on their Creation conventions, for much of the 1980s he served as administrative director at Comico Comics. For much of the 1990s Schreck was an editor at Dark Horse Comics and he left Dark Horse in 1997 and shortly thereafter co-founded Oni Press with Joe Nozemack. Onis goal goal was publishing comics and graphic novels the founders would want to read, unsatisfied with the material that was dominating the industry, they believed firmly that sequential art could be used to tell virtually any story. Leaving Oni in 1999, Schreck went to work as an editor at DC Comics, where he worked on the Batman titles and he was laid off in January 2009. After leaving DC, Schreck joined IDW Publishing as a senior editor, in 2011, he was named editor-in-chief of Legendary Comics, the new graphic novel venture from Legendary Pictures. Shreck was married for a period to Diana Schutz, who he met in the early 1980s while he was at Creation Entertainment
33.
Lionsgate
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Lions Gate Entertainment Corp. doing business as Lionsgate, is an American, Canadian-domiciled entertainment & media company. The company was formed on July 10,1997, in Vancouver, British Columbia and it owns a variety of subsidiaries such as the American film production company Summit Entertainment, and Debmar-Mercury, a television syndication company acquired by Lionsgate in 2006. Giustra had recently retired as CEO from Yorkton, an investment bank, Giustra then merged Lionsgate with Toronto Stock Exchange listed Beringer Gold Corp. to take the company public. Beringers mining assets were sold off. Lionsgate then began a series of acquisitions to get into the film industry, the company bought a number of small production facilities and distributors, starting with Montreal-based Cinépix Film Properties and North Shore Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia. Mandalay Television was acquired by Lionsgate from Peter Guber for a 4% Lionsgate stake, in 1998, Lionsgate helped Guber form Mandalay Pictures with a 45% investment in Mandalay. Lionsgate followed that up with a June purchase of International Movie Group, Inc. a bankrupt film distributor previously invested in by Guber and Yorktown Securities, iMGs CEO Peter Strauss became president of Lions Gate Entertainment, Inc. Lionsgates U. S. film & TV production & distribution subsidiary, Lions Gate Media subsidiary was also formed to produce for television. Completing its first year of operation, Lionsgate had revenue of $42.2 million with loss of $397,000, the company share price dropped to a low of $1.40. This limited the ability to make acquisitions via stock swaps. Lionsgate instead made its acquisition of Termite Art Productions, a reality-based television production company. Lionsgate created US based Avalanche Films and acquired half of Sterling Home Entertainment, again, Lionsgate registered losses in its second year of $9.3 million on revenues of $78.3 million with most of the losses were from its stake in Mandalay Pictures. Thus in the summer, Lionsgate placed its studios up for sale with no buyers, TV operations were changed to non-network hourlong series over riskier network shows and ended its relationship with Mandalay Television. The corporation sought out more capital and cash with a filing of a prospectus for the sale of preferred stock and common stock warrants. This led to Feltheimer taking over as CEO from Giustra thus the passed over Doroniuk left the company, Feltheimer increased film making including several $1 million films at Avalanche. However, Federgreen still remains one of the owners of the company and is extremely involved in the making of all their major movies. In June, Lionsgate acquired Trimark Holdings, Inc. for approximately $50 million in stock, Lionsgate continued making acquisitions during the decade to boost distribution and its film library. On December 15,2003, Lionsgate acquired Artisan Entertainment for $220 million, in 2004, Erik Nelson reacquired Termite Art and renamed it to Creative Differences
34.
Balboa Park (San Diego)
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Balboa Park is a 1, 200-acre urban cultural park in San Diego, California, United States. In addition to open areas, natural vegetation zones, green belts, gardens, and walking paths, it contains museums, several theaters. There are also recreational facilities and several gift shops and restaurants within the boundaries of the park. Placed in reserve in 1835, the site is one of the oldest in the United States dedicated to public recreational use. Balboa Park is managed and maintained by the Parks and Recreation Department of the City of San Diego, the park and its historic Exposition buildings were declared a National Historic Landmark and National Historic Landmark District in 1977, and placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Balboa Park contains museums, gardens, attractions, and venues, the park is essentially rectangular, bounded by Sixth Avenue to the west, Upas Street to the north, 28th Street to the east, and Russ Boulevard to the south. Also encroaching on the perimeter of the park is Roosevelt Middle School. Two north-south canyons — Cabrillo Canyon and Florida Canyon — traverse the park, the Sixth Avenue Mesa is a narrow strip bordering Sixth Avenue on the western edge of the park, which provides areas of passive recreation, grassy spaces, and tree groves. The Central Mesa is home to much of the cultural facilities, and includes scout camps, the San Diego Zoo, the Prado. East Mesa is home to Morley Field and many of the recreation facilities in the park. The park is crossed by several freeways, which take up a total of 111 acres once designated for parkland, in 1948, California State Route 163 was built through Cabrillo Canyon and under the Cabrillo Bridge. This stretch of road, initially named the Cabrillo Freeway, has called one of Americas most beautiful parkways. A portion of Interstate 5 was built in the park in the 1950s, surrounding the park are many of San Diegos older neighborhoods, including Downtown, Bankers Hill, North Park, and Golden Hill. Balboa Park is an attraction in San Diego and the region. Its many mature, and sometimes rare, trees and groves comprise an urban forest, many of the original trees were planted by the renowned American landscape architect, botanist, plantswoman, and gardener Kate Sessions. An early proponent of drought tolerant and California native plants in garden design, Sessions established a nursery to propagate and grow for the park, the main entrance to the park is via the Cabrillo Bridge and through the California Quadrangle. That entry is currently a two-lane road providing access to the park. El Prado, a long, wide promenade and boulevard, runs through the parks center, fleet Science Center, and the Timken Museum of Art
35.
California Pacific International Exposition
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The California Pacific International Exposition was an exposition held in San Diego, California during May 29, 1935–November 11,1935 and February 12, 1936–September 9,1936. The exposition was held in Balboa Park, San Diegos large central urban park, the Exposition was held to promote San Diego and support its economy, which had slowed with the countrys Great Depression. The first year was such a financial and attendance success that it was held over for a second year, the exposition had hundreds of exhibits on history, the arts, horticulture, ethnic cultures, science, and industry. Some concessions and exhibits were unusual, such as the Gold Gulch, Lost Continent of Mu, Zoro Garden Nudist Colony, the idea for an exposition came from Frank Drugan, a newcomer to San Diego who arrived in 1933. In addition, Chicagos Century of Progress fair was just ending and that exposition had paid for itself, and he was sure a San Diego exposition could do so as well. He promoted the idea of a new exposition, using the buildings and adding new ones. He convinced local business people to support the idea, the Exposition incorporated in August 1934. Construction of new buildings began in January 1935, the project was rushed through for a May opening. The foundations of structures, such as the Electric Building. During March and April,2,700 people worked around the clock on the Exposition, approximately 65% of them were relief workers whose wages were paid by the federal government, the remainder were employees of private contractors. The buildings from the 1915 fair were in Spanish Colonial Revival Style architecture, designed by Bertram Goodhue, architect Richard Requa designed the new permanent buildings to be added for the 1935 fair. Many of the new buildings were in this style, including the California State Building, Palace of Electricity. Other new buildings included, The Old Globe Theatre, a copy of a built for the Chicago fair. During the Exposition it showed 50-minute adaptations of plays by William Shakespeare, after the fair it was remodeled and roofed over, and continued to show theatrical productions. The building burned down in 1978 but was rebuilt and is now the focus of a three-theater complex, the circular Ford Building, generally regarded as the architectural wonder of the Exposition, now the home of the San Diego Air and Space Museum. The Ford Bowl, now called the Starlight Bowl, a used for concerts. Spanish Village, a group of six buildings used for shops, restaurants, while some of the extensive gardens from the 1915 Panama California Exposition remained, they were redesigned from formal gardens to gardens overflowing with lush abundance of exotic plants. Many were reimagined by renowned architect Richard Requa who was influenced by the gardens he had seen traveling in Spain, todays Alcazar garden, Zoro Garden, and the garden at Cafe del Rey Moro are all Requa designs
36.
San Diego Hall of Champions
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The San Diego Hall of Champions is an American multi-sport museum in San Diego, California. It is recognized as the largest multi-sport museum in the United States, located in the Federal Building in Balboa Park, the 70, 000-square-foot facility recognizes outstanding athletic accomplishments and traditions involving more than forty-two sports. The Hall of Champions was founded in 1959 and includes the Breitbard Hall of Fame, the Breitbard Hall of Fame was established in 1953 by Robert Breitbard. It honors athletes who either have excelled in sports in San Diego or are native San Diegans who have excelled in sports elsewhere, new members are inducted in February at the Salute to the Champions dinner. San Diego Hall of Champions website
37.
Scott Shaw (artist)
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Scott Shaw is a United States cartoonist and animator, and historian of comics. Among Scotts comic-book work is Hanna-Barberas The Flintstones, Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew and he was also the first artist for Archie Comics Sonic the Hedgehog comic book series. Scott Shaw began selling his artwork while still in his teens after choosing a career as a cartoonist, throughout the 1970s he contributed numerous stories to various underground comix. He also found work as an inker and then as a writer and penciller for a line of Hanna-Barbera comics which were published by Marvel Comics. Eventually, in 1978, he was hired to the Hanna-Barbera staff and became supervisor and character designer on NBCs The New Fred. Shaw both wrote and drew for Archie Comics Sonic the Hedgehog early on in the series run, most recently, he has become involved in the long-running litigation between Ken Penders and the publishers over copyright and character ownership. Shaws work in TV animation includes producing and directing The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley for Hanna-Barbera, starring Martin Short and Camp Candy for DiC and he was also awarded four Emmy Awards for his work as a story director/storyboard artist on CBS Jim Hensons Muppet Babies. Scott has also worked on dozens of other series, including Krypto the Superdog, Johnny Test, Whats New. Duck Dodgers, American Dragon, Teamo Supremo, Fantastic Four, Richie Rich, Popeye and Son, The Smurfs, The Snorks and The Bungle Brothers segments of Tex Averys The Kwicky Koala Show, Scott also worked on Disneys direct-to-DVD Mickeys Twice Upon a Christmas and Mulan 2. He also wrote and drew many print ads for the product, Shaw has also designed lines of action figures of Hanna-Barbera and Simpsons characters for McFarlane Toys. He co-founded Comic-Con International San Diego in 1970 by Shel Dorf, Richard Alf, Ken Krueger, Mike Towry, Barry Alfonso, Bob Sourk and it serve as the basis for a digital slide show he has presented at comics conventions. Archived from the original on June 19,2013, archived from the original on April 11,2012. ComiXology. coms podcast with Bill Morrison and Scott Shaw on the Captain Carrot and the Final Ark mini-series Scott Shaw at the Internet Movie Database
38.
Film studio
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The majority of firms in the entertainment industry have never owned their own studios, but have rented space from other companies. The largest film studio in the world is Hengdian World Studios, in Zhejiang and he distributed these movies at vaudeville theaters, penny arcades, wax museums, and fairgrounds. The pioneering Thanhouser film studio was founded in New Rochelle, New York in 1909 by American theatrical impresario Edwin Thanhouser, the company produced and released 1,086 films between 1910 and 1917, successfully distributing them around the world. The first film ever, Million Dollar Mystery, was released by the Thanhouser company in 1914. In the early 1900s, companies started moving to Los Angeles, although electric lights were by then widely available, none were yet powerful enough to adequately expose film, the best source of illumination for motion picture production was natural sunlight. Some movies were shot on the roofs of buildings in Downtown Los Angeles, early movie producers also relocated to Southern California to escape Edisons Motion Picture Patents Company, which controlled almost all the patents relevant to movie production at the time. The first movie studio in the Hollywood area was Nestor Studios, in the same year, another 15 independents settled in Hollywood. Other production companies eventually settled in the Los Angeles area in such as Culver City, Burbank. Five large companies, 20th Century Fox, RKO Pictures, Paramount Pictures, smaller studios operated simultaneously with the majors. Together with smaller outfits such as PRC TKO and Grand National, the Big Fives ownership of movie theaters was eventually opposed by eight independent producers, including Samuel Goldwyn, David O. Selznick, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, and Walter Wanger. In 1948, the government won a case against Paramount in the Supreme Court. This decision, reached after years of litigation, hastened the end of the studio system. By the 1950s, the components of a typical major film studio had become standardized. Movement in and out of the studio is normally limited to specific gates, Studio premises generally feature multiple sound stages along with an outside backlot, as well as offices for studio executives and production companies. There is normally a studio commissary, which is the term in the film industry for what other industries call a company cafeteria. With the growing diversification of studios into such fields as video games, television, theme parks, home video and publishing, instead the studios transformed into financing and distribution entities for the films made by their affiliated production companies. With the decreasing cost of CG and visual effects, many studios sold large chunks of their once massive studio spaces or backlots to private real-estate developers. Century City in Los Angeles was once part of the 20th Century Fox backlot, in most cases portions of the backlots were retained and are available for rental by various film and television productions
39.
Comics Arts Conference
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The Comic Arts Conference first convened on August 12,1992, at the Marriott Hotel and Marina in San Diego as part of that years Comic-Con International. CACs inaugural programming featured presentations on Tijuana bibles, The Role of the Indian in the Western Comic Book, Comics creator Leonard Rifas presented a talk on Fredric Wertham, to which Steve Bissette and Robert C. Harvey responded. Over time, CAC has evolved and expanded, introducing seminars, poster sessions, the Comics Arts Conference expanded in 2007 when it began to meet twice annually, adding sessions at Februarys WonderCon in San Francisco in addition to Julys Comic-Con. The WonderCon conference was repeated in February,2008, and is intended as a move toward permanently running the conference semi-annually, to addition to invited speakers, the conference accepts submissions from anyone in the form of on a wide variety of topics. CAC organizers seek proposals from a range of disciplinary and theoretical perspectives, welcoming the participation of academic, independent. They welcome professionals from all areas of the industry, including creators, editors, publishers, retailers, distributors. Presentations include academic papers as well as less formal panels, poster sessions, CAC encourages professional debate by inviting scholars and professionals to participate as respondents to presentations. Papers and respondents come from a range of backgrounds, perspectives, the open conference includes academically minded historians and chroniclers as well as noted writers, artists and other professionals from within the comics industry. It also saw a preview by Scott McCloud of his then-up-coming masterwork Understanding Comics, Michael Straczynski, Michael Uslan, Rick Veitch, Mark Waid, Len Wein, Adam West, Bill Willingham, and E. Paul Zehr. The conference is held concurrently with the comic book convention in order to facilitate comic book professionals involvement. Comics studies Comic Arts Conference homepage Comic-Con International WonderCon
40.
Arrowverse
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The shared universe, much like the DC Universe in comic books or the cinematic DC Extended Universe, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters. The first television series was Arrow, based on the character Green Arrow, the universe was expanded with the series The Flash in October 2014, which is based on Barry Allen / Flash. The universe expanded further in August 2015 with the animated series Vixen on The CW Seed, in January 2012, The CW ordered a pilot for Arrow, centered around the character Green Arrow and developed by Andrew Kreisberg, Greg Berlanti and Marc Guggenheim. Stephen Amell was cast in the titular role, in July 2013, it was announced that Berlanti, Kreisberg, and Geoff Johns would be creating a spin-off television series based on The Flash. In January 2015, the CW announced that an animated web-series featuring the DC heroine Vixen would be debuting on CW Seed in late 2015 and be set in the same universe as both Arrow and The Flash. Amell and Gustin reprise their roles in the series. The next month, it was reported that another spin-off series, Berlanti, Kreisberg, Guggenheim, and Sarah Schechter would executive produce the potential series, which would be headlined by several recurring characters from both Arrow and The Flash. That May, the CW officially confirmed DCs Legends of Tomorrow for a January 2016 premiere, the following January, the animated web-series Constantine was announced, also for CW Seed. Matt Ryan was revealed to be reprising his role as John Constantine, after making a guest appearing in Arrows fourth season, Berlanti, Schechter and David S. Goyer will serve as executive producers, with Goyer having been one of the creators of the live-action series. The series follows Oliver Queen, billionaire playboy of Starling City, upon his return to Starling City, he is reunited with his mother, Moira Queen, his sister, Thea Queen, and his friend, Tommy Merlyn. The first season focuses on Oliver rekindling his relationships and spending his nights hunting down and he uncovers a conspiracy to destroy The Glades, a poorer section of the city that has become overridden with crime. John Diggle and Felicity Smoak assist Oliver in his crusade, Oliver also reconnects with ex-girlfriend, Laurel Lance, who is still angry over his role in her sisters presumed death and the fact that he was at the time cheating on her with said sister. In season two, Oliver has vowed to stop crime without killing criminals, and comes under attack from Slade Wilson, a man from Olivers time on the island who resurfaces with a vendetta against him. Oliver must also contend with outside forces attempting to take over Queen Consolidated, guilt from decisions he made in the past, Oliver grows to accept aspiring vigilante Roy Harper as his protégé, and begins to receive assistance from Laurels father, Officer Quentin Lance. Oliver also gains another ally, a woman in black, who is eventually revealed to be Laurels sister, Sara Lance. In season three, Arrow has become a hero in Starling City following Slade Wilsons defeat. Queen Consolidated is sold to businessman, scientist, and aspiring hero Ray Palmer. Oliver struggles to bring his back together, an old enemy returns
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