1.
San Francisco Bay Area
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The San Francisco Bay Area is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco. The Bay Areas nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California, the fifth-largest in the United States, the Bay Area has the second-most Fortune 500 Companies in the United States, and is known for its natural beauty, liberal politics, entrepreneurship, and diversity. The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay, the inner East Bay is more densely populated, with generally older buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the names of the cities it includes, Lafayette, Moraga, walnut Creek is situated east of Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, together with Concord, Martinez, and Pleasant Hill comprises Central Contra Costa County. The cities of Antioch, Pittsburg, Brentwood, Oakley and the areas surrounding them comprise East Contra Costa County. The Tri-Valley consists of the Amador, the Livermore, and the San Ramon Valleys, dublin and Pleasanton comprise the Amador Valley, Livermore lies in the Livermore Valley, and the San Ramon Valley consists of Alamo, Danville, Diablo and its namesake, San Ramon. The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay by BART, Interstate 580 to the south, and State Routes State Route 4 to the north, the outer East Bays infrastructure was mostly built up after World War II. This area remains largely white demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino populations have grown significantly over the past 2–3 decades, the region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area encompasses Marin County, Sonoma County, Napa County, the city of Fairfield, being part of Solano County, is often considered the easternmost city of the North Bay. With few exceptions, this region is affluent, Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state. The North Bay is relatively rural compared to the remainder of the Bay Area, with areas of undeveloped open space, farmland. Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is the North Bays largest city, with a population of 167,815 and a Metropolitan Statistical Area population of 466,891, making it the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. The North Bay is the section of the Bay Area that is not currently served by a commuter rail service. The area from San Francisco to the Silicon Valley, geographically part of the San Francisco Peninsula, is known locally as The Peninsula, many of these families are of foreign background and have significantly contributed to the diversity of the area. Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local terms, San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides, the north, east, and west. The city squeezes roughly 870,000 people in under 47 square miles, on any given day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city because of the commuting population and tourism
2.
Waterway
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A waterway is any navigable body of water. A shipping route consists of one or several waterways, Waterways can include rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, and canals. Vessels using waterways vary from small animal-drawn barges to immense ocean tankers and ocean liners, media related to Waterways at Wikimedia Commons Waterscape - Britains official guide to canals, rivers and lakes
3.
San Francisco Bay
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San Francisco Bay is a shallow estuary in the U. S. state of California. It is surrounded by a region known as the San Francisco Bay Area, dominated by the large cities San Francisco, Oakland. San Francisco Bay drains water from approximately 40 percent of California and it then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait. However, this group of interconnected bays is often called the San Francisco Bay. The bay was designated a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance on February 2,2013, the bay covers somewhere between 400 and 1,600 square miles, depending on which sub-bays, estuaries, wetlands, and so on are included in the measurement. The main part of the bay measures 3 to 12 miles wide east-to-west and it is the largest Pacific estuary in the Americas. Later, wetlands and inlets were filled in, reducing the Bays size since the mid-19th century by as much as one third. Recently, large areas of wetlands have been restored, further confusing the issue of the Bays size, despite its value as a waterway and harbor, many thousands of acres of marshy wetlands at the edges of the bay were, for many years, considered wasted space. As a result, soil excavated for building projects or dredged from channels was often dumped onto the wetlands, from the mid-19th century through the late 20th century, more than a third of the original bay was filled and often built on. The idea was, and remains, controversial, there are five large islands in San Francisco Bay. Alameda, the largest island, was created when a shipping lane was cut in 1901 and it is now predominantly a bedroom community. Angel Island was known as Ellis Island West because it served as the point for immigrants from East Asia. It is now a park accessible by ferry. Mountainous Yerba Buena Island is pierced by a tunnel linking the east and west spans of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, attached to the north is the artificial and flat Treasure Island, site of the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition. From the Second World War until the 1990s, both served as military bases and are now being redeveloped. Isolated in the center of the Bay is Alcatraz, the site of the federal penitentiary. The federal prison on Alcatraz Island no longer functions, but the complex is a popular tourist site, despite its name, Mare Island in the northern part of the bay is a peninsula rather than an island. During the last ice age, the now filled by the bay was a large linear valley with small hills
4.
Passenger ferry
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A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water. Most ferries operate regular return services, a passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi. Ferries form a part of the transport systems of many waterside cities and islands. However, ship connections of much larger distances may also be called ferry services, the profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld. Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis. Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, see When Horses Walked on Water, Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. The Marine Services Company of Tanzania offers passenger and cargo services in three of the African Great Lakes viz, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It also operates one of the oldest ferries in the region, Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, in Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave. The busiest single ferry route is across the part of Øresund. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and car & train ferries departed up to seven times every hour, in 2013, this has been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime. The route is around 2.2 nautical miles and the crossing takes 22 minutes, today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack natural stems and sterns, due to the same circumstances, starboard and port-side are dynamic and depending of in what direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants, cafeteria, kiosks, large cruiseferries sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland, Åland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Saint Petersburg, Russia and from Italy to Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Greece. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, also many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic, on the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. In Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus, as well as Princes Islands, in 2014 İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world. Due to the numbers of freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada
5.
Golden Gate Ferry
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Golden Gate Ferry is one of three transportation systems owned and operated by the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. The other two are the Golden Gate Bridge and Golden Gate Transit bus service, Golden Gate Ferry connects San Francisco to Marin County, California. Funding for the service is composed primarily of passenger fares. Golden Gate Ferry serves Larkspur, Sausalito, and Tiburon in Marin County, supplemental service is provided for special events. Service to Sausalito began in 1970, and service to Larkspur started in 1976, service to AT&T Park started in 2000. Most recently, service to Tiburon began on 6 March 2017, note, Schedule information listed below is current as of 6 March 2017. The Larkspur and Sausalito routes provide expanded service during the summer, holidays include Presidents Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Labor Day. No service operates on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year’s Day, a reduced schedule operates on Martin Luther King, Jr. Day, the Day after Thanksgiving, and on the days around Christmas and New Years Day. The Larkspur Ferry Terminal is served by Golden Gate Transit Route 25, the Larkspur Ferry Shuttle is timed to meet ferry crossings during weekday commute hours. Additional service is provided by Marin Transit Routes 17,29, and 228, the Sausalito Ferry Landing is served by Golden Gate Transit Routes 2,30, and 92, which pick up on Bridgeway. Additional service is provided by Marin Transit Routes 17,61, 66F, and 71X, the Tiburon Ferry Landing is served by Golden Gate Transit Route 8, which picks up on Tiburon Boulevard. Additional service is provided by Marin Transit Routes 219 and 219F, the San Francisco Ferry Building is served by numerous Muni bus and streetcar lines and several San Francisco Bay Ferry lines. Golden Gate Ferry fares differ by route, passenger type, fares are effective 6 March 2017. Youths are ages 5 through 18, seniors are ages 65 and over. Up to 2 children ages 4 and under ride free when accompanied by an adult, transfers from Golden Gate Ferry to Golden Gate Transit are available only with the use of a Clipper card. Transfers from Golden Gate Transit to Golden Gate Ferry are available with cash or use of a Clipper card, transfers are valid for 4 hours for inter-county travel. Transfers may be used up to 3 times to complete a one-way journey, free transfers to and from San Francisco Muni were discontinued in 2010. From Muni to ferry, Clipper customers receive a $0.50 credit on their GGF Clipper fare, the first vessel to provide ferry service was the M. S
6.
Marin County, California
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Marin County /məˈrɪn/ is a county located in the San Francisco Bay Area of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 252,409 and its county seat is San Rafael. Marin County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco, Marin County is one of the wealthiest localities in the United States, known for its affluence. In May 2009, Marin County had the fifth highest income per capita in the United States at about $91,480, the county is governed by the Marin County Board of Supervisors. The county is well known for its natural beauty and liberal politics. San Quentin Prison is located in the county, as is George Lucas Skywalker Ranch, autodesk, the publisher of AutoCAD, is also located there, as well as numerous other high-tech companies. The Marin County Civic Center was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and draws thousands of visitors a year to guided tours of its arch, in 1994, a new county jail facility was embedded into the hillside nearby. Marin Countys natural sites include the Muir Woods redwood forest, the Marin Headlands, Stinson Beach, the Point Reyes National Seashore, the United States oldest cross country running event, the Dipsea Race, takes place annually in Marin County, attracting thousands of athletes. Mountain biking was invented on the slopes of Mount Tamalpais in Marin, According to General Mariano Vallejo, who headed an 1850 committee to name Californias counties, the county was named for Marin, great chief of the tribe Licatiut. Marin had been named Huicmuse until he was baptized as Marino at about age 20, Marin / Marino was born into the Huimen people, a Coast Miwok tribe of Native Americans who inhabited the San Rafael area. Vallejo believed that Chief Marin had waged several fierce battles against the Spanish, starting in 1817, he served as an alcalde at the San Rafael Mission, where he lived from 1817 off and on until his death. The Coast Miwok Indians were hunters and gatherers whose ancestors had occupied the area for thousands of years, about 600 village sites have been identified in the county. The Coast Miwok numbered in the thousands, today, there are few left and even fewer with any knowledge of their Coast Miwok lineage. Efforts are being made so that they are not forgotten, francis Drake and the crew of the Golden Hind was thought to have landed on the Marin coast in 1579 claiming the land as Nova Albion. A bronze plaque inscribed with Drakes claim to the new lands and this so-called Drakes Plate of Brass was revealed as a hoax in 2003. In 1595, Sebastian Cermeno lost his ship, the San Agustin, the Spanish explorer Vizcaíno landed about twenty years after Drake in what is now called Drakes Bay. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 828 square miles. It is the fourth-smallest county in California by land area
7.
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
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The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake occurred in Northern California on October 17 at 5,04 p. m. local time. With a moment magnitude of 6.9 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX, no surface faulting occurred, though a large number of other ground failures and landslides were present, especially in the Summit area of the Santa Cruz Mountains. Due to the coverage of the 1989 World Series, it became the first major earthquake in the United States that was broadcast live on national television. Andrew Lawson, a geologist from the University of California, Berkeley, had named the fault after the San Andreas Lake and later led an investigation into that event. The San Andreas Fault ruptured for a length of 290 mi during the 1906 shock, several long term forecasts for a large shock along the San Andreas Fault in that area had been made public prior to 1989 but the earthquake that transpired was not what had been anticipated. The 1989 Loma Prieta event originated on an undiscovered oblique-slip reverse fault that is located adjacent to the San Andreas Fault, since many forecasts had been presented for the region near Loma Prieta, seismologists were not taken by surprise by the October 1989 event. Two moderate shocks, referred to as the Lake Elsman earthquakes by the USGS, occurred in the Santa Cruz Mountains region in June 1988, each events aftershock sequence and effect on stress drop was closely examined, and their study indicated that the shocks affected the mainshocks rupture process. The June 27,1988, shock occurred with an intensity of VI. Its effects included broken windows in Los Gatos, and other damage in Holy City. Farther away from the Santa Cruz Mountains, pieces of concrete fell from a structure at the Sunnyvale Town Center. More moderate damage resulted from the August 8,1989, shock when chimneys were toppled in Cupertino, Los Gatos, other damage included cracked walls and foundations and broken underground pipes. At the office of the Los Gatos City Manager, a window that was cracked had also broken in the earlier shock. Also in Los Gatos, one man died when he exited a building through a window, the Loma Prieta earthquake was named for Loma Prieta Peak in the Santa Cruz Mountains, which lies just to the east of the mainshock epicenter. At sites with rocky terrain, the duration was shorter and the shaking was much less intense, the strong motion records also allowed for the causative fault to be determined – the rupture was related to the San Andreas Fault System. While a Mercalli Intensity of VIII covered a large swath of territory relatively close to the further to the north. At more than 44 miles distant, the San Francisco Bay Area recorded peak horizontal accelerations that were as high as 0. 26g, in a general way, the location of aftershocks of the event delineated the extent of the faulting, which extended about 24 miles in length. Because the rupture took place bilaterally, the duration of strong shaking was about half of what it would have been had it ruptured in one direction only, the duration of a typical M6.9 shock with a comparable rupture length would have been about twice as long. Gregory Beroza, a seismologist with Stanford University, made several distinctions regarding the 1906 and 1989 events, near Loma Prieta, the 1906 rupture was more shallow, had more strike-slip, and occurred on a fault that was near vertical
8.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
9.
California state legislature
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The California State Legislature is the state legislature of the U. S. state of California. It is a body consisting of the lower house, the California State Assembly, with 80 members, and the upper house. New legislators convene each new session, to organize, in the Assembly and Senate Chambers, respectively. Aside from the recess, the legislature is in session year-round, the Democratic Party currently holds supermajorities in both chambers of the California Legislature. The state senate currently consists of 27 Democrats and 13 Republicans, except for the period from 1995 to 1996, the Assembly has been in Democratic hands since the 1970 election. The Senate has been in Democratic hands continuously since 1970, the first Californian State House was originally a hotel in San Jose owned by businessman Pierre Don Pedro Sainsevain and his associates. The State Legislature currently meets in the California State Capitol in Sacramento, members of the Assembly are elected from 80 districts and serve two-year terms. Members of the Senate are elected from forty districts and serve four-year terms, twenty Senate seats are up for election at each two-year election cycle. Term limits were established in 1990 following the passage of Proposition 140. In June 2012, voters approved Proposition 28 which allows legislators to serve a maximum of 12 years without regard to whether the years are served in the State Assembly or the State Senate. The proceedings of the California State Legislature are briefly summarized in regularly published journals, which show votes, reports produced by California executive agencies, as well as the Legislature, were published in the Appendices to the Journals from 1849 to 1970. Since the 1990s, the legislature has provided a video feed for its sessions. Due to the expense and the obvious political downside, California did not keep records of actual speeches made by members of the Assembly. As a result, reconstructing legislative intent outside of an acts preamble is extremely difficult in California for legislation passed before the 1990s. Since 1993, the Legislature has hosted a web/ftp site in one form or another, the most sought-after legislative committee appointments are to banking, agriculture and insurance. A bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law, an Assembly Bill is one introduced in the Assembly, a Senate Bill, in the Senate. Bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house, for example, AB16 refers to the 16th bill introduced in the Assembly. The numbering starts afresh each session, there may be one or more extraordinary sessions
10.
Alameda, California
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Alameda is a city in Alameda County, California, United States. It is located on Alameda Island and Bay Farm Island, and is adjacent to and south of Oakland and east of San Francisco across the San Francisco Bay. Bay Farm Island, a portion of which is known as Harbor Bay Isle, is not actually an island. The citys estimated 2016 population was 79,277, Alameda is a charter city, rather than a general law city, allowing the city to provide for any form of government. Alameda became a city and adopted a council–manager government in 1916. The island Alameda occupies what was originally a peninsula connected to Oakland, much of it was low-lying and marshy, but on higher ground than the peninsula and adjacent parts of what is now downtown Oakland were home to one of the largest coastal oak forests in the world. The area was therefore called Encinal, Spanish for forest of evergreen oak, Alameda is Spanish for grove of poplar trees or tree-lined avenue, and was chosen in 1853 by popular vote. The inhabitants at the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the late 18th century were a band of the Ohlone tribe. The peninsula became part of the vast Rancho San Antonio granted in 1820 to Luis Peralta by the Spanish king who claimed California, the grant was later confirmed by the new Republic of Mexico upon its independence from Spain. Over time, the became known as Bolsa de Encinal or Encinal de San Antonio. The city was founded on June 6,1853, and the town contained three small settlements. Eventually, the Central Pacifics ferry pier became the Alameda Mole, the first post office opened in 1854. The first school, Schmermerhorn School, was opened in 1855, the San Francisco and Alameda Railroad opened the Encinal station in 1864. The Encinal area was known as Fasskings Station in honor of Frederick Louis Fassking. Encinals own post office opened in 1876, was renamed West End in 1877, the West End area was originally called Bowmans Point in honor of Charles G. Bowman, an early settler. The Alameda Terminal was the site of the arrival of the first train via the First Transcontinental Railroad into the San Francisco Bay Area on September 6,1869, the transcontinental terminus was switched to the Oakland Mole two months later, on November 8,1869. The borders of Alameda were made coextensive with the island in 1872, mark Twain described Alameda as being The Garden of California. In 1917, an attraction called Neptune Beach was built in the now known as Crab Cove
11.
Port of Oakland
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The Port of Oakland is a major container ship facility located in Oakland, California, in the San Francisco Bay. It was the first major port on the Pacific Coast of the United States to build terminals for container ships and it is now the fifth busiest container port in the United States, behind Long Beach, Los Angeles, Newark, and Savannah. Originally, the estuary,500 feet wide, had a depth of two feet at low tide. 22 years later, in 1874, the dredged shipping channel was deepened to make Oakland a deep water port. In the late 19th century, the Southern Pacific was granted rights to the port. This act, protested by the SP and later held up in court, the courts ruled that all landfill since the date of the agreement did not belong to the SP. This ruling ended SP control and made the modern Port of Oakland possible, on May 6,1915, the Admiral Dewey became the first vessel to dock at the foot of Clay street. Captain J. Daniels, master of the vessel, was greeted by Commissioner of Public Works Harry S. Anderson, keith, the two men who had so much to do with the upbuilding of the citys waterfront, were the first aboard the boat. Captain do you realize that you are the commander of the first big vessel that has ever tied up to what will eventually be the busiest wharf on the Pacific Coast, Anderson asked that official as he shook Captain J. Daniels hand. I certainly do realize that, Mr. Anderson, returned Captain Daniels, and I assure you that I appreciate the honor. Ive been many years on the sea, but I have never docked a ship at a better wharf than this. -Source Oakland Tribune May 7,1915. However, the port was not officially named the Port of Oakland until 1927, in 1962, the Port of Oakland began to admit container ships. Container traffic greatly increased the amount of loaded and unloaded in the Port. By the late 1960s, the Port of Oakland was the second largest port in the world in container tonnage, during an expansion of the Port in the late 1960s, fill material was added to what remained of the old Southern Pacific mole. The fill came largely from the concurrent excavation of the Berkeley Hills Tunnel during the construction of the BART system. The BART trunk line also crosses over part of the port, one of the main limitations to growth was the inability to transfer containers to rail lines, all cranes historically operating between ocean vessels and trucks. The Port retained VZM, Korve Engineering and Earth Metrics to perform engineering and that brought the cumulative investment of port expansion to over 1.4 billion dollars since 1962, half of which was comprised by the intermodal facility. Also, the Port is now reaping the benefits of investment in post-panamax cranes, dredging, and the transfer of military property, deepening of the port from 42 feet to 50 feet to accommodate larger ships has been completed
12.
South San Francisco, California
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South San Francisco is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States, located on the San Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area. The population was 63,632 at the 2010 census, locals often refer to the town as South City, in much the same way that San Francisco is called The City. Despite its name, South San Francisco does not border San Francisco, most of the valley faces San Francisco Bay, affording bay views from higher levels. South San Francisco has mild winters and dry cool summers, the hills to the west shield the city from much of the fog that prevails in neighboring areas. The city is noted for the South San Francisco Hillside Sign on Sign Hill, the sign, a tribute to the citys industrial past, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The area which is now South San Francisco was originally part of Rancho Buri Buri, in 1853 Charles Lux and a business partner, Alfred Edmondson, purchased 1,700 acres of Rancho Buri Buri. Lux bought out Edmonson’s interest in 1856 and founded the town of Baden, in 1855 Lux bought another 1,464 acres of Rancho Buri Buri land and became a partner of fellow San Francisco butcher and entrepreneur Henry Miller, forming the firm of Miller & Lux. A city plan was put forward in 1888 by Gustavus Franklin Swift, the plan called for multiple individual meat-packing companies with a shared stockyard, as well as a residential area for employees. Swift proposed the name South San Francisco based on South Chicago and South Omaha, where the Swift company already had plants. In 1890 Peter E. Iler of Omaha, Nebraska, an agent of the Beef Trust, purchased Luxs property, the area was divided into industrial and residential districts, and the company installed lighting, sewer connections, and water distributions in the residential areas. A second corporation, eventually known as the Western Meat Company, set up stock yards and meat packing facilities on 80 acres of bayfront property, other industries soon moved in, including a pottery works, two brick companies, the paint manufacturer W. P. Fuller & Company, the South San Francisco Lumber Company, following incorporation additional industries moved into the town, including two steel mills. A new City Hall was opened on November 11,1920, by the 1920s the city was the smokestack capital of the Peninsula. South San Francisco proudly called itself The Industrial City, a motto immortalized in 1923 by a sign on a hillside overlooking the city. Industry remained the main economic focus through the 1950s. During World War II shipbuilding also became a significant operation, at the end of the war the citys focus shifted away from smokestack industries toward light industry, warehousing, and residential development. The major manufacturers closed, and new development was focused on office parks, housing, high-rise hotels, the biotechnology giant Genentech opened in 1976, leading to South San Franciscos new identity as the birthplace of biotechnology. The population grew to 63,632 as of the 2010 census, South San Francisco is located at 37°39′22″N 122°25′32″W
13.
Vallejo, California
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Vallejo is a waterfront port city in Solano County, California, located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. The population was 115,942 at the 2010 census and it is the tenth most populous city in the San Francisco Bay Area, and the largest in Solano County. Vallejo sits on the shore of San Pablo Bay,30 miles north of San Francisco. Vallejo is home to the Six Flags Discovery Kingdom theme park, the now-defunct Mare Island Naval Shipyard, the colleges and universities in Vallejo are California Maritime Academy, the Vallejo Center campus of Solano Community College, and Touro University California. Ferry service runs from a terminal on Mare Island Strait to San Francisco, Vallejo has twice served as the capital of the state of California, once in 1852 and again in 1853, both periods being brief. The State Capitol building burned to the ground in the 1880s, as there were no bridges at that time, the Mare Island Fire Department had to be ferried across the Napa River, arriving to find only the foundation remaining. This was the first recorded mutual aid response in the state of California, some of the first Europeans drawn to the Vallejo area were attracted by the sulfur springs, in the year 1902 the area was named Blue Rock Springs. It was also known as White Sulfur Springs and that was the name of the leading to it from town. Vallejo is best known for the Zodiac Killer and being the hometown of Bay Area rappers E-40, according to United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 49.5 square miles. Land area is 30.7 square miles, and 18.9 square miles is water, the Napa River flows until it changes into the Mare Island Strait in Vallejo which then flows into the San Pablo Bay. Vallejo is located on the edge of Solano County, California in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California. Vallejo is accessible by Interstate 80 between San Francisco and Sacramento, and is the location for the half of the Carquinez Bridge. It is also accessible by Interstate 780 from neighboring Benicia to the east, Route 29 begins in the city near the Carquinez Bridge and travels north through the heart of the city and beyond into Napa County, entering neighboring American Canyon and eventually Napa. Several faults have been mapped in the vicinity of Vallejo, the San Andreas Fault and Hayward Faults are the most active faults, although the San Andreas is at some distance. Locally, the Sulphur Springs Valley Thrust Fault and Southampton Fault are found, no quaternary seismic activity along these minor faults has been observed with the possible exception of a slight offset revealed by trenching. The Sulphur Mountain and Green Valley faults have been associated with the Concord Fault to the south, the Concord Fault is considered active. Historically there have been local cinnabar mines in the Vallejo area, the Hastings Mine and St. Johns Mine contribute ongoing water contamination for mercury, furthermore, mine shaft development has depleted much of this areas spring water. Both Rindler Creek and Blue Rock Springs Creek have been affected, the city of Vallejo is located 24 miles northeast of San Francisco,20 miles north of Oakland,56 miles north of San Jose and 52 miles south of Sacramento
14.
Blue & Gold Fleet
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Blue & Gold Fleet is a privately owned company in the United States providing ferry services in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. The companys vessels used to service Alcatraz however that service is no longer operated, Blue & Gold Fleet is the largest ferry and land tour transportation provider. The Blue & Gold Fleet transports approximately 2 and a million passengers annually. It began on San Franciscos historic waterfront and it started with only three passenger vessels that allowed individuals to cruise from Pier 39s West Marina. 1991- The company broadened when it included the Alameda/Oakland commuter ferry service,1994 - The Blue & Gold Fleet acquired the commuter ferry service between San Francisco and Vallejo with a contract with the City of Vallejo. 1997- The Blue & Gold Fleet acquired most of Crowley Maritime’s Red & White Fleet, 2011- The Blue & Gold Fleet was chosen to operate the San Francisco Bay Ferry System by the Water Emergency Transportation Authority
15.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
16.
Richmond, California
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Richmond is a city in western Contra Costa County, California, United States. The city was incorporated on August 7,1905, under the McLaughlin Administration, Richmond was the largest city in the United States served by a Green Party mayor. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the population is at 103,710. The largest, Richmond, Virginia, is the namesake of the California city, the Ohlone Indians were the first inhabitants of the Richmond area, settling an estimated 5,000 years ago. The name Richmond appears to predate actual incorporation by more than fifty years, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad had its terminus at Richmond. The first post office opened in 1900, Richmond was founded and incorporated in 1905, carved out of Rancho San Pablo, from which the nearby town of San Pablo inherited its name. Until the enactment of prohibition in 1919, the city had the largest winery in the world, in the 1920s the Ku Klux Klan was active in the city. In 1930 the Ford Motor Company opened a plant called Richmond Assembly Plant which moved to Milpitas in the 1960s. The old Ford plant has been a National Historic Place since 1988, the city was a small town at that time, until the onset of World War II which brought on a rush of migrants and a boom in the industrial sector. Standard Oil set up here in 1901, including a what is now the Chevron Richmond Refinery and tank farm. There is a pier into San Francisco Bay south of Point Molate for oil tankers, the western terminus of the Santa Fe Railroad was established in Richmond with ferry connections at Ferry Point in the Brickyard Cove area of Point Richmond to San Francisco. Many of these lived in specially constructed houses scattered throughout the San Francisco Bay Area, including Richmond, Berkeley. A specially built rail line, the Shipyard Railway, transported workers to the shipyards, kaisers Richmond shipyards built 747 Victory and Liberty ships for the war effort, more than any other site in the U. S. The city broke many records and even built one Liberty ship in a five days. On average the yards could build a ship in thirty days, the medical system established for the shipyard workers at the Richmond Field Hospital eventually became todays Kaiser Permanente HMO. It remained in operation until 1993 when it was replaced by the modern Richmond Medical Center hospital, Point Richmond was originally the commercial hub of the city, but a new downtown arose in the center of the city. It was populated by many department stores such as Kress, J. C. Penney, Sears, Macys, during the war the population increased dramatically and peaked at around 120,000 by the end of the war. Once the war ended the workers were no longer needed
17.
San Francisco, California
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
18.
Antioch, California
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Antioch is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. Located in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area along the San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta, it is a suburb of San Francisco, the citys population was 102,372 at the 2010 census and estimated to be 110,542 in 2015. Antioch is one of the oldest towns in California, in 1848, John Marsh, owner of Rancho Los Meganos, one of the largest ranches in California, built a landing on the San Joaquin River in what is now Antioch. It became known as Marshs Landing, and was the point for the 17. It included a pier extending out into the river, enabling vessels drawing 15 feet of water to tie up there at any season of the year. In 1850, two brothers, William and Joseph Smith, founded a town slightly west of Marshs Landing, in 1851, the towns new minister persuaded the residents to change the name of the town to Antioch, for the biblical city of Antioch. This new industry resulted in the founding of the towns of Nortonville, Somersville, Stewartsville, and Black Diamond, the Empire Coal Company was formed by John C. Rouse and George Hawxhurst in 1876, which built a railroad that passed from Antioch toward the mines over what is now F Street, however, later on, both the mine and the railroad passed into the hands of the Belshaw brothers. In 1863, a great excitement arose over the discovery of ore near Antioch. Smelting works were built at Antioch, and a value of fifteen to twenty-five dollars per ton was paid for the ore, unfortunately the copper bubble eventually burst, to the dismay of the citizens with connections. Petroleum was first drilled for near Antioch in 1865, but not enough oil was found to make a decent profit. The Antioch Post Office was opened in 1851, closed in 1852, re-opened in 1855, closed again in 1862, the city of Antioch was incorporated in 1872. The Antioch Ledger was first issued on March 10,1870, in memory of when the paper was formed, a copy of its first issue has been framed and hangs over the desk of the present editor. It is five by eight inches in size, printed on one side only, the Ledger later merged with the Contra Costa Times and printed its last issue in 2005. Today, Antioch is mainly a community, with most adults working in larger cities toward Oakland. However, the Contra Costa Times and affiliated newspapers contradicted their claim, Disturbing, only its not, according to a Bay Area News Group analysis of sex offender addresses and census data. Monte Rio ranked first with 4.5 per 1000, the city was attempting in 2012 to annex an adjacent 678-acre area of unincorporated land, which includes a GenOn Energy 760-megawatt power plant, to include the plant within city limits. Antioch is located at 38°00′18″N 121°48′21″W, along the San Joaquin River at the end of the San Joaquin-Sacramento River Delta
19.
Hercules, California
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Hercules is a city in western Contra Costa County, California. Situated along the coast of San Pablo Bay, it is located in the region of the San Francisco Bay Area. Hercules has a 2010 population of 24,060 according to the U. S. Census, starting in the 1970s, Hercules was heavily redeveloped as suburban bedroom community that lies along the I-80 corridor in Eastern Contra Costa County. Hercules has an ethnically diverse population. This grant was reconfirmed in 1842 as Rancho El Pinole, in 1848 this area became part of the United States with rest of California. Contra Costa County was created in 1850 as one of California’s original 27 counties, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad came through the area around 1899. The company’s history was shaped by the Hercules Powder Company. Herculess isolated location at the time, plus its proximity to rail and water transportation along San Pablo Bay, in 1879 the company, backed by DuPont and the Laflin & Rand Powder Company created the Hercules Powder Company which purchased land for a new plant that opened in 1881. On December 15,1900 town management incorporated the City of Hercules as it felt that the County Board of Supervisors had become less supportive of the plant, a post office was established in 1914. On USGS maps the place designation Herpoco along the original Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway right-of-way, still remains. Explosives manufacturing was indeed a hazardous industry in that era, in first 38 years of operations in Hercules,59 lives would be taken including 24 in large explosion in February 1908, later, further deadly explosions would plague the plant in 1944,1948 and 1953. The Sherman Antitrust Act would force Dupont to spin the Hercules Powder Company off as an independent company in 1912, between the 1890s and 1940s Hercules was a company town of several hundred people. 36 buildings from the era still exist and were nominated to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. Per this application “Hercules was the area’s most desirable community to live in” with well-kept homes, however all residents were company employees. Although Chinese workers were a component of the company workforce before the 1910s. By 1917, the Hercules plant had become the largest producer of TNT in the country, by the 1940s Hercules organized its own law enforcement department and longtime Hercules Powder Company employee William Darke was named sheriff, becoming its first officer. After World War II the company began to diversify its line and build an anhydrous ammonia plant. Explosive manufacturing was discontinued in Hercules in 1964, in 1974, the cessation of explosives production allowed hundreds of acres of protective “buffer” land to be reused for other purposes
20.
Martinez, California
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Martinez is a city and the county seat of Contra Costa County, California, in the East Bay of the San Francisco Bay Area. The population was 35,824 at the 2010 census, the downtown is notable for its large number of preserved old buildings and antique shops. Martinez is located on the shore of the Carquinez Strait in the San Francisco Bay Area, directly facing the city center of Benicia. In 1824 the Alhambra Valley was included in the Rancho El Pinole Mexican land grant to Ygnacio Martínez, in 1847, Dr. Robert Semple contracted to provide ferry service from Martinez to Benicia, which for many years was the only crossing on the Carquinez Strait. By 1849, Martínez served as a way station for the California Gold Rush, the town was laid out in 1849 by Col. William M. Smith and named for Martinez. It became the county seat in 1850, but could not incorporate at the time because it lacked the 200 registered voters required, Martinez was the home of naturalist John Muir from 1880 until his death in 1914. He was buried about a mile south of the building that is now the John Muir National Historic Site, also nearby is the Vicente Martinez Adobe, built in 1849 by the son of Ygnacio Martinez. The first post office opened in 1851, in 1860, Martinez played a role in the Pony Express, where riders would take the ferry from Benicia. In 1915, Shell Oil Company built an oil refinery in unincorporated Martinez, a second area refinery, together with the Shell facilities, help make Martinez a significant petroleum processing center and port. The oil refineries in and near Martinez can still be seen today from Interstate 680, folk etymology in Martinez claims the invention of the Martini cocktail and that it is named for the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 13.1 square miles. The Martinez–Benicia Bridge carries Highway 680 across the end of the Carquinez Strait to Solano County. The city can be defined as a densely built downtown valley threaded by Alhambra creek. Suburban areas stretch south of Highway 4 to join the city of Pleasant Hill. Unincorporated areas include the rural Alhambra Valley and the Franklin Canyon area, the Martinez Regional Shoreline bounds the city to the north along the Carquinez Strait. Carquinez Strait Regional Shoreline includes the Franklin Hills west of downtown, stretching west to the community of Port Costa. Briones Regional Park borders the Alhambra Valley to the south, waterbird Regional Preserve and the McNabney Marsh border the city and Highway 680 to the east. Martinezs location at the east end of the Carquinez Strait as it widens to Suisun Bay includes dramatic water views stretching to the Sierra range, from surrounding ridge tops views stretch to nearby Mt. Diablo, Mt. St. Helena, Mt. Tamalpais, etc
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Redwood City, California
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Redwood City is a city on the San Francisco Peninsula in Northern Californias Bay Area, approximately 27 miles south of San Francisco, and 24 miles northwest of San Jose. Redwood Citys history spans its earliest inhabitation by the Ohlone people to being a port for lumber and other goods, the county seat of San Mateo County, it is the home of several technology companies such as Box, Oracle, Evernote, Wealthfront, and Electronic Arts. At the 2010 census, the city had a population of 76,815, the Port of Redwood City is the only deepwater port on San Francisco Bay south of San Francisco. Redwood City is the location of the San Mateo County Jail, the Malibu Grand Prix long time landmark was recently demolished along with the citys only Mini Golf, Go-Kart, Video Game Arcade, and Batting Cages. Malibu Grand Prixs previous location is currently the site of a new additional Jail. The Hetch Hetchy water pipeline runs through Redwood City and supplies a vast majority of the area with low grain rated water. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 34.7 square miles, a major watercourse draining much of Redwood City is Redwood Creek, to which several significant river deltas connect, the largest of which is Westpoint Slough. Palomar Park, just north of Emerald Hills and east of San Carlos Crestview area, is another Redwood City neighborhood that is part of unincorporated San Mateo County. Although Redwood City has a middle class, the south eastern section of Redwood City highly resembles working class North Fair Oaks in demographic make-up. El Camino Real, a northwest/southeast arterial street and Woodside Road and it is a very diverse cosmopolitan city in the Bay Area, a newly popular destination in the peninsula and the Bay as a whole. Redwood City, along with most of the Bay Area, enjoys a mild Mediterranean climate, with warm, dry summers and cool, relatively wet winters. The National Weather Service, which both a forecast center and a cooperative office in Redwood City, reports that December is the coolest month. The record highest temperature of 110 °F and was recorded on July 14 and 15,1972, the record lowest temperature of 16 °F was recorded on January 11,1949. Annually, there are an average of 21.6 days with highs of 90 °F or higher and 2.8 days with highs of 100 °F or higher, the normal annual precipitation is 20.56 inches. The most rainfall in one month was 12.42 inches in February 1998, the record 24-hour rainfall of 4.88 inches was on October 13,1962. There are an average of 62.1 days with measurable precipitation, snow flurries have been observed on rare occasions, there was some minor snow accumulation in May 1935, January 1962, and February 1976. The 2010 United States Census reported that Redwood City had a population of 76,815, the population density was 3,955.5 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Redwood City was 46,255 White,1,881 African American,511 Native American,8,216 Asian,795 Pacific Islander,14,967 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 29,810 persons
22.
Treasure Island
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Treasure Island is an adventure novel by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson, narrating a tale of buccaneers and buried gold. Treasure Island is traditionally considered a story and is noted for its atmosphere, characters. It is one of the most frequently dramatized of all novels and it was first published as a book on 14 November 1883, by Cassell & Co. A seaman with intact legs shows up, frightening Billy—who drinks far too much rum—into a stroke, and Billy tells Jim that his former shipmates covet the contents of his sea chest. After a visit from yet another man, Billy has another stroke and dies, Jim and his mother unlock the sea chest, finding some money, a journal, and a map. The local physician, Dr. Livesey, deduces that the map is of an island where a deceased pirate—Captain Flint—buried a vast treasure, the district squire, Trelawney, proposes buying a ship and going after the treasure, taking Livesey as ships doctor and Jim as cabin boy. PART II—THE SEA COOK Several weeks later, Trelawney sends for Jim and Livesey and introduces them to Long John Silver, a one-legged Bristol tavern-keeper whom he has hired as ships cook. They also meet Captain Smollett, who tells them that he dislikes most of the crew on the voyage, after taking a few precautions, however, they set sail on Trelawnys schooner, the Hispaniola, for the distant island. During the voyage, the first mate, a drunkard, disappears overboard, and just before the island is sighted, Jim—concealed in an apple barrel—overhears Silver talking with two other crewmen. They are all former gentlemen ofortune in Flints crew and have planned a mutiny, the men still on the ship, led by the coxswain Israel Hands, run up the pirate flag. The next morning, Silver appears under a flag of truce, offering terms that the captain refuses, at Smolletts refusal to surrender the map, Silver threatens an attack, and, within a short while, the attack on the stockade is launched. PART V—MY SEA ADVENTURE After a battle, the surviving mutineers retreat, having lost six men, when Livesey leaves in search of Gunn, Jim runs away without permission and finds Gunns homemade coracle. After dark, he goes out and cuts the ship adrift, the two pirates on board, Hands and OBrien, interrupt their drunken quarrel to run on deck, but the ship—with Jims boat in her wake—is swept out to sea on the ebb tide. Exhausted, Jim falls asleep in the boat and wakens the next morning, bobbing along on the west coast of the island, eventually, he encounters the ship, which seems deserted, but getting on board, he finds OBrien dead and Hands badly wounded. He and Hands agree that they will beach the ship at an inlet on the northern coast of the island, as the ship is finally beached, Hands attempts to kill Jim but is himself killed in the attempt. Then, after securing the ship as well as he can, Jim goes back ashore, once there, in utter darkness, he enters the blockhouse—to be greeted by Silver and the remaining five mutineers, who have somehow taken over the stockade in his absence. PART VI—CAPTAIN SILVER Silver and the others argue about whether to kill Jim and he tells Jim that, when everyone found the ship was gone, the captains party agreed to a treaty whereby they gave up the stockade and the map. In the morning, the doctor arrives to treat the wounded and sick pirates, after he leaves, Silver and the others set out with the map, taking Jim along as hostage
23.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
24.
San Francisco Ferry Building
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The San Francisco Ferry Building is a terminal for ferries that travel across the San Francisco Bay, a food hall and an office building. It is located on The Embarcadero in San Francisco, California, on top of the building is a 245-foot tall clock tower with four clock dials, each 22 feet in diameter, which can be seen from Market Street, a main thoroughfare of the city. Designed in 1892 by American architect A, Page Brown in the Beaux Arts style, the ferry building was completed in 1898. At its opening, it was the largest project undertaken in the city up to that time, Brown designed the clock tower after the 12th-century Giralda bell tower in Seville, Spain, and the entire length of the building on both frontages is based on an arched arcade. With decreased use since the 1950s, after bridges were constructed across the bay to carry passenger traffic, in 2002, a restoration and renovation were undertaken to redevelop the entire complex. The 660-foot long Great Nave was restored, together with its height, a marketplace was created on the ground floor, the former baggage handling area. The second and third floors were adapted for office and Port Commission use, during daylight, on every full and half-hour, the clock bell chimes portions of the Westminster Quarters. The ferry terminal is a designated San Francisco landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the present structure was designed in 1892 by A. Page Brown, a New York architect who had started with McKim, Mead & White, influenced by studies at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he designed the clock tower after the 12th-century Giralda bell tower in Seville, Spain. Brown designed it to satisfy needs of a society in high style associated with traditional buildings. The highest quality materials were used, such as marble and mosaics for the state seal, the 660-foot-long Great Nave on the second floor was the major public space for arriving and departing ferry passengers. Opened in 1898, the building replaced a wooden predecessor, the well-built reinforced building with its arched arcades survived both the 1906 and the 1989 earthquakes with little damage. It served as the destination for commuters to San Francisco from the East Bay, who rode the ferry fleets of the Southern Pacific, in the afternoon, they caught ferries returning across the bay. A loop track in front of the building enabled convenient transfers to streetcars, a large pedestrian bridge spanned the Embarcadero in front of the Ferry building to facilitate safe crossing of the busy plaza and transit hub. In the 1940s, this bridge was deconstructed to supply scrap metal for the Second World War. Until the completion of the Bay Bridge and Golden Gate Bridge in the 1930s, after the bridges opened, and the new Key System trains began running to the East Bay from the Transbay Terminal in 1939, passenger ferry use fell sharply. The formerly grand public space was reduced to a narrow and dark corridor, passengers were made to wait for ferries on outdoor benches, and the ticketing booths were moved to the pier. With the construction in the late 1950s of the Embarcadero Freeway, pedestrian access was treated as an afterthought, and the public was cut off from the waterfront
25.
Pier 41
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Pier 41 is a ferry terminal on Fishermans Wharf in San Francisco. The former headquarters of Blue & Gold Fleet, their box offices are now located at Pier 39, the Pier is located east of the Fishermans Wharf district and to the west of Pier 39. The ferry terminal is close to North Beach, Chinatown, the area is easily accessible via the historic F Market streetcars. From Pier 41 you can see Angel Island, Alcatraz, Golden Gate Bridge, there is service to the Oakland Ferry Terminal, the Sausalito Ferry Terminal, and the Ayala Cove Ferry Terminal on Angel Island
26.
Angel Island (California)
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Angel Island is an island in San Francisco Bay offering expansive 360° views of the San Francisco skyline, the Marin County Headlands and Mount Tamalpais. The entire island is included within Angel Island State Park and is administered by California State Parks, Angel Island is the second largest island in area of the San Francisco Bay. The island is so large that on a day, Sonoma and Napa can be seen from the north side of the island. The highest point on the island, almost exactly at its center, is Mount Caroline Livermore at a height of 788 feet, the island is separated from the mainland of Marin County by Raccoon Strait, the depth of the water approximately 90 feet. The United States Census Bureau reported an area of 3.107 km². Until about ten years ago, Angel Island was connected to the mainland. From about two years ago the island was a fishing and hunting site for Coast Miwok Native Americans. Similar evidence of Native American settlement is found on the mainland of the Tiburon Peninsula upon Ring Mountain. In 1775, the Spanish naval vessel San Carlos made the first European entry to the San Francisco Bay under the command of Juan de Ayala, Ayala anchored off Angel Island, and gave it its modern name, the bay where he anchored is now known as Ayala Cove. In his book Two Years Before the Mast, published in 1840, Richard Henry Dana, like much of the California coast, Angel Island was subsequently used for cattle ranching. In 1863, during the American Civil War, the U. S. Army was concerned about Confederate naval raiders attacking San Francisco and it decided to construct artillery batteries on Angel Island, first at Stuart Point and then Point Knox. Col. René Edward De Russy was the Chief Engineer, James Terry Gardiner was the engineer tasked with designing and supervising the work. The Army established a camp on the island, and it became an infantry garrison during the US campaigns against Native American peoples in the West. In the later 19th century, the designated the entire island as Fort McDowell and developed further facilities there. A quarantine station was opened in Ayala Cove in 1891, during the Spanish–American War the island served as a discharge depot for returning troops. It continued to serve as a transit station throughout the first half of the 20th century, at the end of World War I the disembarkation center was commanded by William P. Burnham, who had commanded the 82nd Division in France during the war. In 1938, hearings concerning charges of membership in a political party against labor leader Harry Bridges were held on Angel Island before Dean James Landis of Harvard Law School. After eleven weeks of testimony that filled nearly 8,500 pages, the decision was accepted by the United States Department of Labor and Bridges was freed
27.
Oyster Point Marina/Park
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Oyster Point Marina/Park is a 455 berth public marina and 33-acre park located in the city of South San Francisco, California on the western shoreline of San Francisco Bay. The City of South San Francisco owns Oyster Point Marina/Park, the San Mateo County Harbor District has operated Oyster PointMarina/Park under a Joint Powers Agreement with the City since 1977. The marina is located close to job centers in various office complexes. It includes a fuel dock, boat launching ramp, and fishing pier, in addition to boating and parkland, there are hiking and jogging trails, picnic areas, and 2.3 miles of sandy beaches. The Oyster Point Landfill is a closed, unlined Class III landfill that was in operation from 1956 to 1970, prior to 1956, what would become the Oyster Point Landfill area consisted of tidal marshlands and upland soils and bedrock. Between 1956 and 1970, the City of South San Francisco leased the site to the now defunct landfill operator The South San Francisco Scavenger Company, in 1956, Scavenger began disposal operations at the landfill. Initially, municipal waste was disposed of on the ground. This activity ended in 1957 following the enactment of laws prohibiting open air burning of rubbish in the Bay Area, to address the new air quality restrictions South City and Scavenger established a solid waste disposal site on the submerged lands just east of the original Oyster Point. The landfill was developed in three phases, filling of the first section began in 1957 and was completed by late 1961. The first area to be filled extended into the Bay about 1,500 feet eastward from the original bluff, Scavenger placed waste directly into the tidelands and used a wire fence to control the discharge of solids into the Bay due to tidal action. Waste disposal operations eventually resulted in the relocation of the shoreline approximately 3,000 feet to the east of the pre-landfill shoreline, the landfill material consists of up to 45 feet of poorly compacted municipal and industrial waste. Typical waste found within the landfill includes the following, chemicals, drums, paper, cardboard, organic matter, wood, glass, metal, rubber, rocks, concrete, and other materials. The base of the material has been compressed into, and mixed with. The volume of waste in the landfill is approximately 2.5 million cubic yards and this volume of waste would cover a football field almost to the height of the Empire State Building. Beginning in 1961, the landfill received liquid industrial waste for disposal, the types of liquid waste included paints, thinners, and coagulated solvent sludge. The liquid wastes were placed in a sump, no records describing the construction of the sump have been found. Liquid industrial wastes were disposed of in this sump from 1961 until 1966, in July 1966, the City of South San Francisco discontinued the use of Sump 1 and used Sump 2 until 1967. The total volume of industrial waste received by the landfill in 1965 and 1966 is estimated at 608,351 and 378,680 gallons
28.
AT&T Park
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AT&T Park is a baseball park located in the South Beach neighborhood of San Francisco, California. Since 2000, it has served as the home of the San Francisco Giants, originally named Pacific Bell Park, then SBC Park in 2003 after SBC Communications acquired Pacific Bell, the stadium was ultimately christened AT&T Park in 2006 following SBCs buyout of AT&T. The park stands along the San Francisco Bay, a segment of which is named McCovey Cove in honor of former Giants player Willie McCovey, AT&T Park has also played host to both professional and collegiate American football games. Professionally, AT&T Park was the home of the San Francisco Demons of the XFL, the stadium can be reached via San Franciscos Muni Metro, the 2nd and King Station is directly outside the ballpark. Originally designed to be a 42, 000-seat stadium, there were slight modifications before the design was complete. When the ballpark was brought to the box in the fall of 1996 for voter approval. Also the center-field scoreboard was atop the wall and the Giants Pavilion Building were two separate buildings. Groundbreaking on the ballpark began on December 11,1997, in the waterfront area of San Francisco known as China Basin in the up-and-coming neighborhoods of South Beach. The stadium cost $357 million to build and supplanted the Giants former home, Candlestick Park, a team of engineers from UC Davis was consulted in the design process of the park resulting in wind levels that are approximately half those at Candlestick. Fans had shivered through 40 seasons at The Stick and looked forward to warmer temperatures at the new ballpark, when it opened on March 31,2000, the ballpark was the first Major League ballpark built without public funds since the completion of Dodger Stadium in 1962. However, the Giants did receive a $10 million tax abatement from the city, the Giants have a 66-year lease on the 12. 5-acre ballpark site, paying $1.2 million in rent annually to the San Francisco Port Commission. The park opened with a capacity of 40,800. In April 2010, the became the first MLB ballpark to receive LEED Silver Certification for Existing Buildings, Operations. The opening series took place April 11–13,2000 against the Los Angeles Dodgers, in the first game of that series, the Giants lost 6–5, highlighted by three home runs from the Dodgers Kevin Elster. On May 1,2000, Barry Bonds became the first player to hit a splash hit home run into McCovey Cove, in just its first few years of existence, the ballpark saw its share of historic events primarily due to veteran Giants outfielder Barry Bonds. On April 17,2001, Bonds hit his 500th career home run at then-Pacific Bell Park. Later that year, he set the season home run record when he hit home runs number 71,72. On August 9,2002, Bonds hit his 600th career home run at the park
29.
San Francisco Giants
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The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball franchise based in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams, and renamed three years later to the New York Giants, the team moved to San Francisco in 1958. The Giants compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League West division. As one of the longest-established and most successful baseball teams. The team was the first major team based in New York City. They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions – both NL records, the Giants eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and are tied for fourth overall. The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times –14 times in New York, six in San Francisco –, the Giants franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball. The Giants rivalry with the Dodgers is one of the longest-standing, the teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers, respectively, before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season. The Giants have won six pennants and three World Series championships since arriving in San Francisco and those three championships have come in 2010,2012, and most recently in 2014, having defeated the Kansas City Royals four games to three during the 2014 World Series. The Giants began as the baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie, the Gothams, as the Giants were originally known, entered the National League in 1883, while their other club, the Metropolitans played in the American Association. Nearly half of the original Gotham players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans, Louis Browns in a pre-modern-era World Series. They repeated as champions the year with a pennant and Championship victory over the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. It is said that one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Mutrie. From then on, the club was known as the Giants, the Giants original home stadium, the Polo Grounds, dates from this early era. It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to 5th and 6th Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets, the Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s, winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 and 1889. But nearly all of the Giants stars jumped to the upstart Players League, whose New York franchise was named the Giants. The new team built a stadium next door to the Polo Grounds
30.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
31.
Bay Farm Island, Alameda, California
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Bay Farm Island is a district of the city of Alameda, California, though it is separated from the rest of the city on Alameda Island by an estuary. The location was originally an island in San Francisco Bay, marshes and other areas of the island were also reclaimed by landfill. Prior to 20th century development, Bay Farm Island was farmland with asparagus being the principal crop, in addition, the area was the site of large oyster beds which regularly supplied restaurants in nearby San Francisco. Today, Bay Farm Island is home to the 36-hole Chuck Corica Golf Complex, the Oakland Raiders headquarters, office and retail complexes, and several housing developments. There is a chain of lagoons as well as community parks including Shoreline Park, which offers stunning views of the San Francisco skyline. A greenbelt is also present which encompasses the perimeter of the peninsula, the largest development on Bay Farm Island is named Harbor Bay Isle, generally bounded to the north and east portion of the island by Island Drive and Mecartney Drive. Harbor Bay Isle has twenty homeowners associations covering each of the residential subdivisions, Harbor Bay Isle excludes the three southern townhome developments, Islandia, Casitas, and Garden Isle, as well as the single-family homes to the east of Island Drive. Much of the development is built on reclaimed land There are two schools on Bay Farm Island, Bay Farm Elementary and Amelia Earhart Elementary. The latter is named for aviator Amelia Earhart, who started many of her flights from the nearby Oakland Airport, in the weekday mornings and afternoons there are student only bus rides from neighborhoods on Bay Farm Island to various local schools. In addition, the Harbor Bay Ferry provides commuter service to the San Francisco Ferry Building
32.
Jack London Square
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Jack London Square is a popular entertainment and business destination on the waterfront of Oakland, California, United States. A farmers market is hosted among the shops on Sunday mornings. The former presidential yacht USS Potomac is moored at an adjacent slip, Jack London Square is located at the south end of Broadway, across the Oakland Estuary from Alameda. Current California Governor Jerry Brown made his home here before moving north to the Uptown neighborhood. KTVU, the Bay Areas Fox affiliate, has had studios at the Square since it began broadcasting on March 3,1958, swarm Gallery is a contemporary art gallery in the neighborhood. A mainline railroad runs through the middle of the street, with the speed limit set at 15 mph. The tracks running through Jack London Square are used by BNSF Railway, Capitol Corridor, Coast Starlight, San Joaquin, the trains share the road with automobiles, AC Transit buses, and pedestrians. The square is a popular spot for railfans. Jack London Square’s most recent changes are adding more businesses, restaurants, under lead developer Ellis Partners, Jack London Squares new architecture and public spaces are adding to the daytime and nighttime population and use. Recent new components include the 55 Harrison building, a 178,000 square-foot mid-rise by RMW Architects in association with Steve Worthington, Jack London District, Oakland, California Chinatown, Oakland, California Old Oakland Official website The Jack London District Association The Jack London News
33.
Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco
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Fishermans Wharf is a neighborhood and popular tourist attraction in San Francisco, California. It roughly encompasses the northern waterfront area of San Francisco from Ghirardelli Square or Van Ness Avenue east to Pier 35 or Kearny Street. The F Market streetcar runs through the area, the Powell-Hyde cable car runs to Aquatic Park, at the edge of Fishermans Wharf. One, Achille Paladini, found success wholesaling local fish as owner of the Paladini Fish Company, most of the Italian immigrant fishermen settled in the North Beach area close to the wharf and fished for the local delicacies and the now famed Dungeness crab. From then until the present day it remained the base of San Franciscos fishing fleet. Despite its redevelopment into a tourist attraction during the 1970s and 1980s, seafood restaurants are aplenty in the area. Some include the floating Forbes Island restaurant at Pier 39 to stands that serve fresh seafood, most notably Dungeness crab, some of the restaurants, including Fishermens Grotto, Pompeis Grotto and Aliotos, go back for three generations of the same family ownership. Other restaurants include chains like Joes Crab Shack and Bubba Gump Shrimp Co, other attractions in Fishermans Wharf area are the Hyde Street Pier, the USS Pampanito, a decommissioned World War II era submarine, and the Balclutha, a 19th-century cargo ship. Nearby Pier 45 has a chapel in memory of the Lost Fishermen of San Francisco, there is a sea lion colony next to Pier 39. They took-up residence months before the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989, the sea lions lie on wooden docks that were originally used for docking boats. He has been a permanent entertainer in the Fishermans Wharf area for the past 30 years and has gained an amount of notoriety among the locals. In 1985, the wharf was used as a location in the James Bond film A View to a Kill. Fishermans Wharf Merchants Association For visitor information including lodging, dining, attractions, sightseeing, arcadia Publishing Fishermans Wharf Merchants Association Fishermans Wharf Community Benefit District JB Monaco Fishermans Wharf Photo Gallery
34.
Vallejo Ferry Terminal
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The Vallejo Station is an inter-modal transit station in Vallejo, California. It is located at the part of Central Vallejo and includes the Vallejo Ferry Terminal, multi-story parking garage/paseo. It is the northernmost ferry terminal in the San Francisco Bay Area, the Vallejo Transit Center is the central transfer point for all SolTrans buses and connects with Napa VINE. The headquarters of SolTrans and Vallejo Convention and Visitors Bureau are located within the station as well
35.
Mare Island
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Mare Island is a peninsula in the United States in the city of Vallejo, California, about 23 miles northeast of San Francisco. The Napa River forms its eastern side as it enters the Carquinez Strait juncture with the east side of San Pablo Bay, Mare Island is considered a peninsula because no full body of water separates this or several other named islands from the mainland. Instead, a series of small sloughs cause seasonal water-flows among the so-called islands, Mare Island is the largest of these at about 3.5 miles long and a mile wide. In 1775, Spanish explorer Perez Ayala was the first European to land on what would become Mare Island - he named it Isla de la Plana and this area was part of Rancho Suscol, deeded to General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo in 1844. It became a waypoint for early settlers, in 1835, whilst traversing the Carquinez Strait, a crude ferry transporting men and livestock capsized in a squall. Among the livestock feared lost in the wreckage was the white mare of General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. Several days later, General Vallejos mare was found on the island, grateful for the fortunate turn of events, he renamed the island to Isla de la Yegua, Spanish for Mare Island, in her honor. In 1892, development of the Mare Island Golf Club began, on November 6,1850, two months after California was admitted to statehood, President Fillmore reserved Mare Island for government use. On January 15,1852, Secretary of the Navy William Alexander Graham ordered a Naval Commission to select a site for a Naval Yard on the Pacific Coast, Commodore D. Sloat along with Commodore C. Sanger (former overseer of construction of Drydock Number One, Norfolk Naval Shipyard were appointed to the commission, on July 13,1852, Sloat recommended the island across the Napa River from the settlement of Vallejo, as it was free from ocean gales and from floods and freshets. The Navy Department acted favorably on Commodore Sloats recommendations and Mare Island was purchased for use as a shipyard in July 1853 at a cost of $83,410. On September 16,1854, Mare Island became the first permanent U. S. naval installation on the west coast, with Commodore David Farragut, for over a century, Mare Island was the Navys Mare Island Naval Shipyard. The growing size and number of the naval fleet was making older facilities obsolete. Public Works Department commenced construction of a 508-foot drydock on the island, the work was completed in 1891. A second drydock was begun in 1899, a concrete structure 740 feet long set on wooden piles, by 1941 a third drydock had been completed and drydock number four was under construction. The ammunition depot and submarine repair base were modern, fireproof buildings, a million dollar, three-way vehicle causeway to Vallejo replaced a ferry service. Before World War II, Mare Island had been in a state of up-building. The yard was expected to be able to repair and paint six to eight large vessels at a time
36.
SolTrans
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SolTrans, officially Solano County Transit, is a Joint Powers Authority that provides public transportation service to the southern Solano County cities of Vallejo and Benicia. SolTrans was established in 2011 and is the result of a merger between Vallejo Transit and Benicia Breeze, the origins of SolTrans lead back to the early 20th century between two independent bus companies who served southern Solano County. These two companies were acquired by the cities of either of Vallejo or Benicia, before consolidating to become Solano County Transit. The Vallejo Bus Company was founded by Hartley Lowell in 1919, in 1935, the Vallejo Bus Company began to change hands between a number of owners until 1949 when the City of Vallejo took control of it. However, the Vallejo City Council opted to close it in 1956 due to financial restraints, in response, community leaders led by Senator Luther Gibson created the Vallejo Citizens Transit Corporation in hopes of continuing services in Vallejo. The city subsequently transferred the fleet of thirteen buses to VCTC, the Benicia-Vallejo Stage Line was founded 1915 by Milo Passalacqua. The Stage Line offered a route between Mare Island and Benicia, serving Vallejos train stations and ferry docks, in 1982, the City of Benicia began operating Benicia Dial-a-Ride, a local demand responsive transit service. Service was later expanded on July 1,1986 to include a route between Benicia and the Pleasant Hill BART station, this service was called the Benicia Bay Connection. The city also began subsidizing the Benicia-Vallejo Stage Line, on October 1,1986, the Bay Connection and Stage Line were merged to become Benicia Transit. This new company was managed by Community Transit Services, who were acquired by Laidlaw. During the 1990s, Benicia Transit adds a number of routes, such as the Southampton Express. They also purchase five used Gillig Phantoms for their main route, MV Transportation was awarded a contract to operate Benicia Transit in 2000, who would acquire controlling interest in VCTC five years later, transforming it into an MV subsidiary. By October 2005, all named routes were converted into numbers, the main Vallejo/Pleasant Hill eventually being Route 75, the Amtrak being Route 23, and school trippers being Routes 15 through 18. 2006 saw Benicia Transit being re-branded as Benicia Breeze, replacing its dial-a-ride service into deviated fixed-routes, Route 75 was eventually retired in favor of Vallejo Transit Route 78, which extends the route to Walnut Creek. Discussions of merging the two agencies have occurred since 2005, however it wasnt until 2009 when a merger was seriously considered. On November 16,2010, both agreed to enter into a joint powers authority agreement with the STA, calling the new transit agency Solano County Transit. The name was selected out of fifteen others as it opens the possibility of other agencies in the county to join the agreement. In 2013, National Express Transit replaced MV as the contractor, SolTrans provides local and express bus service to the Solano County cities of Vallejo, Benicia, and Fairfield, California
37.
Out (baseball)
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In baseball, an out occurs when the umpire rules a batter or baserunner out. When three outs are recorded in an inning, a half of the inning, or their turn at batting. To signal an out, an umpire makes a fist with one hand. Home plate umpires often use a motion to signal a called third strike. The most common ways batters or runners are put out are by strikeouts, fly outs, tag outs, the ball is dead and no runner may score, nor runners advance, except runners forced to advance. In baseball statistics, each out must be credited to exactly one defensive player, when referring to outs credited to a defensive player, the term putout is used. Example, a batter hits a ball which is fielded by the shortstop. The shortstop then throws the ball to the first baseman, the first baseman then steps on first base before the batter reaches it. For this play, only the first baseman is credited with a putout, for a strikeout, the catcher is credited with a putout, because the batter is not out until the pitched ball is caught by the catcher. When an out is recorded without a direct involvement, such as where a runner is hit by a batted ball. Although pitchers seldom get credited with putouts, they are credited with their role in getting outs through various pitching statistics such as innings pitched and strikeouts. Safe Tie goes to the runner Official rules for batters, including when the batter is out Official rules for runners, including when the runner is out
38.
Richmond Ferry Terminal
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Richmond Ferry Terminal is a former ferry terminal located in the Marina Bay neighborhood of Richmond, California. Specifically, the terminal is located at Ford Point on the Richmond Inner Harbor which opens onto the East Bay of San Francisco Bay, Ford Point derives its name from the historic Ford Plant that is located nearby which is now being converted to an industrial park. The terminal hosted a commuter service to the San Francisco Ferry Building weekdays. The voyage took approximately 45 minutes one-way, the service began in 1999, but was discontinued in the late 2000s in the economic downturn following the dot-com bust. Ferry ridership plummeted and the service became economically unsustainable, which led Red, in fact the average ridership was 45 per trip and about 200 were needed for fiscal sustainability. The terminal had its own dedicated AC Transit feeder service from Point Richmond, planning meetings were held to reopen and remodel the terminal at the Craneway Pavilion in Richmonds Marina Bay. A public comment period found that there were concerns for walking distance between ferry and parking and also bicycle parking, an environmental review was ordered to last up to nine months. Funding was approved in 2015, with service expected to begin in 2018. In April 2016, the San Francisco Ferry building secured a $4 million federal grant, the funds will be used for construction, beginning in 2017, of new berths, to be ready for ferry service to Richmond beginning as early as 2018
39.
Marina Bay, Richmond, California
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Marina Bay is located in Richmonds protected Inner Harbor. It was developed in the mid-1980s in an effort to clean up what had been up to point the defunct World War II-era Kaiser Shipyards. Marina Bay was planned as an up-scale residential waterfront community with apartments, condominiums, townhouses, the area is also home to many retail and light-industry businesses. The city considers it one of its success stories and uses it as an template for other projects, the area hosts an 850-berth marina. Marina Bay Yacht Harbor is also known as Richmond Marina Bay and was built by the City of Richmond in the early 1980s, the berths are divided into four sections along the north shore, D-Dock, E-Dock, F-Dock & G-Dock. Berth sizes range from 26 long to 61 long with several end-ties available up to 100 long, a launch ramp is available in the northwest corner of the marina. The marina Entrance Channel was dredged to -12 mean lower low water in the Fall of 2011, the marina basin itself is 12 to 18 deep at MLLW, a legacy of the time when the basin was Shipyard #2 and used to construct Liberty Ships during World War II. On the northeast corner of the bay is one of the few clubs in the East Bay that offer monthly memberships. Dedicated on October 14,2000, the hosts the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park to honor the contributions of the American women labor force during World War II. The area the monument stands in was known as Kaiser Shipyard #2 where women worked alongside men to construct military transport. The monument is a straight pathway containing inscriptions and photographs depicting that era, the length of the path is approximately the length of a Liberty Ships keel and contains three sculptures to abstractly represent the ships bow, steam stack, and stern. The former Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant has been transformed into a complex that houses light-industry, a restaurant/bar. Shimada Friendship park is a monument to Shimada, Japan which is one of Richmonds sister cities, City of Richmond Marina Bay Neighborhood Council Rosie the Riveter Trails for Richmond Action Committee
40.
Clipper Card
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The Clipper card is a reloadable contactless smart card used for electronic transit fare payment in the San Francisco Bay Area. First introduced as TransLink in 2002 by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission as a pilot program, in 1993, Bay Area Rapid Transit and County Connection launched a pilot program named Translink that allowed the use of a single fare card between the two systems. The card, which used magnetic stripe technology, was envisioned to one day include all Bay Area transit agencies, however, due to technical problems, the program was abandoned two years later. Translink had a capital cost of $4 million when undertaken in 1993. In its current form, first as TransLink and later as Clipper, cost estimates have since increased, the projected 25-year capital and operations costs are now estimated at $338 million. Scheduled implementation delays have added up to more than a decade, in 1998, MTC envisioned full availability of TransLink by 2001. However, it was operational for only five transit agencies by 2009. As of December 2011, Clipper was only accepted by eight of the Bay Areas transit agencies, Clipper was developed by Australian-based ERG Group and Motorola under the ERG-Motorola alliance in April 1999. However, upon the launch of Clipper, Cubic Transportation Systems has taken over administration of distribution, customer service, full implementation of Clipper has been far slower than that of similar contactless smart cards, including the Oyster card and SmarTrip, chiefly due to bureaucratic difficulties. In October 2010, the MTC selected 路路通 as the official Chinese name for Clipper, obtaining a card was free from introduction in June 2010 to encourage users to adopt the card, until September 1,2012 when new adult cards began to cost $3. This charge covers the approximately $2 per card to manufacture and reduces the incentive to throw away the card if the value goes negative when fare is calculated on exit, the $3 fee is waived if the card is registered to auto-load more value. Passengers can add money to their Clipper cards in person at work, automatically, while the money is added immediately in person, it will take 3–5 days before it registers on the Clipper card if added by telephone or online. A number of regional transit agencies have not yet joined Clipper, including ACE. Clipper utilizes a NXP Semiconductors MIFARE DESFire integrated circuit to manufacture the card, the card operates on the 13.56 MHz range putting it into the Near Field Communication category. Because the card uses NFC technology, any NFC-enabled device can read the number, travel history. However, data cannot be written to the card without the proper encryption key, the former Translink cards, while still functional on the fare system readers, do not conform to MIFARE and are unreadable by 13.56 MHz readers. Because Clipper operates in multiple areas with sporadic or non-existent internet access. To accomplish this, the Clipper card memory keeps track of balance on the card, fares paid, and trip history
41.
Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area
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Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area is reliant on a complex multimodal infrastructure consisting of roads, bridges, highways, rail, tunnels, airports, and bike and pedestrian paths. A2011 Brookings Institution study ranked the San Francisco MSA and the San Jose MSA sixteenth and second, respectively, another nationwide study, conducted by the University of Minnesota in 2014, ranked the San Francisco MSA second and San Jose MSA tenth. Despite this, the San Francisco Bay Area remains the second most traffic-congested region in the country with a declining per capita use of public transit, the following airports are served by commercial airlines. In addition there are general aviation airports in the region. San Francisco International Airport The busiest in the region, and an international hub airport in California second only to LAX. Hub to United Airlines and Virgin America, Oakland International Airport The second-busiest airport in the region and a major base airport for Southwest Airlines. Oakland International Airport is the oldest of the Bay Areas civilian airports still in use, the site was chosen due to its superior weather conditions for aircraft operations. Mineta San Jose International Airport The third-busiest and fastest-growing airport in the Bay Area, another minor airport is Charles M. Schulz - Sonoma County Airport in Santa Rosa. It is served by two airlines, Horizon Air and Allegiant Air. In addition to rail and bus systems, there are public and private ferry services, such as Golden Gate Ferry. Most of the larger agencies accept the Clipper Card, a contactless smart card. An extensive rail infrastructure that provides a mix of services exists within the nine Bay Area counties, an expansion that is currently under construction will build an additional station in Alameda County and bring BART south into Santa Clara County by 2016. The Millbrae Intermodal Terminal provides transfers between Caltrain and BART, the Altamont Commuter Express, commonly known as ACE, also provides commuter rail service, but from the Central Valley into Silicon Valley, terminating in the San Jose Diridon Station. In addition, Amtrak has a presence throughout the Bay Area, stations in Martinez and Emeryville feature Coast Starlight and California Zephyr service. The Capitol Corridor connects Bay Area cities to Sacramento, and features BART transfer stations at Richmond, a series of overlapping bus agencies provide additional public transit coverage to Bay Area regions both served and not served by rail transit. All of these also provide limited night bus service, which are intended to shadow the rail routes that are closed during the nighttime hours for maintenance. The ferry, along all the major train and bus operators. In addition, Bay Area residents may rent bicycles from the Bay Area Bike Share in certain parts of San Francisco, San Mateo, until 1971 the Southern Pacific Railroad operated from its Third and Townsend Depot commuter trains to San Jose and long distance trains to Los Angeles
42.
Altamont Corridor Express
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The Altamont Corridor Express is a commuter rail service in California, connecting Stockton and San Jose. ACE is named for the Altamont Pass, through which it runs, service is managed by the San Joaquin Regional Rail Commission, and operations are contracted to Herzog Transit Services, using AAR assigned reporting mark HTSX. The 86-mile route includes ten stops, with travel time about 2 hours and 10 minutes end-to-end, the tracks are owned by Union Pacific Railroad. ACE uses Bombardier BiLevel Coaches and MPI F40PH-3C locomotives, service began on October 19,1998, with two weekday round trips. A third round trip was added in May 2001, followed by a round trip in October 2012. As of 2016, average ridership is 4,900. Under the ACEforward program, a number of improvements to the service are being considered and these include a rerouted line through Tracy, an extension to Modesto and Merced, and connections to BART at Union City and Tri-Valley. In November 1990, San Joaquin County voters passed Measure K, the highest-priority project was the establishment of passenger rail service to San Jose. In 1995, San Joaquin County and seven cities along the formed the San Joaquin Regional Rail Commission to oversee the creation of the service. In May 1997, the Altamont Commuter Express Joint Powers Authority was formed by the SJRRC, Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority and that agreement formalized financial support, administrative processes, and governance for the rail service. The operation is funded by a variety of state and federal sources, cost sharing for capital projects, excluding stations, during the initial 36 months of service was determined by the JPA on a case-by-case basis and approved by each of the member agencies. The initial purchase of rolling stock, construction of stations, and other start-up costs, Station improvements are the responsibility of the county in which the station is located. ACE pays the owner of the right of way, Union Pacific Railroad, about $1.5 million per year, service began on October 19,1998, which two daily round trips running to San Jose in the morning and Stockton in the evening. The original service used two trainsets, each with 4 bilevel coach cars, for a seated capacity of 1120 passengers in each direction daily. In September 1999, the service reached 1000 daily riders per direction, the trip was added after ACE funded $3 million in track improvements to reduce conflicts with Union Pacific freight trains and Amtrak Capitol Corridor trains. By early 2001, ACE regularly carried more than 700 daily standees, although the third train added 560 seats in each direction, it brought an immediate increase in 380 daily riders. ACE then planned to add a fourth round trip later in the year, however, by late 2001, the deepening dot-com recession was severely hurting ridership, and expansion plans were put on hold. On June 30,2003, the ACE JPA was dissolved in favor of a Cooperative Services Agreement between the three member agencies, on January 6,2003, ACE introduced the Stockton Solution Shuttle, allowing Stockton passengers to use the ACE trip which terminated at Lathrop/Manteca
43.
AirTrain (SFO)
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AirTrain is a fully automated people mover at San Francisco International Airport. The system was built by Bombardier at a cost of US $430 million, the trains operate 24 hours a day on two separate lines, covering a total of six miles. The entire AirTrain fleet is wheelchair accessible and allows rented moving carts on board, AirTrain operates on two lines—Red Line and Blue Line—both of which run every 2½ minutes. The Red Line travels in a loop, beginning with Garage G station and ending with Garage A station. Alternatively, passengers may walk around the loop instead of riding AirTrain. AirTrain does not provide access to SFOs long-term parking garage and lots, instead, as of December 2013, plans are underway to build an additional long-term parking garage just south of the existing one, the new garage would be built to accommodate a future AirTrain extension. In addition, the airport is seeking an appropriation of $67.7 million from the City and County of San Francisco to build the extension and it is funded by a $20 airport fee charged by rental car companies. The AirTrain stations at the International Terminal are located one level above ticketing, stations at Terminals 1,2, and 3 are located on level 5 of the domestic parking garage and can be accessed near security checkpoints B, D, and F. Airport rail link AirTrain JFK Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line SFO AirTrain, San Francisco International Airport
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Bay Area Rapid Transit
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Bay Area Rapid Transit is a public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area. The rapid transit elevated and subway system connects San Francisco with cities in Alameda, Contra Costa, BART operates 5 routes on 104 miles of track connecting 45 stations, plus a 3. 2-mile automated guideway transit line to the Oakland International Airport which adds an additional station. A spur line in eastern Contra Costa County will utilize other rail technologies, with an average of 433,000 weekday passengers and 128.5 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2016, BART is the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States. The systems acronym is pronounced Bart, like the name, BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, formed in 1957. As of 2017, it is being expanded to San Jose with the consecutive Warm Springs, some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit Systems current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System. This early 20th-century system once had regular trans-bay traffic across the deck of the Bay Bridge. By the mid-1950s, that system had been dismantled in favor of highway travel, a new rapid-transit system was proposed to take the place of the Key System during the late 1940s, and formal planning for it began in the 1950s. Some funding was secured for the BART system in 1959, passenger service began on September 11,1972, initially just between MacArthur and Fremont. All nine Bay Area counties were involved in the planning and envisioned to be connected by BART, before the system began revenue service, serious problems in the design and operation of the Automatic Train Control system were observed. Three engineers working for BART, Max Blankenzee, Robert Bruder, BART management was dismissive of their concerns, so the three took the issue to the board of directors. All but two of the directors voted in February 1972 to support management and reject the safety concerns, management retaliated against the engineers, firing them in March 1972. The IEEE later filed the first amicus brief in its history to support the engineers. The California Society of Professional Engineers reported to the California State Senate in June 1972 that there were serious safety risks with the ATC. Legislative analyst A. Alan Post, opened an investigation immediately, an ATC failure caused the train to run off the end of the elevated track and crash to the ground, injuring four people on-board, and drawing national and international attention. The “Fremont Flyer” led to a redesign of the train controls. The California State Public Utilities Commission imposed stringent oversight over train operations, the legislative analyst issued the first of three “Post Reports” in November 1972. The report was “sharply critical” of BART, finding that the ATC system was unreliable, the ATC program was mismanaged, and “no solution was in sight. ”The report accused BART of paying excessive fees for engineering services. BART’s general manager called the indictment of safety in the Post Report “not only disappointing, telephone calls were placed manually between stations, instead
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California Zephyr
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The California Zephyr is a passenger train operated by Amtrak between Chicago, Illinois, and Emeryville, California, via Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California. At 2,438 miles it is Amtraks longest route after the Texas Eagle, Amtrak claims the route as one of its most scenic, with views of the upper Colorado River valley in the Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevada. It was scheduled to pass through the most spectacular scenery on its route in the daylight. Since 1983 the California Zephyr name has applied to the Amtrak service, which operates daily and is a hybrid of the route of the original Zephyr and its former rival. During fiscal year 2012, the California Zephyr carried more than 376,000 passengers, the train had a total revenue of $47,605,728 in 2012, a 6. 4% increase on 2011. Cars owned by different railroads ran together, cars cycled in and out for service, repairs, and varying passenger loads with the seasons. The first train was named in San Francisco by Eleanor Parker while California Lieutenant Governor Goodwin Knight, mayor of San Francisco Elmer Robinson, for the inaugural run in 1949, every woman on the train was given silver and orange orchids flown from Hilo, Hawaii. The car hostesses were known as Zephyrettes, in summer 1954 the schedule for 2,532 miles Chicago to San Francisco was 50hr 50min. An eastbound California Zephyr through Ruby Canyon saw the trains first birth on March 1,1955, the California Zephyr was not immune to falling passenger travel in the 1960s, moreover, it began to lose money even when sold out. The Western Pacific applied to discontinue its portion in 1966 but the Interstate Commerce Commission refused after public outcry. The D&RGW made the same request in 1969 and in 1970 the ICC permitted Western Pacific to end its portion, provided the D&RGW, the last westbound California Zephyr to the west coast left Chicago on March 22,1970 and arrived in Oakland two days later. The California Zephyr had operated for 21 years and 2 days, east of Salt Lake City the train was reduced to a tri-weekly schedule, operating as California Service on the Burlington and as the Rio Grande Zephyr on the Rio Grande. The Rio Grande portion of the train was extended beyond Salt Lake to Ogden, Utah, allowing Nevada and this continued until the creation of Amtrak on May 1,1971. After debuting on the Denver Zephyr in 1936, they served on the California Zephyr from 1949 until it was discontinued in 1970, at any one time, there were 10 or 11 Zephyrettes who were actively employed. When Amtrak revived the California Zephyr in 1983 it invited a former Zephyrette, Beulah Bauman, a pair of the Western Pacifics Budd Rail Diesel Cars, replacements for the Royal Gorge, also picked up the name Zephyrette. At the last minute, the Rio Grande refused to join Amtrak and this forced Amtrak on to the Union Pacifics Overland Route through southern Wyoming instead of Colorado. The Rio Grande continued to operate the Rio Grande Zephyr between Denver and Ogden, in 1983 the D&RGW elected to join Amtrak, citing increasing losses in passenger operations. Amtrak re-routed the San Francisco Zephyr over the D&RGWs Moffat Subdivision between Denver and Salt Lake City, its preference from 1971
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Clipper card
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The Clipper card is a reloadable contactless smart card used for electronic transit fare payment in the San Francisco Bay Area. First introduced as TransLink in 2002 by the Metropolitan Transportation Commission as a pilot program, in 1993, Bay Area Rapid Transit and County Connection launched a pilot program named Translink that allowed the use of a single fare card between the two systems. The card, which used magnetic stripe technology, was envisioned to one day include all Bay Area transit agencies, however, due to technical problems, the program was abandoned two years later. Translink had a capital cost of $4 million when undertaken in 1993. In its current form, first as TransLink and later as Clipper, cost estimates have since increased, the projected 25-year capital and operations costs are now estimated at $338 million. Scheduled implementation delays have added up to more than a decade, in 1998, MTC envisioned full availability of TransLink by 2001. However, it was operational for only five transit agencies by 2009. As of December 2011, Clipper was only accepted by eight of the Bay Areas transit agencies, Clipper was developed by Australian-based ERG Group and Motorola under the ERG-Motorola alliance in April 1999. However, upon the launch of Clipper, Cubic Transportation Systems has taken over administration of distribution, customer service, full implementation of Clipper has been far slower than that of similar contactless smart cards, including the Oyster card and SmarTrip, chiefly due to bureaucratic difficulties. In October 2010, the MTC selected 路路通 as the official Chinese name for Clipper, obtaining a card was free from introduction in June 2010 to encourage users to adopt the card, until September 1,2012 when new adult cards began to cost $3. This charge covers the approximately $2 per card to manufacture and reduces the incentive to throw away the card if the value goes negative when fare is calculated on exit, the $3 fee is waived if the card is registered to auto-load more value. Passengers can add money to their Clipper cards in person at work, automatically, while the money is added immediately in person, it will take 3–5 days before it registers on the Clipper card if added by telephone or online. A number of regional transit agencies have not yet joined Clipper, including ACE. Clipper utilizes a NXP Semiconductors MIFARE DESFire integrated circuit to manufacture the card, the card operates on the 13.56 MHz range putting it into the Near Field Communication category. Because the card uses NFC technology, any NFC-enabled device can read the number, travel history. However, data cannot be written to the card without the proper encryption key, the former Translink cards, while still functional on the fare system readers, do not conform to MIFARE and are unreadable by 13.56 MHz readers. Because Clipper operates in multiple areas with sporadic or non-existent internet access. To accomplish this, the Clipper card memory keeps track of balance on the card, fares paid, and trip history
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