1.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
San Francisco
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San Francisco and the
Golden Gate Bridge from
Marin Headlands
San Francisco
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Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)
San Francisco
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1853
United States Coast Survey Map
San Francisco
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Francis Samuel Marryat, Hilltop of San Francisco, California, Looking toward the Bay, 1849. M.& N. Hanhart Chromolithograph
2.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
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A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
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Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
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Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
3.
Mime artist
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A mime or mime artist is a person who uses mime as a theatrical medium or as a performance art, involving miming, or the acting out a story through body motions, without use of speech. In earlier times, in English, such a performer would typically be referred to as a mummer, miming is to be distinguished from silent comedy, in which the artist is a seamless character in a film or sketch. The performance of mime originates at its earliest in Ancient Greece, in Medieval Europe, early forms of mime such as mummer plays and later dumbshows evolved. In early nineteenth century Paris, Jean-Gaspard Deburau solidified the many attributes that we have come to know in modern times—the silent figure in whiteface, Jacques Copeau, strongly influenced by Commedia dellarte and Japanese Noh theatre, used masks in the training of his actors. Jacques Lecoq contributed significantly to the development of mime and physical theatre with his training methods, however, the twentieth century also brought a new medium into widespread usage, the motion picture. The restrictions of early motion picture technology meant that stories had to be told with minimal dialogue and this often demanded a highly stylized form of physical acting largely derived from the stage. Thus, mime played an important role in films prior to advent of talkies, the mimetic style of film acting was used to great effect in German Expressionist film. Indeed, Chaplin may be the best-documented mime in history, tati, like Chaplin before him, would mime out the movements of every single character in his films and ask his actors to repeat them. Mime has been performed on stage, with Marcel Marceau and his character Bip being the most famous, Mime is also a popular art form in street theatre and busking. Traditionally, these sorts of performances involve the actor/actress wearing tight black, however, contemporary mimes often perform without whiteface. Similarly, while traditional mimes have been silent, contemporary mimes, while refraining from speaking. Mime acts are often comical, but some can be very serious, canadian author Michael Jacots first novel, The Last Butterfly, tells the story of a mime artist in Nazi-occupied Europe who is forced by his oppressors to perform for a team of Red Cross observers. Nobel laureate Heinrich Bölls The Clown relates the downfall of a mime artist, Hans Schneir, jacob Appels Pushcart short-listed story, Coulrophobia, depicts the tragedy of a landlord whose marriage slowly collapses after he rents a spare apartment to an intrusive mime artist. The first recorded mime was Telestēs in the play Seven Against Thebes by Aeschylus, tragic mime was developed by Puladēs of Kilikia, comic mime was developed by Bathullos of Alexandria. The Roman emperor Trajan banished mime artists, Caligula favored them, nero himself acted as a mime. Recitation, music, and even percussive footwork sometimes accompany the performance, the Natya Shastra, an ancient treatise on theatre by Bharata Muni, mentions silent performance, or mukabhinaya. In Kathakali, stories from Indian epics are told with facial expressions, hand signals, performances are accompanied by songs narrating the story while the actors act out the scene, followed by actor detailing without background support of narrative song. Butoh, though referred to as a dance form, has been adopted by various theatre practitioners as well
Mime artist
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Mimes Jean Soubeyran and Brigitte Soubeyran in 1950.
Mime artist
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A Dog's Life (1918).
Charlie Chaplin.
Mime artist
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Mime
Pablo Zibes.
4.
Melodrama
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A melodrama is a dramatic or literary work in which the plot, which is typically sensational and designed to appeal strongly to the emotions, takes precedence over detailed characterization. Characters are often drawn, and may appear stereotyped. In scholarly and historical contexts, melodramas are Victorian dramas in which orchestral music or song was used to accompany the action. The term is now applied to stage performances without incidental music, novels, movies. In modern contexts, the melodrama is generally pejorative, as it suggests that the work in question lacks subtlety, character development. By extension, language or behavior which resembles melodrama is often called melodramatic, the term originated from the early 19th-century French word mélodrame. It is derived from Greek melos, music, and French drame and this applies to both Victorian stage melodrama and 20th-century film melodrama. Movie director Sidney Lumet stressed the primacy of plot, saying in 2007 In a well-written drama, the characters in a well-written melodrama come out of the story. The relationship of melodrama to realism is complex, the protagonists of melodramatic works may either be ordinary people who are caught up in extraordinary events, or highly exaggerated and unrealistic characters. According to Singer, late Victorian and Edwardian melodrama combined a focus on realism in stage sets and props with anti-realism in character. Melodrama in this period strove for accuracy in the depiction of incredible. Novelist Wilkie Collins is noted for his attention to accuracy in detail in his works, beginning in the 18th century, melodrama was a technique of combining spoken recitation with short pieces of accompanying music. In such works, music and spoken dialogue typically alternated, although the music was also used to accompany pantomime. The earliest known examples are scenes in J. E. Eberlins Latin school play Sigismundus, the first full melodrama was Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Pygmalion, the text of which was written in 1762 but was first staged in Lyon in 1770. The overture and an Andante were composed by Rousseau, but the bulk of the music was composed by Horace Coignet, a different musical setting of Rousseaus Pygmalion by Anton Schweitzer was performed in Weimar in 1772, and Goethe wrote of it approvingly in Dichtung und Wahrheit. Pygmalion is a monodrama, written for one actor, some 30 other monodramas were produced in Germany in the fourth quarter of the 18th century. When two actors are involved the term duodrama may be used, georg Benda was particularly successful with his duodramas Ariadne auf Naxos and Medea. The sensational success of Bendas melodramas led Mozart to use two long melodramatic monologues in his opera Zaide, other later, and better-known examples of the melodramatic style in operas are the grave-digging scene in Beethovens Fidelio and the incantation scene in Webers Der Freischütz
Melodrama
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Poster for
The Perils of Pauline (1914) a classic melodramatic film series
5.
Farce
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In theatre, a farce is a comedy that aims at entertaining the audience through situations that are highly exaggerated, extravagant, and thus improbable. Farce is also characterized by humor, the use of deliberate absurdity or nonsense. Farces have been written for the stage and film, furthermore, a farce is also often set in one particular location, where all events occur. M. C. P. C. David Croft & Jeremy Lloyd, Allo Allo, ken Friedman, Claptrap Andrew Norriss and Richard Fegen, Chance in a Million Miles Tredinnick, Laugh. Alan Ayckbourn, A Small Family Business Miles Tredinnick, It’s Now Or Never, tom Kempinski, Sex Please, Were Italian. Ray Cooney, Funny Money Robin Hawdon, Perfect Wedding Steven Moffat, Coupling Miles Tredinnick, La Farce de maître Pierre Pathelin The Liar Molière, Tartuffe Molière, The Miser Labiche, La Cagnotte and other plays. These plays are performed as comic relief during the long, serious Noh plays, following stage shows of Umer Shareef are extremely popular. Archer Chowder The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack Scooby-Doo, IMDB list of film and television farces Farce films at Allmovie
Farce
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Petrov-Vodkin's painting of a theatre audience enjoying a farce.
6.
United States of America
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States of America
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States of America
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Flag
United States of America
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States of America
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
7.
American Civil Rights Movement
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This article covers the phase of the movement between 1954 and 1968, particularly in the South. The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance, between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to immediately to these situations. The 1950s and 1960s Civil Rights Movement witnessed the passage of several pieces of federal legislation. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 restored and protected voting rights for minorities, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 removed racial and national barriers and opened the way for non-white immigrants. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing, African Americans re-entered politics in the South, and across the country young people were inspired to take action. A wave of inner city riots in black communities from 1964 through 1970 undercut support from the white community. Many popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King, but, some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person, organization, or strategy. Before the American Civil War, almost four million blacks were enslaved in the South, only men of property could vote. From 1865 to 1877, the United States underwent a turbulent Reconstruction Era trying to free labor. Many whites resisted the changes, leading to insurgent movements such as the Ku Klux Klan, whose members attacked black. In 1871, President Ulysses S. Grant, the U. S. Army, however, if the states failed to implement the acts, the laws allowed the Federal Government to get involved. Many Republican governors were afraid of sending black militia troops to fight the clan in fear of war, for more than 60 years, blacks in the South were not able to elect anyone to represent their interests in Congress or local government. Since they could not vote, they could not serve on local juries, during this period, the white-dominated Democratic Party maintained political control of the South. With whites controlling all the seats representing the population of the South. The Republican Party—the party of Lincoln—which had been the party that most blacks belonged to, until 1965, the solid South was a one-party system under the Democrats. Outside a few areas, the Democratic Party nomination was tantamount to election for state, in 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House, making him the first African American to attend an official dinner there. The invitation was roundly criticized by politicians and newspapers
American Civil Rights Movement
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Four leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. From left:
Bayard Rustin,
Andrew Young, (N.Y. Cong.
William Ryan),
James Farmer, and
John Lewis in 1965.
American Civil Rights Movement
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The mob-style
lynching of Will James, Cairo, Illinois, 1909.
American Civil Rights Movement
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School integration, Barnard School, Washington, D.C., 1955
American Civil Rights Movement
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Troops from the
327th Regiment, 101st Airborne escorting the
Little Rock Nine African-American students up the steps of Central High.
8.
Golden Gate Park
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Golden Gate Park, located in San Francisco, California, United States, is a large urban park consisting of 1,017 acres of public grounds. It is administered by the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department, configured as a rectangle, it is similar in shape but 20 percent larger than Central Park in New York, to which it is often compared. It is over three miles long east to west, and about half a mile north to south, in the 1860s, San Franciscans began to feel the need for a spacious public park similar to Central Park, which was then taking shape in New York City. Golden Gate Park was carved out of unpromising sand and shore dunes that were known as the Outside Lands, conceived ostensibly for recreation, the underlying purpose of the park was housing development and the westward expansion of the city. The tireless field engineer William Hammond Hall prepared a survey and topographic map of the site in 1870. He was later named Californias first state engineer and developed a flood control system for the Sacramento Valley. The park drew its name from nearby Golden Gate Strait, the plan and planting were developed by Hall and his assistant, John McLaren, who had apprenticed in Scotland, home of many of the 19th-century’s best professional gardeners. John McLaren, when asked by the Park Commission if he could make Golden Gate Park one of the beauty spots of the world, replied saying With your aid gentleman, and God be willing, that I shall do. He also promised that hed go out into the country and walk along a stream until he found a farm, and that hed come back to the garden and recreate what nature had done. In 1876, the plan was almost replaced by one for a racetrack, favored by the Big Four millionaires, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, Collis P. Huntington and it was Gus Mooney who claimed land adjacent to the park on Ocean Beach. Many of Mooneys friends also staked claims and built shanties on the beach to sell refreshments to the patrons of the park, Hall resigned, and the remaining park commissioners followed. In 1882 Governor George C. Perkins appointed Frank M. Pixley founder, Pixley was adamant that the Mooneys shanties be eliminated, and he found support with the San Francisco Police for park security. Pixley favored Stanfords company by granting a lease on the route that closed the park on three sides to competition. The original plan, however, was back on track by 1886, Hall selected McLaren as his successor in 1887. The first stage of the development centered on planting trees in order to stabilize the dunes that covered three-quarters of the park’s area. By 1875, about 60,000 trees, mostly Eucalyptus globulus, Monterey pine, by 1879, that figure more than doubled to 155,000 trees over 1,000 acres. Later, McLaren scoured the world for trees, by correspondence and he lived in McLaren Lodge in Golden Gate Park until he died in 1943, aged 96. In 1903, a pair of Dutch-style windmills were built at the western end of the park
Golden Gate Park
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Golden Gate Park
Golden Gate Park
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John McLaren served as superintendent of Golden Gate Park for 53 years.
Golden Gate Park
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View of Golden Gate Park from the air.
Golden Gate Park
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Spreckels Temple of Music on the
Music Concourse.
9.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Reagan
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Reagan (with "Dutch" haircut), his elder brother Neil, and their parents Jack and Nelle Reagan. Photograph circa 1916–17.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Reagan as a teenager in
Dixon, Illinois.
Ronald Reagan
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With wife
Jane Wyman in 1942
10.
Jerry Falwell
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Jerry Lamon Falwell Sr. was an American Southern Baptist pastor, televangelist, and conservative activist. He was the pastor of the Thomas Road Baptist Church. He founded Lynchburg Christian Academy in 1967 and Liberty University in 1971, Falwell and his twin brother Gene were born in the Fairview Heights region of Lynchburg, Virginia, the sons of Helen Virginia and Carey Hezekiah Falwell. His father was an entrepreneur and one-time bootlegger who was agnostic and his grandfather was a staunch atheist. Jerry Falwell married the former Macel Pate on April 12,1958, the couple had sons Jerry Jr. and Jonathan and a daughter Jeannie. He graduated from Brookville High School in Lynchburg, and from the then-unaccredited Baptist Bible College in Springfield, in 1956, at age 22, Falwell founded the Thomas Road Baptist Church, originally located at 701 Thomas Road in Lynchburg, Virginia, with 35 members. The church went on to become a megachurch, also in 1956, he began the Old Time Gospel Hour, a nationally syndicated radio and television ministry. When Falwell died, his son Jonathan became heir to his fathers ministry, at this time, the weekly programs name was changed to Thomas Road Live. Liberty Christian Academy is a Christian school in Lynchburg which was described in 1966 by the Lynchburg News as a school for white students. The Lynchburg Christian Academy later opened in 1967 by Falwell as a segregation academy, in 1971, Jerry Falwell founded Liberty University, which says that it is the largest Christian university in the world. Liberty University offers over 350 accredited programs of study, with approximately 13,000 residential students and 90,000 online, by 1975, the Internal Revenue Service moved to revoke the tax-exempt status of Bob Jones University, which forbade interracial dating. In some states its easier to open a massage parlor than to open a Christian school, what brought Falwell and other white evangelicals into common cause with political conservatives was a ruling issued in 1978 by the IRS. This ruling stripped tax-exempt status from private schools formed in the South in reaction to the Brown v. Board of Education mandate to desegregate public schools. Falwell had founded one of schools in Lynchburg, though he and other white evangelicals insisted that their schools were Christian academies. In one fell swoop, writes political scientist Corey Robin, the heirs of slaveholders became the descendants of persecuted Baptists, in this controversy, the Religious Right found its voice and its power. It also found common cause with political conservatives. S, President Jimmy Carters intervention against Christian schools by. trying to deny them tax-exempt status on the basis of so-called de facto segregation. The Moral Majority became one of the largest political groups for evangelical Christians in the United States during the 1980s. According to Jimmy Carter, that autumn a group headed by Jerry Falwell purchased $10 million in commercials on radio and TV to brand me as a traitor to the South
Jerry Falwell
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Jerry Falwell
Jerry Falwell
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Jerry Falwell in Tallahassee, Florida
11.
Brechtian
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Eugen Bertolt Friedrich Brecht was a German poet, playwright, and theatre director of the 20th century. Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht was born in February 1898 in Augsburg, Bavaria, Brechts mother was a devout Protestant and his father a Catholic. The modest house where he was born is preserved as a Brecht Museum. His father worked for a mill, becoming its managing director in 1914. Thanks to his mothers influence, Brecht knew the Bible, a familiarity that would have an effect on his writing. From her, too, came the image of the self-denying woman that recurs in his drama. Brechts home life was comfortably middle class, despite what his occasional attempt to claim peasant origins implied, at school in Augsburg he met Caspar Neher, with whom he formed a lifelong creative partnership. Neher designed many of the sets for Brechts dramas and helped to forge the distinctive visual iconography of their epic theatre, when Brecht was 16, the First World War broke out. Initially enthusiastic, Brecht soon changed his mind on seeing his classmates swallowed by the army and his expulsion was only prevented through the intervention of his religion teacher. On his fathers recommendation, Brecht sought a loophole by registering for a course at Munich University. There he studied drama with Arthur Kutscher, who inspired in the young Brecht an admiration for the iconoclastic dramatist, from July 1916, Brechts newspaper articles began appearing under the new name Bert Brecht. Brecht was drafted into service in the autumn of 1918, only to be posted back to Augsburg as a medical orderly in a military VD clinic. In July 1919, Brecht and Paula Banholzer had a son, some time in either 1920 or 1921, Brecht took a small part in the political cabaret of the Munich comedian Karl Valentin. Brechts diaries for the few years record numerous visits to see Valentin perform. Brecht compared Valentin to Charlie Chaplin, for his virtually complete rejection of mimicry and he did short sketches in which he played refractory employees, orchestral musicians or photographers, who hated their employers and made them look ridiculous. The employer was played by his partner, Liesl Karlstadt, a popular woman comedian who used to pad herself out, anyone can be creative, he quipped, its rewriting other people thats a challenge. Brecht completed his second play, Drums in the Night. Between November 1921 and April 1922 Brecht made acquaintance with many people in the Berlin cultural scene
Brechtian
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Bertolt Brecht
Brechtian
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Poster for the
Riverside Shakespeare Company's production of Brecht and
Lion Feuchtwanger's Edward II. New York City, 1982.
Brechtian
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Stamp from the former
East Germany depicting Brecht and a scene from his
Life of Galileo.
Brechtian
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Brecht and Weigel on the roof of the
Berliner Ensemble during the
International Workers' Day demonstrations in 1954.
12.
Fourth of July
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It declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America, and were no longer part of the British Empire. Independence Day is the National Day of the United States, Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail, The second day of July,1776, I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, adamss prediction was off by two days. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2,1776, although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4,1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence, calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4,1872, so far he is the only U. S. President to have been born on Independence Day. In 1777 thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting. In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a ration of rum for his soldiers. Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, in 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5, in 1781 the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration. In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina, held a celebration of July 4 with a music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter. This work was titled The Psalm of Joy and this is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today. In 1870 the U. S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees, in 1938 Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday. Independence Day is a holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on day to appear at a public event to praise the nations heritage, laws, history, society. Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue, many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, decorations are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag
Fourth of July
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Displays of fireworks, such as these over the
Washington Monument in 1986, take place across the United States on Independence Day.
Fourth of July
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American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in 1902 Puck cartoon
Fourth of July
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An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration
Fourth of July
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Independence Day Parade in Washington, D.C.
13.
Labor Day
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Labor Day in the United States is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September. It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength, prosperity, laws and it is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend and it is considered the unofficial end of summer. The holiday is also a federal holiday, beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and labor movements grew, trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor. Labor Day was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor, in 1887, Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became a federal holiday in 1894. Canadas Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September, more than 80 countries celebrate International Workers Day on May 1 – the ancient European holiday of May Day – and several countries have chosen their own dates for Labour Day. Beginning in the late 19th century, as the union and labor movements grew. In the United States a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the 1880s, an early history of the holiday dates the events origins to a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882. In conjunction with this clandestine Knights assembly a public parade of various organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union of New York. In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday, by the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty U. S. states officially celebrated Labor Day. Thus by 1887 in North America, Labor Day was an established, cleveland supported the creation of the national holiday in an attempt to shore up support among trade unions following the Pullman Strike. All U. S. states, the District of Columbia, and this became the pattern for Labor Day celebrations. Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later, as emphasis was placed upon the civil significance of the holiday. Labor Day is called the end of summer because it marks the end of the cultural summer season. Many take their two-week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend, many fall activities, such as school and sports begin about this time. In the United States, many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend, many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day. The relevant statute has been nicknamed the Kings Dominion law after one such park, in U. S. sports, Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports. National Collegiate Athletic Association teams usually play their first games that weekend, the Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in Darlington, South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015
Labor Day
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Labor Day Parade in
New York's Union Square, 1882
14.
Saul Landau
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Saul Landau was an American journalist, filmmaker and commentator. He was also a professor emeritus at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona and he was born in the Bronx, New York. A graduate of Manhattans Stuyvesant High School, he earned bachelors and masters degrees in history from the University of Wisconsin. He donated his papers and films to the Wisconsin Center for Film. Landau authored 14 books, produced and directed over 50 documentary films, gore Vidal said, Saul Landau is a man I love to steal ideas from. C. and a senior fellow and former director of the Transnational Institute in Amsterdam. He received an Emmy for his film Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang and he won the Edgar Allan Poe Award 1981 for Best Fact Crime for Assassination on Embassy Row about the murder of TNI Director Orlando Letelier and their colleague and friend Ronnie Karpen-Moffitt. He received the Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award for his lifes contribution to human rights, in the early 1960s, he was a member of the San Francisco Mime Troupe and wrote the play The Minstrel Show. At that time he was working as a film distributor. Landau donated his Latin American-related films and papers to the University of California, Landau died after battling bladder cancer for two years on September 9,2013 at his home in Alameda, California. Landaus films are distributed by Round World Productions and his 1968 film Fidel is distributed by Microcinema. Losing just the same Fidel From Protest to Resistance Que Hacer/What is to be Done, - Saul Landau, Raúl Ruiz, Jaime Sierra, Nina Serrano. Conversation with Allende Brazil, A Report on Torture Robert Wall, land of My Birth - The campaign film for Michael Manley in Jamaica. Bill Moyers CBS report on CIA and Cuba The CIA Case Officer - A documentary about John Stockwell, a former CIA official who served in the CIA for 12 years, mostly in Africa and Vietnam. The film won an Emmy Award, George F. Polk Award for investigative journalism on TV, Hefner First Amendment Award for journalism, Paul Jacobs and the Nuclear Gang - A political documentary about government suppression of the health hazards of low-level radiation. Paul Jacobs died from cancer before the documentary was finished. His doctors believed he contracted it while he was investigating nuclear policies in 1957, Jacobs interviewed civilians and soldiers, survivors of nuclear experiments in the 50s and 60s, testing the effects of radiation. Steppin - A documentary about Michael Manley on his tour in Jamaica, Iraq, Voices From the Street Syria, Between Iraq and a Hard Place Will the Real Terrorist Please Stand Up “WE DON’T PLAY GOLF HERE – and other stories of globalization” Saul Landau. A detective novel set in the Bronx NY, in this book, he defines his position on the 2006 Cuban transfer of presidential duties, Cuba in the 1960s, Raúl Castro and his opinion on the U. S. concerning Cuba Saul Landau
Saul Landau
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Saul Landau
15.
Steve Reich
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Stephen Michael Steve Reich is an American composer who, along with La Monte Young, Terry Riley, and Philip Glass, pioneered minimal music in the mid to late 1960s. Reichs style of composition influenced many composers and groups and his innovations include using tape loops to create phasing patterns, and the use of simple, audible processes to explore musical concepts. These compositions, marked by their use of figures, slow harmonic rhythm and canons, have significantly influenced contemporary music. Reichs work took on a character in the 1980s with the introduction of historical themes as well as themes from his Jewish heritage. Writing in The Guardian, music critic Andrew Clements suggested that Reich is one of a handful of living composers who can claim to have altered the direction of musical history. The American composer and critic Kyle Gann has claimed that Reich may. be considered, by general acclamation, Reich was born in New York City to the Broadway lyricist June Sillman and Leonard Reich. When he was one old, his parents divorced. He is the half-brother of writer Jonathan Carroll and he was given piano lessons as a child and describes growing up with the middle-class favorites, having no exposure to music written before 1750 or after 1900. At the age of 14 he began to study music in earnest, after hearing music from the Baroque period and earlier, Reich studied drums with Roland Kohloff in order to play jazz. While attending Cornell University, he minored in music and graduated in 1957 with a B. A. in Philosophy, Reichs B. A. thesis was on Ludwig Wittgenstein, later he would set texts by that philosopher to music in Proverb and You Are. For a year following graduation, Reich studied composition privately with Hall Overton before he enrolled at Juilliard to work with William Bergsma, subsequently, he attended Mills College in Oakland, California, where he studied with Luciano Berio and Darius Milhaud and earned a masters degree in composition. At Mills, Reich composed Melodica for melodica and tape, which appeared in 1986 on the three-LP release Music from Mills, Reich worked with the San Francisco Tape Music Center along with Pauline Oliveros, Ramon Sender, Morton Subotnick, Phil Lesh and Terry Riley. He was involved with the premiere of Rileys In C and suggested the use of the eighth note pulse, Reichs early forays into composition involved experimentation with twelve-tone composition, but he found the rhythmic aspects of the number twelve more interesting than the pitch aspects. Reich also composed soundtracks for Plastic Haircut, Oh Dem Watermelons. The soundtrack of Plastic Haircut, composed in 1963, was a short tape collage, the Watermelons soundtrack used two 19th-century minstrel tunes as its basis, and used repeated phrasing together in a large five-part canon. The music for Thick Pucker arose from street recordings Reich made walking around San Francisco with Nelson, who filmed in black and white 16mm. A fourth film from 1965, about 25 minutes long and tentatively entitled Thick Pucker II, was assembled by Nelson from outtakes of that shoot, Nelson was not happy with the resulting film and never showed it. Reich was influenced by fellow minimalist Terry Riley, whose work In C combines simple musical patterns, offset in time, to create a slowly shifting, Reich adopted this approach to compose his first major work, Its Gonna Rain
Steve Reich
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Reich performing clapping music in 2006
16.
William T. Wiley
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William T. Wiley is an American artist. His practice spans a range of media including drawing, painting, sculpture, film, performance. At least some of Wileys work has been referred to as funk art and he was born in Bedford, Indiana. Raised in Indiana, Texas, and Richland, Washington, Wiley moved to San Francisco to study at the California School of Fine Arts where he earned his BFA in 1960 and his MFA two years later. In 1963, Wiley joined the faculty of the UC Davis art department with Bay Area Funk Movement artists Robert Arneson, during that time Wiley instructed students including Bruce Nauman and Deborah Butterfield. According to Dan Graham, the literary, punning element of Naumans work came from Wiley, Wiley also acknowledges the effect Nauman had on his own work. His first solo exhibition was held at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 1960, in the late 1960s Wiley collaborated with the minimalist composer Steve Reich and introduced him to Bruce Nauman. Wiley continued to build upon his stature as a major artist with works appearing in the Venice Biennial. He also had exhibitions at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco. In 2009, the Smithsonian American Art Museum presented a retrospective of Wileys career titled Whats It All Mean, William T. Wiley in Retrospect, a review in the Wall Street Journal stated, Mr. Wileys work is unlike any other in recent art. He is less a contemporary artist than a national treasure, in 2010, the retrospective moved to the Berkeley Art Museum, from March 17 to July 18. The catalogue for the retrospective, Whats It All Mean, William T. Wiley in Retrospect, was co-published by the Smithsonian American Art Museum, Wiley was the recipient of the Guggenheim Fellowship Award in 2004. He is represented by Hosfelt Gallery in San Francisco and by Maxwell Davidson Gallery in New York City. C. Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, Netherlands Walker Art Center, Minneapolis Whitney Museum of American Art Joann Moser with John Yau and John G. Hanhardt, WHATS IT ALL MEAN, WILLIAM T. O. E. Video interview and artists films at www. artbabble. org In Case You Missed the Revolution, hes Wily, And Witty Wall Street Journal of Wileys 2009-2010 Smithsonian American Art Museum show
William T. Wiley
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William T Wiley in San Francisco, 2006, photograph by Sally Larsen
William T. Wiley
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Torturer, 1989, color softground etching by William T. Wiley, 1989
17.
Wally Hedrick
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Wally Bill Hedrick was a seminal American artist in the 1950s California counterculture, gallerist, and educator who came to prominence in the early 1960s. Hedrick’s contributions to art include pioneering artworks in psychedelic art, mechanical kinetic sculpture, junk/assemblage sculpture, Pop Art. Later in his life, he was a forerunner in Happenings, Conceptual Art, Bad Painting, Neo-Expressionism. Wally Hedrick was known as an “idea artist” long before the label “conceptual art” entered the art world, Hedrick visited California School of Fine Arts in 1946. During this period, he joined Progressive Art Workers with David Simpson, John Stanley, the Progressive Art Workers was a social club which also functioned as a co-operative through which the group the members were able to exhibit their works. At this time, too, Vesuvio Cafe in San Franciscos North Beach district hired Hedrick as a painter to work while a jazz combo performed. He made these paintings and while he would paint the musicians would play along with him and he would go like this and they would go doodoo doop. It was very popular in North Beach, the guy would make four or five paintings in an evening. Hedrick made a break with the conventions of art training and art—making. There were three directions an artist could take at that time, Hedrick says, Figuration, Abstract-Expressionism, and this third thing, which was out of the surrealist and Dada tradition. Hedrick began working out a form of personalized Dada, which led perhaps to his most influential contribution to the course of Bay Area art, the puns not only became titles. but appeared in the painting itself. Hedricks mature artistic career began with paintings of popular imagery—American flags, radios, television cabinets, John Coplans included Hedricks use of popular imagery in 1951 in his timeline of the antecedents to Pop Art. Hedrick began painting flags in the 1950s, before New Yorks Jasper Johns did, soon after, Hedrick -- ever the anti-careerist -- painted many of those flags black to protest the Vietnam War. In the early 1950s, Vesuvio Cafe, a popular Beat hangout, employed Hedrick to sit in the window dressed in full beard, turtleneck, and sandals and create improvisational drawings and paintings. Hedricks figure, therefore, helped ushered in the Beat lifestyle which ballooned in the later 1950s, Hedrick once confided to his student Jerry Garcia that he and his friends were the real Beat Generation. At the time, Hedrick was one of the first San Francisco Artists in the early 1950s to work almost exclusively with metal and he began welding in 1952, and these efforts are considered the first kinetic / junk assemblages. Hedrick made assemblages and sculptures from beer cans, lights, broken radio and television sets, refrigerators, what interests me, he said later, is to take garbage and make it into art, kind of ironic art. He painted over the surfaces with layers of impasto and gesso which incorporated the work into the aesthetic of action painting
Wally Hedrick
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Wallace Berman and other artists with 2 undercover Vice Squad officers, looking at Wally Hedrick's sculpture Sunflower (1952), during the now-famous LAPD obscenity arrest at
Ferus Gallery in 1957. Hedrick's Sunflowers (1952) was one of the earliest West Coast sculptures made almost exclusively with junk or scrap metal.
Wally Hedrick
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Hedrick, Peace, 1953, Oil on canvas, 18 x 14", Collection:
Paul McCarthy, Los Angeles, CA. Hedrick "began painting flags in the 1950s, years before New York's
Jasper Johns did."
Wally Hedrick
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Wally Hedrick, War Room, c. 1967, Exterior View. Installing Hedrick's, War Room at SSU in 2002.
18.
Peter Coyote
–
Peter Coyote is an American actor, author, director, screenwriter and narrator of films, theatre, television and audiobooks. His voice work includes narrating the opening ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics and he has also served as on-camera co-host of the 2000 Oscar telecasts. He has often compared with actor Henry Fonda. Coyote was one of the founders of the Diggers, an anarchist improv group active in Haight-Ashbury during the mid-1960s, Coyote became a member, and later chairman, of the California Arts Council from 1975 to 1983. In the late 1970s, he shifted from acting on stage to acting in films, in the 1990s and 2000s, he acted in several television shows. He speaks fluent Spanish and French, Coyote was born in New York City, the son of Ruth and Morris Cohon, an investment banker. His father was of Sephardic Jewish descent and his mother came from a working-class Ashkenazi Jewish family and her father, trained as a rabbi in Russia, escaped being drafted into the Imperial Russian Army, and eventually ran a small candy store in the Bronx. Coyote was raised in an intellectual, cultural but unreligious family. He grew up in Englewood, New Jersey and graduated from the Dwight Morrow High School there in 1960, Coyote later said that he was half black and half white inside due to the strong influence of Susie Nelson, his familys African-American housekeeper. Kennedy invited the group into the White House, the first time protesters had ever been so recognized, the group received wide press coverage. They mimeographed the resulting headlines and sent them to college in the United States. While still at Grinnell College, Coyote ingested peyote and had a hallucination in which he saw his footprints as coyote paw-prints. A few years later, he came across Coyotes Journal, a poetry magazine and it was this that caused him to change his name to Coyote, after meeting Rolling Thunder, a self-styled shaman, who felt that the experience was spiritually significant. Coyote acted, wrote scripts, and directed in the Mime Troupe, Coyote directed the first cross-country tour of The Minstrel Show, Civil Rights in a Cracker Barrel, a controversial play closed by authorities in several cities. They created provocative theater events designed to heighten awareness of problems associated with the notion of property, consumerism. They fed nearly 600 people a day for free, asking only that people pass through a six-foot by six-foot square known as The Free Frame of Reference and they ran a Free Store, a Free Medical Clinic, and even a short-lived Free Bank. The Diggers evolved into a known as the Free Family. Coyote was the best known resident of the Black Bear Ranch commune in Siskiyou County and he was a friend of Rolling Thunder, a Shoshone Medicine man
Peter Coyote
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Coyote at a political rally in 2007
19.
Emmett Grogan
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Emmett Grogan was a founder of the Diggers, a radical community-action group of Improvisational actors in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, California. The Diggers took their name from the English Diggers, a movement opposed to feudalism, the Church of England. The Diggers combined street theater, direct action, and art happenings in their agenda of creating a Free City. Their most famous activities revolved around distributing free food every day in the park, the Diggers coined various slogans that became part of the counterculture and even the larger society, such as, Do your own thing and Today is the first day of the rest of your life. The Diggers ultimately inspired Abbie Hoffman to undertake a similar venture on the Lower East Side of New York City during the mid-1960s, the Diggers of the 1960s also inspired present-day Food Not Bombs groups who distribute free food to the hungry. Grogans distrust of the media made it difficult for reporters to acquire more than a few details of his life. He was born on November 28,1942 as Eugene Leo Grogan into an Irish-American family in the Bay Ridge neighborhood of Brooklyn, after high school, he attended Duke University for one year before moving to San Francisco. Grogan was also the author of Final Score, a crime novel and he married the French-Canadian actress Louise LaTraverse and had one son, Max. Grogans 1972 autobiography Ringolevio, a Life Played for Keeps is regarded by some as the best, in the book, Grogan refers to himself by the alias Kenny Wisdom. Peter Coyote, in the 1990 introduction to Ringolevio states that Grogans choice of that alias is no accident, bob Dylan dedicated his 1978 album Street Legal to Grogan. Richard Brautigan dedicated the poem Death is a Beautiful Car Parked Only to Grogan, on April 6,1978, 35-year-old Grogan was found dead on a New York City subway train on the F line in Coney Island, he had suffered a heart attack. Close friend and Digger co-founder Peter Coyote stated in his foreword to Grogans autobiography Ringolevio that his death was due to a heroin overdose, Grogan shunned media attention, and became increasingly suspicious of those who sought publicity. In Ringolevio Grogan discussed the 1967 Human Be-In, criticizing counterculture luminaries Timothy Leary, Jerry Rubin and they became the Western worlds taste makers overnight. He also decried the HIP merchants HIP Job Co-Op, revealing much of the work they offered was sweatshop labor. He pointed out that unskilled and clerical jobs would be away from poor residents who depended on such work to survive. Ringolevio, A Life Played for Keeps
Emmett Grogan
–
Emmett Grogan
20.
Bill Graham (promoter)
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Bill Graham was a German-American impresario and rock concert promoter from the 1960s until his death in 1991 in a helicopter crash. On July 4,1939 he was sent from Germany to France to escape the Holocaust, at age 10 he settled in a foster home in the Bronx, New York. Graham graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School and from City College with a business degree, in the early 1960s, he moved to San Francisco, and, in 1965, began to manage the San Francisco Mime Troupe. He had teamed up with local Haight Ashbury promoter Chet Helms and Family Dog and this eventually turned into a profitable full-time career and he assembled a talented staff. Graham had a profound influence around the world, sponsoring the musical renaissance of the 60s from the epicenter, San Francisco. Graham was born in Berlin, the youngest child and only son of lower middle-class parents, Frieda and Jacob Yankel Grajonca and his father died two days after his sons birth. Graham was nicknamed Wolfgang by his family early in life, Grahams older sisters Sonja and Ester stayed behind with their mother. After the fall of France, Graham was among a group of Jewish orphans spirited out of France, but a majority, including Tolla Grajonca, did not survive the difficult journey. He was one of the One Thousand Children, those mainly Jewish children who managed to flee Hitler and Europe, and come directly to North America, nearly all these OTC parents were killed by the Reich. Graham had five sisters, Rita, Evelyn, Sonia, Ester and Tolla, Rita and Ester moved to the United States and were close to Graham in his later life. Evelyn and Sonia escaped the Holocaust, first to Shanghai, and later, after the war, once in the United States, Graham was placed in a foster home in The Bronx in New York City. After being taunted as an immigrant and being called a Nazi because of his German-accented English, Graham worked on his accent and he changed his name to sound more American. Graham graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School and then obtained a degree from City College. He was later quoted as describing his training as that of an efficiency expert, Graham was drafted into the United States Army in 1951, and served in the Korean War, where he was awarded both the Bronze Star and Purple Heart. Upon his return to the States he worked as a d in Catskill Mountain resorts in upstate New York during their heyday. He was quoted saying that his experience as a maître d, tito Puente, who played some of these resorts, went on record saying that Graham was avid to learn Spanish from him, but only cared about the curse words. Graham moved from New York to San Francisco in the early 1960s to be closer to his sister Rita. He was invited to attend a concert in Golden Gate Park, produced by Chet Helms and the Diggers, where he made contact with the San Francisco Mime Troupe
Bill Graham (promoter)
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Bill Graham, circa 1990
Bill Graham (promoter)
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Helicopter crash site
21.
Ed Holmes
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The Saint Stupids Day Parade is an annual parade in San Francisco on April 1. It was founded by Ed Holmes in the late 1970s, if April 1 falls on a weekday, the parade starts at the foot of Market Street and follows a route through the financial district. If April 1 falls on a weekend, the starts at the Transamerica Pyramid, proceeds up Columbus Avenue. Saint Stupid’s Day Parade-First Church of the Last Laugh Photos, 30th Annual Saint Stupid’s Day Parade Several years photos of the Saint Stupids Day Parade
Ed Holmes
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At the annual Saint Stupid's Day Parade on April 1, 2001
22.
Act Without Words I
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Act Without Words I is a short play by Samuel Beckett. It is a mime, Becketts first, like many of Becketts works, the play was originally written in French, being translated into English by Beckett himself. It was written in 1956 following a request from the dancer Deryk Mendel, on that occasion it followed a performance of Endgame. The original music to accompany the performance was written by John S. Beckett, the action takes place in a desert illuminated by a dazzling light. The cast consists of just one man, who, at the start of the play, is “flung backwards” onto the stage, after he lands he hears a whistle from the right wing. He “takes the sound for some kind of call, and after a bit of reflection, next the sound issues from the left. The scene is repeated in reverse. ”He sits on the ground and looks at his hands. A number of objects are lowered into this set beginning with a palm tree with “a single bough some three yards from the ground, ” “a caricature of the Tree of Life. ”Its arrival is announced, as is that of each object which follows. On being made aware of its existence the man moves into its shade, “A pair of tailor’s scissors descends from the flies” but again the man doesn’t notice them until he hears the whistle. He then starts to trim his nails. ”The rest of the sketch is a study in frustrated efforts. “Armed with two tools, mind and hands, those tools, which separate him from lower orders of animals, he tries to survive. The mind works, at least in part, he learns – small cube on large, he invents, or is given inventions – scissors, cubes, eventually it looks as if he’s given up and he sits on the big cube. After a while, this is pulled up from beneath him, from this point on he refuses to ‘play the game’ any further, even when the carafe of water is dangled in front of his face he does not make to grab it. The palms for the open, providing shade once more. He simply sits there in the light looking at his hands. Tantalus was punished for stealing ambrosia and nectar and it is not certain that the man is being punished for a crime other than that of existing in the first place. ”In simplistic terms the man’s actual fall could be seen to represent the Fall of man. The fact that the man is literally, as far as the audience is concerned, thrown into existence brings to mind the Heideggerian concept of Geworfenheit. ”Heidegger is clearly using the expression metaphorically as is Beckett, the man is expelled from a womb-like condition, from non-being into being. This is not the first time Beckett has used light to symbolise existence, “They give birth astride of a grave, “As Beckett told Barney Rosset, his longtime U. S. publisher, in 1957, he is just ‘human meat or bones
Act Without Words I
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An outdoor production at the Modern Hotel in
Boise, Idaho
23.
Ubu Roi
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Ubu Roi is a play by Alfred Jarry. It was first performed in Paris at the Théâtre de lŒuvre and it is considered a wild, bizarre and comic play, significant for the way it overturns cultural rules, norms, and conventions. For those who were in the audience on that night to witness the response, including William Butler Yeats and it is now seen by some to have opened the door for what became known as modernism in the twentieth century. It is a precursor to Dada, Surrealism and the Theatre of the Absurd, Jarry made some suggestions regarding how his play should be performed. He wanted King Ubu to wear a cardboard horses head in certain scenes, as in the old English theatre and he thought a suitably costumed person would enter, as in puppet shows, to put up signs indicating the locations of the various scenes. He also wanted costumes with as little specific local colour reference or historical accuracy as possible, Ubu Roi was followed by Ubu Cocu and Ubu Enchaîné, neither of which was performed during Jarrys 34-year life. One of his works, a novel/essay on pataphysics, is offered as an explanation behind the ideas that underpin Ubu Roi. Pataphysics is, as Jarry explains, the science of the realm beyond metaphysics, pataphysics is a pseudo-science Jarry created to critique members of the academy. It studies the laws that govern exceptions and will explain the universe supplementary to this one and it is the science of imaginary solutions. The story may at first glance seem merely frivolous — the obscene nonsense of schoolboys and it is a parody of Shakespeares Macbeth with bits of Hamlet and King Lear tossed in. But with Jarrys rich imagination at work, the material began to express something deeper, a consciousness in a way that is similar to the Symbolists. In fact, many critics consider Jarry a Symbolist author, as the play begins, Ubu leads a revolution, and kills the King of Poland and most of the royal family. The Queen of Poland then dies, the ghost of the dead king calls for revenge, prompting Ubu to begin killing the population and taking their money. Ubus henchman gets thrown into prison, he escapes to Russia. As Ubu heads out to confront the invading Russians, his wife tries to steal money that Ubu has stashed in the palace and she is driven away by Bougrelas, the crown prince, who is leading a revolt of the people against Ubu. She runs away to her husband, Ubu, who has, in the meantime, defeated the Russians, ubus wife pretends to be the angel Gabriel, in order to try to scare Ubu into forgiving her for her attempt to steal from him. They fight, and she is rescued by the entrance of Bougrelas, Ubu knocks down the attackers with the body of the dead bear, after which he and his wife flee to France, which ends the play. It also includes cultural references, for example, to Sophocles Oedipus Rex in the plays title
Ubu Roi
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1st ed. cover
Ubu Roi
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Alfred Jarry, Deux aspects de la marionnette originale d'Ubu Roi, premiered at the Théâtre de l'Œuvre on 10 December 1896
24.
Tartuffe
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Tartuffe, or The Impostor, or The Hypocrite, first performed in 1664, is one of the most famous theatrical comedies by Molière. The characters of Tartuffe, Elmire, and Orgon are considered among the greatest classical theatre roles, while the king had little personal interest in suppressing the play, he did so because, as stated in the official account of the fête. As a result of Molières play, contemporary French and English both use the word tartuffe to designate a hypocrite who ostensibly and exaggeratedly feigns virtue, especially religious virtue, the play is written entirely in 1,962 twelve-syllable lines of rhyming couplets. Orgons family is up in arms because Orgon and his mother have fallen under the influence of Tartuffe, Tartuffe pretends to be pious and to speak with divine authority, and Orgon and his mother no longer take any action without first consulting him. Tartuffes antics do not fool the rest of the family or their friends, Orgon raises the stakes when he announces that he will marry Tartuffe to his daughter Mariane. Mariane, of course, feels very upset at this news, in an effort to show Orgon how awful Tartuffe really is, the family devises a scheme to trap Tartuffe into confessing to Elmire his desire for her. As a pious man and a guest, he should have no feelings for the lady of the house. Tartuffe is at first shocked but recovers very well, un malheureux pécheur tout plein diniquité. Orgon is convinced that Damis was lying and banishes him from the house, Tartuffe even gets Orgon to order that, to teach Damis a lesson, Tartuffe should be around Elmire more than ever. As a gift to Tartuffe and further punishment to Damis and the rest of his family, in a later scene, Elmire takes up the charge again and challenges Orgon to be witness to a meeting between herself and Tartuffe. Orgon, ever easily convinced, decides to hide under a table in the same room and he overhears, of course, Elmire resisting Tartuffes very forward advances. When Tartuffe has incriminated himself beyond all help and is close to violating Elmire, Orgon comes out from under the table. But this wily guest means to stay, and Tartuffe finally shows his hand and it turns out that earlier, before the events of the play, Orgon had admitted to Tartuffe that he had possession of a box of incriminating letters. Tartuffe had taken charge and possession of box, and now tells Orgon that he will be the one to leave. Tartuffe takes his leave and Orgons family tries to figure out what to do. Very soon, Monsieur Loyal shows up with a message from Tartuffe, Dorine makes fun of Monsieur Loyals name, mocking his fake loyalty. Even Madame Pernelle, who had refused to believe any ill about Tartuffe even in the face of her sons actually seeing it, has become convinced by this time of Tartuffes duplicity. Before Orgon can flee, Tartuffe arrives with an officer, the entire family thanks its lucky stars that it has escaped the mortification of both Orgons potential disgrace and their dispossession
Tartuffe
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19th-century costume design
Tartuffe
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Frontispiece and titlepage of "Tartuffe or The Imposter" from a 1739 collected edition of his works in French and English, printed by John Watts. The engraving depicts the amoral Tartuffe being deceitfully seduced by Elmire, the wife of his host, Orgon who hides under a table.
25.
The Miser
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The Miser is a five-act comedy in prose by the French playwright Molière. It was first performed on September 9,1668, in the theatre of the Palais-Royal in Paris, the play was first produced when Molières company was under the protection of Louis XIV himself. It was loosely based on the Latin comedy Aulularia by Plautus, from many incidents and scraps of dialogue are borrowed. The miser of the title is called Harpagon, an adapted from the Latin harpago. He is obsessed with the wealth he has amassed and always ready to save expenses, now a widower, he has a son, Cléante, and a daughter, Élise. Although he is over sixty, he is attempting to arrange a marriage between himself and a young woman, Mariane. She and Cléante are already devoted to other, however, and the son attempts to procure a loan to help her and her sick mother. Élise, Harpagons daughter, is the beloved of Valère, but her hopes to marry her to a wealthy man of his choosing. Meanwhile, Valère has taken a job as steward in Harpagons household so as to be close to Élise, the complications are only resolved at the end by the rather conventional discovery that some of the principal characters are long lost relatives. Satire and farce blend in the plot, as when the misers hoard is stolen. Asked by the police magistrate whom he suspects, Harpagon replies, I wish you to take into custody the whole town and suburbs” and indicates the theatre audience while doing so. The play also makes fun of certain theatrical conventions, such as the spoken aside addressed to the audience, the characters of LAvare, however, generally demand to know who exactly is being spoken to. Harpagon The tyrannical father of Cléante and Élise Harpagon is a sexagenarian bourgeois miser whose love for his cash box exceeds that of his children. He builds his wealth by lending at usurious rate while pinching every penny at home, the sexagenarian is suitor of the young Mariane, whom Cléante also wishes to marry. Cléante Harpagons profligate son, Cléante is also in love with Mariane, intending to run away with her, he attempts to procure an illegal loan to provide Mariane and her ill mother with money, only to discover the lender is his own father. There is mutual resentment between the two not only money but over love when Harpagon tricks his son into revealing his love for Mariane. Élise The daughter of Harpagon, Élise owes her life to Valère and she opposes her fathers plans to wed her to the elderly Anselme, who has agreed to take her without a dowry. Valère Valère has saved Élise from drowning and has come into the employ of Harpagon with intentions to win her, Harpagon mistrusts him and suspects him of wanting to rob him
The Miser
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The miser
The Miser
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Harpagon and La Flèche in a German production of The Miser, 1810
The Miser
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Master Jacques repeatedly relights a candle behind Harpagon's back.
The Miser
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Molière,
Charles-Antoine Coypel, 1730
26.
Living Theater
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The Living Theatre is an American theatre company founded in 1947 and based in New York City. It is the oldest experimental theatre group in the United States, for most of its history it was led by its founders, actress Judith Malina and painter/poet Julian Beck, after Becks death in 1985, company member Hanon Reznikov became co-director with Malina. After Malinas death in 2015, her responsibilities were taken over by the anarchist company, the Living Theatre and its founders were the subject of the 1983 documentary Signals Through The Flames. One of their first major productions was Pablo Picassos Desire Caught By the Tail, other productions were Many Loves by William Carlos Williams. Their work during this period shared some aspects of style and content with Beat generation writers, also during the 1950s, the American composer Alan Hovhaness worked closely with the Living Theatre, composing music for its productions. In 1959, their production of The Connection attracted national attention for its portrayal of drug addiction. In the early 1960s the Living Theatre was host to avant-garde minimalist performances by artists including Simone Forti, Judith defended Julian at the IRS hearing dressed like Portia from The Merchant of Venice. For the rest of the 1960s, the group toured chiefly in Europe and they produced more politically and formally radical work carrying an anarchist and pacifist message, with the company members creating plays collectively and often living together. Major works from this period included the adaptations Antigone and Frankenstein, and Paradise Now, the group returned to the U. S. in 1968 to tour Paradise Now, Antigone, Mysteries and Smaller Pieces, and Frankenstein. He added, Our work had always striven to stress the sacredness of life, in 1971 they toured in Brazil, where they were imprisoned for several months, then deported. The Living Theatre has toured throughout the world, often in non-traditional venues such as streets. It has greatly influenced other American experimental theatre companies, notably The Open Theater and Bread, the Living Theatres productions have won four Obie Awards, The Connection, The Brig, and Frankenstein. Though its prominence and resources have diminished considerably in recent decades, The Living Theatre continues to produce new plays in New York City, the Clinton Street theater is the companys first permanent home since the closing of The Living Theatre on Third Street at Avenue C in 1993. The re-staging, directed by Judith Malina won Obie Awards for Direction, in October 2006, the company opened a revival of Mysteries and Smaller Pieces, the 1964 collective creation that defined the interactive and Artaudian style for which the company became famous. In late 2007 / early 2008 the company founder Judith Malina performed in Maudie and Jane, in April 2008 Hanon Reznikov suffered a stroke. In 2010, the company presented Red Noir, adapted and directed by Judith Malina, in 2011, the company presented Korach, by Judith Malina, and a revival of Seven Meditations on Political Sado-Masochism, directed by Judith Malina and Tom Walker. Also in 2011, the company created The Plot Is The Revolution, starring Judith Malina and Silvia Calderoni, in 2012, the company presented The History of the World, written and directed by Judith Malina. In 2013, the company presented Here We Are, written, the company also vacated its Clinton St. space
Living Theater
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Beck (left) and
Malina (right), founders of The Living Theatre
Living Theater
Living Theater
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Actors Kesh Baggan and Gene Ardor, from the 2007 production of The Brig
Living Theater
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Actors rehearsing at The Living Theatre
27.
Teatro Campesino
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El Teatro Campesino, is a theatrical troupe founded in 1965 as the cultural arm of the United Farm Workers with the full support of Cesar Chavez. The original actors were all farmworkers, and El Teatro Campesino enacted events inspired by the lives of their audience. Early performances were on flat bed trucks in the middle of the fields in Delano, California, and the theater is now located in San Juan Bautista, California. ”Luis Valdez, a Chicano from a migrant farmworker family, founded the troupe after attending San Jose State University and working briefly with the San Francisco Mime Troupe. Although the troupe began by entertaining the farmworkers, within a year of their founding they began to tour to raise funds for the farm workers. In 1971, they moved their headquarters to San Juan Bautista and adapted traditional religious plays La Virgen del Tepeyac, as Chicano culture received unprecedented attention in the United States, Valdez received national attention, and taught drama at the University of California, Berkeley and Santa Cruz. In 1973 they worked with British theater director Peter Brook, in 1976 they toured the play La Carpa through Europe, the original troupe disbanded in 1980. El Teatro Campesino is still housed in San Juan Bautista, the company continues their yearly Christmas pageants, alternating annually between La Virgen del Tepeyac and La Pastorela. They also did revivals of Valdezs play Zoot Suit in 2002 and 2007 at their playhouse, Cesar Chavez Mission San Juan Bautista Diane Rodriguez Luis Valdez ^ Organizational history, UCSB site. Teatro Campesino, Theater in the Chicano Movement, austin, University of Texas Press,1994. ISBN 0-292-70801-7 Organizational history from the California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives
Teatro Campesino
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Poster for Teatro Campesino performing at a strike benefit with
Quicksilver Messenger Service July 1966 at the
Fillmore Auditorium,
San Francisco.
Teatro Campesino
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The theater building, located on Fourth Street in San Juan Bautista.
28.
Beach Blanket Babylon
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Steve Silvers Beach Blanket Babylon is the worlds longest-running musical revue. The show began its run in 1974, at the Savoy Tivoli and has moved to the larger Club Fugazi in the North Beach district of San Francisco. The show was created by Steve Silver and continues under the direction of his widow, Jo Schuman Silver, with frequent changes and spoofs of pop, performers wear disproportionately large hats/wigs and gaudy costumes while performing satirical renditions of popular songs. Beach Blanket Babylon follows Snow White as she takes a journey around the world in search of her Prince Charming. Along the way she encounters a group of figures from popular culture. Also present are long-running characters such as Glinda the Good Witch, Mr. In 2015, the added a new song featuring a man in drag as Caitlyn Jenner. The show was described as A constant cascade of showstoppers by the San Francisco Chronicle in 2010, the section of Green Street between Columbus Avenue and Powell Street was renamed Beach Blanket Babylon Boulevard in 1996, in honor of Steve Silver, the shows creator. Skye Dee Miles Shoni Mero Hillary Clinton Robin Murray stage manager 1980-1988 Jeff Robertson, 1980–1981 Rick Roemer, jill Shutt, 1989–1992 Ledisi Young, 1990–2001 Two tours were produced, in London and Las Vegas, in celebration of Beach Blankets 20th and 25th anniversaries. The show also has a touring cast that caters primarily to corporate events. Beach Blanket Babylon Official Website San Francisco Chronicle Review – 4/29/2010 Early Video Savoy Tivoli, up the Lazy River Phil Tobus. As Time Goes By Steve Scott 1979
Beach Blanket Babylon
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30th Anniversary poster
Beach Blanket Babylon
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Christopher Goodwin, in costume as a member of the Beach Blanket Babylon cast, at opening of the Tales of The City musical, 2011
Beach Blanket Babylon
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Bronze bust of Steve Silver at Club Fugazi, San Francisco
29.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
