1.
The Art Institutes
–
The Art Institutes are a system of for-profit art colleges with 50 locations across the United States and one in Vancouver, Canada. However, at least 19 schools are in the process of closing, five schools are losing their accreditation. The schools offer degrees, bachelors degrees, associate degrees, and certificates in visual, creative, applied. The Art Institutes parent company, Education Management Corporation, is headquartered in Pittsburgh, in November 2014, EDMC was delisted from the NASDAQ amid financial difficulties, lawsuits, and investigations and its stock is valued at less than one cent per share. Educational accreditation of The Art Institutes and their programs varies among campuses, one of its accreditors, Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools, has been criticized by a dozen states Attorneys General for its lax standards. In June 2016, the US Department of Education voted to end ACICS power to accredit, ACICS was stripped of its power to accredit in September. In December, nine additional Art Institutes were placed on probation by their accreditor, Southern Association of Colleges, thousands of former students of the Art Institutes claim they have been deceived and misled by the schools and their recruiters and have filed claims with the US Department of Education. Art Institute students are able to file defense to repayment claims with the US Department of Education, in 2017, Education Management Corporation reported that it had sold the existing Art Institutes to The Dream Foundation, a Los Angeles-based Pentecostal organization. The Art Institutes system was created in 1969 when Education Management Corporation acquired The Art Institute of Pittsburgh, throughout the 2000s, The Art Institutes expanded through the acquisition of existing art colleges and the establishment of new Art Institutes. In 2001, there were around 20 campuses of The Art Institutes, EDMCs initial public offering was in 2009. Todd S. Nelson, who was previously the CEO of Apollo Education Group, became a became an EDMC board member in 2007, in 2011, Frontline released a documentary titled Educating Sergeant Pantzke. In the documentary, Iraq war veteran Chris Pantzke discussed the lack of disability services at the school, according to Pantzke, Being a soldier, you don’t want to quit, you don’t want to give up or fail. After doing his own research, Pantzke concluded that the degree he was pursuing wasn’t worth much more than the paper is worth, EDMC has attributed the drop in enrollment to limited access to Parent Loan for Undergraduate Students and the economic recession. In February 2013, EDMC announced plans for a tuition freeze at The Art Institutes. Under this plan, the company pledged to maintain the current cost of tuition through 2015, in June 2013, EDMC announced that its President John Mazzoni would resign effective July 14,2013, after 27 years at the organization. Charles Restivo, Group Vice President, would become the Interim President of The Art Institutes, in 2014, the US Department of Education reported that ten EDMC campuses, including several Art Institutes, were placed under heightened cash monitoring. The Art Institute of Pittsburgh was one of the schools listed, in May 2015, EDMC announced that it would be closing the doors of 15 of the Art Institute locations. A total of 5,432 students are enrolled among the campuses that are slated to close, some of the campuses slated to close include ones in Atlanta, Ohio, New York City, Texas and Pennsylvania
2.
Chairman
–
The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
3.
San Francisco
–
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
4.
California
–
California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
5.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
6.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Contemporary art
–
Contemporary art is the art of today, produced by artists who are living in the twenty-first century. Contemporary art provides an opportunity to reflect on contemporary society and the relevant to ourselves. Contemporary artists work in a globally influenced, culturally diverse, and their art is a dynamic combination of materials, methods, concepts, and subjects that challenge traditional boundaries and defy easy definition. In vernacular English, modern and contemporary are synonyms, resulting in some conflation of the modern art. Some define contemporary art as art produced within our lifetime, recognizing that lifetimes, however, there is a recognition that this generic definition is subject to specialized limitations. The classification of art as a special type of art, rather than a general adjectival phrase. In London, the Contemporary Art Society was founded in 1910 by the critic Roger Fry and others, as a private society for buying works of art to place in public museums. A number of other institutions using the term were founded in the 1930s, such as in 1938 the Contemporary Art Society of Adelaide, Australia, particular points that have been seen as marking a change in art styles include the end of World War II and the 1960s. There has perhaps been a lack of natural break points since the 1960s, and definitions of what contemporary art in the 2010s vary. Art from the past 20 years is likely to be included, and definitions often include art going back to about 1970, the art of the late 20th and early 21st century. Many use the formulation Modern and Contemporary Art, which avoids this problem, smaller commercial galleries, magazines and other sources may use stricter definitions, perhaps restricting the contemporary to work from 2000 onwards. One of the many people have in approaching contemporary artwork is its diversity - diversity of material, form, subject matter. It is distinguished by the lack of a uniform organizing principle, ideology, or -ism that we so often see in other. Broadly speaking, we see Modernism as looking at modernist principals - the focus of the work is self-referential, likewise, Impressionism looks at our perception of a moment through light and color as opposed to attempts at stark realism. Contemporary art, on the hand, does not have one. Its view, instead, is refracted, prismatic, and multi-faceted, reflecting the diversity of the world today, in all of its complexities, contemporary art reflects life as we know it. It can be, therefore, contradictory, confusing, and open-ended, there are, however, a number of common themes that have appeared in contemporary works. Post-modern, post-structuralist, feminist, and Marxist theory have played important roles in the development of theories of art
8.
Russian Hill, San Francisco
–
Russian Hill is a neighborhood of San Francisco, California, in the United States. It is named one of San Franciscos 44 hills. Russian Hill is directly to the north from Nob Hill, to the south from Fishermans Wharf, the Hill is bordered on its west side by parts of the neighborhoods of Cow Hollow and the Marina District. At the northern foot of the hill is Ghirardelli Square, which sits on the waterfront of the San Francisco Bay, Aquatic Park, and Fishermans Wharf, an extremely popular tourist area. A trip down the winding turns of Lombard Street and across Columbus Avenue to the east leads to the neighborhood of North Beach, down the hill to the west, past Van Ness Avenue, are Cow Hollow and the Marina districts. The neighborhoods name goes back to the Gold Rush era, when settlers discovered a small Russian cemetery at the top of the hill, the cemetery was eventually removed, but the name remains to this day. As it is one of the most famous tourist attractions in the city, tourists also frequent the famous cable car line along Hyde Street, which is lined with many restaurants and shops. Another park is named after Ina Coolbrith, views from the top of the hill extend in several directions around the Bay Area, including the Bay Bridge, Marin County, the Golden Gate Bridge and Alcatraz. Russian Hill is home to the San Francisco Art Institute, located on Chestnut Street between Jones and Leavenworth Streets, academy of Art University also maintains a presence in this neighborhood with their Chestnut St. building hosting their fine art MFA studios, photo classrooms, and photo studios. Because of the steepness of the hill, many streets, portions of Vallejo and Green streets, another famous feature of Russian Hill are the many pedestrian-only lanes such as Macondray Lane and Fallon Place, both with beautiful landscaping and arresting views. Alice Marble Tennis Courts are four tennis courts located at Lombard. The courts offer a view of the bay and North Beach, a basketball court is located adjacent to the tennis courts. The San Francisco Cable Cars serving the Powell-Hyde line stops nearby, San Francisco Police Department Central Station, Metro Division serves Russian Hill. Stewart Alsop II, IT investor and journalist, fanny Stevenson, wife of Robert Louis Stevenson. Rose Wilder Lane, writer and daughter of Laura Ingalls Wilder, life in the neighborhood during the 1970s was used as the basis for the fictionalized series Tales of the City by Armistead Maupin. Much of the car chase sequence in the 1968 thriller Bullitt, starring Steve McQueen, were filmed on Russian Hill. The neighborhood was featured in the early scenes of the 1982 action-comedy feature film,48 Hrs. The cast of The Real World, San Francisco, which aired in 1994, in Anne Rices book The Wolf Gift, the main character, Reuben Golding, grew up in Russian Hill
9.
Western Association of Schools and Colleges
–
The Western Association of Schools and Colleges has jurisdiction over the U. S. Western Association of Schools and Colleges is divided into three groups, the Accrediting Commission for Schools accredits all schools below the college level. Included are elementary, junior high, middle, high and adult schools, whether public, private, the Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities accredits public and private senior colleges and universities. Council for Higher Education Accreditation List of recognized accreditation associations of higher learning United States Department of Education WASC home page
10.
Edward Francis Searles
–
Edward Francis Searles was an interior and architectural designer. Searles was born on July 4,1841, in Methuen, Massachusetts, USA to Jesse Gould Searles and his father worked in a local cotton mill and operated a small farm. On November 7,1887, Searles married Mary Frances Hopkins, the widow of Mark Hopkins, her assets included 25% ownership of the Central Pacific Railroad. Searles was the designer of Marys new home in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, after Marys death in 1891, Searles was left with his wifes vast real estate holdings in San Francisco, New York, Great Barrington, and Methuen, and $21 million. He died August 6,1920, at his residence, Pine Lodge, in Methuen, during the remainder of his life, he satisfied his love of architecture by building a number of grand structures, frequently in collaboration with architect Henry Vaughan. 20 room castle completed in 1915 at a cost of approximately $1,250,000, modeled on the Stanton Harcourt Castle in Oxfordshire, Edward F Searles Estate in Methuen, Massachusetts Dream House, now known as Searles Mansion, Block Island, RI. Constructed 1886-1888 as a home for Searles and his wife, it had a house design with each of the Searles having a separate identical side of the mansion. The historic district boundaries were established to include properties and buildings constructed or used by the Searles, Tenney and Nevins families and the people who worked for them. Works by or about Edward Francis Searles at Internet Archive Methuen Memorial Music Hall Genealogy of Edward Francis SEARLES & Mary Frances SHERWOOD Genealogy of Mark HOPKINS & Mary Frances SHERWOOD
11.
Mark Hopkins Jr.
–
Mark Hopkins was one of four principal investors who formed the Central Pacific Railroad along with Leland Stanford, Charles Crocker, and Collis Huntington in 1861. Hopkins was born in Henderson, Jefferson County, New York to Mark Hopkins and Anastasia Lukens Kellogg, because his father died when he was a boy, he was never known as Junior. The family moved to St. Clair, Michigan in 1824 and his father, Mark Hopkins, served as Postmaster, first in Henderson, NY, then in St. Clair, MI, where he was also Judge of Probate. The elder Hopkins died in 1828, and his son left school to work as a clerk, in 1837 he studied law with his brother Henry, but moved on through several business ventures. He was a partner in a firm called Hopkins and Hughes, then a bookkeeper and later manager for James Rowland and Company. When the California Gold Rush began, Hopkins created the New England Mining and Trading Company, on January 22,1849 Hopkins left New York City on the ship Pacific. After rounding Cape Horn, the arrived in San Francisco on August 5,1849. Hopkins opened a store in Placerville, California but it did not succeed, Miller would later be secretary of the Central Pacific Railroad. On September 22,1854 in New York City, Hopkins married his first cousin, though his background was Congregationalist, the wedding was at a Presbyterian Church. In 1855, Hopkins and Collis P. Huntington formed Huntington Hopkins and Company to operate a hardware, in 1861, as part of The Big Four, he founded the Central Pacific Railroad. Noted American historian Hubert Howe Bancroft quotes Collis Huntington as saying, Bancroft described Hopkins as the balance-wheel of the Associates and one of the truest and best men that ever lived. A Whig and later associated with the Free Soil Party, Hopkins was an abolitionist, Mary and Mark Hopkins had no children of their own. Mary adopted Timothy Nolan, the son of her housekeeper. By then Hopkins was having problems, and died aboard a company train near Yuma, Arizona in 1878. Eventually finished and occupied by Mary, the structure burned to the ground in a fire caused by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the Mark Hopkins Hotel was built in its place in 1926. Hopkins is buried in Sacramento Historic City Cemetery in Sacramento, California, Hopkins died without leaving a will, though his fortune estimated at $20-$40 million was inherited by his wife. Faced with the task of completing their new estate alone, Mary retained Herter Brothers, Edward Francis Searles was dispatched by Herter Brothers to manage the completion of Mary’s project. Despite being 22 years her junior they developed a close relationship, mr. and Mrs. Searles moved to Edward’s home town of Methuen, Massachusetts, where Edward embarked on building a series of grand homes designed by English architect Henry Vaughan
12.
1906 San Francisco earthquake
–
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck the coast of Northern California at 5,12 a. m. on April 18 with an estimated moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI. Severe shaking was felt from Eureka on the North Coast to the Salinas Valley, devastating fires soon broke out in the city and lasted for several days. As a result, about 3,000 people died and over 80% of the city of San Francisco was destroyed, the events are remembered as one of the worst and deadliest natural disasters in the history of the United States. The death toll remains the greatest loss of life from a disaster in Californias history. The San Andreas Fault is a transform fault that forms part of the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. The strike-slip fault is characterized by mainly lateral motion in a dextral sense, the 1906 rupture propagated both northward and southward for a total of 296 miles. This fault runs the length of California from the Salton Sea in the south to Cape Mendocino in the north, the maximum observed surface displacement was about 20 feet, geodetic measurements show displacements of up to 28 feet. The 1906 earthquake preceded the development of the Richter magnitude scale by three decades. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the quake on the moment magnitude scale is 7.8. According to findings published in the Journal of Geophysical Research, severe deformations in the earths crust took place both before and after the earthquakes impact. Accumulated strain on the faults in the system was relieved during the earthquake, the main shock epicenter occurred offshore about 2 miles from the city, near Mussel Rock. Shaking was felt from Oregon to Los Angeles, and inland as far as central Nevada, a strong foreshock preceded the main shock by about 20 to 25 seconds. The strong shaking of the main shock lasted about 42 seconds, there were decades of minor earthquakes – more than at any other time in the historical record for northern California – before the 1906 quake. For years, the epicenter of the quake was assumed to be near the town of Olema, in the Point Reyes area of Marin County, because of evidence of the degree of local earth displacement. In the 1960s, a seismologist at UC Berkeley proposed that the epicenter was more likely offshore of San Francisco, at the time,375 deaths were reported, partly because hundreds of fatalities in Chinatown went ignored and unrecorded. The total number of deaths is uncertain today, and is estimated to be roughly 3,000 at minimum. Most of the deaths occurred in San Francisco itself, but 189 were reported elsewhere in the Bay Area, nearby cities, such as Santa Rosa and San Jose, in Monterey County, the earthquake permanently shifted the course of the Salinas River near its mouth. Where previously the river emptied into Monterey Bay between Moss Landing and Watsonville, it was diverted 6 miles south to a new channel just north of Marina
13.
Palace of Fine Arts
–
One of only a few surviving structures from the Exposition, it is still situated on its original site. It was rebuilt in 1965, and renovation of the lagoon, walkways, the Palace of Fine Arts was designed by Bernard Maybeck, who took his inspiration from Roman and Ancient Greek architecture in designing what was essentially a fictional ruin from another time. For a time the Palace housed an art exhibit, and during the Great Depression. Artists were commissioned to replace the decayed Robert Reid murals on the ceiling of the rotunda, from 1934 to 1942 the exhibition hall was home to eighteen lighted tennis courts. During World War II it was requisitioned by the military for storage of trucks, at the end of the war, when the United Nations was created in San Francisco, limousines used by the worlds statesmen came from a motor pool there. While the Palace had been saved from demolition, its structure was not stable, as a result of the construction and vandalism, by the 1950s the simulated ruin was in fact a crumbling ruin. In 1964, the original Palace was completely demolished, with only the structure of the exhibit hall left standing. The buildings were reconstructed in permanent, light-weight, poured-in-place concrete. All the decorations and sculpture were constructed anew, the only changes were the absence of the murals in the dome, two end pylons of the colonnade, and the original ornamentation of the exhibit hall. In 1969, the former Exhibit Hall became home to the Exploratorium interactive museum, in January 2013, the Exploratorium closed in preparation for its permanent move to the Embarcadero. Today, Australian eucalyptus trees fringe the eastern shore of the lagoon, many forms of wildlife have made their home there including swans, ducks, geese, turtles, frogs, and raccoons. Built around an artificial lagoon, the Palace of Fine Arts is composed of a wide,1,100 ft pergola around a central rotunda situated by the water. Ornamentation includes Bruno Louis Zimms three repeating panels around the entablature of the rotunda, representing The Struggle for the Beautiful, while Ulric Ellerhusen supplied the weeping women atop the colonnade and the sculptured frieze and allegorical figures representing Contemplation, Wonderment and Meditation. The underside of the Palace rotundas dome features eight large insets, four depicted the conception and birth of Art, its commitment to the Earth, its progress and acceptance by the human intellect, and four the golds of California. The Palace of Fine Arts was not the building from the exposition to survive demolition. The Japanese Tea House was purchased in 1915 by land baron E. D, swift and was transported by barge down the Bay to Belmont, California where it stands to this day. The Wisconsin and Virginia buildings were relocated to Marin County, the Ohio building was shipped to San Mateo County, where it survived until the 1950s. The Column of Progress stood for a decade after the close of the Exhibition, at the close of the exposition, the French government granted Alma Spreckels permission to construct a permanent replica of the French Pavilion, but World War I delayed the groundbreaking until 1921
14.
Diego Rivera
–
Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez, known as Diego Rivera was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the Mexican mural movement in Mexican art, between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted murals among others in Mexico City, Chapingo, Cuernavaca, San Francisco, Detroit, and New York City. In 1931, a exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Rivera had a marriage with fellow Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. Rivera was born in Guanajuato, Mexico, to a well-to-do family, Diego had a twin brother named Carlos, who died two years after they were born. Rivera was said to have Converso ancestry, Rivera wrote in 1935, My Jewishness is the dominant element in my life. Rivera began drawing at the age of three, a year after his brothers death. He had been drawing on the walls. His parents, rather than punishing him, installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls, as an adult, he married Angelina Beloff in 1911, and she gave birth to a son, Diego. Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska gave birth to a daughter named Marika in 1918 or 1919 when Rivera was married to Angelina and he married his second wife, Guadalupe Marín, in June 1922, with whom he had two daughters, Ruth and Guadalupe. He was still married when he met art student Frida Kahlo and they married on August 21,1929 when he was 42 and she was 22. Their mutual infidelities and his violent temper led to divorce in 1939, Rivera later married Emma Hurtado, his agent since 1946, on July 29,1955, one year after Kahlos death. His mural Dreams of a Sunday in the Alameda depicted Ignacio Ramírez holding a sign which read and this work caused a furor, but Rivera refused to remove the inscription. The painting was not shown for nine years – until Rivera agreed to remove the inscription. He stated, To affirm God does not exist, I do not have to hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez, I am an atheist, from the age of ten, Rivera studied art at the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City. He was sponsored to study in Europe by Teodoro A. Dehesa Méndez. In those years, Paris was witnessing the beginning of Cubism in paintings by such eminent painters as Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, from 1913 to 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced this new school of art. Around 1917, inspired by Paul Cézannes paintings, Rivera shifted toward Post-Impressionism with simple forms and his paintings began to attract attention, and he was able to display them at several exhibitions
15.
Eadweard Muybridge
–
Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection. He adopted the name Eadweard Muybridge, believing it to be the original Anglo-Saxon form of his name, at age 20, he emigrated to America, first to New York, as a bookseller, and then to San Francisco. He returned to England in 1861, and took up photography, learning the wet-plate collodion process. He went back to San Francisco in 1867, and in 1868 his large photographs of Yosemite Valley made him world-famous, in 1874 he shot and killed Major Harry Larkyns, his wifes lover, but was acquitted in a jury trial on the grounds of justifiable homicide. He travelled for more than a year in Central America on an expedition in 1875. He spent much of his later years giving lectures and demonstrations of his photography and early motion picture sequences, travelling back to England. He also edited and published compilations of his work, which greatly influenced visual artists and he returned to his native England permanently in 1894, and in 1904, the Kingston Museum, containing a collection of his equipment, was opened in his hometown. Edward James Muggeridge was born and raised in England, Muggeridge changed his name several times, starting with Muggridge. In 1855, in the United States, he used the surname Muygridge, after he returned from Britain to the United States in 1867, he used the surname Muybridge. In addition, he used the pseudonym Helios to sign many of his photographs and he also used this as the name of his studio and made it the middle name for his only son, Florado Helios Muybridge, born in 1874. While travelling on an expedition in the Spanish-speaking nations of Central America in 1875. After an 1882 trip to England, he changed the spelling of his first name to Eadweard and he used Eadweard Muybridge for the rest of his career, but his gravestone carries his name as Eadweard Maybridge. Muybridge was born in Kingston upon Thames, in the county of Surrey in England, on 9 April 1830 to John and Susanna Muggeridge, he had three brothers. His father was a grain and coal merchant, with spaces on the ground floor of their house adjacent to the River Thames at No.30 High Street. After his father died in 1843, his mother carried on the business and his cousin Norman Selfe who also grew up in Kingston upon Thames moved to Australia and, following a family tradition, became a renowned engineer. Edwards younger brother George born in 1833 is found living with his Uncle Samuel in 1851 after the death of his Father in 1843 which establishes the lineage of Edward James Muggeridge. He started a career as a agent for the London Printing and Publishing Company. At the time, the city was booming, with 40 bookstores, nearly 60 hotels, later in his life, he wrote about also having spent time in New Orleans and New York City during his early years in the United States
16.
Maynard Dixon
–
Maynard Dixon was a 20th-century American artist whose body of work focused on the American West. He was married for a time to American photographer Dorothea Lange, Dixon was born in Fresno, California, into a family of aristocratic Virginia Confederates who had found a new home there after the American Civil War. His mother, a daughter of a Navy officer from San Francisco, shared her love of classic literature with the young boy. Dixon later studied briefly with the tonalist painter Arthur Mathews at the California School of Design where he became friends with Xavier Martinez. To support himself he accepted numerous illustration jobs, Great illustrators were plentiful around the turn of the century, yet Dixon obtained work from the Overland Monthly and several San Francisco newspapers. In 1900 Dixon visited Arizona and New Mexico and this was the start of his lifelong passion for roaming the West. The next year he accompanied artist Edward Borein on a trip through several Western states. In California, he illustrated books and magazines with Western themes, some of his most memorable work from these early years appeared in Clarence Mulford’s books about Hopalong Cassidy. Shortly after he began a new life in San Francisco, his first marriage ended, Dixon developed his style during this early period, and Western themes became a trademark for him. In San Francisco, Dixon was considered a character with a good sense of humor. He often dressed like a cowboy and seemed determined to impart a Western style, most often in the form of a black Stetson, boots and a bola tie. Influenced in part by the Panama Pacific International Exposition of 1915, Dixon began to search for a new expression, moving away from impressionism and into a simpler, meeting and marrying Dorothea Lange, a portrait photographer from the East, had a great influence on his art. The power of low horizons and marching cloud formations, simplified and distilled, became his own brand, in 1929 his second son was born, John Eaglefeather Dixon. During the Great Depression, Dixon painted a series of social realism depicting the prevailing politics of maritime strikes, displaced workers. Simultaneously, Lange captured on film images of the migrant workers in the Salinas Valley, in 1933 the Dixons spent the summer in Zion National Park with sojourns to the hamlet of Mount Carmel, Utah. Lange was called back to San Francisco, a separation which led to the divorce in 1935. Two years later, Dixon married San Francisco muralist Edith Hamlin, the couple left San Francisco two years later for southern Utah, the source of some of Dixon’s greatest art. In 1939, the built an summer home in Mount Carmel
17.
The Four Immigrants Manga
–
The Four Immigrants Manga, also known as Manga of the Four Students, is a Japanese manga written and illustrated by Henry Yoshitaka Kiyama. The manga was published as 52 episodes, with each episode as a two-page-spread with the intention of serialization in a Japanese language newspaper, the individual episodes were self published by Kiyama as a one-shot manga in 1931. It was republished in Japan by Shimpu in August 2012 and it was translated into English by Frederik L. Schodt and was published by Stone Bridge Press as The Four Immigrants Manga, A Japanese Experience in San Francisco 1904-1924 in October 1998. The manga drew from the experiences of Kiyama and his three friends when they were college-age Japanese immigrants to San Francisco between 1904 and 1924, the year 1924 is chosen as it was when the immigration laws stiffened and some of the protagonists elected to return to Japan. Inspired by western comic strips, Hiyama drew Four Immigrants with each episode in a two page spread, ending at 52 episodes for a years worth of weekly comic strips. Jason Thompson notes that each strip has sort of a punchline, Kiyama tried to have Four Immigrants serialized by a Japanese-language newspaper in San Francisco, but was unsuccessful. In 1927, Kiyama exhibited the pages of the manga in a gallery of Kinmon Gakuen, most of the manga concentrates on student immigrant experiences prior to the Gentlemens Agreement of 1907. Kiyama had the immigrants speak in Meiji era Japanese, with the Americans speaking in broken English, in his translation, Frederik L. Schodt had kept the Americans speaking broken English, with the immigrants speaking in perfect English. This had the effect of readers see the Japanese characters as us, Schodt found Kiyamas work in 1980 in University of Californias East Asian Library. He began translating the work in 1997, which was published by Stone Bridge Press in October 1998 and he further claims that the manga is the first journalistic comic books. Racism between the immigrants and the locals was predominantly between Japanese immigrants and American locals, however racial animosity, existed between Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the United States. Garrity comments on the prevalence of racism of that era, a hundred years ago, everyone, the four immigrants to white people as keto and black people as kuroto. Manga Critics Katherine Dacey writes that the visual style and subject matter may not strike contemporary readers as manga-esque. But the intimate quality of the stories will leave as lasting an impression as graphic memoirs such as Marjane Satrapi’s Persepolis, jason Thompson writes that the manga is frozen in time with diligent documentary-style realism, with cynical humor and cartoony cheer. Shaenon K. Garrity applauds the manga as a historical artifact, harvard Asia Pacific Review commends Kiyamas keen insight into the workings of society, especially into Japanese-American interaction. Booklists Gordon Flagg comments that the manga is a cultural document of an era of great interest to scholars of Asian American culture. Since it is apparently the first U. S. comic book consisting of material instead of reprinted newspaper strips. Brian Hayashi criticizes the manga for its strong upper-class bias and that Schodt did not account for the difference in treatment of Japanese students and Japanese immigrants in general
18.
Louise Dahl-Wolfe
–
Louise Emma Augusta Dahl was an American photographer. She is known primarily for her work for Harpers Bazaar, in association with fashion editor Diana Vreeland, Dahl was born in San Francisco, California to Norwegian immigrant parents, the youngest of three daughters. In 1914, she began her studies at the California School of Fine Arts, where she studied design and color with Rudolph Schaeffer and she took courses in life drawing, anatomy, figure composition and other subjects over the next six years. She studied design, decoration and architecture at Columbia University, New York in 1923, in 1928 she married the sculptor Meyer Wolfe, who constructed the backgrounds of many of her photos. Dahl-Wolfe was known for taking photographs outdoors, with light in distant locations from South America to Africa in what became known as environmental fashion photography. She preferred portraiture to fashion photography, notable portraits include, Mae West, Cecil Beaton, Eudora Welty, W. H. Auden, Christopher Isherwood, Orson Welles, Carson McCullers, Edward Hopper, Colette and Josephine Baker. She is known for her role in the discovery of a teenage Lauren Bacall whom she photographed for the March 1943 cover of Harpers Bazaar, one of her favourite subjects was the model Mary Jane Russell, who is estimated to have appeared in about thirty percent of Dahl-Wolfes photographs. She was an influence on photographers Irving Penn and Richard Avedon. One of her assistants was fashion and celebrity photographer, Milton H. Greene, from 1936 to 1958 Dahl-Wolfe was a staff fashion photographer at Harper’s Bazaar. She produced portrait and fashion photographs totaling 86 covers,600 color pages and she worked with editor Carmel Snow, art director Alexey Brodovitch and fashion editor Diana Vreeland, and traveled widely. In 1950, she was selected for Americas Outstanding Woman Photographers in the September issue of Foto, from 1958 until her retirement in 1960, Dahl-Wolfe worked as a freelance photographer for Vogue, Sports Illustrated, and other periodicals. Louise Dalhl-Wolfe lived many of her years in Nashville, Tennessee. She died in New Jersey of pneumonia in 1989, the full archive of Dahl-Wolfes work is located at the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona in Tucson, which also manages the copyright of her work. In 1999, her work was the subject of a film entitled Louise Dahl-Wolfe. The film featured the only surviving footage of Dahl-Wolfe, including extensive interviews. It was written and directed by Tom Neff, edited by Barry Rubinow and produced by Neff, Louise Dahl-Wolfe, A Photographer’s Scrapbook Eauclaire, Sally. Louise Dahl-Wolfe, A Retrospective Exhibition Goldberg, Vicki, Richardson, Louise Dahl-Wolfe, A Retrospective Martin, Leslie A
19.
Gutzon Borglum
–
John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum was an American artist and sculptor. He is most associated with his creation of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial at Mount Rushmore, the son of Danish-American immigrants, Gutzon Borglum was born in 1867 in St. Charles in what was then Idaho Territory. Borglum was a child of Mormon polygamy and his father, Jens Møller Haugaard Børglum, had two wives when he lived in Idaho, Gutzons mother, Christina Mikkelsen Borglum and Gutzons mothers sister Ida, who was Jenss first wife. Jens Borglum decided to leave Mormonism and moved to Omaha, Nebraska where polygamy was illegal and taboo. Jens Borglum worked mainly as a woodcarver before leaving Idaho to attend the Saint Louis Homeopathic Medical College in Saint Louis, at that point the family broke up as Jens decided to only take one wife, Ida, with him. Upon his graduation from the Missouri Medical College in 1874, Dr. Borglum moved the family to Fremont, Nebraska, Gutzon Borglum remained in Fremont until 1882, when his father enrolled him in St. Marys College, Kansas. After a brief stint at Saint Marys College, Gutzon Borglum relocated to Omaha, Nebraska and he was trained in Paris at the Académie Julian, where he came to know Auguste Rodin and was influenced by Rodins impressionistic light-catching surfaces. He also won the Logan Medal of the Arts and his reputation soon surpassed that of his younger brother, Solon Borglum, already an established sculptor. In 1925, the moved to Texas to work on the monument to trail drivers commissioned by the Trail Drivers Association. He completed the model in 1925, but due to lack of funds it was not cast until 1940 and it stands in front of the Texas Pioneer and Trail Drivers Memorial Hall next to the Witte Museum in San Antonio. Borglum lived at the historic Menger Hotel, which in the 1920s was the residence of a number of artists, while living and working in Texas, Borglum took an interest in local beautification. He promoted change and modernity, although he was berated by academicians, a fascination with gigantic scale and themes of heroic nationalism suited his extroverted personality. His head of Abraham Lincoln, carved from a block of marble, was exhibited in Theodore Roosevelts White House and can be found in the United States Capitol Crypt in Washington. Borglum was highly suited to the environment surrounding the contracts for public buildings and monuments. In 1908, Borglum won a competition for a statue of the Civil War General Philip Sheridan to be placed in Sheridan Circle in Washington, a second version of General Philip Sheridan was erected in Chicago, Illinois, in 1923. Borglum was active in the committee organized the New York Armory Show of 1913. He moved into an estate in Stamford, Connecticutin 1914 and lived there for 10 years. Borglum was an member of the Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, raised in Howard Lodge #35, New York City, on June 10,1904
20.
Abstract expressionism
–
Action painting, sometimes called gestural abstraction, is a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dribbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than being carefully applied. The resulting work often emphasizes the act of painting itself as an essential aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early 1960s, a comparison is often drawn between the American action painting and the French tachisme. According to Rosenberg the canvas was an arena in which to act, to Greenberg, it was the physicality of the paintings clotted and oil-caked surfaces that was the key to understanding them. – Clement Greenberg, Post Painterly Abstraction and it is essential for the understanding of action painting to place it in historical context. Action painting took this a further, using both Jung and Freud’s ideas of the subconscious as its underlying foundations. The paintings of the Action painters were not meant to portray objects per se or even specific emotions, instead they were meant to touch the observer deep in the subconscious mind, evoking a sense of the primeval and tapping the collective sense of an archetypal visual language. This was done by the artist painting unconsciously, and spontaneously, creating an arena of raw emotion and action. Action painting was influenced by the surrealist emphasis on automatism which influenced by psychoanalysis claimed a more direct access to the subconscious mind. Important exponents of this concept of art making were the painters Joan Miró, however the action painters took everything the surrealists had done a step further. Action Writing, Jack Kerouacs Wild Form, Carbondale, IL, auction record including a color image of a 1960 action painting by Elaine Hamilton. 9th Street Art Exhibition-abstract expressionist artists reminisce—YouTube video
21.
Clyfford Still
–
Still was born in 1904 in Grandin, North Dakota and spent his childhood in Spokane, Washington and Bow Island in southern Alberta, Canada. In 1925 he visited New York, briefly studying at the Art Students League and he attended Spokane University from 1926 to 1927 and returned in 1931 with a fellowship, graduating in 1933. That fall, he became a fellow, then faculty member at Washington State College. He spent the summers of 1934 and 1935 at the Trask Foundation in Saratoga Springs, in 1941 Still relocated to the San Francisco Bay area where he worked in various war industries while pursuing painting. He had his first solo exhibition at the San Francisco Museum of Art in 1943 and he taught at the Richmond Professional Institute, now Virginia Commonwealth University, from 1943 to 1945, then went to New York City. Mark Rothko, whom Still had met in California in 1943, introduced him to Peggy Guggenheim, the following year Guggenheim closed her gallery and Still, along with Rothko and other Abstract Expressionists, joined the Betty Parsons gallery. Still returned to San Francisco, where he became an influential professor at the California School of Fine Arts. He lived in New York for most of the 1950s, the height of Abstract Expressionism, in the early 1950s, Still severed ties with commercial galleries. In 1961 he moved to a 22-acre farm near Westminster, Maryland, Still used a barn on the property as a studio during the warm weather months. In 1966, Still and his wife purchased a 4, 300-square-foot house at 312 Church Street in New Windsor, Maryland, about eight miles from their farm. Still married Lillian August Battan in about 1930 and they had two daughters born in 1939 and 1942. The couple separated in the late 1940s and divorced in 1954, in 1957 he married Patricia Alice Garske, who had been one of his students at Washington State and was 16 years his junior. Unlike Mark Rothko or Barnett Newman, who organized their colors in a simple way. His jagged flashes of color give the impression that one layer of color has been torn off the painting, revealing the colors underneath. By 1947, he had begun working in the format that he would intensify, among Stills well known paintings is 1957-D No. 1,1957, which is black and yellow with patches of white. These four colors, and variations on them are predominant in his work, in 1943, Stills first solo show took place at the San Francisco Museum of Art. In 1947, Jermayne MacAgy, Assistant Director of the California Palace of the Legion of Honor, the artist then declined all public exhibitions from 1952 to 1959
22.
Ad Reinhardt
–
Adolph Frederick Reinhardt was an abstract painter active in New York beginning in the 1930s and continuing through the 1960s. He was a member of the American Abstract Artists and was a part of the movement centered on the Betty Parsons Gallery that became known as abstract expressionism. He was also a member of The Club, the place for the New York School abstract expressionist artists during the 1940s and 1950s. He wrote and lectured extensively on art and was an influence on conceptual art, minimal art. Most famous for his black or ultimate paintings, he claimed to be painting the last paintings that anyone can paint, Reinhardt was born in Buffalo, New York, and lived with his family in the Riverside section along the Niagara River. His cousin Otto and he were close, as well as the extended family and he later studied art history at Columbia College of Columbia University, where he was a close friend of Robert Lax and Thomas Merton. The three developed similar concepts of simplicity in different directions, Reinhardt considered himself a painter from a very early age and began winning prizes for painting in grade school and high school. Upon finishing college he was accredited as a painter by Burgoyne Diller, sponsored by Holty he became a member of the American Abstract Artists group, with whom he exhibited for the next decade. Reinhardt described his association with the group as one of the greatest things ever happened to me. He participated in exhibitions at the Peggy Guggenheim Gallery. He then went on to be represented by Betty Parsons, exhibiting first at the Wakefield Bookshop, Reinhardt had regular solo exhibitions yearly at the Betty Parsons Gallery beginning in 1946. He was involved in the 1940 protest against MoMA, designing the leaflet that asked How modern is the Museum of Modern Art and his works were displayed regularly throughout the 1940s and 1950s at the Annual Exhibitions held at the Whitney Museum of American Art. He was also part of the protest against the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1950 which became known as The Irascibles. Having completed his studies at the New York University Institute of Fine Arts, Reinhardt became a teacher at Brooklyn College in 1947 and he also taught at the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco, the University of Wyoming, Yale University and Hunter College, New York. The Ad Reinhardt Estate is represented by David Zwirner Gallery, New York, Reinhardts earliest exhibited paintings avoided representation, but show a steady progression away from objects and external reference. His work progressed from compositions of geometrical shapes in the 1940s to works in different shades of the color in the 1950s. Reinhardt is best known for his black paintings of the 1960s. Among many other suggestions, these paintings ask if there can be such a thing as an absolute, even in black, which some viewers may not consider a color at all
23.
Mark Rothko
–
Mark Rothko, born Markus Yakovlevich Rothkowitz, was an American painter of Russian Jewish descent. Although Rothko himself refused to adhere to any art movement, he is identified as an abstract expressionist. With Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning, he is one of the most famous postwar American artists, Mark Rothko was born in Dvinsk, Vitebsk Governorate, in the Russian Empire. His father, Jacob Rothkowitz, was a pharmacist and an intellectual who initially provided his children with a secular and political, rather than religious, according to Rothko, his pro-Marxist father was violently anti-religious. In an environment where Jews were often blamed for many of the evils that befell Russia, despite Jacob Rothkowitzs modest income, the family was highly educated, and Rothko was able to speak Russian, Yiddish, and Hebrew. Fearing that his sons were about to be drafted into the Imperial Russian Army. Markus remained in Russia, with his mother and elder sister Sonia and they arrived as immigrants, at Ellis Island, in late 1913. From that point, they crossed the country, to join Jacob, jacobs death, a few months later, from colon cancer, left the family without economic support. Sonia operated a cash register, while Markus worked in one of his uncles warehouses and his fathers death also led Rothko to sever his ties with religion. After he had mourned his fathers death for almost a year at a local synagogue, Markus had started school in the United States in 1913, quickly accelerating from third to fifth grade. In June 1921, he completed the level, with honors, at Lincoln High School in Portland. He learned his fourth language, English, and became a member of the Jewish community center. Like his father, Rothko was passionate about issues such as workers’ rights, at the time, Portland was the epicentre of revolutionary activity in the U. S. and the region where revolutionary syndicalist union Industrial Workers of the World, was strongest. He heard Emma Goldman speak on one of her West Coast activist lecture tours, with the onset of the Russian Revolution, Rothko organised debates about it. Despite the repressive political atmosphere, he wished to become a union organiser. Rothko received a scholarship to Yale, at the end of his freshman year in 1922, the scholarship was not renewed, and he worked as a waiter and delivery boy to support his studies. He found the Yale community to be elitist and racist, Rothko and a friend, Aaron Director, started a satirical magazine, The Yale Saturday Evening Pest, which lampooned the schools stuffy, bourgeois tone. In any event, Rothkos nature was more that of a man than a diligent pupil, One of his fellow students remembers that he hardly seemed to study
24.
Elmer Bischoff
–
Elmer Nelson Bischoff was a visual artist in the San Francisco Bay Area. Bischoff, along with Richard Diebenkorn and David Park, was part of the post-World War II generation of artists who started as abstract painters and found their way back to figurative art. He entered the University of California, Berkeley, in September 1934, completing his masters degree in May 1939, world War II, however, was to change Bischoffs life. In 1941, he served as a lieutenant colonel in intelligence services in England, stationing near Oxford and it was then that Bischoff entered a faculty which already included some of the most talented new artists of post-war America. It is there that he eventually met David Park and Richard Diebenkorn, in 1973, Bischoff was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full member in 1985. While distinct from expressionist art that came from Europe, art of the Bay Area Figurative Movement displays the immediacy, Elmer Bischoff was older than Diebenkorn, and he had experiences in the world that led to his taking an independent turn in painting. Bischoffs quiet and lyrical paintings were serious in a different way from the painting which was being taken seriously at the time, and which saw the rise of Abstract expressionism. A retrospective of Elmer Bischoffs work, Grand Lyricist, The Art of Elmer Bischoff, was offered by the Oakland Museum of California, November 3, Bischoff was the father of composer John Bischoff. Bay Area Figurative Movement Reference books, Elmer Bischoff, the Ethics of Paint, Susan Landauer,2001, Bay Area Figurative Art 1950-1965, Caroline A. Jones,1990, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art-University of California Press. Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism of the 1950s An Illustrated Survey, P. 38-41 Marika Herskovic, American Abstract and Figurative Expressionism, Style Is Timely Art Is Timeless ISBN 978-0-9677994-2-1
25.
Ansel Adams
–
Ansel Easton Adams was an American photographer and environmentalist. His black and white photographs of the American West, especially Yosemite National Park, have been widely reproduced on calendars, posters, books. Adams and Fred Archer developed the Zone System as a way to determine proper exposure, the resulting clarity and depth characterized his photographs. He primarily used large-format cameras because their high resolution helped ensure sharpness in his images, Adams founded the photography group known as Group f/64, along with fellow photographers Willard Van Dyke and Edward Weston. Adams was born in the Western Addition of San Francisco, California and he was named after his uncle, Ansel Easton. His mothers family came from Baltimore, where his grandfather had a successful freight-hauling business but lost his wealth investing in failed mining. The Adams family came from New England, having migrated from Northern Ireland in the early 18th century and his paternal grandfather founded and built a prosperous lumber business which his father later ran, though his fathers natural talents lay more with sciences than with business. Later in life, Adams condemned that very same industry for cutting many of the great redwood forests. In 1907, his family moved 2 miles west to a new home near the Seacliff neighbourhood, the home had a splendid view of the Golden Gate and the Marin Headlands. San Francisco was devastated by the April 18,1906 San Francisco earthquake, the four year-old Ansel Adams was uninjured in the initial shaking but was tossed face-first into a garden wall during an aftershock three hours later, breaking and scarring his nose. Among his earliest memories was watching the smoke from the fire that destroyed much of the city a few miles to the east. A doctor recommended that his nose be reset once he reached maturity, Adams was a hyperactive child and prone to frequent sickness and hypochondria. He had few friends, but his home and surroundings on the heights facing the Golden Gate provided ample childhood activities. His father bought a telescope, and they enthusiastically shared the hobby of amateur astronomy. His father went on to serve as the paid secretary-treasurer of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific from 1925 to 1950, Ansels fathers business suffered great financial losses after the death of Ansels grandfather and the aftermath of the Panic of 1907. By 1912, the standard of living had dropped sharply. Ansel was dismissed from several schools for being restless and inattentive. Adams was then educated by tutors, his aunt Mary
26.
Minor White
–
Minor Martin White was an American photographer, theoretician, critic and educator. He combined an intense interest in how people viewed and understood photographs with a vision that was guided by a variety of spiritual and intellectual philosophies. He helped start and for years was editor of the photography magazine Aperture. After his death in 1976, White was hailed as one of Americas greatest photographers, White was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the only child of Charles Henry White, a bookkeeper, and Florence May White, a dressmaker. His first name came from his great, great grandfather from the White family side, during his early years he spent much of his time with his grandparents. His grandfather, George Martin, was a photographer and gave White his first camera in 1915. As a child White enjoyed playing in the garden at his grandparents home. Whites parents went through a series of separations starting in 1916 and his parents reconciled for a while in 1922 and remained together until they divorced in 1929. By the time White graduated from school he was already aware of his latent homosexuality. In 1927 he wrote about his feelings for men in his diary, after what he called a brief crisis period, during which he left home for the summer, he returned to live with his family while he started college. His parents never spoke of his homosexuality again, White entered the University of Minnesota in 1927 and majored in botany. By the time he should have graduated in 1931 he had not met the requirements for a science degree, during this period he became very interested in writing, and he started a personal journal that he called Memorable Fancies. He continued to fill the pages of his journal until he directed most of his energy into teaching around 1970, in 1932 White re-entered the university and studied both writing and botany. With his previous credits, he was able to graduate in 1934, the next year he took some graduate classes in botany, but after six months he decided that he lacked real interest in becoming a scientist. He spent the two years doing odd jobs and exploring his writing skills. During this period he began creating a set of 100 sonnets on the theme of sexual love, in late 1937 White decided to move to Seattle. He purchased a 35mm Argus camera and took a bus trip across country toward his destination and he stopped in Portland, Oregon, on his way and decided to stay there. For the next 2-1/2 years he lived at the YMCA in Portland while he explored photography in depth for the first time and it was at the YMCA that he taught his first class in photography, to a small group of young adults
27.
Imogen Cunningham
–
Imogen Cunningham was an American photographer known for her botanical photography, nudes, and industrial landscapes. Cunningham was a member of the California-based Group f/64, known for its dedication to the rendition of simple subjects. Cunningham was born in Portland, Oregon to father Isaac Burns Cunningham and her parents were from Missouri, though both of their families originally came from Virginia. Cunningham was the fifth of 10 children and she grew up in Seattle, Washington and attended the Denny School at 5th and Battery Streets in Seattle. In 1901, at the age of eighteen, Cunningham bought her first camera and she entered the University of Washington where she became a charter member of the Washington Alpha Chapter of Pi Beta Phi Fraternity for Women. It was not until 1906, while studying at the University of Washington in Seattle, with the help of her chemistry professor, Horace Byers, she began to study the chemistry behind photography and she subsidized her tuition by photographing plants for the botany department. In 1907, Cunningham graduated from University of Washington with a degree in chemistry. Her thesis was titled “Modern Processes of Photography. ”After graduating from college in 1907, Cunningham went to work for Edward S. Curtis in his Seattle studio, gaining knowledge about the portrait business and practical photography. Cunningham worked for Edward S. Curtis on his project of documenting American Indian tribes for the book The North American Indian, Cunningham learned the technique of platinum printing under Curtis’ supervision and became fascinated by the process. In 1909, Cunningham was awarded the Pi Beta Phi Graduate Fellowship, using this fellowship, Cunningham traveled to Germany to study with Professor Robert Luther at the Technische Hochschule in Dresden, Germany. In Dresden she concentrated on her studies and didnt take many photographs, on her way back to Seattle she met Alvin Langdon Coburn in London, and Alfred Stieglitz and Gertrude Käsebier in New York. In Seattle, Cunningham opened a studio and won acclaim for portraiture, most of her studio work of this time consisted of sitters in their own homes, in her living room, or in the woods surrounding Cunninghams cottage. She became a sought after photographer and exhibited at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts, in 1914, Cunninghams portraits were shown at An International Exhibition of Pictorial Photography in New York. Wilsons Photographic Magazine published a portfolio of her work, the next year, she married Roi Partridge, a teacher and artist. He posed for a series of photographs, which were shown by the Seattle Fine Arts Society. Although critically praised, Cunningham didnt revisit those photographs for another fifty-five years, between 1915 and 1920, Cunningham continued her work and had three children with Partridge. In 1920, the moved to San Francisco where Partridge taught at Mills College. Cunningham refined her style, taking a greater interest in pattern and detail and becoming interested in botanical photography
28.
Edward Weston
–
Edward Henry Weston was a 20th-century American photographer. He has been called one of the most innovative and influential American photographers…, over the course of his 40-year career Weston photographed an increasingly expansive set of subjects, including landscapes, still lifes, nudes, portraits, genre scenes and even whimsical parodies. It is said that he developed a quintessentially American, and specially Californian, approach to photography because of his focus on the people. In 1937 Weston was the first photographer to receive a Guggenheim Fellowship, some of his most famous photographs were taken of the trees and rocks at Point Lobos, California, near where he lived for many years. Weston was born in Chicago and moved to California when he was 21 and he knew he wanted to be a photographer from an early age, and initially his work was typical of the soft focus pictorialism that was popular at the time. Within a few years, however, he abandoned that style, in 1947 he was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease and he stopped photographing soon thereafter. He spent the ten years of his life overseeing the printing of more than 1,000 of his most famous images. Weston was born in Highland Park, Illinois, the child and only son of Edward Burbank Weston, an obstetrician, and Alice Jeanette Brett. His mother died when he was five years old and he was raised mostly by his sister Mary and she was nine years older than he, and they developed a very close bond that was one of the few steady relationships in Westons life. His father remarried when he was nine, but neither Weston nor his sister got along with their new stepmother and stepbrother, after May was married and left their home in 1897, Westons father devoted most of his time to his new wife and her son. Weston was left on his own much of the time, he stopped going to school, as a present for his 16th birthday Westons father gave him his first camera, a Kodak Bulls-Eye #2, which was a simple box camera. He took it on vacation in the Midwest, and by the time he returned home his interest in photography was enough to him to purchase a used 5 ×7 inch view camera. He began photographing in Chicago parks and a farm owned by his aunt, later he would remember that even at that early age his work showed strong artistic merit. In 1904 May and her family moved to California, leaving Weston further isolated in Chicago and this is the first known publication of any of his photographs. At the urging of his sister, Weston left Chicago in the spring of 1906 and moved near Mays home in Tropico and he decided to stay there and pursue a career in photography, but he soon realized he needed more professional training. A year later he moved to Effingham, Illinois, in order to enroll in the Illinois College of Photography and they taught a nine-month course, but Weston finished all of the class work in six months. The school refused to him a diploma unless he paid for the full nine months, Weston refused. He briefly worked at the studio of George Steckel in Los Angeles
29.
Dorothea Lange
–
Dorothea Lange was an American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration. Langes photographs humanized the consequences of the Great Depression and influenced the development of documentary photography, born of second generation German immigrants on May 26,1895, at 1041 Bloomfield Street, Hoboken, New Jersey, Dorothea Lange was named Dorothea Margaretta Nutzhorn at birth. She dropped her name and assumed her mothers maiden name after her father abandoned the family when she was 12 years old. The other was her contraction of polio at age seven which left her with a right leg. It formed me, guided me, instructed me, helped me and humiliated me, ive never gotten over it, and I am aware of the force and power of it. Lange graduated from the Wadleigh High School for Girls and was educated in photography at Columbia University in New York City and she was informally apprenticed to several New York photography studios, including that of the famed Arnold Genthe. In 1918, she left New York with a friend to travel the world. By the following year she had opened a portrait studio. She lived across the bay in Berkeley for the rest of her life, in 1920, she married the noted western painter Maynard Dixon, with whom she had two sons, Daniel, born in 1925, and John, born in 1930. With the onset of the Great Depression, Lange turned her camera lens from the studio to the street, in December 1935, she and Dixon divorced and she married economist Paul Schuster Taylor, Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. For the next five years they documented rural poverty and the exploitation of sharecroppers and migrant laborers – Taylor interviewing and gathering economic data, distributed free to newspapers across the country, her poignant images became icons of the era. One of Langes most recognized works is titled Migrant Mother, the woman in the photo is Florence Owens Thompson. In 1960, Lange spoke about her taking the photograph, I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to her, I made five exposures, working closer and closer from the same direction. I did not ask her name or her history and she told me her age, that she was thirty-two. She said that they had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields and she had just sold the tires from her car to buy food. There she sat in that lean-to tent with her children huddled around her, and seemed to know that my pictures might help her, there was a sort of equality about it. After Lange returned home, she told the editor of a San Francisco newspaper about conditions at the camp, the editor informed federal authorities and published an article that included the photos
30.
Marcel Duchamp
–
Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his artists as retinal art. Instead, Duchamp wanted to use art to serve the mind, Marcel Duchamp was born at Blainville-Crevon in Normandy, France, and grew up in a family that enjoyed cultural activities. The art of painter and engraver Émile Frédéric Nicolle, his grandfather, filled the house, and the family liked to play chess, read books, paint. Of Eugene and Lucie Duchamps seven children, one died as an infant, Marcel Duchamp was the brother of, Jacques Villon, painter, printmaker Raymond Duchamp-Villon, sculptor Suzanne Duchamp-Crotti, painter. At 8 years old, Duchamp followed in his brothers footsteps when he left home and began schooling at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille, two other students in his class also became well-known artists and lasting friends, Robert Antoine Pinchon and Pierre Dumont. For the next 8 years, he was locked into a regime which focused on intellectual development. Though he was not a student, his best subject was mathematics. He also won a prize for drawing in 1903, and at his commencement in 1904 he won a coveted first prize and he learned academic drawing from a teacher who unsuccessfully attempted to protect his students from Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and other avant-garde influences. However, Duchamps true artistic mentor at the time was his brother Jacques Villon, whose fluid, at 14, his first serious art attempts were drawings and watercolors depicting his sister Suzanne in various poses and activities. That summer he painted landscapes in an Impressionist style using oils. Duchamps early art works align with Post-Impressionist styles and he experimented with classical techniques and subjects. He studied art at the Académie Julian from 1904 to 1905, during this time Duchamp drew and sold cartoons which reflected his ribald humor. Many of the drawings use verbal puns, visual puns, or both, such play with words and symbols engaged his imagination for the rest of his life. In 1905, he began his military service with the 39th Infantry Regiment. There he learned typography and printing processes—skills he would use in his later work, due to his eldest brother Jacques membership in the prestigious Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture Duchamps work was exhibited in the 1908 Salon dAutomne. The following year his work was featured in the Salon des Indépendants, of Duchamps pieces in the show, critic Guillaume Apollinaire—who was to become a friend—criticized what he called Duchamps very ugly nudes. The group came to be known as the Puteaux Group, or the Section dOr, uninterested in the Cubists seriousness or in their focus on visual matters, Duchamp did not join in discussions of Cubist theory, and gained a reputation of being shy
31.
Frank Lloyd Wright
–
Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer, and educator, who designed more than 1,000 structures,532 of which were completed. Wright believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment and this philosophy was best exemplified by Fallingwater, which has been called the best all-time work of American architecture. Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the concept of the Usonian home and his creative period spanned more than 70 years. In addition to his houses, Wright designed original and innovative offices, churches, schools, skyscrapers, hotels, museums and he often designed interior elements for these buildings as well, including furniture and stained glass. Wright wrote 20 books and many articles and was a lecturer in the United States. His colorful personal life made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire. Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as the greatest American architect of all time, Frank Lloyd Wright was born Frank Lincoln Wright in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States, in 1867. His father, William Carey Wright, was an orator, music teacher, occasional lawyer, William Wright met and married Anna Lloyd Jones, a county school teacher, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for Richland County. Originally from Massachusetts, William Wright had been a Baptist minister, Anna was a member of the large, prosperous and well-known Lloyd Jones family of Unitarians, who had emigrated from Wales to Spring Green, Wisconsin. One of Annas brothers was Jenkin Lloyd Jones, who would become an important figure in the spread of the Unitarian faith in the Western United States, both of Wrights parents were strong-willed individuals with idiosyncratic interests that they passed on to him. According to his biography, his mother declared when she was expecting that her first child would grow up to build beautiful buildings and she decorated his nursery with engravings of English cathedrals torn from a periodical to encourage the infants ambition. In 1870 the family moved to Weymouth, Massachusetts, where William ministered to a small congregation, in 1876, Anna visited the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia where she saw an exhibit of educational blocks created by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel. The blocks, known as Froebel Gifts, were the foundation of his innovative kindergarten curriculum, Anna, a trained teacher, was excited by the program and bought a set with which young Wright spent much time playing. The blocks in the set were geometrically shaped and could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions, the Wright family struggled financially in Weymouth and returned to Spring Green, Wisconsin, where the supportive Lloyd Jones clan could help William find employment. They settled in Madison, where William taught music lessons and served as the secretary to the newly formed Unitarian society, although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music, especially the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, with his children. Soon after Wright turned 14, his parents separated, Anna had been unhappy for some time with Williams inability to provide for his family and asked him to leave. The divorce was finalized in 1885 after William sued Anna for lack of physical affection, William left Wisconsin after the divorce and Wright claimed he never saw his father again. At this time he changed his name from Lincoln to Lloyd in honor of his mothers family
32.
Gregory Bateson
–
Gregory Bateson was an English anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, visual anthropologist, semiotician, and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields. In the 1940s he helped extend systems theory and cybernetics to the social and behavioral sciences and he spent the last decade of his life developing a meta-science of epistemology to bring together the various early forms of systems theory developing in different fields of science. His writings include Steps to an Ecology of Mind and Mind, angels Fear was co-authored by his daughter Mary Catherine Bateson. Bateson was born in Grantchester in Cambridgeshire, England, on 9 May 1904 and he was the third and youngest son of Beatrice Durham and the distinguished geneticist William Bateson. He was named Gregory after Gregor Mendel, the Austrian monk who founded the science of genetics. The younger Bateson attended Charterhouse School from 1917 to 1921, obtained a Bachelor of Arts in biology at St. Johns College, Cambridge, in 1925, Bateson lectured in linguistics at the University of Sydney in 1928. From 1931 to 1937 he was a Fellow of St. Johns College, Cambridge, spent the years before World War II in the South Pacific in New Guinea, during 1936–1950 he was married to Margaret Mead. At that time he applied his knowledge to the war effort before moving to the United States, in Palo Alto, California, Bateson and his colleagues Donald Jackson, Jay Haley and John H. Weakland developed the double-bind theory. Batesons interest in theory and cybernetics forms a thread running through his work. He was one of the members of the core group of the Macy conferences in Cybernetics, and the later set on Group Processes. Bateson was interested in the relationship of these fields to epistemology and his association with the editor and author Stewart Brand helped to widen his influence. From the 1970s until his last years, an audience of university students. In 1956 he became a citizen of the United States. Bateson was a member of William Irwin Thompsons Lindisfarne Association, in the 1970s, he taught at the Humanistic Psychology Institute in San Francisco, and in 1972 joined the faculty of Kresge College at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts, in 1976, California Governor Jerry Brown appointed Bateson to the Board of Regents of the University of California, in which position he served until his death. He died on Independence Day,1980, in the guest house of the San Francisco Zen Center, Batesons life, according to Lipset, was greatly affected by the death of his two brothers. After this event, which transformed a private family tragedy into public scandal, all William and Beatrices ambitious expectations fell on Gregory, Batesons first marriage, in 1936, was to American cultural anthropologist Margaret Mead. Bateson and Mead had a daughter, Mary Catherine Bateson, who became an anthropologist
33.
West Coast of the United States
–
The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the states of California. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, the U. S. Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the Census Bureaus Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million – about 15. 3% of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles, small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska. Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE, ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America, Alaska Natives, indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians. They developed various languages and established trade routes, later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area. The West Coast of the United States has a climate in its Northern edge towards the Canada–US border. The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the areas during summer. In far Northern California there is a difference of 17 °C between Eurekas and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres elevation, coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. Since the West Coast has been populated by more recently than the East Coast. Additionally, its demographic composition underlies its cultural difference from the rest of the United States. Californias history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, are located on the West Coast, San Franciscos Chinatown, the oldest in North America, is a vibrant cultural center. The West Coast also has a large share of green cities within the United States. Other writers, like Jean Baudrillard, Mike Davis, and Umberto Eco, have made related statements on Californian culture, in the Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both towns are known for coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. In the Pacific Northwest at large, which includes the Canadian west coast, the culture has significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains
34.
Beat Generation
–
The Beat Generation is a literary movement started by a group of authors whose work explored and influenced American culture and politics in the post-World War II era. The bulk of their work was published and popularized throughout the 1950s, Allen Ginsbergs Howl, William S. Burroughss Naked Lunch and Jack Kerouacs On the Road are among the best known examples of Beat literature. Both Howl and Naked Lunch were the focus of obscenity trials that helped to liberalize publishing in the United States. The members of the Beat Generation developed a reputation as new bohemian hedonists, later, in the mid-1950s, the central figures ended up together in San Francisco where they met and became friends of figures associated with the San Francisco Renaissance. In the 1960s, elements of the expanding Beat movement were incorporated into the hippie, Neal Cassady, the driver for Ken Keseys bus Further, was the primary bridge between these two generations. Allen Ginsbergs work also became an element of early 1960s hippie culture. Jack Kerouac introduced the phrase Beat Generation in 1948 to characterize a perceived underground, the name arose in a conversation with writer John Clellon Holmes. Kerouac allows that it was street hustler Herbert Huncke who originally used the phrase beat, the origins of the Beat Generation can be traced to Columbia University and the meeting of Kerouac, Ginsberg, Lucien Carr, Hal Chase and others. Jack Kerouac attended Columbia on a football scholarship, though the beats are usually regarded as anti-academic, many of their ideas were formed in response to professors like Lionel Trilling and Mark Van Doren. Classmates Carr and Ginsberg discussed the need for a New Vision, to counteract what they perceived as their teachers conservative, Burroughs had an interest in criminal behavior and got involved in dealing stolen goods and narcotics. He was soon addicted to opiates, Burroughs guide to the criminal underworld was small-time criminal and drug-addict Herbert Huncke. The Beats were drawn to Huncke, who started to write himself. The police attempted to pull Ginsberg over while he was driving with Huncke, Ginsberg crashed the car while trying to flee and escaped on foot, but left incriminating notebooks behind. He was given the option to plead insanity to avoid a term, and was committed for 90 days to Bellevue Hospital. Carl Solomon was arguably more eccentric than psychotic, a fan of Antonin Artaud, he indulged in self-consciously crazy behavior, like throwing potato salad at a college lecturer on Dadaism. Solomon was given shock treatments at Bellevue, this one of the main themes of Ginsbergs Howl. Solomon later became the contact who agreed to publish Burroughs first novel Junky in 1953. Beat writers and artists flocked to Greenwich Village in New York City in the late 1950s because of low rent, folksongs, readings and discussions often took place in Washington Square Park
35.
Robert Duncan (poet)
–
Robert Edward Duncan was an American poet and a devotee of H. D. and the Western esoteric tradition who spent most of his career in and around San Francisco. Though associated with any number of traditions and schools, Duncan is often identified with the poets of the New American Poetry. Duncan saw his work as emerging especially from the tradition of Pound, Williams, Duncan was a key figure in the San Francisco Renaissance. Not only a poet, but also an intellectual, Duncans presence was felt across many facets of popular culture. Duncan was born in Oakland, California, as Edward Howard Duncan Jr and his mother, Marguerite Pearl Duncan, had died in childbirth and his father was unable to afford him, so in 1920 he was adopted by Edwin and Minnehaha Symmes, a family of devout Theosophists. They renamed him Robert Edward Symmes, it was only after a discharge from the army in 1941 that he formed the composite of his previous names. The Symmeses had begun planning for the childs arrival long prior to his adoption and he grew up surrounded by the occult in one form or another, he was well aware of the circumstances of his fated birth and adoption and his parents carefully interpreted his dreams. The family adopted a child, Barbara Eleanor Symmes, in 1920. She was born one year minus one day after Duncan, on January 6,1920 and she also was selected under circumstances similar to that of her brother, her presence was expected to bring good karma into the family. At age three, Duncan was injured in an accident on the snow that resulted in his becoming cross-eyed, one image to the right and above the other. Point to the one that is really there, after the death of his adopted father in 1936, Duncan started studying at the University of California, Berkeley. He began writing poems inspired in part by his left wing politics and his friends and influences included Mary and Lilli Fabilli, Virginia Admiral, and Pauline Kael, among others. He thrived as storyteller, poet, and fledgling bohemian, in 1938, he briefly attended Black Mountain College, but left after a dispute with faculty over the Spanish Civil War. While living in Philadelphia, Duncan had his first recorded homosexual relationship with an instructor he had first met in Berkeley, in 1941 Duncan was drafted and declared his homosexuality to get discharged. In 1943, he had his first heterosexual relationship, which ended in a short, in 1944 Duncan had a relationship with the abstract expressionist painter Robert De Niro Sr. Duncans name figures prominently in the history of pre-Stonewall gay culture. In 1944, Duncan wrote the landmark essay The Homosexual in Society, the essay, in which Duncan compared the plight of homosexuals with that of African Americans and Jews, was published in Dwight Macdonalds journal politics. Duncans essay is considered a treatise on the experience of homosexuals in American society given its appearance a full decade before any organized gay rights movement. In 1951 Duncan met the artist Jess Collins and began a collaboration, Duncan returned to San Francisco in 1945 and was befriended by Helen Adam, Madeline Gleason, and Kenneth Rexroth
36.
Frank Lobdell
–
Frank Lobdell was an American painter, often associated with the Bay Area Figurative Movement and Bay Area Abstract Expressionism. Frank Lobdell was born on August 23,1921 in Kansas City, Missouri and he attended the St. Paul School of Fine Arts, St. Paul, Minnesota in 1939-40, and painted independently in Minneapolis from 1940-42. He served in the U. S. Army in Europe during World War II, following the war, he moved to Sausalito, CA, and from 1947-50 he attended the California School of Fine Arts on the G. I. In 1950, he left the U. S. for Paris, after returning to the Bay Area, he taught at CSFA from 1957 to 1964. He was Visiting Artist at Stanford University in 1965, and taught as Professor of Art at Stanford from 1966 until his retirement in 1991. Although that circle broke up around 1965, Lobdell resumed his weekly drawing sessions in Palo Alto, where Nathan Oliveira, Keith Boyle, Jim Johnson, and other Stanford instructors joined him. In working from the figure, creating drawings in wash, ink, aspects of these figures—in a kind of abstracted shorthand—reemerge in the artist’s paintings, drawings, and prints. In 1960, Lobdell was awarded the Nealie Sullivan Award by the San Francisco Art Association, in 1998 he was elected to the National Academy of Design. Lobdell died of cardiopulmonary arrest on December 14,2013, in Palo Alto, solo museum exhibitions include San Francisco’s M. H. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University, Jack S
37.
Richard Diebenkorn
–
Richard Diebenkorn was an American painter. His early work is associated with expressionism and the Bay Area Figurative Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. His later work were instrumental to his achievement of worldwide acclaim, Richard Clifford Diebenkorn Jr. was born on April 22,1922 in Portland, Oregon. His family moved to San Francisco, California, when he was two years old, from the age of four or five he was continually drawing. Hoppers influence can be seen in Diebenkorns representational work of this time, Diebenkorn served in the United States Marine Corps from 1943 to 1945. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, he lived and worked in places, San Francisco and Sausalito, Woodstock, New York, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Urbana, Illinois. He developed his own style of abstract expressionist painting, after WWII, the focus of the art world shifted from the School of Paris to the US and in particular to the New York School. In 1947, after ten months in Woodstock on an Alfred Bender travel grant, Diebenkorn had returned to the CSFA and he was offered a place on the CSFA Faculty in 1947 and taught there until 1950. He was influenced at first by Clyfford Still, who taught at the CSFA from 1946 to 1950, Arshile Gorky, Hassel Smith. He became an abstract expressionist on the west coast. In 1950 to 1952, Diebenkorn was enrolled under the G. I, bill in the University of New Mexico’s graduate Fine Arts department where he continued to adapt his abstract expressionist style. He lived in Berkeley, California, from 1955 to 1966, by the mid-1950s, Diebenkorn had become an important figurative painter, in a style that bridged Henri Matisse with abstract expressionism. Diebenkorn, Elmer Bischoff, Henry Villierme, David Park, James Weeks and others participated in a renaissance of figurative painting, dubbed the Bay Area Figurative Movement. From fall 1964 to spring 1965, Diebenkorn traveled through Europe and he was granted a visa to visit important Soviet museums. When he returned to painting in the Bay Area in mid-1965, the Henri Matisse paintings French Window at Collioure, and View of Notre-Dame both from 1914 exerted tremendous influence on Richard Diebenkorns Ocean Park paintings. According to art historian Jane Livingston, Diebenkorn saw both Matisse paintings in an exhibition in Los Angeles in 1966 and they had an impact on him. Two pictures he saw there reverberate in almost every Ocean Park canvas, View of Notre Dame and French Window at Collioure, both painted in 1914, were on view for the first time in the US. Livingston goes on to say Diebenkorn must have experienced French Window at Collioure as an epiphany, in 1967, Diebenkorn moved to Santa Monica and took up a professorship at UCLA
38.
Bay Area Figurative Movement
–
Spanning two decades, this art movement is often broken down into three groups, or generations, the First Generation, the Bridge Generation, and the Second Generation. Among these First Generation Bay Area Figurative School artists were, David Park, Richard Diebenkorn, Rex Ashlock, Elmer Bischoff, Wayne Thiebaud, and James Weeks. The Bridge Generation included the artists, Nathan Oliveira, Theophilus Brown, Paul John Wonner, Roland Petersen, John Hultberg, many Second Generation artists of this movement studied under the First Generation artists, or were late starters. Among these Second Generation artists were, Bruce McGaw, Henry Villierme, Joan Brown, Manuel Neri, David Park was arguably the most important painter of the Bay Area Figurative Movement. David park was born 17 March 1911 in Boston to Mary Turner and he attended school in Connecticut and moved to Los Angeles in 1928 where he studied at Otis Art Institute. A year later, he moved to Berkeley where he married Lydia Newell in 1930 and his first solo show was in 1933 at the Oakland Art Gallery. In 1943, he began teaching at California School of Fine Arts, David Park was a respected Abstract Expressionist painter in San Francisco and one of the first painters to move towards the figurative style of paintings. In the spring of 1951, Park won a prize for a canvas that he submitted to a competitive exhibition. Park’s turn to figurative style baffled some of his colleagues, as at the time and his courageous effort to move away from abstract paintings to figure prompted a rise in figurative art which would go on to be one of the most important postwar developments on the West Coast. Rather than going through a transformation from Abstract paintings to Figures. Although still debatable, it was found in extensive notes of an interview with Park’s Aunt that Park drove his abstract paintings to a dump and his colleagues did not even know about this transformation until the following year. In 2004, Hackett Freedman Gallery in San Francisco held an exhibition of 35 of David Parks works from 1953 to 1960, some of the earlier works in the exhibition suggest that Park responded to the art of Max Beckmann and his influence is particularly visible in The Band. He took the Abstract work much more seriously than Park and consequently his Abstract work was more popular than that of Parks Abstract work. It is because of this some people had a hard time understanding his abandonments of Abstract art. Bischoff had a newfound outlook on art once he returned from war in 1945 and he felt that he had to challenge all the assumptions that he held about art as well as life. When asked about this in an interview, he said, “Until then art had been an external acquisition, just like his Abstract work, Bischoff achieved great success with his early figurative works. Bischoff entered his painting Figure and Red Wall in the Fifth Annual Oil and Sculpture Exhibition at the Richmond Art Center and this feat earned him a solo show at the Paul Kantor Gallery in Los Angeles. However, it was a show of paintings and drawings in January 1956 at the California School of Fine Arts gallery that Bischoff believed had the biggest impact on his future
39.
Edvard Munch
–
One of his best known works is The Scream of 1893. Edvard Munch was born in a farmhouse in the village of Ådalsbruk in Løten, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, to Laura Catherine Bjølstad and Christian Munch, Christian was a doctor and medical officer who married Laura, a woman half his age, in 1861. Edvard had a sister, Johanne Sophie, and three younger siblings, Peter Andreas, Laura Catherine, and Inger Marie. Both Sophie and Edvard appear to have inherited their artistic talent from their mother, Edvard Munch was related to painter Jacob Munch and historian Peter Andreas Munch. The family moved to Christiania in 1864 when Christian Munch was appointed medical officer at Akershus Fortress, Edvards mother died of tuberculosis in 1868, as did Munchs favorite sister Johanne Sophie in 1877. After their mothers death, the Munch siblings were raised by their father, often ill for much of the winters and kept out of school, Edvard would draw to keep himself occupied. He was tutored by his mates and his aunt. Christian Munch also instructed his son in history and literature, and entertained the children with vivid ghost-stories, as Edvard remembered it, Christians positive behavior toward his children was overshadowed by his morbid pietism. Munch wrote, My father was temperamentally nervous and obsessively religious—to the point of psychoneurosis, from him I inherited the seeds of madness. The angels of fear, sorrow, and death stood by my side since the day I was born, Christian reprimanded his children by telling them that their mother was looking down from heaven and grieving over their misbehavior. The oppressive religious milieu, plus Edvards poor health and the vivid ghost stories, helped inspire his macabre visions and nightmares, one of Munchs younger sisters, Laura, was diagnosed with mental illness at an early age. Of the five siblings, only Andreas married, but he died a few months after the wedding, Munch would later write, I inherited two of mankinds most frightful enemies—the heritage of consumption and insanity. Christian Munchs military pay was low, and his attempts to develop a private side practice failed, keeping his family in genteel. They moved frequently from one flat to another. Munchs early drawings and watercolors depicted these interiors, and the objects, such as medicine bottles and drawing implements. By his teens, art dominated Munchs interests, at thirteen, Munch had his first exposure to other artists at the newly formed Art Association, where he admired the work of the Norwegian landscape school. He returned to copy the paintings, and soon he began to paint in oils, in 1879, Munch enrolled in a technical college to study engineering, where he excelled in physics, chemistry and math. He learned scaled and perspective drawing, but frequent illnesses interrupted his studies, the following year, much to his fathers disappointment, Munch left the college determined to become a painter
