1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
Hearst Communications
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Hearst Communications, often referred to as simply Hearst, is an American mass media and business information conglomerate. The Hearst company is based in the Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan and it was founded by William Randolph Hearst as an owner of newspapers, and the Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management. Under William Randolph Hearsts will, a board of thirteen trustees administers the Hearst Foundation, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. The foundations shared ownership until tax law changed to prevent this, Frank A. Bennack Jr. former chief executive officer and executive vice chairman of the corporation John G. Conomikes, former executive of the corporation Gilbert C. In 1880, George Hearst, mining entrepreneur, American publisher, on March 4,1887, he turned the Examiner over to his son, 23-year-old William Randolph Hearst. He pushed his staff to write exciting stories, and wrote editorials worded with force. Within a few years, the new Examiner was a success, in 1895, Hearst purchased the New York Journal, laying the foundation for one of the major newspaper dynasties in American history. He established Hearsts Chicago American in 1900, renamed the morning edition of the New York Journal as the New York American in 1901, the Los Angeles Examiner was launched in 1903 followed by the Boston American one year later. Hearst experimented with every aspect of publishing, from page layouts to editorial crusades. His newspapers introduced innovations such as presses, halftone photographs on newsprint, comic sections printed in color. Stories by Hearst correspondents from around the world were sold to newspapers, giving rise to the Hearst International News Service. In 1903, Hearst Magazines was begun with the publication of Motor magazine, within the next 10 years Hearst acquired several popular titles, starting in 1905 with Cosmopolitan and Good Housekeeping in 1911. Also in 1911, Hearst bought a middling monthly magazine called World To-Day, in June 1914, its title was shortened to Hearsts, and it was ultimately retitled Hearsts International in May 1922. In 1953 Hearst Magazines bought Sports Afield magazine which it kept until 1999 when it was sold to Robert E. Petersen, Hearst began producing film feature in the mid-1910s, creating one of the earliest animation studios, the International Film Service. Hearst established Cosmopolitan Pictures in the 1920s, distributing his films under the newly created Metro Goldwyn Mayer, in 1929, Hearst and MGM created the Hearst Metrotone newsreels. In order to spare serious cutbacks at San Simeon, Hearst merged Hearsts International magazine with Cosmopolitan effective March 1925, Hearst died in 1951, and the Hearsts International disappeared from the magazine cover altogether in April 1952. In the 1920s and 1930s, Hearst owned the biggest media conglomerate in the world, in 1924 he also merged his Milwaukee operations with the Pfister family, owners of The Milwaukee Sentinel. Hearst owned the evening Wisconsin News while the Pfisters kept the Sentinel adding Hearsts features from the now-folded Telegram, in 1925, Hearst sold the Syracuse Telegram to the owners of the Syracuse Journal, while selling the New York Mirror in 1928
4.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
8.
OCLC
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The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
9.
San Francisco Bay Area
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The San Francisco Bay Area is a populous region surrounding the San Francisco and San Pablo estuaries in Northern California. The region encompasses the cities and metropolitan areas of San Jose, San Francisco. The Bay Areas nine counties are Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Solano, and Sonoma. The combined statistical area of the region is the second-largest in California, the fifth-largest in the United States, the Bay Area has the second-most Fortune 500 Companies in the United States, and is known for its natural beauty, liberal politics, entrepreneurship, and diversity. The eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay, the inner East Bay is more densely populated, with generally older buildings, and a more ethnically diverse population. The word Lamorinda was coined by combining the names of the cities it includes, Lafayette, Moraga, walnut Creek is situated east of Lamorinda and north of the San Ramon Valley and, together with Concord, Martinez, and Pleasant Hill comprises Central Contra Costa County. The cities of Antioch, Pittsburg, Brentwood, Oakley and the areas surrounding them comprise East Contra Costa County. The Tri-Valley consists of the Amador, the Livermore, and the San Ramon Valleys, dublin and Pleasanton comprise the Amador Valley, Livermore lies in the Livermore Valley, and the San Ramon Valley consists of Alamo, Danville, Diablo and its namesake, San Ramon. The outer East Bay is connected to the inner East Bay by BART, Interstate 580 to the south, and State Routes State Route 4 to the north, the outer East Bays infrastructure was mostly built up after World War II. This area remains largely white demographically, although the Hispanic and Filipino populations have grown significantly over the past 2–3 decades, the region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area encompasses Marin County, Sonoma County, Napa County, the city of Fairfield, being part of Solano County, is often considered the easternmost city of the North Bay. With few exceptions, this region is affluent, Marin County is ranked as the wealthiest in the state. The North Bay is relatively rural compared to the remainder of the Bay Area, with areas of undeveloped open space, farmland. Santa Rosa in Sonoma County is the North Bays largest city, with a population of 167,815 and a Metropolitan Statistical Area population of 466,891, making it the fifth-largest city in the Bay Area. The North Bay is the section of the Bay Area that is not currently served by a commuter rail service. The area from San Francisco to the Silicon Valley, geographically part of the San Francisco Peninsula, is known locally as The Peninsula, many of these families are of foreign background and have significantly contributed to the diversity of the area. Whereas the term peninsula technically refers to the entire geographical San Franciscan Peninsula, in local terms, San Francisco is surrounded by water on three sides, the north, east, and west. The city squeezes roughly 870,000 people in under 47 square miles, on any given day, there can be as many as 1 million people in the city because of the commuting population and tourism
10.
M. H. de Young
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Michael Henry M. H. de Young was an American journalist and businessman. De Young was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the family was Jewish, and immigrated from the Netherlands and France. He was the son of Cornelia Amelia and Miechel de Young, de Young moved with his family to San Francisco, California while he was still young. He attended and graduated from Heald College, a San Francisco college founded in 1863, in San Francisco, de Young and his brother, Charles de Young, founded the Daily Dramatic Chronicle newspaper, first published on January 16,1865. The Chronicle was the predecessor of the San Francisco Chronicle, San Franciscos only remaining daily broadsheet newspaper, de Young was also the director of the Associated Press for many years. After his death in 1925, his son-in-law George Toland Cameron, became publisher, de Young and his wife Katherine had five children, Charles de Young Helen de Young, who married George T. Spreckels, apparently due to a newspaper article, but survived. M. H. de Young died on February 15,1925, the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum in San Franciscos Golden Gate Park, which originally opened in 1895, is named in his honor. De Young helped develop the gem collection for what became California’s first museum in 1894 and he purchased many things of curious and artistic and instructive value. He is also the great-great-grandfather of actor Max Thieriot
11.
West Coast of the United States
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The West Coast or Pacific Coast is the coastline along which the contiguous Western United States meets the North Pacific Ocean. As a region, this term most often refers to the states of California. More specifically, it refers to an area defined on the east by the Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada and Mojave Desert, the U. S. Census groups the five states of California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii together as the Pacific States division. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the Census Bureaus Pacific Region was approximately 47.8 million – about 15. 3% of US population. The largest city on the west coast of the United States is Los Angeles, small isolated groups of hunter-gatherers migrated alongside herds of large herbivores far into Alaska. Between 16,500 BCE and 13,500 BCE, ice-free corridors developed along the Pacific coast and valleys of North America, Alaska Natives, indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, and California indigenous peoples eventually descended from the Paleo-Indians. They developed various languages and established trade routes, later, Spanish, British, French, Russian, and American explorers and settlers began colonizing the area. The West Coast of the United States has a climate in its Northern edge towards the Canada–US border. The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the areas during summer. In far Northern California there is a difference of 17 °C between Eurekas and Willow Creek in spite of only 25 miles separating the locations and Willow Creek being located at a 500 metres elevation, coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool. Since the West Coast has been populated by more recently than the East Coast. Additionally, its demographic composition underlies its cultural difference from the rest of the United States. Californias history first as a major Spanish colony, and later Mexican territory, has given the lower West Coast a distinctive Hispanic tone, which it also shares with the rest of the Southwest. Similarly, two of the three cities in which Asian Americans have concentrated, San Francisco and Los Angeles, are located on the West Coast, San Franciscos Chinatown, the oldest in North America, is a vibrant cultural center. The West Coast also has a large share of green cities within the United States. Other writers, like Jean Baudrillard, Mike Davis, and Umberto Eco, have made related statements on Californian culture, in the Northwest, Portland and Seattle are both considered among the coffee capitals of the world. While Starbucks originated in Seattle, both towns are known for coffee roasters and independent coffeeshops. In the Pacific Northwest at large, which includes the Canadian west coast, the culture has significantly shaped by the environment, especially by its forests, mountains
12.
Ritz-Carlton Club and Residences
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The Ritz-Carlton Club and Residences is a 312-foot luxury residential skyscraper in the Financial District of San Francisco, California. The residences are built atop the historic Old Chronicle Building, sometimes called the de Young Building, in 1888, M. H. de Young, owner of the San Francisco Chronicle, commissioned Burnham and Root to design a signature building to house his newspaper. Finished in 1890, the Chronicle Building stood ten stories, with a tower reaching 218 feet in height, becoming San Franciscos first skyscraper. In 1905, a celebration of the re-election of Mayor Eugene Schmitz stopped in front of the building and launched fireworks, the damaged clock tower was removed and de Young added two additional floors along Market Street and a 16-story annex along Kearny Street. The Chronicle Building survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake but was damaged by the ensuing fire. The building was rebuilt by architect Willis Polk, who ran the San Francisco office of Burnham, in 1962, in an effort to modernize the building, its owners covered the original masonry facade with a new facade of aluminum, glass, and porcelain paneling. By 2004, new owners received approval to restore the facade, convert the building to residential use. The Old Chronicle Building was designated San Francisco Landmark No.243 in 2004, the building re-opened as the Ritz-Carlton Club and Residences in November 2007. San Franciscos tallest buildings List of early skyscrapers Official website
13.
Burnham and Root
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Burnham and Root was one of Chicagos most famous architectural companies of the nineteenth century. It was established by John Wellborn Root and Daniel Hudson Burnham, during their eighteen years of partnership, Burnham and Root designed and built residential and commercial buildings. Their success was crowned with the coordination of the Worlds Columbian Exposition in 1893, the two men met when they worked as apprentice draftsmen in the offices of Drake, Carter, and Wight in 1872. A year later established their own architecture office and began work by building private residences for the wealthy elite of Chicagos meat industry. Both of them married into wealthy families which allowed them to establish a basis for their business, Daniel Hudson Burnham was one of the handsomest men I ever saw, said Paul Starrett who joined Burnham and Root in 1888. It was easy to see how he got commissions and his very bearing and looks were half the battle. While Burnham was the designer and impressive salesperson, Root became the creative genius of the company. When Burnham and Root were together, one woman said I used always to think of big strong tree with lightning playing around it. Louis Sullivan, the architect, called Burnham a colossal merchandiser obsessed with building the biggest and costliest structures of the city. The most significant buildings designed by Burnham and Root were built in the late 1880s and that is when Roots designs actually paved the way for modern day skyscrapers. Until then, buildings relied on exterior masonry for support limiting their height to 12 stories, the invention of steel support beams gave him the possibility to build higher and to add more windows. The Rand McNally Building, completed in 1890, was the first ever steel-framed skyscraper in the world, another characteristic of his designs that revolutionized modern architecture is his invention of the urban office block floor plan as we know it. As commissions multiplied, Burnham and Root had the opportunity to experiment and refine their style to create, such buildings as the Great Northern hotel, the Argyle and the Pickwick demonstrate Roots singular style. Hence, the greatest architects of the time were invited to participate in the design of the Worlds Columbian Exposition, Root died in 1891, leaving his greatest project incomplete. Daniel Burnham, despite only having experience and no formal training in the field of architecture, was then given the responsibility to finish coordinating the fair. When it opened for six months, from June to November 1893, the Exposition was home to many innovations, among which the first Ferris wheel, which was the result of a challenge set out by Burnham to design a structure of comparable ingenuity and novelty. Following his success and the loss of his business partner, Burnham continued to operate under the name D. H. Burnham and Co. The projects begun by Root were completed, including the Masonic Temple in 1892 and it is then that Burnhams architectural talent became the driving force of the business, resulting in such iconic buildings such as the Flatiron Building in New York City
14.
Gothic Revival architecture
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Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
15.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
16.
Pierre Salinger
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Pierre Emil George Salinger was an American politician, author and journalist. He served as the White House Press Secretary to U. S. Presidents John F. Kennedy, Salinger served as a United States Senator in 1964 and was campaign manager for the 1968 Robert F. Kennedy presidential campaign. Salinger was born in San Francisco, California and his father, Herbert Salinger, was a New York City-born mining engineer, and his mother, Jehanne, was a French-born journalist. Salingers mother was Catholic and his father was Jewish and his maternal grandfather was Pierre Biétry, a member of the French National Assembly, who became known for his vigorous defense of Capt. Alfred Dreyfus, who was wrongly convicted of treason in 1894. His defense of Dreyfus was so impassioned at times during the trial that the Assembly had to be shut down for the day, after the evidence and court found Dreyfus innocent and he was released from life-imprisonment on Devils Island, Dreyfus became a symbol of injustice and right-wing repression. Bietry died in Indochina at the age of thirty-nine, Salinger was considered a child prodigy in music who played on a grand piano even before he learned to read. When they discovered his talent at the piano, after they had moved to Canada, his parents enrolled him in the Toronto Conservatory of Music. He recalls, Each weekday, a tutor came to the house for three hours of instruction, and when she left, I was free to practice the piano for four or five hours. He gave his first public concert when he was six, and was considered a concert pianist and he continued studying piano after they returned to San Francisco where by that time he was able play scores by Bach, Debussy, Beethoven and George Gershwin, whom he once met. But when he was twelve, his mother told him that his piano studies was isolating him from society. She suggested he spend a year away from piano to engage in social activities. He did, but never returned to his goal of becoming a pianist. President Lyndon B. Johnson once had Salinger perform on the piano to 600 of his guests. If Jackie Kennedy was the one who thought maybe America was ready for a culture, her ally in it or her agent was Pierre, said Richard Reeves, author of President Kennedy. Salinger attended public magnet Lowell High School in San Francico, at sixteen, he later went to San Francisco State University from 1941 to 1943, during which time he became managing editor and columnist for the student newspaper. He left SF State to enlist in the United States Navy in July 1943 and he distinguished himself during Typhoon Louise in Okinawa by making a daring rescue of some men stranded on a reef. For this act he received the Navy and Marine Corps medal, after serving with the United States Navy to Lieutenant, junior grade during World War II, Salinger finished his studies at the University of San Francisco, earning a BS in 1947. Salinger then began his career as a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle
17.
Paul Avery
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Paul Avery was an American journalist, best known for his reporting on the serial killer known as the Zodiac, and later for his work on the Patricia Hearst kidnapping. Avery was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, the son of Howard Malcom Avery, a U. S. Navy officer and pilot and he was raised and educated in Honolulu, Oakland, California, and Washington, D. C. He was 23 years old at the time, Avery joined the San Francisco Chronicle in 1959. In the 2nd half of the 1960s, Avery took a leave of absence from the Chronicle, in Saigon, Avery co-founded Empire News, a freelance photojournalism organization. He expanded Empire News, opening a branch in Hong Kong, before returning to San Francisco, Avery reported on the Zodiac case, a series of killings—unsolved to this day—that began in December 1968 and ostensibly ended with the death of a San Francisco cab driver in October 1969. At the time, Avery was a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle. For a long time, it was thought that the Zodiacs activities were limited to the Bay Area, the Zodiac soon wrote Avery a Halloween card, warning, You are doomed. The front of the read, From your secret pal. Then inside, But why spoil the game and it was at this time that Avery began carrying a.38 caliber revolver. Avery covered the Hearst case until the newspaper heiress-turned-bank robber was arrested in September 1975, Avery then holed up on his houseboat at Gate 5 in Sausalito with Boston writer Vin McLellan to write The Voices of Guns, a book on the SLA and the Hearst kidnapping. Despite his progressive illness with emphysema, Avery continued working in crime, after joining The Sacramento Bee in 1976, he discovered that authorities had wrongly charged an innocent man with murder, and was instrumental in convincing detectives to drop the charges. While covering the war in Vietnam, Avery suffered a fracture when a falling tree limb knocked him from atop an armored personnel carrier. Avery died of emphysema in West Sound, Washington on December 10,2000. Averys family scattered his ashes in the San Francisco Bay the following June, at the time of his death, Avery was married to Margo St. James, a feminist organizer and founder of the sex workers rights group COYOTE. He has two daughters from a marriage, Charlé Avery and Cristin Avery. He has a daughter, Janet Anderson. Avery was portrayed by Robert Downey, Jr. in the 2007 film Zodiac, in 2010, his former colleague Lance Williams wrote that the movie portrayed Avery as ruined by the Zodiac. Transcription of Paul Averys 1970 Zodiac article
18.
Zodiac Killer
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The Zodiac Killer was a serial killer who operated in northern California in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Zodiac murdered victims in Benicia, Vallejo, Lake Berryessa, four men and three women between the ages of 16 and 29 were targeted. The killer originated the name Zodiac in a series of taunting letters sent to the local Bay Area press, of the four cryptograms sent, only one has been definitively solved. Suspects have been named by law enforcement and amateur investigators, the San Francisco Police Department marked the case inactive in April 2004, but re-opened it at some point prior to March 2007. The case also remains open in the city of Vallejo, as well as in Napa County, the California Department of Justice has maintained an open case file on the Zodiac murders since 1969. Although the Zodiac claimed 37 murders in letters to the newspapers, investigators agree on only seven confirmed victims, two of whom survived. They are, David Arthur Faraday,17, and Betty Lou Jensen,16, shot and killed on December 20,1968, on Lake Herman Road, within the city limits of Benicia. Coordinates, 38°5′41. 61″N 122°8′38. 24″W Michael Renault Mageau,19, while Mageau survived the attack, Ferrin was pronounced dead on arrival at Kaiser Foundation Hospital. Coordinates, 38°7′33. 56″N 122°11′27. 94″W Bryan Calvin Hartnell,20, Hartnell survived eight stab wounds to the back, but Shepard died as a result of her injuries on September 29,1969. Coordinates, 38°33′48. 29″N 122°13′54. 43″W Paul Lee Stine,29, shot and killed on October 11,1969, Edwards and Domingos were identified as possible Zodiac victims because of specific similarities between their attack and the Zodiacs attack at Lake Berryessa six years later. Coordinates, 34°28′11. 20″N 120°10′7. 14″W Cheri Jo Bates,18, stabbed to death and nearly decapitated on October 30,1966, College coordinates, 33°58′19″N 117°22′52″W Donna Lass,25, last seen September 6,1970, in Stateline, Nevada. No evidence has been uncovered to connect Lasss disappearance with the Zodiac Killer definitively. There is also a suspected third escapee from the Zodiac Killer, Kathleen Johns,22, allegedly abducted on March 22,1970, on Highway 132 near I-580, in an area west of Modesto. Johns escaped from the car of a man who drove her and her infant daughter around the area between Stockton and Patterson for approximately 1½ hours, the couple were on their first date and planned to attend a Christmas concert at Hogan High School about three blocks from Jensens home. The couple instead visited a friend before stopping at a local restaurant, at about 10,15 p. m. Faraday parked his mothers Rambler in a gravel turnout, which was a well-known lovers lane. Shortly after 11,00 p. m. their bodies were found by Stella Borges, the Solano County Sheriffs Department investigated the crime but no leads developed. Utilizing available forensic data, Robert Graysmith postulated that another car pulled into the turnout, just prior to 11,00 pm, the killer apparently exited the second car and walked toward the Rambler, possibly ordering the couple out of the Rambler. Jensen appeared to have exited the car first, yet when Faraday was halfway out, fleeing from the killer, Jensen was gunned down twenty-eight feet from the car with five shots through her back
19.
Cryptogram
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A cryptogram is a type of puzzle that consists of a short piece of encrypted text. Generally the cipher used to encrypt the text is simple enough that the cryptogram can be solved by hand, frequently used are substitution ciphers where each letter is replaced by a different letter or number. To solve the puzzle, one must recover the original lettering, though once used in more serious applications, they are now mainly printed for entertainment in newspapers and magazines. Other types of classical ciphers are used to create cryptograms. An example is the book cipher where a book or article is used to encrypt a message, the ciphers used in cryptograms were not originally created for entertainment purposes, but for real encryption of military or personal secrets. The first use of the cryptogram for entertainment purposes occurred during the Middle Ages by monks who had time for intellectual games. In the 19th century Edgar Allan Poe helped to popularize cryptograms with many newspaper, a well-known example of cryptograms in contemporary culture is the syndicated newspaper puzzle Crypto quip. Double letters, apostrophes, and the fact that no letter can substitute for itself in the cipher also offer clues to the solution, occasionally, cryptogram puzzle makers will start the solver off with a few letters. The Cryptogram is also the name of the publication of the American Cryptogram Association. While the Cryptogram has remained popular, over time other puzzles similar to it have emerged, one of these is the Cryptoquote, which is a famous quote encrypted in the same way as a Cryptogram. A more recent version, with a biblical twist, is CodedWord and this puzzle makes the solution available only online where it provides a short exegesis on the biblical text. Yet a third is the Cryptoquiz and this puzzle starts off at the top with a category. For example, Flowers might be used, below this is a list of encrypted words which are related to the stated category. The person must then solve for the entire list to finish the puzzle, yet another type involves using numbers as they relate to texting to solve the puzzle. The Zodiac Killer sent four cryptograms to police while he was still active, despite much research and many investigations, only one of these has been translated, which was of no help in identifying the serial killer. List of famous ciphertexts American Cryptogram Association
20.
Pauline Phillips
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Pauline Esther Popo Phillips, also known as Abigail Van Buren, was an American advice columnist and radio show host who began the Dear Abby column in 1956. During her decades writing the column, it became the most widely syndicated newspaper column in the world, from 1963 to 1975, Phillips also hosted a daily Dear Abby program on CBS Radio. TV anchorwoman Diane Sawyer calls her the queen of salty advice. Pauline Esther Friedman, nicknamed Popo, was born in Sioux City, Iowa to Russian Jewish immigrants, Rebecca, Friedman, owner of a chain of movie theaters. She was the youngest of four sisters and grew up in Sioux City and her identical twin, Esther Pauline Friedman, was columnist Ann Landers. Lederer had become Ann Landers in 1955, and inspired by her sisters example, in describing her familys emigration to America, Phillips says, My parents came with nothing. She adds that her parents never forgot first seeing the Statue of Liberty and they always held her dear, all their lives. Her sister, Esther, recalls their home life, My father was the sort of man came to for advice. My mother couldnt turn away anyone with a hard-luck story and our house was always full of guests. Phillips agrees, and understood that her parents had an effect on her own personality. My contemporaries would come to me for advice, I got that from my mother, the ability to listen and to help other people with their problems. I also got Daddys sense of humor, in July 1939, they were married in a double-wedding ceremony on July 2, two days before their 21st birthday. Pauline married Morton Phillips of Minneapolis, and had two children, a son, Edward Jay Phillips, and a daughter, Jeanne Phillips, Paulines writing career that led to Dear Abby began in January 1956, when she was 37 and new to the greater San Francisco area. Sometime during this period she phoned the editor of the San Francisco Chronicle, in an interview with Larry King, she said she had no work experience, lacking even a social security number. The editor, however, asked if she were a professional writer and he said her writing was fabulous, and she was hired that day. She went by the pen name Abigail Van Buren, after the Old Testament prophetess from the Book of Samuel, ‘Blessed is your advice and blessed are you. Van Buren was used after the president, Martin Van Buren, Phillips says that because she applied for the columnist job without notifying her sister first, it created bad feelings between them for many years. The sisters ostensibly reconciled in 1964, although some suggest the acrimony between them remained, in 1958, after only two years writing their columns, they became the most widely read and most quoted women in the world, according to Life magazine
21.
Dear Abby
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The column was syndicated by McNaught Syndicate from 1956 until 1966, when it moved to Universal Press Syndicate. Dear Abbys current syndication company claims the column is well-known for sound, compassionate advice, as of 1987, over 1200 newspapers ran the column. On June 1,2009, the column moved from the Chicago Tribune to the Chicago Sun-Times, Abby was born Pauline Esther Friedman, and her twin sister was born Esther Pauline Friedman. Abby was known as Popo, and her sister was Eppie, a similar column, Ask Ann Landers, was written from 1955 to 2002 by the elder Phillips twin sister Eppie Lederer. A few months before Pauline Phillips started Dear Abby, her twin sister Eppie Lederer took over the Ann Landers column created by Chicago Sun-Times advice columnist Ruth Crowley in 1943 and this produced a rivalry and lengthy estrangement between the two sisters. On February 13,1987, the Chicago Tribune announced that the Ann Landers column was moving to the Tribune, the Tribune ran both columns, Landers every day and Abby six days a week. Pauline Phillips wrote the column herself until 2000, at which time her daughter Jeanne Phillips began officially writing the column with her, Jeanne Phillips became sole author in August 2002, also announcing that her mother had Alzheimers disease. Pauline Phillips died on January 16,2013, aged 94, Dear Abby was especially known for oft very brief answers with harsh humour, albeit usually enlightening. See also the authors page for other quotes. Miss Manners Dolores Prida Official website Abigail Van Buren at Library of Congress Authorities, with 7 catalog records Works by or about Van Buren in libraries
22.
Lucius Beebe
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Lucius Morris Beebe was an American author, gourmand, photographer, railroad historian, journalist, and syndicated columnist. Beebe was born in Wakefield, Massachusetts, to a prominent Boston family, Beebe attended both Harvard University and Yale University, where he contributed to campus humor magazine The Yale Record. During his tenure at boarding school and university, Beebe was known for his numerous pranks, one of his more outrageous stunts included an attempt at festooning J. P. Morgans yacht Corsair III with toilet paper from a chartered airplane. Beebe earned his degree from Harvard in 1926, only to be expelled during graduate school. During and immediately after obtaining his degree from Harvard, Beebe published several books of poetry, Beebe re-launched Nevadas first newspaper, the Territorial Enterprise, in 1952. Beebe wrote a column for the New York Herald Tribune from the 1930s through 1944 called This New York. The column chronicled the doings of fashionable society at such storied restaurants and nightclubs as El Morocco, the 21 Club, the Stork Club, mr. Beebe is credited with popularizing the term cafe society which was used to describe the people mentioned in his column. The newspaper was relaunched in 1952 and by 1954 had achieved the highest circulation in the West for a weekly newspaper and he and Clegg co-wrote the That Was the West series of historical essays for the newspaper. In 1960 Beebe began work with the San Francisco Chronicle where he wrote a syndicated column, during the six years that he wrote the column, Beebe covered such topics as economics, politics, journalism, religion, history, morals, justice, finance, and travel. He had his own column Along the Boulevard, in Gourmet, some of the restaurants he covered include The Colony, The Stork Club, The Pump Room, the 21 Club, Simpsons-in-the-Strand, and Chasens. A noted wine aficionado, he was a member of the Confrérie des Chevaliers du Tastevin, in addition to his work as a journalist, Beebe wrote over 35 books. His books dealt primarily with railroading and café society and he was the first writer to use a painting by Howard L. Fogg, noted railroad artist, on the cover of a book. Many of his books were written with his longtime companion Charles Clegg. Beebe was inducted into the Nevada Writers Hall of Fame in 1992, along with Clegg, Beebe owned two private railcars, the Gold Coast and The Virginia City. The Gold Coast, Georgia Northern / Central of Georgia No,100, was built in 1905 and is now at the California State Railroad Museum. After Beebe and Clegg purchased The Virginia City they had it refurbished and redecorated by famed Hollywood set designer Robert T. Hanley in a known as Venetian Renaissance Baroque. Beebe in the Virginia City The Virginia City has been restored, Beebe and Clegg wrote about and photographed the Virginia & Truckee Railroad and worked unsuccessfully with other railroad fans to preserve it. Their fame was such that they were caricatured in Fiddletown & Copperopolis, Beebe was also a noted partisan of the Cunard Line and passenger liner travel in general
23.
Art Hoppe
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Art Hoppe was a popular columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle for more than 40 years. He was known for satirical and allegorical columns that skewered the self-important, many columns featured whimsical characters such as expert-in-all-things Homer T. Pettibone and a presidential candidate named Nobody. Occasionally, Hoppe reined in his humor for poignant columns on topics, such as To Root Against Your Country. Hoppe began at the Chronicle as a boy in 1949 and was promoted to reporter before beginning his own column. At the peak of its popularity, Hoppes column appeared in the Chronicle five days a week and was syndicated in more than 100 newspapers nationwide and his close friends included fellow columnists Russell Baker and Art Buchwald. Hoppe received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Society of Newspaper Columnists in 1996, on his own ititiative, he released fellow Chronicle columnist Herb Caen from a mutual vow to accept a special 1996 Pulitzer Prize. He died from complications of cancer in February 2000, aged 74, survived by his wife Gloria. Obituary in the San Francisco Chronicle National Society of Newspaper Columnists Hall of Fame
24.
Charles McCabe
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Charles McCabe was a columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle from the mid-1950s until his death May 1,1983 at the age of 68. He was born and raised in New Yorks Hells Kitchen and was educated by the Jesuits, while at the Chronicle, his boss Scott Newhall assigned him to do a column for the sports section of the newspaper. McCabe knew little about sports and had no interest in the subject. Newhall dubbed him the fearless spectator and took publicity photographs of McCabe perched on a stick, wearing a derby. Initially the column was placed in the section but having little if anything to do with sports it was eventually moved to the features section. He would feverishly type up his column and then leave before 9AM to get his breakfast of five or six Green Deaths at Gino and Carlo, McCabe professed little interest in what his readers wrote to him. His editorial assistant, Mike Brown, would write touching or apologetic replies to most if not all of the letters. It is interesting that people still remember the beautiful letters. McCabe as previously noted was a satirical journalist, while there were sometimes underlying political implications in his columns, it was not common. In the late 1950s, US Steel proposed to build a building near the Embarcadero. Both McCabe and Herb Caen another SF Chronicle columnist wrote strongly against its construction, Green Death was the nickname for Ranier Ale. This was McCabes favorite beer and he wrote about his fondness for the brew in his column. After his death, his friend Denis Prescott poured a bottle of the brew over the side of the ship the Santa Maria in memory of McCabe. McCabe traveled on the Santa Maria frequently and was well known and they stopped the ship and announced the event just prior to the ceremonial pouring I went to Dino and Carlos bar in North Beach every so often with my friend Ron Small. Ron would frequently meet there with a guy who I was told worked at the SF Chronicle and on one occasion this Mr. Charles McCabe. Ron eventually showed up accompanied with the scruftiest looking person I had ever seen and this other guy looked like a unwashed biker. He wore a helmet that reminded me of a Nazi WW2 military helmet, the Grateful Dead were becoming popular around this time and I flashed that this must be PigPen from their band. I moaned good god Mr. McCabe said nothing just looked amused, Ron introduced our latest friend as George
25.
Herb Caen
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A special Pulitzer Prize called him the voice and conscience of San Francisco. After high school he covered sports for The Sacramento Union, in 1936 Caen began writing a radio programming column for the San Francisco Chronicle. When that column was discontinued in 1938, Caen proposed a column on the city itself. An astounding and unduplicated feat, by far the longest-running newspaper column in the country. ,9 What makes him unique, readers who turned to Herb on Feb.14,1966, learned that Willie Mays home was on the market for $110,000. The Bank of America now owned the block where it wanted to build its headquarters, dr. Zhivago director David Lean was in town. Meanwhile, Mike Connolly is ready to concede that the situation in Vietnam is complex, Caen had considerable influence on popular culture, particularly its language. He coined the term beatnik in 1958 and popularized hippie during San Franciscos 1967 Summer of Love and he popularized obscure—often playful—terms such as Frisbeetarianism, and ribbed nearby Berkeley as Berserkeley for its often-radical politics. Waiter Edsel Ford Fung, who became famous for berating and insulting the customers, all with tongue in cheek, died Tuesday at age 55, and the skinny old eating place is in mourning. Edsel, always a fellow with a flair, added the Ford and hinted broadly that he was related to the auto family, by the way, there is no Sam Wo at Sam Wo. The name means something analogous to Three Happiness, but there is only sadness there this week, though Caen relied on an army of reliable tipsters all items were fact-checked. Now and then an item was credited to a mysterious Strange de Jim, sometimes suspected to be a Caen alter ego, de Jim was revealed after Caens death to be a Castro District writer who, despite several coy interviews with the press, remains publicly anonymous. Caen took special pleasure in seeing what he could sneak by his editors—his naughties, such as this item about a shopper looking for a Barbie doll,15 On Sundays, current items were set aside in favor of Mr. For an eternity, the victim twitched in spasm after spasm, doesnt hurt a bit, the warden had said. And from that day on, having been made aware of the States awful vengeance. You bet.94 On December 12,1960 Caen wrote, While youre making out your Christmas cards, you remember to send one to Francis Gary Powers, c/o American Embassy, Moscow. Let him know that U-2 havent forgotten, Powers received almost a hundred cards, most from the San Francisco Bay Area. A collection of essays, Baghdad-by-the-Bay was published in 1949, the Cable Car and the Dragon, a childrens picture book, was published in 1972. In April 1996 Caen received a special Pulitzer Prize for extraordinary, the following month doctors treating him for pneumonia discovered he had inoperable lung cancer
26.
The San Francisco Examiner
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The San Francisco Examiner is a longtime daily newspaper distributed in and around San Francisco, California. The Examiner is one of the pioneers in the industry and has published continuously since 1863. The San Francisco Examiner was sold to Black Press Group, a Canadian media publisher, as of 2014, The San Francisco Media Company LLC is held under, Oahu Publications Inc. a subsidiary of Black Press Group Ltd. In 1880, mining engineer, entrepreneur and US Senator George Hearst bought the Examiner, seven years later, after being elected to the U. S. Senate, he gave it to his son, William Randolph Hearst, who was then 23 years old. The elder Hearst was said to have received the paper as partial payment of a poker debt. William Randolph Hearst created the masthead with the Hearst Eagle and the slogan Monarch of the Dailies. After the great earthquake and fire of 1906 destroyed much of San Francisco, the Examiner and its rivals — the San Francisco Chronicle and the San Francisco Call — brought out a joint edition. The Examiner offices were destroyed on April 18,1906, but when the city was rebuilt, a new structure and it opened in 1909, and in 1937 the facade, entranceway and lobby underwent an extensive remodeling designed by architect Julia Morgan. Ultimately, circulation battles ended in a merging of resources between the two papers, the Examiner published the Sunday papers news sections and glossy magazine, and the Chronicle contributed the features. Circulation was approximately 100,000 on weekdays and 500,000 on Sundays, in its stylebook, the Examiner has traditionally referred to San Francisco as The City, capitalized, both in headlines and text of stories, and continues to do so. San Francisco slang has traditionally referred to the Examiner in abbreviated form as the Ex. When the Chronicle Publishing Company divested its interests, the Hearst Corporation purchased the Chronicle. However, on July 27,2000 a federal judge approved the Fangs assumption of the Examiner name, its archives,35 delivery trucks, from their side, the Fangs paid Hearst $100.00 for the Examiner. On February 24,2003, the Examiner became a daily newspaper and is now printed Sunday through Friday. On February 19,2004, the Fang family sold the Examiner and its printing plant and his new company, Clarity Media Group, launched The Washington Examiner in 2005 and published The Baltimore Examiner from 2006 to 2009. In 2006, Anschutz donated the archives of the Examiner to the University of California, Berkeley Bancroft Library, under Clarity ownership, the Examiner pioneered a new business model for the newspaper industry. Designed to be read quickly, the Examiner is presented in a compact and it focuses on local news, business, entertainment and sports with an emphasis on content relevant to local readers. It is delivered free to select neighborhoods in San Francisco and San Mateo counties, and to single-copy outlets throughout San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Alameda counties, California
27.
Chronicle Publishing Company
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The Chronicle Publishing Company was a print and broadcast media corporation headquartered in San Francisco, California that was in operation from 1865 until 2000. In September 1868, the changed its name to the Morning Chronicle. Over the coming decades, the Chronicle saw massive growth alongside that of San Francisco and that building was superseded by the final company headquarters, still used by the Chronicle, which were built in 1924 at Fifth and Mission Streets. On November 5,1949, CPC would sign on KRON-TV on VHF channel 4 and this was much to the chagrin of NBC itself, which was a runner-up for the station and would desire KRON for the next half-century. In the 1950s, KRON would add an FM radio station at 96.5 MHz, further diversification into broadcasting came in 1975 when the sale of KRON-FM to Bonneville International allowed CPC to purchase the Meredith Corporations WOWT-TV in Omaha, Nebraska. This was followed in 1979 with the purchase of KAKE-TV in Wichita, Kansas and in 1987 when independently owned KLBY in Colby, Kansas was purchased to increase KAKEs reach. In the early 1990s, Chronicle Publishing launched the Bay TV cable network which was operated in conjunction with KRON and was seen on most cable systems in the Bay Area. In 1968, the Chronicle established its own imprint in Chronicle Books. She told Editor & Publisher that the sale of the San Francisco Chronicle would take place over dead body, although Mrs. McEvoy kept her 26. KRON-TV, Young Broadcasting Partner network BayTV went to Young with the sale and was folded in August 2001, H. de Young MBI Publishing, Purchased by New York City investment firm Flagship Partners, Inc. With the exception of the Pantagraph and the imprints, all of the former Chronicle Publishing assets have met some degree of criticism, misfortune. KRON itself also suffered due to the loss of its NBC affiliation to KNTV, Young itself filed for bankruptcy in 2009, but emerged the next year, it sold itself to Media General in 2013, and that company owns KRON at present. Twenty-four de Young family shareholders received at least $2 billion divided among them from the sales of the Chronicle Publishing assets, concentration of media ownership Media in the San Francisco Bay Area History of San Francisco Old Chronicle Building
28.
San Francisco Independent
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Fang gave the newspaper to his 24-year-old son Ted Fang as birthday present. When the established neighborhood newspaper San Francisco Progress folded, Fang gained advertiser and increased circulation, the Independent, widely regarded as a mouthpiece for the political views of the Fang family, focused primarily on neighborhood news. The newspaper declared in an open letter to the readers of the Independent in 2000. The Independent received a significant source of revenue from legal notices, as of December,1998 the Independent was distributed four times per week. As of 2000, it was distributed three times, as of March,2001, the Independent had ceased delivering to homes on Saturdays, being distributed only at newsstands and as an insert into the San Francisco Examiner. The newspaper has since stopped publication, said Brian Antonio, a clerk at the Pacific Stock Exchange of the Independent, Oh, thats the one nobody reads. Thats the one that goes right in the recycling bin, the Fang family heavily protested the proposed purchase by Hearst, owner of the San Francisco Examiner, of the San Francisco Chronicle, saying it would hurt the Independent. Eventually, the Examiner was sold to the Independent by Hearst to avoid anti-trust litigation, the deal led to Ted Fang receiving a salary of $500,000 per year, four times his salary at the Independent. In addition, under the terms of the deal, the Fang family could pocket half of every dollar over $15 million of the $25 million subsidy they received from Hearst, the Independent was widely considered to reflect the political biases of the Fang family. In 1991 Independent columnist Warren Hinckle wrote a booklet attacking then-mayor Art Agnos, the Fang family was active in fundraising for Willie Brown and Terence Hallinan and the familys printing company printed campaign literature for Hallinan. Ted Fang was named to Hallinans transitional team after he was elected, more criticism centered around city loans given to Pan Asia Venture Capital Corp. owned by the Fang family. The company was given a $650,000 loan from the Mayors Office of Community Development, the newspaper was also criticized in 1996 for taking sides in a San Mateo County Board of Supervisors race, working to defeat incumbent Mary Griffin. Ted Fang denied the accusations that he was slanting his newspapers coverage against Griffin and that has nothing to do with editorial coverage. Ted Fang has defended his newspapers actions, saying, We fight for what we believe in, the Independent was known for its animosity toward the Examiner. The Independent sued the Examiner in 1993 over the right to publish the City of San Franciscos legal notices. The newspaper also ran a comic called Mr. Sharon Stone, a dig at Phil Bronstein. Independent columnist Warren Hinckle, who had worked at the Examiner
29.
AsianWeek
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AsianWeek headquarters are located in San Franciscos Chinatown. It stopped publishing a print edition in 2009 and continues as an online newspaper, AsianWeek is the largest and longest and established English language newsweekly for Asian Pacific Americans. In 1965, after the Hart-Celler Immigration Act ended over 80 years of race-based exclusion of immigrants from Asia, as Asian Americans became the fastest growing minority in the United States and as they became more settled, they began forming organizations and associations to serve their communities. Realizing the need to provide a voice for Asian Pacific America, John Fang, currently, it has a circulation of over 58,000. In 1995, AsianWeek changed its format to full-color and converted itself from a paid circulation newspaper to a publication consisting of both free distribution and paid subscribers. AsianWeek newspaper is also involved in an array of community activities. AsianWeek is also on the committee for the Asian Heritage Street Celebration, Northern California Cherry Blossom Festival. “AsianWeek has acted as a forum in advocating for those Asian Americans who were defenseless and voiceless in the face of an uncaring power, on August 20,2007, AsianWeek launched a completely redesigned version of their website that is no longer live as of April 2011. On January 2,2009, AsianWeek ceased print publication, the Opinion section includes AsianWeeks Letters to the Editor, Emil Guillermos column Amok, and a community contributed article, Voices. Emil Guillermo has been a journalist for more than 30 years, after ten years in television news, Guillermo became host of NPRs All Things Considered, in 1989. After leaving NPR, Guillermo worked as secretary and speechwriter for then congressman Norman Mineta. He returned to media as a television and radio talk show host in Washington. As a writer, Guillermo has contributed jokes for Jay Lenos monologues and his written often satirical commentaries have appeared in newspapers throughout the country. His book Amok, a compilation of his AsianWeek columns won the American Book Award in 2000, Guillermo is also the winner of both a California Newspaper Publishers Association Award and a National Inland Press Association Award for his mainstream newspaper work. He has won awards from the Radio-TV News Directors Association, Society of Professional Journalists, the Asian American Journalists Association, a native San Franciscan, Guillermo graduated from Lowell High School and Harvard College. On Monday, February 4,2008, AsianWeek launched a new daily blog by award-winning journalist Emil Guillermo, Guillermo is already the most widely read APA columnist, and his new daily commentary will remark on timely and fascinating stories and ideas that affect the broad APA community. The blog is available online at http, //amok. asianweek. com/, “It will be a place readers can get my take on the issues that concern them”, said Guillermo, whose column, “Amok” has appeared in AsianWeek over the last 14 years. “And it will be a place where they can share their ideas with others, consider it the water cooler for APAs across the country”
30.
Tabloid (newspaper format)
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A tabloid is a newspaper with a compact page size smaller than broadsheet. There is no standard size for this newspaper format, the term tabloid journalism refers to an emphasis on such topics as sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and television, and is not a reference to newspapers printed in this format. Some small-format papers with a standard of journalism refer to themselves as compact newspapers. Larger newspapers, traditionally associated with higher-quality journalism, are called broadsheets, in common usage, tabloid and broadsheet are frequently more descriptive of a newspapers market position than physical format. The Berliner format used by many prominent European newspapers is sized between the tabloid and the broadsheet, in a newspaper context, the term Berliner is generally used only to describe size, not to refer to other qualities of the publication. The word tabloid comes from the name given by the London-based pharmaceutical company Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to the compressed tablets they marketed as Tabloid pills in the late 1880s, the connotation of tabloid was soon applied to other small compressed items. A1902 item in Londons Westminister Gazette noted, The proprietor intends to give in tabloid form all the news printed by other journals, thus tabloid journalism in 1901 originally meant a paper that condensed stories into a simplified, easily absorbed format. The term preceded the 1918 reference to smaller sheet newspapers that contained the condensed stories, a tabloid is defined as roughly 17 by 11 inches and commonly half the size of a broadsheet. Tabloid newspapers, especially in the United Kingdom, boast a very high degree of variation as far as target market, political alignment, editorial style, thus, various terms have been coined to describe the subtypes of this versatile paper format. There are, broadly, two types of tabloid newspaper, red top and compact. The distinction is largely of editorial style, both red top and compact tabloids span the width of the spectrum from socialism to capitalist conservatism. The red top tabloid is, for many, the example of the format. Red tops tend to be written with a simplistic, straightforward vocabulary and grammar, their layout, more often than not, in the extreme case, red top tabloids have been accused of lying or misrepresenting the truth to increase circulation. Poll results are often predicted by red top papers, examples of British red top newspapers include The Sun, the Daily Star, the Daily Mirror and the Daily Sport. In contrast to red top tabloids, compacts use a style more closely associated with broadsheet newspapers. In fact, most compact tabloids formerly used the paper size. The term compact was coined in the 1970s by the Daily Mail, one of the newspapers to make the change. The purpose behind this was to avoid the association of the word tabloid with the flamboyant, the early converts from broadsheet format made the change in the 1970s, two notable British papers that took this step at the time were the Daily Mail and the Daily Express
31.
KRON-TV
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KRON-TV, virtual channel 4, is a MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station licensed to San Francisco, California, United States. The station is owned by Nexstar Media Group, KRON maintains studios in the same building as KGO-TV in the Financial District, and its transmitting antenna is located atop Sutro Tower. KRON-TV is the largest MyNetworkTV affiliate by market size that is not owned and operated by the network, NBC wanted an owned-and-operated station in the Bay Area alongside its West Coast flagship radio station, KNBC. However, in an upset, the won the license. They brought KRON-TV on the air on November 15,1949 as a full-time NBC affiliate, the stations call letters come from a modification of the Chronicles nickname, The Chron. For most of its run as an NBC station, KRON-TV was that networks second-largest affiliate, KRON-TV originally broadcast from studios located in the basement of the Chronicle building at Fifth and Mission streets. It originally maintained transmitter facilities, master control and a small studio on San Bruno Mountain. In August 1959, the Chronicle reported that the tower was damaged by an unusually strong thunderstorm. Newscasts benefited from the resources of the Chronicle and there was cooperation between KRON and the newspaper, Bay Area kids, known as the City Council, joined Mayor Art in the studio each day. The show featured Popeye cartoons mixed with science demonstrations, a feature entitled Mayor Arts Almanac, games, prizes. Assignment Four was a series that generally aired Monday evenings at 7,00 p. m. through much of the 1960s. Subjects ranged from Skid Row to The Single Girl, the Green Intricate Country of Napa Valley to No Deposit, the documentary Not to Have Lived about mechanized society featured no dialogue or narration. In 1967, KRON-FM-TV moved to a new studio at 1001 Van Ness Avenue in the Western Addition neighborhood, the television transmitter was moved to Sutro Tower on July 4,1973, while the FM transmitter remained on San Bruno Mountain. Since the 1970s, KRONs logo has incorporated a stylized number 4 design that is based on the Golden Gate Bridge, the vertical component is a bridge tower, the horizontal component is a portion of the bridge deck, and the curve is a portion of a suspension cable. By about 1990-1991, this evolved into the circle 4 logo in use to this day, realizing this and refocusing on the entire market enabled KRON-TV to become the dominant station in the Bay Area. During the 1980s, KRON continued its dominance by airing top-rated syndicated programs, including the Merv Griffin-produced game shows Jeopardy. and Wheel of Fortune, as well as Entertainment Tonight. In 1982, the deYoung familys Chronicle Publishing Company unit discussed a trade of KRON-TV to the Gannett Company. The proposal ultimately fell apart by September 1983, during that timeframe, KRON also produced a Saturday morning childrens program called Buster and Me
32.
Young Broadcasting
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Young Broadcasting, LLC was an American media company that owned or operated 12 television stations in 10 markets with a total U. S. television household coverage of 5. 9%. The company was known as Young Broadcasting Inc. and was the outgrowth of the ad representation firm Adam Young Inc. which was founded in 1944 by Adam Young. Previously a public company, Young Broadcasting voluntarily declared Chapter 11 Bankruptcy on February 13,2009 to restructure its debts. Deborah A. McDermott was named President and CEO of the new company, in which Standard General L. P. an American hedge fund, on November 12,2013, privately held Young Broadcasting acquired a controlling interest in Media General through a reverse merger. Following the merger, the new company was owned 67.5 percent by Young shareholders and 32.5 percent by Media General shareholders, the newly merged company would continue to operate as Media General with headquarters in Richmond, Virginia and trade on the New York Stock Exchange. And subsequently WKRN-TV/Nashville and WTEN/Albany, New York in 1989 from Knight Ridder, Los Angeles independent KCAL-TV was purchased from The Walt Disney Company in 1996 and later sold to Viacom in 2002. Also in 1996, Young purchased KWQC-TV/Davenport, Iowa from Broad Street Television, L. P. and KELO-TV/Sioux Falls, South Dakota from Midcontinent Media, in 2000, Young Broadcasting purchased NBC affiliate KRON-TV/San Francisco, California from Chronicle Publishing Company. Fortunes for KRON and its new owners would soon take a sharp decline when NBC chose to affiliate with San Jose-based KNTV, KRON became an independent station in 2002 and eventually took affiliation with MyNetworkTV in 2006. The company voluntarily declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy on February 13,2009 with the U. S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. The massive debt load Young incurred from its purchase and ownership of KRON was widely believed to have been a factor to the companys 2009 bankruptcy declaration. On July 22,2009, a New York bankruptcy judge approved a plan transferring ownership of Young, the plan included Gray Television coming in as an outside party and advise on operations of Young-owned stations in seven markets through December 31,2012. Young invested $25 million in its stations, which led to an overhaul of news production in 2011. Master control automation for its stations and asset management operations were upgraded in 2012, in 2011, Young hired Cox Reps to represent it for national sales and will establish a dedicated Young Broadcasting sales team based in New York, Los Angeles and Chicago. Young’s previous rep firm, ceased operations in February 2011 after Cox was brought on board, on June 6,2013, it was announced that New Young would merge with Media General. The enlarged Media General would own 30 stations, reaching 14% of the United States, on November 8, the FCC approved the merger. The merger closed on November 12, Media General would then be absorbed to Nexstar Media Group in 2017. Stations are arranged in order by state and city of license. Notes,1 Owned by Shield Media, LLC, Young operated these stations through shared services agreements,2 Owned by Venture Technologies Group, Young operated WHTV through a shared services agreement with WLNS
33.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
34.
KNTV
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KNTV, channel 11, is an NBC owned-and-operated television station licensed to San Jose, California, USA and serving the San Francisco Bay Area region. The stations transmitter is located on San Bruno Mountain, just south of San Francisco, on cable, KNTV is available on Comcast cable systems in the Bay Area on channel 3. KNTV signed on the air on September 12,1955, originally operating as an independent station covering the entire north-central California coast from Monterey to San Francisco. It was the first television station in San Jose, and was operated by Standard Radio and Television Corporation. Channel 11 often aired shows from CBS, DuMont and NBC that were turned down by San Franciscos KPIX and KRON-TV. The station was not viable as an independent, and the going got even more difficult when Oakland-based KTVU signed on in 1958, however, due to its antenna location, its signal could be received fairly well in the nearby areas of Monterey and Salinas. Previously, all three networks had been shoehorned onto Salinas-based KSBW-TV, KNTV, therefore, became one of the few stations located outside the market it served. Following the death of Allen T. Gilliland in 1960, ownership of KNTV was held by the executors of his estate, the younger Gilliland acquired majority ownership in August 1966 and later operated it as part of Gill Industries, which also controlled San Joses cable television system. Even as an ABC affiliate, KNTV occasionally preempted a few ABC programs, KGO-TV, meanwhile, aired ABCs entire programming schedule, so this often gave San Jose and Silicon Valley Area residents a second choice for viewing preempted ABC programming. Gill Industries sold KNTV to Norfolk-based Landmark Communications in 1978, twelve years later, Landmark sold the station to a minority-owned firm, Granite Broadcasting. In 1999, KGO-TV agreed to pay Granite a substantial fee to stop channel 11 from running ABC programming once the stations affiliation contract expired. ABCs corporate parent, the Walt Disney Company, saw the need to expand KGO-TVs exclusive advertising market share into San Jose for this reason, and it felt that KNTV was taking away from the share. That same year, the family, owners of KRON-TV. NBC was thought to be the favorite to buy KRON-TV, the network also made the unprecedented demand that Young pay NBC $10 million annually to carry the networks programming – a form of reverse compensation. Young refused, and announced that it would end KRON-TVs 52-year relationship with NBC once its contract ended in December 2001. In February 2000, Granite contacted NBC to negotiate an affiliation deal, NBC accepted the deal, which was due to take effect in January 2002. In preparation for this switch, KNTV boosted its signal to reach the entire San Francisco Bay Area,7 million viewers now had access to KNTV, including 90% of the San Francisco Metropolitan area. The move cost the Monterey Bay area an over-the-air ABC affiliate, in order to compensate for the loss, KGO-TV was then added on cable providers in that market, with certain syndicated programs carried by the station replaced due to syndication exclusivity rules
35.
Granite Broadcasting
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Granite Broadcasting Corporation is a broadcasting holding company in New York City which owns two television stations in the United States, in the San Francisco Bay Area and in Syracuse, New York. Granite was founded by W. Don Cornwell and Stuart Beck in 1988, granites chairman/CEO is Peter Markham, with Duane Lammers as COO. It emerged from bankruptcy in June 2007 under the control of private equity firm Silver Point Capital, in February 2014, Granite reached deals to sell the majority of its stations. SagamoreHill was subsequently dropped from the Quincy transaction, on September 15,2015, the FCC approved the deal, which was completed on November 2. Other notes,1 Owned by Granite, WTVH is operated by Sinclair Broadcast Group under a shared services agreement, other notes,1 Owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group, Granite operated WHOI under an SSA prior to selling WEEK-TV to Quincy Newspapers in 2015. 2 Owned by Venture Technologies Group, Granite operated WAOE under an SSA until its expiration the end of 2014, Venture Technologies Group now operates the station outright. 3 These stations were owned by Malara Broadcast Group, but operated by Granite under joint sales agreements until the sale to Quincy Newspapers, Company Site Company Profile @ Forbes List of company contacts and locations Don Cornwell interview April 17,2000
36.
Chicago Tribune
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The Chicago Tribune is a daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, owned by tronc, Inc. formerly Tribune Publishing. The Tribune was founded by James Kelly, John E. Wheeler, forrest, publishing its first edition on June 10,1847. The paper saw numerous changes in ownership and editorship over the eight years. Initially, the Tribune was not politically affiliated but tended to either the Whig or Free Soil parties against the Democrats in elections. By late 1853, it was frequently running xenophobic editorials that criticized foreigners, about this time it also became a strong proponent of temperance. Ray became editor-in-chief, Medill became the editor, and Alfred Cowles, Sr. brother of Edwin Cowles. Each purchased one third of the Tribune, under their leadership the Tribune distanced itself from the Know Nothings and became the main Chicago organ of the Republican Party. However, the continued to print anti-Catholic and anti-Irish editorials. Between 1858 and 1860, the paper was known as the Chicago Press & Tribune, on October 25,1860, it became the Chicago Daily Tribune. Before and during the American Civil War, the new editors pushed an abolitionist agenda and strongly supported Abraham Lincoln, the paper remained a force in Republican politics for years afterwards. In 1861, the Tribune published new lyrics for the song John Browns Body by William W. Patton, Medill served as mayor of Chicago for one term after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. Under the 20th-century editorship of Colonel Robert R. Joseph McCarthy, when McCormick assumed the position of co-editor in 1910, the Tribune was the third-best-selling paper among Chicagos eight dailies, with a circulation of only 188,000. At the same time, the Tribune competed with the Hearst paper, by 1914, the cousins succeeded in forcing out Managing Editor William Keeley. By 1918, the Examiner was forced to merge with the Chicago Herald, in 1919, Patterson left the Tribune and moved to New York to launch his own newspaper, the New York Daily News. In a renewed war with Hearsts Herald-Examiner, McCormick and Hearst ran rival lotteries in 1922. The Tribune won the battle, adding 250,000 readers to its ranks, also in 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, the Tribune Tower. The competition worked brilliantly as a publicity stunt, and more than 260 entries were received, the winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood. The newspaper sponsored an attempt at Arctic aviation in 1929
37.
Orlando Sentinel
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The Orlando Sentinel is the primary newspaper of Orlando, Florida and the Central Florida region. The Sentinel is owned by Tribune Publishing, the Sentinel prices are $1.50 daily and $2 on Saturdays, Sundays and Thanksgiving Day, sales tax is included at newsracks. The Sentinels predecessors date to 1876, when the Orange County Reporter was first published, the Reporter became a daily newspaper in 1905, and merged with the Orlando Evening Star in 1906. Another Orlando paper, the South Florida Sentinel, started publishing as a daily in 1913. Then known as the Morning Sentinel, it bought the Reporter-Star in 1931, Andersen eventually bought both papers outright in 1945, selling them to the Tribune Company of Chicago in 1965. In 1973, the two merged into the daily Sentinel Star. Tribune appointed Charles T. Brumback as president in 1976, harold Tip Lifvendahl was named president and publisher in 1981. The newspaper was renamed the Orlando Sentinel in 1982, john Puerner succeeded Lifvendahl in 1993, who was replaced by Kathleen M. Waltz in 2000. She announced her resignation in February 2008, howard Greenberg, already publisher of fellow Tribune newspaper the Sun-Sentinel of Fort Lauderdale, was named publisher of both papers after Waltz left. In 2008, the Tribune Company called for a redesign of the Sentinel, according to one listing, some of the Sentinels predecessors are, Orlando Reporter, 1892–1903. 1993, investigative reporting, Jeff Brazil and Steve Berry, for exposing the unjust seizure of millions of dollars from motorists—most of them minorities—by a sheriffs drug squad. Bersia, for his editorial campaign attacking predatory lending practices in the state
38.
Publishing
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Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers, meaning originators and developers of content also provide media to deliver, also, the word publisher can refer to the individual who leads a publishing company or an imprint or to a person who owns/heads a magazine. Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books, Publishing includes the following stages of development, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing, and marketing and distribution. There are two categories of book publisher, Non-paid publishers, A non-paid publisher is a house that does not charge authors at all to publish their books. Paid publishers, The author has to meet with the expense to get the book published. This is also known as vanity publishing, at a small press, it is possible to survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for works may outstrip the publishers established circle of writers, for works written independently of the publisher, writers often first submit a query letter or proposal directly to a literary agent or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions, the acquisitions editors send their choices to the editorial staff. Unsolicited submissions have a low rate of acceptance, with some sources estimating that publishers ultimately choose about three out of every ten thousand unsolicited manuscripts they receive. Many book publishers around the world maintain a strict no unsolicited submissions policy and this policy shifts the burden of assessing and developing writers out of the publisher and onto the literary agents. At these publishers, unsolicited manuscripts are thrown out, or sometimes returned, established authors may be represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts. Literary agents take a percentage of earnings to pay for their services. Some writers follow a route to publication. Such books often employ the services of a ghostwriter, for a submission to reach publication, it must be championed by an editor or publisher who must work to convince other staff of the need to publish a particular title. An editor who discovers or champions a book that becomes a best-seller may find their reputation enhanced as a result of their success. Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of property rights. The authors of traditional printed materials typically sell exclusive territorial intellectual property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed. In the case of books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the formats of publication —mass-market paperback
39.
The NewsGuild
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The Newspaper Guild-CWA is a labor union founded by newspaper journalists in 1933 who noticed that unionized printers and truck drivers were making more money than they did. In addition to improving wages and working conditions, its constitution says its purpose is to fight for honesty in journalism and the news industrys business practices. The organizations founders were Joseph Cookman an editor of the New York Post, Allen Raymond of the New York Herald Tribune, carl Randau was its director from 1934 to 1940. It was originally called the American Newspaper Guild, but it changed its name in the 1970s to reflect the fact that it operated outside the United States. It had expanded into Canada in the 1950s and it merged with the Communications Workers of America in 1995. The Guild is also affiliated with the International Federation of Journalists, today, the Guild has more than 32,000 members in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico. Its membership has expanded from just journalists to many employees of newspapers and news agencies, such as clerks who take classified ads. It also represents workers in a number of other industries and its president is Bernie Lunzer and its secretary-treasurer is Carol Rothman. The Newspaper Guild, represented by journalists and other written media workers since 1933, became one of the most continuous. Heywood Broun was one of the most respected journalist and most popular, on August 7,1933, Broun acknowledged the New York World Telegram column and the progress of the newspaper’s business which was successful. He evaluated the progress more closely with his bosses than any other colleague of similar economic standing, Broun wrote, “the fact that newspaper editors and owners are genial folk should hardly stand in the way of organization of a newspaper writers’ union. This rallied around from Broun’s call for union and one would speak for all newsmen and newswomen. In 1970s, the company expanded their business outside of the United States. The company also collaborated with another called the Communications Workers of America in 1977. This was a union that had already had hundreds of thousands of workers in telecommunications and media, over time the business became a success, but it also had its issues within the company. The impact on print media workers of the industry in the past few decades has changed in unexpected ways, in 1950, exactly 1,774 daily newspapers were in the United States. Over the decades, an unexpected outcome happened in 2002 as only 1,457 were in the United States, showing a 18 percent decrease. During the same period, the quantity of newspapers with circulations raised more than 250,000 increased by 8.5 percent, the amount of daily newspapers dropped while of large newspapers showed popularity with an increase
40.
San Francisco newspaper strike of 1994
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The San Francisco Newspaper Strike of 1994 was a labor dispute called by the Newspaper Guild in November 1994. Employees of San Franciscos two major newspapers, the San Francisco Chronicle and The San Francisco Examiner walked off the job for eleven days. San Franciscos two major newspapers were longtime rivals that had been working under a joint operating agreement since 1965. Employees had been working without a contract for the past year, wages were one major issue leading to the strike, while the unions demanded a 3.5 percent annual raise, management offered only a 2.46 percent annual raise over four years. Another point of contention was managements plan to cut the jobs of more than 150 teamster drivers over several years. Starting on November 1,1994, some 2,600 reporters, editors, drivers, press operators and paper handlers of the San Francisco Chronicle and The San Francisco Examiner walked off the job. Bricks were thrown through paper carriers windshields as they drove from the distribution center. One teamster driver was killed by electricity when scaling a power pole and this news service remained heavily dependent on wire-service stories for lack of contributing journalists and editors. The striking journalists set up their own newspaper, the San Francisco Free Press, and competed with The Gate as the soul of the Examiner. The team operated from a makeshift newsroom using their own hardware, the Free Press scored a scoop during its first week, reporting that Senator Dianne Feinstein had been wrongly accused of hiring an undocumented worker in the early 1980s. The strike put the Web on the screens of news organizations. Among them was David Talbot, who founded Salon. com after the Guilds online newspaper convinced him of the potential of the new medium, San Francisco Chronicle The San Francisco Examiner The Newspaper Guild The San Francisco Free Press
41.
Pulitzer Prize
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The Pulitzer Prize /ˈpʊlᵻtsər/ is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine and online journalism, literature, and musical composition in the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher, Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories. In twenty of the categories, each receives a certificate. The winner in the service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal. The Pulitzer Prize does not automatically consider all applicable works in the media, entries must fit in at least one of the specific prize categories, and cannot simply gain entrance for being literary or musical. Works can also only be entered in a maximum of two categories, regardless of their properties, each year,102 jurors are selected by the Pulitzer Prize Board to serve on 20 separate juries for the 21 award categories, one jury makes recommendations for both photography awards. For each award category, a jury makes three nominations, the board selects the winner by majority vote from the nominations or bypasses the nominations and selects a different entry following a 75% majority vote. The board can also vote to issue no award, the board and journalism jurors are not paid for their work, however, the jurors in letters, music, and drama receive a $2,000 honorarium for the year, and each chair receives $2,500. Anyone whose work has been submitted is called an entrant, the jury selects a group of nominated finalists and announces them, together with the winner for each category. However, some journalists who were submitted, but not nominated as finalists. For example, Bill Dedman of msnbc, Dedman wrote, To call that submission a Pulitzer nomination is like saying that Adam Sandler is an Oscar nominee if Columbia Pictures enters Thats My Boy in the Academy Awards. Many readers realize that the Oscars dont work that way—the studios dont pick the nominees and its just a way of slipping Academy Awards into a bio. The Pulitzers also dont work that way, but fewer people know that, newspaper publisher Joseph Pulitzer gave money in his will to Columbia University to launch a journalism school and establish the Prize. It allocated $250,000 to the prize and scholarships and he specified four awards in journalism, four in letters and drama, one in education, and four traveling scholarships. After his death, the first Pulitzer Prizes were awarded June 4,1917, many people have won more than one Pulitzer Prize. Nelson Harding is the person to have won a Prize in two consecutive years, the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 1927 and 1928. Four prizes Robert Frost, Poetry Eugene ONeill, Drama Robert E, in rare instances, contributors to the entry are singled out in the citation in a manner analogous to individual winners. Journalism awards may be awarded to individuals or newspapers or newspaper staffs, infrequently, Awards are made in categories relating to journalism, arts, letters and fiction
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Oakland Tribune
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The Oakland Tribune was a daily newspaper published in Oakland, California, by the Bay Area News Group, a subsidiary of MediaNews Group. From 2010 to 2016, it was published as an edition of the BANG flagship newspaper, the former mastheads of the consolidated newspapers will continue to be published every Friday as weekly community supplements. The Tribune was founded February 21,1874, by George Staniford, the Oakland Daily Tribune was first printed at 468 Ninth St. as a 4-page, 3-column newspaper,6 by 10 inches. Staniford and Dewes gave out free of charge. The paper had stories and 43 advertisements. Staniford, the editor and Dewes, the printer, were credited with producing a paper with fine typographical look, the competition was the Oakland News and Oakland Transcript. Later that year, Staniford sold his half interest to Dewes, then, the Tribune moved, January 30,1875, to 911 Broadway and Gibson sold his half interest to the paper to A. E. Nightingill. In 1876, Dewes and Nightingill, found a buyer for the Tribune, the Tribune became a major paper under William E. Dargie, who acquired the paper July 24,1876. The Tribune Publishing Company, was created with William Edward Dargie as Manager and A. K. P. Harmon, the Tribune was a solid Republican newspaper under Dargie and the Knowlands. On August 28,1891, the name Oakland Tribune was officially adopted, prior names include Oakland Daily Tribune, the Oakland Evening Tribune and the Oakland Daily Evening Tribune. Dargie had news offices in New York and Chicago, Dargie also acquired a patent approved R. Hoe & Co. double cylinder press. The Tribune was a member of the Associated Press upon its founding in 1900. Among Dargies hires, at the turn of the century, was Jack Gunin, a one-eyed lensman, early in 1906, the Tribune printed a Sunday edition, making it a full seven-day newspaper. The newspapers of San Francisco were destroyed in the earthquake and fire of April 18,1906, Dargie lent the Tribunes presses for a joint edition of the San Francisco Examiner-Chronicle-Call. In the aftermath of the conflagration, San Francisco Mayor Eugene E. Schmitz, the circulation grew as displaced San Franciscans moved to Oakland and Alameda County. The Tribunes editorial direction was then under Managing Editor John Conners, after 35 years as publisher, William E. Dargie died on February 10,1911. Former Oakland Mayor Melvin C. Chapman served as acting president of the Tribune Publishing Company, bruno Albert Forsterer, was publisher and general manager. He was executor of Dargies estate, bruno and his son, Harold B
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Contra Costa Times
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The Contra Costa Times was a daily newspaper based in Walnut Creek, California, U. S. The paper served Contra Costa and eastern Alameda counties, in the part of the San Francisco Bay Area. The Times also published four editions under different titles with essentially the same content. In 2007 the Contra Costa Times was merged with Alameda News Group to form a new entity called Bay Area News Group-East Bay, which is in turn owned by MediaNews Group. On April 5,2016, the parent company Digital First Media folded the Contra Costa Times into a new newspaper called East Bay Times along with the other newspapers in the East Bay. The original Contra Costa Times was founded by Dean Lesher in 1947, however, Lesher began expanding by purchasing weekly newspapers in neighboring communities, as well as two eastern Contra Costa daily papers, the Antioch Ledger and the Pittsburg Post-Dispatch. On August 29,1995, his widow Margaret sold the privately held company to the Knight Ridder newspaper chain for $360 million, Knight Ridder was later purchased by the Sacramento-based McClatchy Company in June 2006 in a deal valued at $4.5 billion. The deal was contingent on McClatchy selling off 12 of the 32 newspapers it had just purchased, although that transaction was completed on August 2,2006, a lawsuit claiming antitrust violations by MediaNews and the Hearst Corporation had also been filed in July 2006. The suit, which sought to undo the purchase of the four newspapers, was scheduled to go to trial on April 30,2007. On April 25,2007, days before the trial was scheduled to begin, official website California Newspaper Hall of Fame, Dean Lesher Feds ask more time to look at sale of four KR papers Contra Costa Times to outsource customer service
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The Mercury News
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The Mercury News, often locally known as The Merc, is an American daily newspaper, published in San Jose, California. It is published by Bay Area News Group, a subsidiary of Digital First Media, formerly published as the San Jose Mercury News, Bay Area News Group announced in March 2016 that the newspaper would be re-branded as The Mercury News as part of a consolidation plan. The Mercury News launched on April 5,2016, the San Jose Mercury was founded in 1851 as the San Jose Weekly Visitor, while the San Jose News was founded in 1883. In 1942, the Mercury purchased the News and continued publishing both newspapers, with the Mercury as the paper and the News as the evening paper. In 1983, the newspapers were merged into the San Jose Mercury News, with morning, the afternoon edition was later abandoned. Because of its location in Silicon Valley, the Mercury News has covered many of the key events in the history of computing, Ridder bought the Mercury and News in 1952. Ridder merged with Knight to form Knight Ridder in 1974, on March 13,2006 The McClatchy Company announced their agreement to purchase Knight Ridder. McClatchy decided that it would be expedient to explore the immediate resale of the Mercury News, on April 26,2006 it was announced that Denver-based MediaNews Group would buy the Mercury News. The suit, which sought to undo the purchase of both the Mercury News and the Contra Costa Times, was scheduled to go to trial on April 30,2007. On April 25,2007, days before the trial was scheduled to begin, in September 2014 the Mercury News moved to downtown San Jose, leaving its purpose-built headquarters that opened in 1967. Cited as reasons for the move were that the presses were no longer on site. Tim Kawakami, a sportswriter, has been a staff employee for many years. Assistant managing editor David Yarnold was also a Pulitzer Prize finalist in 2004 for a corruption investigation. The Mercury News was also named one of the five best-designed newspapers in the world by the Society for News Design for work done in 2001, in August 1996 the Mercury News published Dark Alliance, a series of investigative articles by reporter Gary Webb. The series sparked three federal investigations, but other such as the Los Angeles Times later published articles suggesting that the series claims were overstated. List of newspapers in California San Jose Mercury News West Magazine www. mercurynews. com, the newspapers official website
