1.
Government of San Francisco
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It is the only consolidated city-county in California, and one of only thirteen charter counties of California. The fiscal year 2007–08 city and county budget was approximately $6 billion, San Francisco utilizes the strong mayor form of mayoral/council government, composed of the mayor, Board of Supervisors, several elected officers, and numerous other entities. San Francisco voters use ranked-choice voting to elect the mayor, supervisors, the Mayor of San Francisco is the head of the executive branch of the city and county government. The mayor serves a term and is limited to two successive terms. If the mayor dies or resigns, the President of the Board of Supervisors assumes the office, the Board of Supervisors is headed by a president and is responsible for passing laws and budgets. Proposition K - 2009-2034, Different formula for local streets and local and regional public transit, pursuant to its charter, San Francisco causes to be published several codified version of its ordinances and regulations, the San Francisco Municipal Codes. Every act prohibited or declared unlawful, and every failure to perform an act required, by the ordinances are misdemeanor crimes, San Franciscans also make use of direct ballot initiatives to pass legislation. In addition, several regional governmental units in San Francisco operate independently of the municipal government, there are several school districts that are co-extensive with San Francisco. The San Francisco Unified School District is governed by the elected seven-member San Francisco Board of Education, the community college district of the City College of San Francisco is governed by an elected seven-member Board of Trustees. Also notable are the independent police forces of the University of California, San Francisco and the Park Police of the Presidio Trust and the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The San Francisco Democratic Central Committee, the body of the San Francisco Democratic Party, is a county central committee of the California Democratic Party for San Francisco. The SFDCC is elected from the two Assembly districts in San Francisco and consists of 24 members, with a 14/10 member split between the two Assembly districts based on number of registered Democrats
2.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Health system
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There is a wide variety of health systems around the world, with as many histories and organizational structures as there are nations. In some countries, health system planning is distributed among market participants, however, health care planning has been described as often evolutionary rather than revolutionary. According to WHO, healthcare systems goals are good health for the citizens, responsiveness to the expectations of the population, progress towards them depends on how systems carry out four vital functions, provision of health care services, resource generation, financing, and stewardship. Other dimensions for the evaluation of systems include quality, efficiency, acceptability. They have also described in the United States as the five Cs, Cost, Coverage, Consistency, Complexity. Also, continuity of care is a major goal. Often health system has been defined with a reductionist perspective, for reducing it to healthcare system. In many publications, for example, both expressions are used interchangeably, the World Health Organization defines health systems as follows, A health system consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary intent is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes efforts to influence determinants of health as well as more direct health-improving activities, a health system is therefore more than the pyramid of publicly owned facilities that deliver personal health services. It includes inter-sectoral action by staff, for example, encouraging the ministry of education to promote female education. Healthcare providers are institutions or individuals providing healthcare services and they may also work outside of direct patient care such as in a government health department or other agency, medical laboratory, or health training institution. One study based on data from the OECD concluded that all types of health care finance are compatible with an efficient health system, the study also found no relationship between financing and cost control. The term health insurance is used to describe a form of insurance that pays for medical expenses. It is sometimes used broadly to include insurance covering disability or long-term nursing or custodial care needs. It may be provided through an insurance program, or from private insurance companies. It may be obtained on a basis or purchased by individual consumers. In each case premiums or taxes protect the insured from high or unexpected health care expenses, the benefit is typically administered by a government agency, a non-profit health fund or a corporation operating seeking to make a profit. Many government schemes also have co-payment schemes but exclusions are rare because of political pressure, the larger insurance schemes may also negotiate fees with providers
5.
Hospital
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A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. Specialised hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals, a teaching hospital combines assistance to people with teaching to medical students and nurses. The medical facility smaller than a hospital is called a clinic. Hospitals have a range of departments and specialist units such as cardiology, some hospitals have outpatient departments and some have chronic treatment units. Common support units include a pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organisations, by health insurance companies, or by charities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were founded and funded by religious orders, or by charitable individuals. During the Middle Ages, hospitals served different functions from modern institutions, Middle Ages hospitals were almshouses for the poor, hostels for pilgrims, or hospital schools. The word hospital comes from the Latin hospes, signifying a stranger or foreigner, another noun derived from this, hospitium came to signify hospitality, that is the relation between guest and shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, and hospitable reception. By metonymy the Latin word then came to mean a guest-chamber, guests lodging, hospes is thus the root for the English words host hospitality, hospice, hostel and hotel. The German word Spital shares similar roots, the grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment, or therapy and then leave without staying overnight, while others are admitted and stay overnight or for several days or weeks or months. Hospitals usually are distinguished from other types of facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying sizes and facilities, some hospitals, especially in the United States and Canada, have their own ambulance service. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. In California, district hospital refers specifically to a class of healthcare facility created shortly after World War II to address a shortage of beds in many local communities. Twenty-eight of Californias rural hospitals and 20 of its critical-access hospitals are District hospitals, Californias District hospitals are formed by local municipalities, have Boards that are individually elected by their local communities, and exist to serve local needs
6.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
7.
University of California, San Francisco
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The University of California, San Francisco, is a center of health sciences research, patient care, and education devoted solely to graduate education and located in San Francisco, California. The UCSF School of Medicine is one of the most selective schools in the United States based on average MCAT score, GPA. In 2015,7,393 people applied and 437 were interviewed for 149 positions in the entering class, UCSF is currently ranked 2nd among medical schools in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. The UCSF School of Medicine is affiliated with UCSF Medical Center, in 2014, a national evaluation of residency programs named UCSF and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine the top two physician training institutions in the United States. UCSF traces its history to Hugh H. Toland, a South Carolina surgeon who found great success, a previous school, the Cooper Medical College of the University of Pacific, entered a period of uncertainty in 1862 when its founder, Elias Samuel Cooper, died. In 1864, Toland founded a new school, Toland Medical College. The University of California was founded in 1868, and by 1870 Toland Medical School began negotiating an affiliation with the new public university. Meanwhile, some faculty of Toland Medical School elected to reopen the Medical Department of the University of the Pacific, negotiations between the Toland and the UC were complicated by Tolands demand that the medical school continue to bear his name, which he finally conceded. In March 1873, the trustees of Toland Medical College transferred it to the Regents of the University of California, the schools first female student, Lucy Wanzer, graduated in 1876, after having to appeal to the UC Board of Regents to gain admission in 1873. The Schools of Dentistry, Pharmacy, Medicine, Nursing, and it also houses the UCSF neurology outpatient practice that serves as a referral center of most of northern California and Reno, Nevada. UCSFs Beckman Vision Center is also located at the Parnassus campus and it is a center for the diagnosis, treatment and research of all areas of eye care, including vision correction surgery. Also located on the Parnassus campus is the UCSF Fetal Treatment Center, multidisciplinary care center dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, UCSFs Mission Bay Campus, also located in San Francisco, is the largest ongoing biomedical construction project in the world. The 43-acre Mission Bay campus, opened in 2003 with construction still ongoing, contains additional research space and facilities to foster biotechnology and it will double the size of UCSFs research enterprise over the next 10 years. The biotechnology company Genentech contributed $50 million toward construction of a building as part of a settlement regarding alleged theft of UCSF technology several decades earlier. Also located on the Mission Bay campus, the Arthur and Toni Rembe Rock Hall was designed by César Pelli, the building is named in honor of Arthur Rock and his wife, who made a $25 million gift to the university. Byers Hall serves as the headquarters for the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, the building is named after venture capitalist Brook Byers, co-chair of UCSFs capital campaign that concluded in 2005 and raised over $1.6 billion. The building is named in honor of William J. Rutter, former Chairman of the universitys Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, a housing complex for 750 students and postdoctoral fellows and an 800-space parking garage also opened in late 2005. And a fourth building, designed by Rafael Viñoly and named the Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building
8.
Emergency department
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The emergency department is usually found in a hospital or other primary care center. In some countries, emergency departments have become important entry points for those without means of access to medical care. The emergency departments of most hospitals operate 24 hours a day, griswold also equipped police and fire vehicles with medical supplies and trained officers to give emergency care while en route to the hospital. Today, a hospital has its emergency department in its own section of the ground floor of the grounds. As patients can present at any time and with any complaint, triage is normally the first stage the patient passes through, and consists of a brief assessment, including a set of vital signs, and the assignment of a chief complaint. Most emergency departments have an area for this process to take place. Most patients will be assessed at triage and then passed to another area of the department, or another area of the hospital. Conversely, patients with serious conditions, such as cardiac arrest, will bypass triage altogether. The resuscitation area, commonly referred to as Trauma or Resus, is a key area in most departments, the most seriously ill or injured patients will be dealt with in this area, as it contains the equipment and staff required for dealing with immediately life-threatening illnesses and injuries. Typical resuscitation staffing involves at least one attending physician, and at least one and these personnel may be assigned to the resuscitation area for the entirety of the shift, or may be on call for resuscitation coverage. Examples of majors include chest pain, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, Advanced diagnostic testing may be conducted at this stage, including laboratory testing of blood and/or urine, ultrasonography, CT or MRI scanning. Medications appropriate to manage the condition will also be given. Depending on underlying causes of the chief complaint, he or she may be discharged home from this area or admitted to the hospital for further treatment. Patients whose condition is not immediately life-threatening will be sent to an area suitable to deal with them, such patients may still have been found to have significant problems, including fractures, dislocations, and lacerations requiring suturing. Children can present particular challenges in treatment, many hospitals have a separate area for evaluation of psychiatric problems. These are often staffed by psychiatrists and mental health nurses and social workers, there is typically at least one room for people who are actively a risk to themselves or others. Fast decisions on life-and-death cases are critical in emergency rooms. As a result, doctors face great pressures to overtest and overtreat, other common variations include emergency ward, emergency centre or emergency unit
9.
Trauma center
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A trauma center is a hospital equipped and staffed to provide care for patients suffering from major traumatic injuries such as falls, motor vehicle collisions, or gunshot wounds. A trauma center may also refer to a department without the presence of specialized services to care for victims of major trauma. Official designation as a center is determined by individual state law provisions. Trauma centers vary in their capabilities and are identified by Level designation, Level-I being the highest. Lower levels of trauma centers may only be able to provide care and stabilization of a traumatic injury. The operation of a center is extremely expensive. Some areas—especially rural regions—are under-served by trauma centers because of this expense, as there is no way to schedule the need for emergency services, patient traffic at trauma centers can vary widely. A variety of methods have developed for dealing with this. A trauma center will often have a helipad for receiving patients that have been airlifted to the hospital, the trauma level certification can directly affect the patients outcome and determine if the patient needs to be transferred to a higher level trauma center. By 1947, the hospital had three teams, each including two surgeons and an anaesthesiologist, and a burns team with three surgeons. The hospital became part of the National Health Service on its formation in July 1948, according to the CDC, injuries are the leading cause of death for American children and adults ages 1–44. The leading causes of trauma are motor vehicle collisions, falls, in the United States, Drs. Robert J. Baker and Robet J. Freeark established the first civilian Shock Trauma Unit at Cook County Hospital in Chicago, IL on March 16,1966. The R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center is one of the first shock trauma centers in the world, Cook County Hospital in Chicago trauma center. Dr. David R. Boyd interned at Cook County Hospital from 1963 to 1964 before being drafted into the United States Army. Upon his release from the Army, Dr. Boyd became the first shock-trauma fellow at the R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Boyd returned to Cook County Hospital, where he would later serve as resident director of the Cook County Trauma Unit. In the United States, trauma centers are ranked by the American College of Surgeons, the different levels refer to the types of resources available in a trauma center and the number of patients admitted yearly. These are categories that define national standards for care in hospitals. Level I and Level II designations are also given adult and or pediatric designations, additionally, some states have their own trauma-center rankings separate from the ACS
10.
Public hospital
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A public hospital or government hospital is a hospital which is owned by a government and receives government funding. In some countries, this type of hospital provides medical care free of charge, in Australia, public hospitals are operated and funded by each individual states health department. The federal government also contributes funding, Services in public hospitals for all Australian citizens and permanent residents are fully subsidized by the federal governments Medicare Universal Healthcare program. Hospitals in Australia treat all Australian citizens and permanent residents regardless of their age, income, emergency Departments are almost exclusively found in public hospitals. Private hospitals rarely operate emergency departments, and patients treated at these facilities are billed for care. Some costs, however may qualify for billing under Medicare, where patients hold private health insurance, after initial treatment by a public hospitals emergency department, the patient has the option of being transferred to a private hospital. The Brazilian health system is a mix composed by public hospitals, non-profit philanthropic hospitals, the majority of low- and-medium income population uses services provided by a public hospitals run by either State or by the municipality. Since the inception of 1988 Federal Constitution, health care is a right for everyone living in Brazil, citizens, permanent residents. Also, hospitals and health clinics are built by government in all three levels, because of the limitation in the budget, those services are often unavailable in most part of the country, in exception in large metropolis like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte. Even in those metropolis, the access to some health care may take months if not completely ignored. However, patients sued the government were able to get their treatment covered by the SUS. Recently, new legislation mandate that no private hospitals should refuse accept poor or uninsured patients in case of life threat emergencies, cost of emergency care in this case is also paid by SUS. In Canada all hospitals are funded through Medicare, Canadas publicly funded health insurance system. Hospitals in Canada treat all Canadian citizens and permanent residents regardless of their age, income, in Norway, all public hospitals are funded from the national budget and run by four Regional Health Authorities owned by the Ministry of Health and Care Services. In addition to the hospitals, a few privately owned health clinics are operating. All citizens are eligible for treatment free of charge in the hospital system. According to The Patients Rights Act, all citizens have the right to Free Hospital Choices, south Africa has private and public hospitals. Public hospitals are funded by the Department of Health, the majority of the patients use public hospitals in which patients pay a nominal fee, roughly $3–5
11.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
12.
San Mateo County, California
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San Mateo County is a county located in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 718,451, the county seat is Redwood City. San Mateo County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, and is part of the San Francisco Bay Area and it covers most of the San Francisco Peninsula. San Francisco International Airport is located at the end of the county. The countys built-up areas are mostly suburban with some areas being very urban, San Mateo County was formed in 1856 after San Francisco County, one of the states 18 original counties since Californias statehood in 1850, was split apart. Until 1856, San Franciscos city limits extended west to Divisadero Street and Castro Street, in response to the lawlessness and vigilantism that escalated rapidly between 1855 and 1856, the California government decided to divide the county. A straight line was drawn across the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula just north of San Bruno Mountain. The consolidated city-county of San Francisco was formed by an introduced by Horace Hawes. San Mateo County was officially organized on 18 April 1857 under a bill introduced by Senator T. G, San Mateo County then annexed part of northern Santa Cruz County in March 1868, including Pescadero and Pigeon Point. Although the forming bill named Redwood City the county seat, a May 1856 election marked by unblushing frauds, perpetuated on an unorganized and wholly unprotected community by thugs and ballot stuffers from San Francisco named Belmont the county seat. The election results were declared illegal and the county government was moved to Redwood City, Redwood Citys status as county seat was upheld in two succeeding elections in May 1861 and 9 December 1873, defeating San Mateo and Belmont. Another election in May 1874 named San Mateo the county seat, but the supreme court overturned that election on 24 February 1875. San Mateo County bears the Spanish name for Saint Matthew, until about 1850, the name appeared as San Matheo. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 741 square miles. It is the third-smallest county in California by land area, a number of bayside watercourses drain the eastern part of the county including San Bruno Creek and Colma Creek. Streams draining the county include Frenchmans Creek, Pilarcitos Creek, Naples Creek, Arroyo de en Medio. These streams originate along the spur of the Santa Cruz Mountains that run through the county. San Mateo County straddles the San Francisco Peninsula, with the Santa Cruz Mountains running its entire length, the county encompasses a variety of habitats including estuarine, marine, oak woodland, redwood forest, coastal scrub and oak savannah
13.
UCSF School of Medicine
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The University of California, San Francisco, is a center of health sciences research, patient care, and education devoted solely to graduate education and located in San Francisco, California. The UCSF School of Medicine is one of the most selective schools in the United States based on average MCAT score, GPA. In 2015,7,393 people applied and 437 were interviewed for 149 positions in the entering class, UCSF is currently ranked 2nd among medical schools in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities. The UCSF School of Medicine is affiliated with UCSF Medical Center, in 2014, a national evaluation of residency programs named UCSF and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine the top two physician training institutions in the United States. UCSF traces its history to Hugh H. Toland, a South Carolina surgeon who found great success, a previous school, the Cooper Medical College of the University of Pacific, entered a period of uncertainty in 1862 when its founder, Elias Samuel Cooper, died. In 1864, Toland founded a new school, Toland Medical College. The University of California was founded in 1868, and by 1870 Toland Medical School began negotiating an affiliation with the new public university. Meanwhile, some faculty of Toland Medical School elected to reopen the Medical Department of the University of the Pacific, negotiations between the Toland and the UC were complicated by Tolands demand that the medical school continue to bear his name, which he finally conceded. In March 1873, the trustees of Toland Medical College transferred it to the Regents of the University of California, the schools first female student, Lucy Wanzer, graduated in 1876, after having to appeal to the UC Board of Regents to gain admission in 1873. The Schools of Dentistry, Pharmacy, Medicine, Nursing, and it also houses the UCSF neurology outpatient practice that serves as a referral center of most of northern California and Reno, Nevada. UCSFs Beckman Vision Center is also located at the Parnassus campus and it is a center for the diagnosis, treatment and research of all areas of eye care, including vision correction surgery. Also located on the Parnassus campus is the UCSF Fetal Treatment Center, multidisciplinary care center dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, UCSFs Mission Bay Campus, also located in San Francisco, is the largest ongoing biomedical construction project in the world. The 43-acre Mission Bay campus, opened in 2003 with construction still ongoing, contains additional research space and facilities to foster biotechnology and it will double the size of UCSFs research enterprise over the next 10 years. The biotechnology company Genentech contributed $50 million toward construction of a building as part of a settlement regarding alleged theft of UCSF technology several decades earlier. Also located on the Mission Bay campus, the Arthur and Toni Rembe Rock Hall was designed by César Pelli, the building is named in honor of Arthur Rock and his wife, who made a $25 million gift to the university. Byers Hall serves as the headquarters for the California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, the building is named after venture capitalist Brook Byers, co-chair of UCSFs capital campaign that concluded in 2005 and raised over $1.6 billion. The building is named in honor of William J. Rutter, former Chairman of the universitys Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, a housing complex for 750 students and postdoctoral fellows and an 800-space parking garage also opened in late 2005. And a fourth building, designed by Rafael Viñoly and named the Helen Diller Family Cancer Research Building
14.
Brick
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A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term referred to a unit composed of clay. A brick can be composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks, block is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar materials, but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks are made from expanded clay aggregate, fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since circa 5000 BC. Air-dried bricks, also known as mudbricks, have an older than fired bricks. Bricks are laid in courses and numerous patterns known as bonds, collectively known as brickwork, the earliest bricks were dried brick, meaning that they were formed from clay-bearing earth or mud and dried until they were strong enough for use. The oldest discovered bricks, originally made from shaped mud and dating before 7500 BC, were found at Tell Aswad, in the upper Tigris region, ceramic, or fired brick was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities. In pre-modern China, bricks were being used from the 2nd millennium BCE at a site near Xian, the carpenters manual Yingzao Fashi, published in 1103 at the time of the Song dynasty described the brick making process and glazing techniques then in use. He also had to know when to quench the kiln with water so as to produce the surface glaze, Early civilisations around the Mediterranean adopted the use of fired bricks, including the Ancient Greeks and Romans. The Roman legions operated mobile kilns, and built large brick structures throughout the Roman Empire, during the Early Middle Ages the use of bricks in construction became popular in Northern Europe, after being introduced there from Northern-Western Italy. An independent style of architecture, known as brick Gothic flourished in places that lacked indigenous sources of rocks. Examples of this style can be found in modern-day Denmark, Germany, Poland. A clear distinction between the two styles developed at the transition to Baroque architecture. In Lübeck, for example, Brick Renaissance is clearly recognisable in buildings equipped with terracotta reliefs by the artist Statius von Düren, production of bricks increased massively with the onset of the Industrial Revolution and the rise in factory building in England. For reasons of speed and economy, bricks were increasingly preferred as building material to stone and it was at this time in London, that bright red brick was chosen for construction to make the buildings more visible in the heavy fog and to help prevent traffic accidents. The transition from the method of production known as hand-moulding to a mechanised form of mass-production slowly took place during the first half of the nineteenth century. His mechanical apparatus soon achieved widespread attention after it was adopted for use by the South Eastern Railway Company for brick-making at their factory near Folkestone, the Bradley & Craven Ltd ‘Stiff-Plastic Brickmaking Machine’ was patented in 1853, apparently predating Clayton
15.
Concrete
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Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, when aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients to form a matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives are included in the mixture to improve the properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials embedded to provide tensile strength, famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of technology were the ancient Romans. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the dome of the Pantheon is the worlds largest unreinforced concrete dome. Today, large concrete structures are made with reinforced concrete. After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the technology was redeveloped in the mid-18th century, today, concrete is the most widely used man-made material. The word concrete comes from the Latin word concretus, the passive participle of concrescere, from con-. Perhaps the earliest known occurrence of cement was twelve years ago. A deposit of cement was formed after an occurrence of oil shale located adjacent to a bed of limestone burned due to natural causes and these ancient deposits were investigated in the 1960s and 1970s. On a human timescale, small usages of concrete go back for thousands of years and they discovered the advantages of hydraulic lime, with some self-cementing properties, by 700 BC. They built kilns to supply mortar for the construction of houses, concrete floors. The cisterns were kept secret and were one of the reasons the Nabataea were able to thrive in the desert, some of these structures survive to this day. In the Ancient Egyptian and later Roman eras, it was re-discovered that adding volcanic ash to the mix allowed it to set underwater, similarly, the Romans knew that adding horse hair made concrete less liable to crack while it hardened, and adding blood made it more frost-resistant. Crystallization of strätlingite and the introduction of pyroclastic clays creates further fracture resistance, german archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann found concrete floors, which were made of lime and pebbles, in the royal palace of Tiryns, Greece, which dates roughly to 1400–1200 BC. Lime mortars were used in Greece, Crete, and Cyprus in 800 BC, the Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct made use of waterproof concrete
16.
Mission District, San Francisco
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This mission, San Franciscos oldest standing building, is located in the northwest area of the neighborhood. The Mission District is located in east-central San Francisco and it is bordered to the east by U. S. Route 101, which forms the boundary between the eastern portion of the district, known as Inner Mission, and its eastern neighbor, Potrero Hill. Sanchez Street separates the neighborhood from Eureka Valley to the north west, the part of the neighborhood from Valencia Street to Sanchez Street, north of 20th Street, is known as the Mission Dolores neighborhood. South of 20th Street towards 22nd Street, and between Valencia and Dolores Streets is a neighborhood known as Liberty Hill. Cesar Chavez Street is the border, across Cesar Chavez Street is the Bernal Heights neighborhood. North of the Mission District is the South of Market neighborhood, bordered roughly by Duboce Avenue, the principal thoroughfare of the Mission District is Mission Street. South of the Mission District, along Mission Street, are the Excelsior and Crocker-Amazon neighborhoods, the Mission District is part of San Franciscos supervisorial districts 6,9 and 10. The Mission is often warmer and sunnier than other parts of San Francisco, the Missions geographical location insulates it from the fog and wind from the west. The Mission includes four recognized sub-districts, the northeastern quadrant, adjacent to Potrero Hill is known as a center for high tech startup businesses including some chic bars and restaurants. The northwest quadrant along Dolores Street is famous for Victorian mansions, prior to the arrival of Spanish missionaries, the area which now includes the Mission District was inhabited by the Ohlone people who populated much of the San Francisco bay area. The Yelamu Indians inhabited the region for over 2,000 years, Spanish missionaries arrived in the area during the late 18th century. They found these people living in two villages on Mission Creek and it was here that a Spanish priest named Father Francisco Palóu founded Mission San Francisco de Asis on June 29,1776. The Mission was moved from the shore of Laguna Dolores to its current location in 1783, franciscan friars are reported to have used Ohlone slave labor to complete the Mission in 1791. This period marked the beginning of the end of the Yelamu culture, the Indian population at Mission Dolores dropped from 400 to 50 between 1833 and 1841. The lands around the abandoned mission church became a focal point of raffish attractions including bull and bear fighting, horse racing, baseball. A famous beer parlor resort known as The Willows was located along Mission Creek just south of 18th Street between Mission Street and San Carlos Street. From 1865 to 1891, a conservatory and zoo known as Woodwards Gardens covered two city blocks bounded by Mission Street, Valencia Street, 13th Street, and 15th Street. During Californias early statehood period, in the 19th and 20th century, large numbers of Irish, development and settlement intensified after the 1906 earthquake, as many displaced businesses and residents moved into the area, making Mission Street a major commercial thoroughfare
17.
Potrero Hill
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Potrero Hill is a residential neighborhood in San Francisco, California. It is known for its views of the San Francisco Bay and city skyline, its proximity to many destination spots, its sunny weather. A working-class neighborhood until gentrification in the 1990s, it is now an upper-middle-class, Potrero Hill is located on the eastern side of the city, east of the Mission District and south of SOMA and the newly designated district Showplace Square. It is bordered by 16th Street to the north, Potrero Avenue and U. S. Route 101 to the west and Cesar Chavez Street to the south. The city of San Francisco considers the area below 20th Street between Potrero Ave and Route 101 to be part of Potrero Hill as well, as outlined in the Eastern Neighborhood Plan, the area east of Highway 280 is Dogpatch. Dogpatch was originally part of Potrero Nuevo and its history is tied to Potrero Hill. Some consider Dogpatch to be its own neighborhood while others disagree, Dogpatch has its own neighborhood association but shares merchant association, Democratic caucuses, and general neighborhood matters with Potrero Hill. Potrero Hill is one of the sunniest neighborhoods in San Francisco, located on the side of the peninsula. It is insulated from the fog and chill of the Pacific Ocean that is typical on the side of the city. It is a neighborhood and not considered a tourist destination. Despite being surrounded by busy neighborhoods, and featuring a commercial area on 18th St. Potrero Hill is generally quiet. Potrero Hill started as a Caucasian working-class neighborhood in the 1850s and its central location attracted many working professionals during the dot-com era in the 1990s. Today, it is mostly an upper-middle-class family-oriented neighborhood, in addition to the 101 and 280 Interstate freeways, Caltrain also runs through this area, making it popular with commuters. Many homes in Potrero Hill have views of the downtown skyline, Potrero Hill has a North and a South Slope, with the North Slope generally more coveted due to its proximity to downtown. There is no dividing line between North and South as the hill apexes in various places. The demographics of the two are similar with the exception of two public housing projects situated on the South Slope. The projects occupy over one third of the South Slope, the poorly designed, curvy and diagonal grids of the housing projects isolate their residents from the greater neighborhood. Industry first arrived at Dogpatch in the mid-1850s, the earliest residents were mostly European immigrants
18.
U.S. Route 101
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U. S. Route 101, or U. S. Highway 101 is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, on the West Coast of the United States. It is also known as El Camino Real where its route along the southern and central California coast approximates the old trail which linked the Spanish missions, pueblos and it merges at some points with California State Route 1. US101 is a major parallel freeway or highway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, and is an alternative to the Interstate for most of its length, in 1964, California truncated US 101s southern terminus in Los Angeles, as I-5 replaced it. The old road is known as County Route S21 or Historic Route 101 in northern San Diego County, the southern terminus of US101 is in Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange, the worlds busiest freeway interchange. However, the principal routes were assigned numbers ending in 1. Thus, US101 is treated as a primary, two-digit route with a first digit of 10, rather than a spur of US1, thus US101, not US99, is the westernmost north-south route in the U. S. Highway System. US101 is called the Oregon Coast Highway in Oregon, and it is also called The 101 by Southern Californians or simply 101 by residents of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington. From north of San Francisco and continuing almost to Oregon it is signed as the Redwood Highway though not often spoken of as such outside organizations responsible for tourism marketing. Urban portions of the route in Southern California are named the Santa Ana Freeway, Hollywood Freeway, in 2003, the portion of US101 in Ventura County was named Screaming Eagles Highway in honor of the US Army 101st Airborne Division. Urban portions of the route in the Bay Area are called the James Lick Freeway, Bayshore Freeway, a portion of the route between Cochrane Road in Morgan Hill and SR85 in San Jose is named the Sig Sanchez Freeway. The section of highway between SR-85 in Mountain View and Embarcadero Road in Palo Alto is officially known as the Fredrick E. Terman Highway, Street routings in San Francisco are more commonly referred to by their street names rather than the route number. Portions of the route between Southern California and the Bay Area are named El Camino Real or El Camino Real Freeway, but such names are used colloquially. In Northern California the section of US101 between Sonoma and Marin counties is referred to as the Novato Narrows because of the reduction from four lanes to two. The route is the Santa Ana Freeway from East Los Angeles to Downtown Los Angeles and it becomes the Hollywood Freeway north of Downtown Los Angeles through the Cahuenga Pass, before turning west and becoming the Ventura Freeway. It is one of two major routes connecting the South Bay and Silicon Valley with San Francisco and the North Bay. It serves as an urban alternative to the rural I-280, as US101 runs through Peninsula cities closer to the Bay and I-280 runs closer to the Santa Cruz Mountains. Through northern San Francisco, US101 remains routed on congested city streets due to freeway revolts and it then departs the immediate coast and continues through wine country and Redwood forests until it re-emerges coast-side at Eureka. In areas where US101 turns inland, SR1 branches off to serve the coastal communities, unlike Washington, California does not sign the long east–west section of US101 between Gaviota and its junction with SR134 and SR170 in North Hollywood as west and east
19.
Facebook
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Facebook is an American for-profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California. Facebook gradually added support for students at other universities. Since 2006, anyone age 13 and older has been allowed to become a user of Facebook, though variations exist in the minimum age requirement. The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students, Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops, laptops, tablet computers, and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks. After registering to use the site, users can create a user profile indicating their name, occupation, schools attended and so on. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups organized by workplace, school, hobbies or other topics, in groups, editors can pin posts to top. Additionally, users can complain about or block unpleasant people, because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service, Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies. Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen, Facebook, Inc. held its initial public offering in February 2012, and began selling stock to the public three months later, reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion. On July 13,2015, Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poors 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion, Facebook has more than 1.86 billion monthly active users as of December 31,2016. As of April 2016, Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world, Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only. Zuckerberg wrote a program called Facemash on October 28,2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore, to accomplish this, Zuckerberg hacked into protected areas of Harvards computer network and copied private dormitory ID images. Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours online, the site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list-servers, but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security, violating copyrights, Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam. He uploaded 500 Augustan images to a website, each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section and he shared the site with his classmates, and people started sharing notes. The following semester, Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website in January 2004 and he said that he was inspired by an editorial about the Facemash incident in The Harvard Crimson. On February 4,2004, Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook, originally located at thefacebook. com. com and they claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation and they later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg, subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares. Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College, within the first month, eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website
20.
Mark Zuckerberg
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Mark Elliot Zuckerberg is an American computer programmer and Internet entrepreneur. He is the chairman, chief officer, and co-founder of Facebook. His net worth is estimated to be US$58.6 billion as of March 2017, Zuckerberg launched Facebook from his Harvard University dormitory room on February 4,2004. He was assisted by his roommates and fellow Harvard students Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz. The group then introduced Facebook to other college campuses, Facebook expanded rapidly, reaching one billion users by 2012. Meanwhile, Zuckerberg was involved in legal disputes brought by others in the group. On December 1,2015, they announced they would eventually give 99 percent of their Facebook shares to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. Since 2010, Time magazine has named Zuckerberg among the 100 wealthiest and most influential people in the world as a part of its Person of the Year award, in December 2016, Zuckerberg was ranked 10th on Forbes list of The Worlds Most Powerful People. According to Forbes Magazine, Zuckerberg has a net worth of US$55.9 billion as of February 2017, Zuckerberg was born in 1984 in White Plains, New York. He is the son of Karen, a psychiatrist, and Edward Zuckerberg and his ancestors came from Germany, Austria and Poland. He and his three sisters, Randi, Donna, and Arielle, were brought up in Dobbs Ferry, New York, Zuckerberg was raised Jewish and had his bar mitzvah when he turned 13. At Ardsley High School, Zuckerberg excelled in classes and he transferred to the exclusive private school Phillips Exeter Academy, in New Hampshire, in his junior year, where he won prizes in science and classical studies. On his college application, Zuckerberg claimed that he could read and write French, Hebrew, Latin and he was captain of the fencing team. Zuckerberg began using computers and writing software in middle school and his father taught him Atari BASIC Programming in the 1990s, and later hired software developer David Newman to tutor him privately. Newman calls him a prodigy, adding that it was tough to stay ahead of him, Zuckerberg took a graduate course in the subject at Mercy College near his home while still in high school. He enjoyed developing computer programs, especially communication tools and games and it is considered a primitive version of AOLs Instant Messenger, which came out the following year. According to writer Jose Antonio Vargas, some kids played computer games, Zuckerberg himself recalls this period, I had a bunch of friends who were artists. Theyd come over, draw stuff, and Id build an out of it
21.
Priscilla Chan (philanthropist)
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Priscilla Chan is an American philanthropist and pediatrician. She is the wife of Mark Zuckerberg, the co-founder and CEO of Facebook, as of 2015, she and her husband have pledged more than $1.6 billion to charities. Chan was born in Braintree, Massachusetts, and grew up in Quincy, Massachusetts and her parents were ethnic Chinese refugees who fled Vietnam in refugee boats. She grew up speaking Cantonese and served as an interpreter for her grandparents, in 2003, she graduated as class valedictorian from Quincy High School, and was voted class genius by her classmates. According to a Facebook post by Mark Zuckerberg, Chan is a Buddhist, Chan entered Harvard University in 2003, where she met and began dating Mark Zuckerberg. She graduated in 2007 with a BA in biology, and also studied Spanish and she is fluent in Cantonese, English and Spanish. She is the first person in her family to graduate from college, after graduation, she taught science at the private Harker School for a year, before entering medical school at the University of California, San Francisco in 2008. She graduated in 2012, and finished her residency in the summer of 2015. She married Zuckerberg on May 19,2012, a day after Facebooks stock market launch, on July 31,2015, Zuckerberg announced that he and Chan were expecting a baby girl. He said he felt confident that the risk of miscarrying was low so far into the pregnancy, Chan and Zuckerberg announced the birth of their daughter, Maxima Chan Zuckerberg, on December 1,2015. In March 2017, he announced that the two are expecting another daughter, Zuckerberg and Chan have pledged about $1.6 billion to charities, including a donation of $75 million to San Francisco General Hospital, where Chan worked. In 2013, they gave 18 million Facebook shares to the Silicon Valley Community Foundation, the Chronicle of Philanthropy placed the couple at the top of its list of 50 most generous American philanthropists for that year. They also pledged $120 million to schools in the San Francisco Bay Area. On December 1,2015, Chan and Zuckerberg posted an open Facebook letter to their newborn daughter. They pledged to donate 99% of their Facebook shares, then valued at $45 billion, to the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, chans charitable goals focus on education, healthcare and science, which are closely tied to her personal background. She is considered to have had a influence on the philanthropy of her husband. She plans to launch The Primary School in 2016, a organization that will provide K–12 education as well as prenatal care, in East Palo Alto. She was one of six nominated for The San Francisco Chronicle’s third annual Visionary of the Year award in March 2017, the award honors leaders who strive to make the world a better place and also drive change by employing new, innovative business practices
22.
Base-isolated
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Base isolation, also known as seismic base isolation or base isolation system, is one of the most popular means of protecting a structure against earthquake forces. Base isolation is one of the most powerful tools of earthquake engineering pertaining to the passive structural vibration control technologies and it is meant to enable a building or non-building structure to survive a potentially devastating seismic impact through a proper initial design or subsequent modifications. In some cases, application of base isolation can raise both a structures seismic performance and its seismic sustainability considerably, contrary to popular belief base isolation does not make a building earthquake proof. Isolation components are the connections between units and their parts having no decoupling effect of their own. Isolation units could consist of shear or sliding units and this technology can be used for both new structural design and seismic retrofit. It required creating rigidity diaphragms and moats around the buildings, as well as making provisions against overturning, base isolation is also used on a smaller scale—sometimes down to a single room in a building. Isolated raised-floor systems are used to safeguard essential equipment against earthquakes, the technique has been incorporated to protect statues and other works of art—see, for instance, Rodins Gates of Hell at the National Museum of Western Art in Tokyos Ueno Park. Through the George E. Brown, Jr, network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation, researchers are studying the performance of base isolation systems. These tests will include a full-scale, three-dimensional test of an isolated 5-story steel building on the E-Defense shake table in Miki, Hyogo, an adaptive base isolation system includes a tunable isolator that can adjust its properties based on the input to minimize the transferred vibration. Magnetorheological fluid dampers and isolators with Magnetorheological elastomer have been suggested as adaptive base isolators, Earthquake engineering structures Geotechnical engineering Seismic retrofit Shock absorber Shock mount Vibration isolation
23.
Death of Diane Whipple
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Diane Alexis Whipple was a lacrosse player and college coach. She was killed in a dog attack in San Francisco on January 26,2001, the dogs involved were two Presa Canarios, a male named Bane and a female named Hera. Paul Schneider, the owner, is a high-ranking member of the Aryan Brotherhood and is serving a life sentence in state prison. The dogs were cared for by Schneiders husband-and-wife attorneys, Robert Noel and Marjorie Knoller, after the fatal attack, the state brought criminal charges against the attorneys. Robert Noel, who was not present during the attack, was convicted of manslaughter, Marjorie Knoller, who was present, was charged with implied-malice second-degree murder and convicted by the jury. Knollers murder conviction, a result for an unintended dog attack, was rejected by the trial judge. The case clarified the meaning of implied malice murder, Whipple was born in Princeton, New Jersey. She grew up and attended school in Manhasset, New York. She was raised primarily by her grandparents, and was an athlete from a young age. She became a two-time All-American lacrosse player in school. She was twice a member of the U. S. Womens Lacrosse World Cup team, Whipple later moved to San Francisco, and came within seconds of qualifying for the U. S.1996 Olympics team in track and field, for the 800 meters. However, she did not compete at the 1996 Olympic Team Trials and she became the lacrosse coach at Saint Marys College of California in Moraga, California. At the time of her death, Whipple lived in San Franciscos Pacific Heights with her partner of six years. On January 26,2001, after returning home with bags of groceries, the dogs, named Bane and Hera, were cared for by neighbors Marjorie Knoller and her husband Robert Noel. The dogs actual owner, Paul Schneider, was a member of the prison gang the Aryan Brotherhood who was serving a life sentence in Pelican Bay State Prison. Schneider and his cellmate Dale Bretches were attempting to start an illegal Presa Canario dog-fighting business from prison and they initially asked acquaintances Janet Coumbs and Hard Times Kennel owner/breeder James Kolber of Akron, Ohio to raise the dogs during their incarceration. Against Kolbers advice, Coumbs chained the dogs in a corner of the farm. After Coumbs fell out of favor with Schneider, attorneys Noel and they had become acquainted with Schneider while doing legal work for prisoners, and had adopted Schneider as their legal son a few days before the mauling
24.
Ed Lee (politician)
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Edwin Mah Ed Lee is an American politician and attorney who is the 43rd and current Mayor of San Francisco, California. Lee won the election on November 8,2011 to serve a term as Mayor. Lee is the first Asian American mayor in San Franciscos history, before being appointed mayor, he was City Administrator. Prior to his employment with the City and County of San Francisco, Mayor Lee was the Managing Attorney for the San Francisco Asian Law Caucus, from 1989 to 1991, Lee worked as a Whistleblower Ordinance Investigator and the Deputy Director of Employment Relations in San Francisco. Lee later worked as the director of the Human Rights Commission from 1991 to 1996, afterwards, Lee became director of the City Purchasing Department in 1996 until his appointment to City Administrator in 2000. In 1989, Lee was appointed by Mayor Art Agnos as the Citys first investigator under the citys Whistleblower Ordinance, Agnos later appointed him deputy director of human relations. In 1991, he was hired as director of the San Francisco Human Rights Commission, serving in that capacity under Mayors Agnos, Frank Jordan. Brown appointed him Director of City Purchasing, where, among other responsibilities, in 2000, he was appointed Director of Public Works for the City, and in 2005 was appointed by Mayor Newsom to a five-year term as City Administrator, to which he was reappointed in 2010. As City Administrator, Lee oversaw the reduction of city government, speculation about possible appointees and debate on whether or not the old Board of Supervisors should cast the vote for the new mayor soon followed Newsoms election as lieutenant governor. The Board of Supervisors nominated four people, former Mayor Art Agnos, Sheriff Michael Hennessey, former Board of Supervisors president Aaron Peskin, and Lee. At the January 7 meeting, the old board voted 10–1 to elect Lee as mayor, at the time, Lee promised not to seek election if appointed, a statement which helped to gain support for his appointment. The vote was preliminary and non-binding, as Newsom had delayed his resignation until new members of the Board took office, a final vote was taken on January 11 by the new board to confirm Lee, one day after Newsoms resignation. The board voted unanimously for Lee and he took office immediately thereafter, as mayor, Lee reached an agreement with the Board of Supervisors to close a $380 million budget deficit. He implemented the City’s move to cleaner vehicles and an infrastructure to support electric vehicles, Mayor Lee also developed and oversaw implementation of the City’s first ever Ten Year Capital Plan to guide our capital priorities and infrastructure investment. In 2012, Mayor Lee pushed for the approval of the Housing Trust Fund which invested $1.5 billion in affordable housing production. In 2014, Mayor Lee pledged to construct 30,000 new and rehabilitated homes throughout the City by 2020, with half available to low, working and middle income San Franciscans. Mayor Lee launched a Small Site Acquisition Program, which funds the purchase & stabilization of multi-family rental buildings in neighborhoods that are susceptible to evictions, later, Lee created preferences for Neighborhood Residents and Displaced Tenants in our affordable housing programs to help keep residents in their communities. Lee launched the Ellis Act Housing Preference Program for tenants who are evicted under the State Ellis Act, Displaced tenants are now given preference for the City’s affordable housing programs
25.
Frida Kahlo
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Frida Kahlo de Rivera, born Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón, was a Mexican painter, who mostly painted self-portraits. Inspired by Mexican popular culture, she employed a naïve folk art style to explore questions of identity, postcolonialism, gender, class and her paintings often had strong autobiographical elements and mixed realism with fantasy. In addition to belonging to the post-revolutionary Mexicanidad movement, which sought to define a Mexican identity, born to a German father and a mestiza mother, Kahlo spent most of her childhood and adult life at her family home, La Casa Azul, in Coyoacán. She was left disabled by polio as a child, and at the age of eighteen was seriously injured in a traffic accident, prior to the accident, she had been a promising student headed for medical school, but in the aftermath had to abandon higher education. Although art had been her hobby throughout her childhood, Kahlo began to entertain the idea of becoming an artist during her long recovery and she was also interested in politics and in 1927 joined the Mexican Communist Party. Through the Party, she met the celebrated muralist Diego Rivera and they were married in 1928, and remained a couple until Kahlos death. The relationship was volatile due to both having affairs, they divorced in 1940, but remarried the following year. Kahlo spent the late 1920s and early 1930s traveling in Mexico, the exhibition was a success and was followed by another in Paris in 1939. While the French exhibition was successful, the Louvre purchased a painting from Kahlo. Throughout the 1940s, Kahlo continued to participate in exhibitions in Mexico and she also began to teach at the Escuela Nacional de Pintura, Escultura y Grabado La Esmeralda, and became a founding member of the Seminario de Cultura Mexicana. Kahlos always fragile health began to decline in the same decade. She had her first solo exhibition in Mexico in 1953, shortly before her death the year at the age of 47. Kahlo was mainly known as Riveras wife until the late 1970s, by the 1990s, she had become not only a recognized figure in art history, but also regarded as an icon for Chicanos, feminists, and the LGBTQ movement. Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón was born on July 6,1907 in Coyoacán, Kahlo stated that she was born at the family home, La Casa Azul, but according to the official birth registry, the birth took place at the nearby home of her maternal grandmother. Kahlos parents were photographer Guillermo Kahlo and Matilde Calderón y González, originally from Germany, Guillermo had immigrated to Mexico in 1891, after epilepsy caused by an accident ended his university studies. Although Kahlo claimed that her father was Jewish, he was in fact a Lutheran, Matilde was born in Oaxaca to an indigenous father and a mother of Spanish descent. In addition to Kahlo, the marriage produced daughters Matilde, Adriana and she also had two half-sisters from Guillermos first marriage, María Luisa and Margarita, but they were raised in a convent. Kahlo later described the atmosphere in her home as often very, very sad
26.
Diego Rivera
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Diego María de la Concepción Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de la Rivera y Barrientos Acosta y Rodríguez, known as Diego Rivera was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the Mexican mural movement in Mexican art, between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted murals among others in Mexico City, Chapingo, Cuernavaca, San Francisco, Detroit, and New York City. In 1931, a exhibition of his works was held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Rivera had a marriage with fellow Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. Rivera was born in Guanajuato, Mexico, to a well-to-do family, Diego had a twin brother named Carlos, who died two years after they were born. Rivera was said to have Converso ancestry, Rivera wrote in 1935, My Jewishness is the dominant element in my life. Rivera began drawing at the age of three, a year after his brothers death. He had been drawing on the walls. His parents, rather than punishing him, installed chalkboards and canvas on the walls, as an adult, he married Angelina Beloff in 1911, and she gave birth to a son, Diego. Maria Vorobieff-Stebelska gave birth to a daughter named Marika in 1918 or 1919 when Rivera was married to Angelina and he married his second wife, Guadalupe Marín, in June 1922, with whom he had two daughters, Ruth and Guadalupe. He was still married when he met art student Frida Kahlo and they married on August 21,1929 when he was 42 and she was 22. Their mutual infidelities and his violent temper led to divorce in 1939, Rivera later married Emma Hurtado, his agent since 1946, on July 29,1955, one year after Kahlos death. His mural Dreams of a Sunday in the Alameda depicted Ignacio Ramírez holding a sign which read and this work caused a furor, but Rivera refused to remove the inscription. The painting was not shown for nine years – until Rivera agreed to remove the inscription. He stated, To affirm God does not exist, I do not have to hide behind Don Ignacio Ramírez, I am an atheist, from the age of ten, Rivera studied art at the Academy of San Carlos in Mexico City. He was sponsored to study in Europe by Teodoro A. Dehesa Méndez. In those years, Paris was witnessing the beginning of Cubism in paintings by such eminent painters as Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, from 1913 to 1917, Rivera enthusiastically embraced this new school of art. Around 1917, inspired by Paul Cézannes paintings, Rivera shifted toward Post-Impressionism with simple forms and his paintings began to attract attention, and he was able to display them at several exhibitions
27.
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
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Cedars-Sinai Medical Center is a non-profit, tertiary 958-bed hospital and multi-specialty academic health science center located in Los Angeles, California. Part of the Cedars-Sinai Health System, the hospital employs a staff of over 2,000 physicians and 10,000 employees, a team of 2,000 volunteers and more than 40 community groups support a patient-base of over 16,000 people. Over 350 residents and fellows participate in more than 60 graduate medical education programs, Cedars-Sinai focuses on biomedical research and technologically advanced medical education—based on an interdisciplinary collaboration between physicians and clinical researchers. Cedars-Sinai is affiliated with the California Heart Center, University of Southern California and David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles. As of 2013, U. S. News & World Report ranked Cedars-Sinai #13 out of hospitals across the United States and #3 in the western United States, behind only UCLA Medical Center and UCSF Medical Center. Located in the Harvey Morse Auditorium, Cedars-Sinais patient care is depicted in the Jewish Contributions to Medicine mural, the heart transplantation program at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center has experienced unprecedented growth since 2010. Statistically, Cedars-Sinai currently performs more annual heart transplants than any medical center in the world. Founded and financed by businessman Kaspare Cohn, Cedars-Sinai was established as the Kaspare Cohn Hospital in 1902, the hospital had just 12 beds when it opened on September 21,1902, and its services were initially free. From 1906 to 1910, Dr. Sarah Vasen, the first female doctor in Los Angeles, in 1910, the hospital relocated and expanded to Stephenson Avenue, where it had 50 beds and a backhouse containing a 10-cot tubercular ward. It gradually transformed from a hospital to a general hospital. Cedars of Lebanon could accommodate 279 patients, in 1918, the Bikur Cholim Society opened a second Jewish hospital, the Bikur Cholim Hospice, when the Great Influenza Pandemic hit America. In 1921, the relocated to an eight-bed facility in Boyle Heights and was renamed Bikur Cholim Hospital. In 1923 the Bikur Cholim Hospital became Mount Sinai Home for the Incurables, on November 7,1926, a newly named Mount Sinai Hospital moved to a 50-bed facility on Bonnie Beach Place. In 1950, Emma and Hyman Levine donated their property adjacent to Beverly Hills, the original building stood until 1994, when it was damaged in the Northridge earthquake. Cedars of Lebanon and Mount Sinai Hospitals merged in 1961 to form Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, donations from the Max Factor Family Foundation allowed the construction of the current main hospital building, which broke ground on November 5,1972, and opened on April 3,1976. In 1994, the Cedars-Sinai Health System was established, comprising the Cedars-Sinai Medical Care Foundation, the Burns and Allen Research Institute, named for George Burns and his wife, Gracie Allen, is located inside the Barbara and Marvin Davis Research Building. Opened in 1996, it houses biomedical research aimed at discovering genetic, molecular, in 2006, Cedars-Sinai added the Saperstein Critical Care Tower with 150 ICU beds. In 2008, Cedars-Sinai served 54,947 inpatients and 350,405 outpatients, Cedars-Sinai received high rankings in 11 of the 16 specialties, ranking in the top 10 for digestive disorders and in the top 25 for five other specialties as listed below
28.
LAC+USC Medical Center
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It is jointly operated by Los Angeles County Department of Health Services and the University of Southern California. Los Angeles County+USC Medical Center is one of the largest public hospitals and medical training centers in the United States, and it provides healthcare services for the regions medically underserved, is a Level I trauma center and treats over 28 percent of the regions trauma victims. It provides care for half of all AIDS and sickle-cell anemia patients in Southern California, LAC+USC Medical Center is owned and operated by the County of Los Angeles. Some LAC+USC doctors are faculty of the Keck School of Medicine of USC, LAC+USC is one of the busiest public hospitals in the Western United States, with nearly 39,000 inpatients discharged, and one million ambulatory care patient visits each year. The Emergency Department is one of the worlds busiest, with more than 150,000 visits per year, LAC+USC operates one of only three burn centers in Los Angeles County and one of the few Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Southern California. LAC+USC is also the home of the Los Angeles County College of Nursing and Allied Health, LAC+USC also serves as the host facility for the U. S. In 2013, American Cancer Society awarded LAC+USC with the Harold P. Freeman Award in recognition of the achievements to reduce cancer disparities among medically underserved populations. Although employees are encouraged to complete their minimal accreditation, this teaching hospital does not encourage employees to seek an education through career completion. The original hospital, located at 1200 State Street, opened in 1923 and its art-deco construction earned it the nickname the Great Stone Mother and had 800 patient beds. The 1994 Northridge earthquake on January 17,1994 renewed concerns about building safety codes, the California Hospital Seismic Safety Law was signed into law on September 21,1994. The new law took the 1200 State Street building out of compliance of earthquake, to address the problem, a new modern facility was proposed and constructed nearby, at 2051 Marengo Street. The new facility has a number of intensive care beds to handle patients in the aftermath of disasters. The new facility was ready by 2008, and on November 8 of that year, transfer of all inpatients from Womens and Childrens Hospital and the 1200 State Street building made the retirement of the original hospital complex official. The old building at 1200 State Street still stands, the Wellness Center, on the first floor of the old building, was opened in 2014. While this building no longer meets the California Hospital Seismic Safety Law, the Los Angeles County Hospital and the University of Southern California Medical School were first affiliated in 1885, five years after USC was founded. It was originally established as a 100-bed hospital with 47 patients, in 2004, the hospital appointed its first female Chief of Staff, Cynthia Stotts, D. O. in the 158-year history of the hospital. She was also the first osteopathic physician to serve in that position, a station on the El Monte Busway for the Metro Silver Line and Foothill Transit Silver Streak is located within walking distance from the hospital. Additionally, Metro lines 70,71,106,251,751,605 serve the hospital, marilyn Monroe was born in the charity ward on June 1,1926
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Loma Linda University Medical Center
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The medical center serves as a level I trauma center for San Bernardino County and the rest of the Inland Empire. The hospital has two helipads for use by an air ambulance or other helicopter medical transport, the main tower of the center was built in 1967 and is 11-stories high. It is one of the tallest buildings in the Inland Empire, because of its height and white coloration, it is possible to view the main hospital building from various locations around the San Bernardino valley and mountains. The hospital is undergoing a seismic upgrade project. Baby Fae died a few later, however, this effort led to the successful infant heart transplant program. LLUMC is home to the Venom E. R. which specializes in snake bites, in 2014, LLUMC was ranked the 14th best hospital in California by the U. S. News & World Report. Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital is the sole children’s hospital for almost 1.3 million of California’s youth, each year, more than 15,000 children stay at the hospital and over 130,000 children visit the hospital for ambulatory care. The only medical facility in the Inland Empire specializing in the care of children, the James M. Slater Proton Treatment and Research Center at Loma Linda University Medical Center offers proton therapy treatments for prostate, lung, brain and other types of cancers. This center is the nations first hospital-based proton treatment center, since its opening in 1990 over 14,500 patients have been treated. Proton radiation treatment differs from standard radiation therapy, if given in sufficient doses, conventional radiation therapy techniques will control many cancers. Because of the inability to adequately conform the irradiation pattern to the cancer. Consequently, a less-than-desired dose frequently is used to damage to healthy tissues. The characteristics of proton beam therapy enable the physician to deliver full or higher doses while sparing surrounding healthy tissues, Proton treatment is notably valuable for treating localized, isolated, solid tumors before they spread to other tissues and to the rest of the body. Using high-energy protons for medical treatment was first proposed in 1946, protons were first used to treat patients with certain cancers less than 10 years later. Research and laboratory applications increased rapidly in the three decades. It was not until the opening of the James M, the synchrotron was invented in the 1950s to produce higher-energy particles for studying subnuclear matter. Much of that work was done at the U. S. Department of Energys Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, fermilab physicists and engineers built the proton accelerator that exists at Loma Linda University Medical Center today. LLUMCs accelerator is the worlds smallest variable-energy proton synchrotron and it is designed to deliver a beam of energy sufficient to reach the deepest tumors in patients
30.
Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center
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The Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center is a hospital located on the campus of the University of California, Los Angeles in Westwood, Los Angeles, California, United States. It is currently ranked the 5th best hospital in the United States by US News, the hospitals emergency department is certified as a level I trauma center for adults and pediatrics. Collectively, the hospitals and specialty-care facilities of the UCLA Health System make it among the most comprehensive and it is rated as one of the top five hospitals in the United States and is the top hospital on the West Coast according to US News & World Report. The hospital has been ranked in the top twenty in 15 of the 16 medical specialties ranked by the US News ranking, ten of those specialties were ranked in the top ten. In 2005, the American Nurses Credentialing Center granted the medical center Magnet status, on June 29,2008, the new Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center opened and became fully operational, replacing the older facilities across the street. The older hospital complex had suffered moderate interior structural damage in the 1994 Northridge earthquake, originally budgeted at $598 million in 1998, construction began in 1999 and was completed in 2004. Cost overruns and construction delays attributed to rising costs and design changes due to medical advances resulted in the price of the building increasing to $829 million. Equipment purchased for the new building increased the total cost to over $1 billion, the Federal Emergency Management Agency contributed $432 million in earthquake relief funds to the project, and the state of California contributed $44 million. Private donations raised over $300 million for the project, including $150 million in President Reagans name, the new building was constructed to withstand an 8.0 magnitude earthquake, one of the first buildings in California built to the most recent seismic standards. The new 1,050, 000-square-foot hospital is named after the late President of the United States, the hospital will contain fewer patient beds than the one it replaces. The travertine elements were fastened to a sophisticated interlocking panelized aluminum cladding system developed by Benson Industries of Portland, the building envelope is designed to resist and survive severe seismic events and maintain excellent resistance to air and water infiltration. The older center itself is a sprawling 11-story brick building designed by Welton Becket and it is considered a landmark of early modern architecture. The center was built in phases, the first of which was completed in 1953. The hospital has a layout of intersecting wings, creating a series of courtyards throughout the complex. The first floor is unusual in that most of its walls are clad in a thick layer of naturally-weathered, unfilled, travertine. The exterior architecture is simple, consisting of a red brick wall with horizontal bands of stainless-steel louvers over the windows to keep direct sunlight from heating the building. Some of the old complex will be torn down, and some of it will be renovated and turned into space when it is no longer an operational hospital. The law does not require that all parts of a hospital be made earthquake-safe, much of the extensive travertine wall cladding from the buildings interior will most likely be salvaged and re-used
31.
Santa Clara Valley Medical Center
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Santa Clara Valley Medical Center is a 574-bed tertiary medical center, owned and operated by the County of Santa Clara. The Medical Center is part of the Santa Clara Valley Health, locally it is also known as Valley Medical Center, Valley Medical, VMC, or simply Valley. SCVMC is both a hospital and teaching hospital. It is the county hospital and primary trauma center in Santa Clara County, the campus and hospital were founded at its present location in 1876 by Dr. Benjamin Cory, the Director of Public Health. Founded as the County Hospital, it was the first organized hospital in the San Francisco Bay Area, the current campus continues to sit at the very same spot where the original hospital was constructed in the 19th century. This has led to issues with construction on site with the February 2012 unearthing of an 1870-1920s paupers grave site and it also is one of three pediatric level one trauma centers in Northern California. It operates one of four centers in Northern California. It is the trauma center in California to co-locate all five of these services on one campus. Santa Clara Valley Medical Centers operates numerous critical care units including the highest level neonatal intensive care unit, the medical center also is licensed for cardiovascular surgery and cardiac catheterization. It is designated a primary stroke treatment center by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Organizations, in addition, the Medical Center operates onsite outpatient clinics and satellite clinics in Gilroy, Milpitas, central San Jose, East San Jose, Southeast San Jose and Sunnyvale. Residency programs operated by Santa Clara Valley Medical Center include internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, radiology, residents in infectious diseases from the Kaiser Permanente Medical Program rotate through Santa Clara Valley Medical Center, as do members of the occupational medicine program from UC San Francisco
32.
Scripps Mercy Hospital
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Scripps Mercy Hospital is a private Catholic hospital located in San Diego, California. Founded in 1890, it is the oldest hospital in San Diego County and has campuses in Chula Vista, the hospital has 700 acute-care-licensed beds and employs 1,300 physicians. The Hillcrest campus is home to one of two regional Level I Trauma Centers and receives more than 2,100 trauma patients each year. In 1890, the Sisters of Mercy opened a five-bed dispensary called St. Josephs in Downtown San Diego, the dispensary was replaced by a three-story hospital in Hillcrest called St. Josephs Sanitarium in 1891, which was renamed to St. Josephs Hospital in 1904. The current hospital building, also in Hillcrest, was built in 1925, a second hospital, Bay General Hospital, was established in Chula Vista. In 1986, Bay General joined the Scripps Health system, as did Mercy Hospital in 1995, in 2004, the two hospitals were combined at the Hillcrest campus
33.
Stanford University Medical Center
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Stanford University Medical Center is a medical complex which includes Stanford Health Care and Stanford Childrens Health. Stanford Health Care is located at 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford and it is consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the United States by US News and World Report and serves as the primary teaching hospital for the Stanford University School of Medicine. The roof of the building contains a landing facility and Life Flight helicopter. Stanford Health Care provides both general acute care services and tertiary care for patients locally, nationally and internationally. Organ transplantation, cancer diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular medicine and surgery, among its many achievements, the first combined heart-lung transplant in the world was successfully completed at Stanford University Medical Center in 1981. The hospital plays a key role in the training of physicians and it provides a clinical environment for the medical school’s researchers as they study ways to translate new knowledge into effective patient care. Full-time Stanford faculty and community physicians make up the medical staff. The hospitals history began with the foundation of the Stanford Home for Convalescent Children in 1911 and it was purchased by the University in 1968 and renamed. In 1999, Stanford University approved a $185 million, five-year plan to improve the 40-year-old School of Medicine facility, the Center for Clinical Sciences Research opened in 2000. The Clark Center for interdisciplinary research and bioengineering opened in 2004, the buildings were extensively remodeled for medical use to provide facilities the clinics old homes lacked. For example, the Sleep Disorders Clinics new sleep lab has thorough soundproofing, the inpatient facilities remain on the Stanford campus. The hospitals medical staff numbers 1,910 with an additional 850 interns and residents, as well as nearly 1,500 registered nurses, Stanford Clinics, the group practice of most faculty physicians of Stanford University School of Medicine, includes 493 full-time faculty physicians. Their areas of range from primary care to the most advanced medical and surgical specialties. Stanford Clinics offer more than 100 specialty and subspecialty service areas, under the supervision of faculty physicians, Stanford medical students and residents participate in patient care in most specialties. The clinics participate in preferred provider health care programs as well as Medicare, Stanford University Medical Center is world-renowned for its work in cardiovascular medicine and surgery, organ transplantation, neurology, neurosurgery, and cancer diagnosis and treatment. It has nearly 40,000 emergency room visits per year, in 2007, Stanford Hospital was ranked by U. S. News & World Report as the 15th-best hospital out of 5,462 medical centers in the United States. As of 2014, Stanford received high rankings in the following specialties and it is located at 725 Welch Road, Palo Alto, California, adjacent to the Stanford campus. In 2007 it was ranked as the #10 best childrens hospital in the United States by U. S. News & World Report and this hospital in the CA Healthcare Atlas A project by OSHPD
34.
University of California, Irvine Medical Center
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The University of California, Irvine Medical Center is a major research hospital located in Orange, California. It is the center for the University of California, Irvine School of Medicine. Plans had been in place since the founding of the school for a medical division, space was set aside on campus for what was envisioned to become the heart of busy medical, veterinary, and dental facilities, with a major hospital as the centerpiece. This would model the emerging and eventually preeminently successful hospital campuses at the University of California, Los Angeles, the medical school wasnt originally planned to begin until the university had time to establish itself and stabilize sources of funding. Political wrangling between the American Medical Association and Californian osteopaths brought the school to UCI early. The California School of Medicine was the oldest continuously operating college in the Southwest United States. Starting in 1896, as the Pacific College of Osteopathy, it changed name to the College of Osteopathic Physicians and Surgeons, problems for UCI however were just beginning. Dean of Medicine Stanley van den Noort was adamant about gaining a teaching hospital on campus and this placed him and a portion of the faculty on a collision course with many powerful political figures on the local and state level especially Governor Jerry Brown. Brown managed to block the release of funds earmarked for the hospitals construction and he then vetoed a compromise van den Noort worked up for UCI to take care of Orange County Medical Centers patients in exchange for a 200-bed hospital. Under pressure from Brown the UC purchased the OCMC in 1976 from the county who no longer wished to maintain the aging, the controversial acquisition effectively halted the push for an on-campus hospital, angering many faculty. Many hospital staff were also wary of joining the school, an abortive attempt to establish a hospital through private venture ended with the death of the entire planning committee in a plane crash. In 1983 Chancellor Aldrich chose to drop his support ending ambitions for the time being, the university has since greatly expanded the facility and services of the medical center. Since then, the center has grown in size and reputation. Just prior to UCIs acquisition in 1976, the center had about 2,100 employees. Today, UC Irvine Medical Center has more than 3,500 employees—among them,243 who were working at the center when it changed hands. UC Irvine Medical Center is the only Orange County hospital consistently rated among Americas best by U. S. News, in 2016, two UC Irvine Health specialties were included among the top 50 nationally, 40th for orthopedics and 41st for ear, nose and throat. In 2003, UCI hired Jagat Narula and Mani Vannan as the chief, neither was board certified in internal medicine nor cardiology, and neither had a California medical license. In 2003, Dr. Glenn Provost presented a 13-signature petition outlining anesthesia safety problems and he stated that soon after complaining about a supervisor forcing him to take patients to the operating room without consent, chart, or preoperative check-in by the operating room nurse
35.
UC Davis Medical Center
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UC Davis Medical Center, formerly known as Sacramento Medical Center, is a major academic health center located in Sacramento, California. It is owned and operated by the University of California as part of its University of California, the medical center sits on a 142-acre campus located between the Elmhurst, Tahoe Park, and Oak Park residential neighborhoods. The 631-bed hospital serves as key referral center for a 65 and it operates inland Northern California’s only level I trauma center and maintains a staff of specialists and researchers in more than 150 areas of health care. The medical center is the teaching hospital affiliated with the UC Davis School of Medicine. The hospital, medical school, Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing and UC Davis Medical Group together comprise the UC Davis Health System, the history of UC Davis Medical Center dates to May 3,1850 when Sacramento City Council recommended that a hospital be built. The Sacramento County Hospital was established as a result, in 1852, in 1871, the hospital was moved to a 22-acre parcel of land on Stockton Blvd in Sacramento, California, the present location of UC Davis Medical Center. Just five years later, the facility was destroyed by fire. In 1879, a new hospital was completed and accepted by the county and this facility was designed by N. D. Goodell, architect of the Governors Mansion in Sacramento. It stood until 1914, when construction of a new facility was proposed. The main hospital building was completed in 1928, and still stands today and it was incorporated into the north/south wing of the main hospital in 1950. In 1964,34,000 square feet of space was added to the hospital, two years later, the facility became a community hospital, making everyone in Sacramento County eligible for patient care. In 1966, an agreement was reached with UC Davis, making the hospital a primary teaching hospital. This agreement provided for the transfer of ownership and operation of the hospital to the University and that same year, UC Regents purchased 32 acres of vacant land east of 45th street, formerly used by the California State Fairgrounds. This purchase increased the size of the medical center campus to 54 acres, the Sacramento Medical Center officially became the University of California, Davis Medical Center on July 1,1978, five years after its purchase on July 1,1973. UC Davis Medical Center is verified as both a level I trauma center and a level I pediatric trauma center by the American College of Surgeons, of the 112 level I trauma centers in the United States, fewer than 20 are verified for both adults and pediatrics. UC Davis functions as Californias only level I trauma center north of San Francisco and is historically among the nation’s busiest, in 2008, UC Davis admitted more than twice the amount of trauma patients required to achieve level I status. The UC Davis Burn Center collaborates with neighboring Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California hospital to create a regional burn treatment center, as part of their collaboration, UC Davis Medical Center cares for adult burn patients and Shriners for children. With close to 600 admissions per year, the combined burn programs make up one of the busiest five to ten burn centers in the nation, specialists also research and develop model treatments and guidelines for improving burn care and recovery
36.
UC San Diego Health
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UC San Diego Health is the academic health system of the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla, California. It is the academic health system serving San Diego and one of only two Level I trauma centers in the region. The health system works closely with the universitys School of Medicine and Skaggs School of Pharmacy to provide training to medical and pharmacy students and advanced clinical care to patients. It is the health system of the San Diego Chargers, the San Diego Padres, Club Tijuana, the UC San Diego Tritons. The UC San Diego Medical Center, Hillcrest is the first of two hospitals for the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine. Jacobs Medical Center opened on November 20,2016 and it is the second component of UC San Diego Healths two-campus strategy and provides specialized quaternary care not available elsewhere in San Diego County. The 364-bed facility is divided into four separate hospitals, Thornton Pavilion, Vassiliadis Pavilion, Foster Pavilion, the A. Vassiliadis Family Pavilion for Advanced Surgery includes intraoperative MRI machines and the only Restrictive Spectrum Imaging facility in the United States. The Rady Pavilion for Women and Infants includes a Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, eight rooms,32 private postpartum rooms. Each of the private rooms is equipped with an Apple iPad for controlling lighting, checking medical records. The facility is named for Joan and Irwin Jacobs in recognition of a $75 million dollar gift they made to support its construction, Thornton Pavilion and Perlman Medical Offices opened in the summer of 1993 as the standalone Thornton Hospital. John Alksne, a neurosurgeon and the Dean of the School of Medicine and it was a delicate brain operation. It is located on the UCSD campus in La Jolla, California, in 2016, the hospital was consolidated into the Jacobs Medical Center hospital complex. Established in 1979, the Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center is one of 41 National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Centers in the United States and it provides outpatient care for most specialized cancers. UC San Diego Shiley Eye Institute provides comprehensive eye care services, from basic eye exams to advanced diagnostic tests and it also houses the Joan and Irwin Jacobs Retina Center and Hamilton Glaucoma Center. The Abraham Ratner Childrens Eye Center is immediately adjacent to the Shiley building, the Sulpizio Family Cardiovascular Center provides ambulatory, clinical, and inpatient heart and stroke care in one central location. Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center is the regions first academic-based facility to all heart and vascular-related services, programs. It is connected by footbridges to Jacobs Medical Center and the Altman Clinical and Translational Research Institute, the emergency department for the La Jolla campus is housed in the Sulpizio building, with 22 outpatient beds and 54 acute care beds. The health system coordinates its activities closely with the UC San Diego School of Medicine as well as the university as a whole, in particular, clinical and translational research are important for both entities to advance the quality of patient care
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Arrowhead Regional Medical Center
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Arrowhead Regional Medical Center is a teaching hospital located in Colton, California within Southern Californias Inland Empire. ARMC is owned and operated by the County of San Bernardino, the hospital operates ten different residency training programs. ARMC uses the electronic health record MEDITECH, in the most recent year with available data, the hospital had 24,441 admissions, performed 6,483 inpatient and 5,367 outpatient surgeries, and 254,000 outpatient visits. ARMC is a stroke center, and was the first certified stroke center in San Bernardino County. The emergency room at ARMC has more than 130,461 visits annually, the hospital provides the only burn center for San Bernardino, Riverside, Inyo, and Mono counties. Image Guided Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy is offered as part of the Medical Imaging Department, ninety of the total 456 hospital beds are behavioral health and 366 are hospital inpatient beds.3 magnitude earthquake. The facility uses a combination of elastomeric base isolators and hydraulic dampers to absorb the energy generated during a seismic event. The emergency department is a level II trauma center and consists of 15 observation rooms,8 treatment rooms,8 trauma rooms, the hospital has a helicopter landing area, which is equipped to accommodate medivac and military helicopters. There is an outpatient building on the ARMC campus, which houses 109 examination rooms and 8 procedure rooms, the Arrowhead Regional Medical Center is the first facility in the U. S. to use filmless radiology hospital-wide. This system makes digital images, which are available for viewing at multiple stations throughout the facility for faster. The internal medicine residency program was started in 2005, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center official website This hospital in the CA Healthcare Atlas A project by OSHPD
