1.
New Mexico
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New Mexico is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. It was admitted to the Union as the 47th state on January 6,1912 and it is usually considered one of the Mountain States. New Mexico is fifth by area, the 36th-most populous, inhabited by Native Americans for thousands of years before European exploration, New Mexico was colonized by the Spanish in 1598 Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain. Later, it was part of independent Mexico before becoming a U. S. territory and eventually a U. S. state as a result of the Mexican–American War. Among U. S. states, New Mexico has the highest percentage of Hispanics, the major Native American nations in the state are Navajo, Pueblo, and Apache peoples. The demography and culture of the state are shaped by these strong Hispanic and Native American influences and its scarlet and gold colors are taken from the royal standards of Spain, along with the ancient sun symbol of the Zia, a Pueblo-related tribe. New Mexico, or Nuevo México in Spanish, is incorrectly believed to have taken its name from the nation of Mexico. The name simply stuck, even though the area had no connection to Mexico or the Mexica Indian tribes, Mexico, formerly a part of New Spain, adopted its name centuries later in 1821, after winning independence from Spanish rule. New Mexico was a part of the independent Mexican Empire and Federal Republic of Mexico for 27 years,1821 through 1848, New Mexico and Mexico developed as neighboring Spanish-speaking communities under Spanish rule, with relatively independent histories. The states total area is 121,412 square miles, the eastern border of New Mexico lies along 103° W longitude with the state of Oklahoma, and 2.2 miles west of 103° W longitude with Texas. On the southern border, Texas makes up the eastern two-thirds, while the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora make up the western third, the western border with Arizona runs along the 109°03 W longitude. The southwestern corner of the state is known as the Bootheel, the 37° N latitude parallel forms the northern boundary with Colorado. The states New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and Utah come together at the Four Corners in the corner of New Mexico. New Mexico, although a state, has very little water. Its surface water area is about 250 square miles, the New Mexican landscape ranges from wide, rose-colored deserts to broken mesas to high, snow-capped peaks. Despite New Mexicos arid image, heavily forested mountain wildernesses cover a significant portion of the state, the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, the southernmost part of the Rocky Mountains, run roughly north-south along the east side of the Rio Grande in the rugged, pastoral north. The most important of New Mexicos rivers are the Rio Grande, Pecos, Canadian, San Juan, the Rio Grande is tied for the fourth-longest river in the United States. Tourists visiting these sites bring significant money to the state, other areas of geographical and scenic interest include Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument and the Gila Wilderness in the southwest of the state
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
4.
Aztec, New Mexico
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Aztec is a city in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 6,578 as of the 2013 population estimate from the United States Census Bureau and it is the county seat of San Juan County. The Aztec Ruins National Monument stands close to the city, Aztec is located at 36°49′34″N 107°59′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 12.6 square miles. Aztec is part of the Farmington, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area, as of the census of 2000, there were 6,378 people,2,330 households, and 1,589 families residing in the city. The population density was 655.7 people per square mile, there were 2,545 housing units at an average density of 261.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 79. 23% White,0. 38% African American,9. 31% Native American,0. 14% Asian,0. 13% Pacific Islander,7. 53% from other races, and 3. 29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19. 22% of the population,27. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was out with 26. 6% under the age of 18,10. 7% from 18 to 24,29. 5% from 25 to 44,20. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 104.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was USD $23,110, and the median income for a family was $29,509. Males had an income of $46,845 versus $7,841 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,750, about 34. 6% of families and 37. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30. 6% of those under age 18 and 35. 7% of those age 65 or over. Aztec Municipal Schools serves the city of Aztec and rural areas in northeastern San Juan County, alex Kennedy, NASCAR driver Uma Krishnaswami, Childrens Author Aztec, New Mexico, UFO incident City of Aztec City of Aztec tourism Aztec Chamber of Commerce
5.
Farmington, New Mexico
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Farmington is a city in San Juan County in the US state of New Mexico. As of the 2013 population estimate from the United States Census Bureau the city had a population of 45,426 people. Farmington makes up one of the four Metropolitan Statistical Areas in New Mexico, the U. S. Census Bureaus population estimate in 2011 for Farmington was about 45,256. Farmington is located at the junction of the San Juan River, the Animas River, and the La Plata River, Farmington is the largest city of San Juan County, one of the geographically largest counties in the United States covering 5,538 square miles. The county seat and the city in San Juan County is Aztec. Farmington serves as the hub for most of northwestern New Mexico. Farmington lies at or near the junction of three important highways, U. S. Highway 550, U. S. Highway 64 and it is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways. The primary industries of San Juan County are the production of petroleum, natural gas, major coal mines are the Navajo and San Juan mines, operated by BHP Billiton 15 to 19 miles southwest of Farmington. The coal mined from the Navajo and San Juan mines is used entirely for fuel for the nearby Four Corners Generating Station, Farmington is known across New Mexico and throughout the southwest for its baseball tournaments, and Ricketts Park is the home of the Connie Mack World Series. Farmington High School claimed the AAAA Baseball State Championship four years in a row from 2005 through 2008, Piedra Vista High School in Farmington also claimed the AAAA Baseball State Championship in 2010 and 2011. The area that is now Farmington was settled by Ancestral Pueblo people in the 7th Century, Ruins can be visited at nearby Salmon Ruins and at Aztec Ruins. When the Anasazi left the area, the Navajos, Jicarilla Apaches, a key part of the region was known in Navajo as Totah, which means where three rivers meet. Although Spanish and American mineral prospecting happened in the area, there were few permanent settlements, in 1868, the Navajo Nation was created, taking up the western half of San Juan County. Six years later, the U. S. government offered territory in the rest of San Juan County to the Jicarilla Apache, as a result, the area was opened for settlement and a number of settlers moved into the region from Southern Colorado. The area was known as Junction City because of the access to the three rivers. In 1901 the town was incorporated and named Farmington with a population of 548, by September 19,1905, the railroad was finished connecting Farmington to Durango, Colorado, expanding economic and settlement opportunities. It was unusual in that it was a standard gauge railroad connected to the Denver & Rio Grande Western narrow gauge lines of southwestern Colorado. The railroad converted the line to narrow gauge in 1923, the line was abandoned in 1968 and the line was dismantled to Durango in 1969
6.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
7.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
8.
Mountain Time Zone
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The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time at the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States, the specification for the location of time zones. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called Mountain Time. Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time when observing standard time, the term refers to the fact that the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to the US state of New Mexico, are located almost entirely in the time zone. In Mexico, this zone is known as the Pacific Zone. In the United States and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is one ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. Sonora in Mexico and most of Arizona in the United States do not observe daylight saving time, and during the spring, summer, and autumn months they are on the same time as Pacific Daylight Time. The Navajo Nation, most of which lies within Arizona, does observe DST, although the Hopi Nation, as well as some Arizona state offices lying within the Navajo Nation, the largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. TV broadcasting in the Mountain Time Zone is typically tape-delayed one hour, sonora – no daylight saving time, always on MST. Sinaloa Revillagigedo Islands, three of the four islands have the time as Mountain Time Zone, Isla Socorro, San Benedicto Island. The following states or areas are part of the Mountain Time Zone, Arizona – no daylight saving time, always on MST, except on the Navajo Nation. Colorado Idaho – southern half, south of the Salmon River Kansas – only the counties of Sherman, Wallace, Greeley and Hamilton, the remaining three counties that border Colorado, Cheyenne, Morton and Stanton, observe Central Time, as do all other Kansas counties. However, the state of Oklahoma is officially in the Central Time Zone. Additionally, northwestern Culberson County, Texas unofficially observes Mountain Time
9.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
Four Corners Monument
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The Four Corners Monument marks the quadripoint in the Southwestern United States where the states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah meet. It is the point in the United States shared by four states. When the early territories were formed, their boundaries were designated along meridian, beginning in the 1860s, these lines were surveyed and marked. These early surveys included some errors, but even so, the markers placed became the legal boundaries, superseding the written descriptions of geographical meridians and this includes the Four Corners Monument, which has been legally established as the corner of the four states. The monument where visitors can simultaneously straddle the territory of four states is maintained as a tourist attraction by the Navajo Nation Parks, circling the point, starting from north, the disk reads with two words in each state Here meet in freedom under God four states. Around the monument, local Navajo and Ute artisans sell souvenirs, an admission fee is required to view and photograph the monument. The monument is a popular tourist attraction despite its remote and isolated location, the monument is located on the Colorado Plateau west of U. S. Highway 160, approximately 40 miles southwest of Cortez, Colorado. The monument is centered at 36°59′56. 31″N 109°02′42. 62″W, the nearby community of Teec Nos Pos receives 8.46 inches of rain and 2 inches of snow annually. The area now called Four Corners was initially American Indian land, the first boundary which would become part of the monument was set as part of the Compromise of 1850, which created the New Mexico Territory and Utah Territory. The border between the two territories was defined as the 37th parallel north by the 31st United States Congress. In 1861, the 36th United States Congress transferred land previously allocated to the Utah Territory, the Colorado Territorys southern border would remain as the 37th parallel north, but a new border—between the Colorado and Utah Territories—was declared to be the 32nd meridian west from Washington. This line was derived from the used at the time. The group declared secession from the United States and announced their intent to join the Confederate States of America under the name of the Arizona Territory, the U. S. Congress responded in 1863 by creating another Arizona Territory with different, but partially overlapping boundaries. The Confederate boundaries split New Mexico along an east–west line, the 34th parallel north and this would give the Confederacy access to California and the Pacific coast. The Union definition split New Mexico along a line, the 32nd meridian west from Washington. The Union plan eventually became reality, and this created the quadripoint at the modern Four Corners, after the split, New Mexico resembled its modern form, with only slight differences. After the Civil War, efforts began to survey and mark the actual borders, in 1868, the General Land Office had Ehud N. Darling survey and set markers along the border between the Colorado and New Mexico Territories, this border has become known as the Darling Line. In 1875, another GLO surveyor, Chandler Robbins, surveyed and marked the border between the Arizona and New Mexico Territories, Robbins began near the Mexico–United States border, and worked his way north marking the border every so often
12.
Shiprock
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Shiprock is a monadnock rising nearly 1,583 feet above the high-desert plain of the Navajo Nation in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States. Its peak elevation is 7,177 feet above sea level and it lies about 10.75 miles southwest of the town of Shiprock, which is named for the peak. Governed by the Navajo Nation, the formation is in the Four Corners region and plays a significant role in Navajo religion, myth, and tradition. It is located in the center of the occupied by the Ancient Pueblo People. Shiprock is a point of interest for rock climbers and photographers and has featured in several film productions. It is the most prominent landmark in northwestern New Mexico, the Navajo name for the peak, Tsé Bitʼaʼí, rock with wings or winged rock, refers to the legend of the great bird that brought the Navajo from the north to their present lands. The name Shiprock or Shiprock Peak or Ship Rock derives from the resemblance to an enormous 19th-century clipper ship. Americans first called the peak The Needle, a given to the topmost pinnacle by Captain J. F. McComb in 1860. United States Geological Survey maps indicate that the name Ship Rock dates from the 1870s, Shiprock is composed of fractured volcanic breccia and black dikes of igneous rock called minette. It is the remnant of the throat of a volcano. The rock probably was originally formed 2, 500–3,000 feet below the Earths surface, wall-like sheets of minette, known as dikes, radiate away from the central formation. Radiometric age determinations of the minette establish that these volcanic rocks solidified about 27 million years ago, Shiprock is in the northeastern part of the Navajo Volcanic Field—a field that includes intrusions and flows of minette and other unusual igneous rocks that formed about 25 million years ago. Agathla in Monument Valley is another prominent volcanic neck in this volcanic field, Shiprock and the surrounding land have religious and historical significance to the Navajo people. It is mentioned in many of their myths and legends, foremost is the peaks role as the agent that brought the Navajo to the southwest. According to one legend, after being transported from another place, one day, the peak was struck by lightning, obliterating the trail and leaving only a sheer cliff, and stranding the women and children on top to starve. The presence of people on the peak is forbidden for fear they might stir up the chį́įdii, Navajo legend puts the peak in a larger geographic context. Shiprock is said to be either a medicine pouch or a bow carried by the Goods of Value Mountain, the Chuska Mountains comprise the body, Chuska Peak is the head, the Carrizo Mountains are the legs, and Beautiful Mountain is the feet. Navajo legend has it that Bird Monsters nested on the peak, after Monster Slayer, elder of the Warrior Twins, destroyed Déélééd at Red Mesa, he killed two adult Bird Monsters at Shiprock and changed two young ones into an eagle and an owl
13.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
14.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
15.
Four Corners
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The Four Corners is a region of the United States consisting of the southwestern corner of Colorado, southeastern corner of Utah, northeastern corner of Arizona, and northwestern corner of New Mexico. It is the location in the United States where four states meet. Most of the Four Corners region belongs to semi-autonomous Native American nations, the largest of which is the Navajo Nation, followed by Hopi, Ute, and Zuni tribal reserves and nations. The Four Corners region is part of a region known as the Colorado Plateau and is mostly rural, rugged. In addition to the monument, commonly visited areas within Four Corners include Monument Valley, Mesa Verde National Park, Chaco Canyon, the most populous city in the Four Corners region is Farmington, New Mexico, followed by Durango, Colorado. The United States acquired the four corners region from Mexico after the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848, in 1863 Congress created Arizona Territory from the western part of New Mexico Territory. The boundary was defined as a line running due south from the southwest corner of Colorado Territory and this was an unusual act of Congress, which almost always defined the boundaries of new territories as lines of latitude or longitude, or following rivers. By defining one boundary as starting at the corner of another Congress ensured the creation of four states meeting at a point. The area was first surveyed by the U. S. Government in 1868 as part of an effort to make Colorado Territory into a state, the first marker was placed at the spot in 1912. The first Navajo tribal government was established in 1923 to regulate a number of oil exploration activities on Navajo land. The Four Corners Area is defined as a circle around the Four corners located at 36°59′56. 3″N 109°02′42. 6″W, the Four Corners is part of the high Colorado Plateau. This makes it a center for systems, which stabilize on the plateau then proceed eastward through Colorado. This weather system creates snow and rain fall over the central United States, protected areas in the Four Corners area include Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Hovenweep National Monument, Mesa Verde National Park, and Monument Valley. Mountain Ranges in the Four Corners include Sleeping Ute Mountains, Abajo Mountains, the Four Corners Monument itself is administered by the Navajo Nation Department of Parks and Recreation. Other tribal nations within the Four Corners region include the Hopi, the Four Corners is home to the capital of the Navajo tribal government at Window Rock, Arizona. The Ute Mountain Ute Tribal headquarters are located at Towaoc, Colorado, the Four Corners region is mostly rural. The economic hub, largest city, and only area in the region is Farmington. The populated settlement closest to the center of Four Corners is Teec Nos Pos, other cities in the region include Cortez and Durango in Colorado, Monticello and Blanding in Utah, Kayenta and Chinle in Arizona, and Shiprock, Aztec, and Bloomfield in New Mexico
16.
Indian reservation
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Each of the 326 Indian reservations in the United States are associated with a particular Nation. Not all of the countrys 567 recognized tribes have a reservation—some tribes have more than one reservation, some share reservations and this jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal difficulties. The collective geographical area of all reservations is 56,200,000 acres, while most reservations are small compared to US states, there are 12 Indian reservations larger than the state of Rhode Island. The largest reservation, the Navajo Nation Reservation, is similar in size to West Virginia, Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country, the majority are west of the Mississippi River and occupy lands that were first reserved by treaty or granted from the public domain. Because tribes possess tribal sovereignty, even though it is limited and these laws can permit legal casinos on reservations, for example, which attract tourists. The tribal council, not the local or federal government, generally has jurisdiction over reservations, different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation. Most Native American reservations were established by the government, a limited number, mainly in the East. The name reservation comes from the conception of the Native American tribes as independent sovereigns at the time the U. S, the term remained in use even after the federal government began to forcibly relocate tribes to parcels of land to which they had no historical connection. A majority of Native Americans and Alaska Natives live somewhere other than the reservations, often in big cities such as Phoenix. In 2012, there were over 2.5 million Native Americans with about 1 million living on reservations, from the beginning of the European colonization of the Americas, Europeans often removed native peoples from lands they wished to occupy. The means varied, including voluntary moves based on agreement, treaties made under considerable duress, forceful ejection. The removal caused many problems such as tribes losing means of livelihood by being subjected to an area, farmers having inadmissible land for agriculture. In 1764 the “Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs” was proposed by the Board of Trade, additionally, this plan dictated that the Indians would be properly consulted when ascertaining and defining the boundaries of colonial settlement. For much of North America, the American Revolution was more of a battle against the Indians than a war against the British, the treaty was seen by Americans as a confirmation of their conquest of Indian land. The private contracts that once characterized the sale of Indian land to various individuals and this protocol was adopted by the United States Government after the America Revolution. On March 11,1824, John C. Calhoun founded the Office of Indian Affairs as a division of the United States Department of War, to solve the land problem with 38 treaties with American Indian tribes. The passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 marked the systematization of a US federal government policy of forcibly moving Native populations away from European-populated areas, some of the lands these tribes were given to inhabit following the removals eventually became Indian Reservations. In 1851, the United States Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act which authorized the creation of Indian reservations in modern-day Oklahoma, relations between settlers and natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West
17.
Navajo Nation
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This is the largest land area retained by a U. S. tribe, with a total population of 173,667. The original territory has expanded several times since the 1800s. In 2016 under the Tribal Nations Buy-Back Program, some 149,524 acres of land were returned by the Department of Interior to the Navajo Nation for tribal communal use, the program is intended to help restore the land bases of reservations. The executive system manages a large law enforcement and social services apparatus, health services, Diné College, the population continues to disproportionately struggle with health problems, unemployment, and the effects of past uranium mining accidents. In English, the name for the area was Navajo Indian Reservation. On April 15,1969, the changed its official name to the Navajo Nation. This was a period of Native American activism and assertion of sovereignty, in 1994, the Tribal Council rejected a proposal to change the official designation from Navajo to Diné. It was remarked that the name Diné represented the time of suffering before the Long Walk, in Navajo, the geographic entity with its legally defined borders is known as Naabeehó Bináhásdzo. This contrasts with Diné Bikéyah and Naabeehó Bikéyah for the idea of Navajoland. Neither of these terms should be confused with Dinétah, the used for the traditional homeland of the Navajo. It is situated in the area among the four sacred Navajo mountains of Dookʼoʼoosłííd, Dibé Ntsaa, Sisnaajiní, the Navajo peoples tradition of governance is rooted in their clans and oral history. The clan system of the Diné is integral to their society, singer argues in 2007s Government Reform Project. In the mid-19th century, the Navajo were forced from their lands by the US Army following defeat, after they were allowed to return, the Navajo Indian Reservation was established according to the Treaty of 1868 with the United States. Though the treaty had provided for one hundred miles in the New Mexico Territory. This initial piece of land is represented in the design of the Navajo Nations flag by a dark-brown rectangle, as no physical boundaries or signposts were set in place, many Navajo ignored these formal boundaries and returned to where they had been living prior to captivity. A significant population of Navajo still resided along the Little Colorado and Colorado rivers and they had never lived in the Hwéeldi near. The first expansion of the territory occurred on October 28,1878, further additions followed throughout the late 19th and early 20th century. The eastern border was shaped primarily as a result of allotments of land to individual households under the Dawes Act of 1887, the government determined that land left over after all members had received allotments was to be considered surplus and available for sale to non-Native Americans
18.
Ute Mountain Ute Tribe
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The Ute Mountain Ute Tribe is one of three federally recognized tribes of the Ute Nation, and are mostly descendants of the historic Weeminuche Band who moved to the Southern Ute reservation in 1897. Their reservation is headquartered at Towaoc, Colorado on the Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation in southwestern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe are descendants of the Weeminuche band who moved to the Southern Ute reservation in 1897. The use of lands in the Four Corners area, where the Ute Mountain Ute tribe now live, though, most anthropologists agree that Utes were established in the Four Corners area by 1500 C. E. The Ute people were hunters and gatherers who moved on foot to hunting grounds, the men hunted animals, including deer, antelope, buffalo, rabbits, and other small mammals and birds. Women gathered grasses, nuts, berries, roots, and greens in woven baskets, They also processed and stored meat, Ute in the western part of their territory lived in wickiups and ramadas, Hide tipis were used in the eastern reaches of their territory. As a result of American westward expansion, the Utes now possess only a fraction of the land that they once traveled seasonally. The Ute people consist of three populations of people, Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation near Fort Duchesne in northeastern Utah, the Southern Ute live on a reservation in southwestern Colorado near Ignacio. The Ute Mountain Ute Tribe headquartered in Towaoc, Colorado, the subjects of this article, the Mesa Verde Region, the present day area containing the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe reservation and the Mesa Verde National Park, was the northern most edge of the colonial territory of Spain. Initial exploration of the American Southwest by the Spanish occurred in 1540 and they established their first capital near the pueblo of Ohkay Owingeh, which they renamed San Juan de los Caballeros. In 1626 an account was taken of the Utes by a Spanish scribe in New Mexico, about 1640 the Utes began trading with the Spanish for horses. Spanish traders followed trails to Ute villages and Utes traveled to New Mexican towns, the Utes brought buckskin, dried meats, furs, and slaves to exchange for horses, knives, and blankets. Spanish officials negotiate the first peace treaty with the Utes in 1670, in search of gold, Juan de Rivera made three expeditions between 1761 and 1765 from Taos through southwestern Colorado to the Gunnison River. He did not return with gold, but did trade with Utes. Beset by hunger and illness, the men turned back at Salt Lake Valley, the maps and information provided from the expedition provided useful information for future travel and their route from Santa Fe to the Salt Lake Valley became known as the Old Spanish Trail. The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 established a boundary line between Spanish and United States possessions in the southwest. Spanish territory included the southern plains, a part of the western Rocky Mountains. Even with the boundary, the Spanish did little to maintain their northern borders, when Mexico gained its independence from Spain, the Spanish lands became Mexican land. American fur trappers headed into the frontier in 1811 and encountered the Utes
19.
Rio Arriba County, New Mexico
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Rio Arriba County is a county in the U. S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 40,246 and its county seat is Tierra Amarilla. Its northern border is the Colorado state line, Rio Arriba County comprises the Española, NM Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Albuquerque-Santa Fe-Las Vegas, NM Combined Statistical Area. The county was one of nine originally created for the Territory of New Mexico in 1852, originally extending west to the California line, it included the site of present-day Las Vegas, Nevada. The county seat was initially sited at San Pedro de Chamita, in 1860 the seat was moved to Plaza del Alcalde. Since 1880 Tierra Amarilla has been the county seat, the Battle of Embudo Pass took place in the southern part of the county during the American invasion in January 1847. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 5,896 square miles. It is the fifth-largest county in New Mexico by area, the highest point in the county is the summit of Truchas Peak at 13,102 feet. The county acquired its present proportions after the creation of San Juan County, the population density was 7 people per square mile. There were 18,016 housing units at a density of 3 per square mile. 72. 89% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the family size was 3.19. In the county, the population was out with 28. 60% under the age of 18,8. 90% from 18 to 24,28. 80% from 25 to 44,22. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 98.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $29,429, and the median income for a family was $32,901. Males had an income of $26,897 versus $22,223 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,263, about 16. 60% of families and 20. 30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23. 30% of those under age 18 and 22. 90% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 40,246 people,15,768 households, the population density was 6.9 inhabitants per square mile
20.
Sandoval County, New Mexico
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Sandoval County is a county located in the U. S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 131,561, Sandoval County is part of the Albuquerque, NM Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 3,716 square miles. The highest point in the county is the summit of Redondo Peak, a relatively small portion of the county exists as a geographically separate exclave between Los Alamos County and Santa Fe County. This came about when Los Alamos County was created, the land became the exclave would have been part of Los Alamos but was excluded owing to its sacred status among the local Indians. Rather than be ceded to neighboring Santa Fe it has remained part of Sandoval and this is the second highest number of reservations of any county in the United States Riverside County, California also has 12 reservations, but no joint-use areas. The population density was 24 people per square mile, there were 34,866 housing units at an average density of 9 per square mile. 29. 40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the family size was 3.29. In the county, the population was out with 29. 60% under the age of 18,7. 50% from 18 to 24,30. 10% from 25 to 44,22. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 95.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $44,949, and the median income for a family was $48,984. Males had an income of $36,791 versus $26,565 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,174, about 9. 00% of families and 12. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15. 60% of those under age 18 and 9. 20% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 131,561 people,47,602 households, the population density was 35.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 52,287 housing units at a density of 14.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 68. 0% white,12. 9% American Indian,2. 1% black or African American,1. 5% Asian,0. 1% Pacific islander,11. 5% from other races, and 3. 9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 35. 1% of the population, in terms of ancestry,13. 2% were German,9. 3% were Irish,8. 7% were English, and 3. 3% were American
21.
McKinley County, New Mexico
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McKinley County is a county in the northwestern section of the U. S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the population was 71,492, the county was created in 1901 and named for President William McKinley. McKinley County is Gallups micropolitan statistical area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 5,455 square miles, of which 5,450 square miles is land and 5.5 square miles is water. San Juan County - north Sandoval County - east Cibola County - south Apache County, the population density was 14 people per square mile. There were 26,718 housing units at a density of 5 per square mile. 12. 40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,19. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.44 and the family size was 3.99. In the county, the population was out with 38. 00% under the age of 18,9. 70% from 18 to 24,27. 80% from 25 to 44,17. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 27 years, for every 100 females there were 93.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $25,005, and the median income for a family was $26,806. Males had an income of $26,963 versus $21,014 for females. The per capita income for the county was $9,872, about 31. 90% of families and 36. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42. 30% of those under age 18 and 31. 50% of those age 65 or over. The countys per-capita income makes it one of the poorest counties in the United States, McKinley County is one of only 38 county-level census divisions of the United States where the most spoken language is not English and one of only 3 where it is neither English nor Spanish. 45. 75% of the population speak Navajo at home, followed by English at 38. 87%, Zuñi at 9. 03%, and Spanish at 5. 72%. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 71,492 people,21,968 households, the population density was 13.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 25,813 housing units at a density of 4.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 75. 5% American Indian,15. 2% white,0. 8% Asian,0. 5% black or African American,4. 9% from other races, and 3. 1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 13. 3% of the population, in terms of ancestry, and 1. 4% were American
22.
Apache County, Arizona
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Apache County is located in the northeast corner of the U. S. state of Arizona. As of the 2010 census its population was 71,518, the county seat is St. Johns. Apache County was formed during the Tenth Territorial Legislation in 1879 out of the section of Yavapai County. By 1895, Navajo County and parts of Graham, Greenlee, the county seat was placed in the town of Snowflake, but was moved a year later to St. Johns. From 1880 to 1882, the county seat was temporarily in Springerville before being returned to St. Johns. A history of the area, written in 1896, records the following about Apache County, Apache County was created in 1879 and lies in the northeastern corner of the Territory. Until March,1895, it also embraced what is now Navajo County, Apache County is justly noted for its great natural resources and advantages. It is destined some day in the future to have a large agricultural population. Now, immense herds of cattle and flocks of sheep roam over its broad mesas, the southern part is a fine grazing country, while the northern part is cut up into picturesque gorges and canons by the floods of past centuries. In the late 1880s, the county sheriff was Old West gunfighter legend Commodore Perry Owens, at that time, the county covered more than 21,177 square miles in territory. In 2015, Apache County had the highest rate of death due to vehicles in the United States. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 11,218 square miles. The county is the third-largest county by area in Arizona and the sixth-largest in the United States, Apache County contains parts of the Navajo Indian Reservation, the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, and Petrified Forest National Park. Canyon de Chelly National Monument is entirely within the county, Apache County is one of two U. S. counties to border two counties of the same name, neither of which is in the same state as the county itself. Apache County has the most land designated as Indian reservation of any county in the United States, the county has 19,857.34 km2 of reservation territory, or 68.34 percent of its total area. The population density was 6 people per square mile, there were 31,621 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile. 4. 49% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,58. 39% reported speaking Navajo at home, while 38. 39% speak English and 2. 71% Spanish. 21. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.41 and the average family size was 4.04
23.
San Juan County, Utah
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San Juan County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U. S. state of Utah. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,746 and its county seat is Monticello, while its most populous city is Blanding. The county was named by the Utah State Legislature for the San Juan River, San Juan County borders Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico at the Four Corners. San Juan County was organized in 1880, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 7,933 square miles, of which 7,820 square miles is land and 113 square miles is water. It is the largest county by area in Utah, the countys western and southern boundaries lie deep within gorges carved by the Colorado and San Juan Rivers. Tributary canyons, cutting through layers of the surrounding deserts, have carved the land up with chasms, cliffs. In the center of the county are Cedar Mesa, Comb Wash, Natural Bridges, canyonlands National Park is primarily within the county borders. The Eastern side of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area / Lake Powell in also in San Juan County, rising above all, the Blue Mountains reach to nearly 12,000 feet and the La Sal Mountains rise to 13,000 feet. Both ranges are covered with lush forests vividly contrasting with the scenery below, the elevation change within the county is from near 13,000 feet in the La Sal Mountains to 3,000 feet at Lake Powell, an elevation change of 10,000 feet. The county is cut by deep and spectacular canyons, red rock and mountain meadows, desert, and evergreen forest. The towns run primarily on an axis along U. S. Route 191. The only operating Uranium Processing plant in the United States operates in the town of Blanding, San Juan County is home to numerous oil and gas fields that produce primarily from the Desert Creek and Ismay Formations. San Juan County is bordered by more counties than any county in the United States. San Juan County in Utah and New Mexico are two of twenty-two counties or parishes in the United States with the name to border each other across state lines. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 50. 4% Native American,45. 8% white,0. 3% Asian,0. 2% African American and 2. 3% reporting two or more races. 4. 4% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race, the 2000 census there were 14,413 people,4,089 households and 3,234 families residing in the county. The population density was 2 people per square mile, there were 5,449 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile. 3. 75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,18. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
24.
Montezuma County, Colorado
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Montezuma County is the southwesternmost of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 25,535, Montezuma County is also home to most of the Ute Mountain Indian Reservation, home of the Weeminuche Band of the Ute Nation, known as the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe, with its headquarters at Towaoc. Montezuma County has been settled since approximately AD600, and had an population of approximately 100,000, four times its current population. Montezuma County was created out of the portion of La Plata County by the Colorado Legislature in April 1889. It was named in honor of a chief of the Aztec Indians in Mexico. The building ruins in Mesa Verde National Park were thought to be of Aztec origin at the time. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2,040 square miles. A large county, roughly 1/3 of its area is land, 1/3 is federal land. It is also varied topographically, ranging in elevation from about 6,000 feet to more than 13,200 feet, the county has the second largest reservoir in Colorado, McPhee Reservoir, many other large reservoirs, and hundreds of private lakes and ponds. Much of the county is irrigated cropland, and it produces fruit, large numbers of cattle and sheep, highways 160 and 491, and by Cortez Municipal Airport. It has no service, although both Mancos and Dolores were established as railroad towns in the 1890s. The border with San Juan County, Colorado, is, however, the population density was 12 people per square mile. There were 10,497 housing units at a density of 5 per square mile. 9. 50% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 60% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the family size was 3.04. In the county, the population was out with 27. 50% under the age of 18,7. 10% from 18 to 24,26. 30% from 25 to 44,25. 30% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,083, and the median income for a family was $38,071
25.
La Plata County, Colorado
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La Plata County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 51,334, the county was named for the La Plata River and the La Plata Mountains. La plata is the Spanish language word for silver, La Plata County comprises the Durango, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. The county is home to Durango Rock Shelters Archeology Site, the site for the Basketmaker II period of Anasazi culture. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,700 square miles. The population density is 26 people per square mile, there are 20,765 housing units at an average density of 12 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county is 87. 31% White,5. 78% Native American,0. 40% Asian,0. 31% Black or African American,0. 05% Pacific Islander,3. 90% from other races, and 2. 25% from two or more races. 10. 40% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 80% of all households are made up of individuals and 6. 10% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.43 and the family size is 2.92. In the county, the population is out with 22. 70% under the age of 18,13. 90% from 18 to 24,29. 00% from 25 to 44,25. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age is 36 years, for every 100 females there are 103.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.10 males, the median income for a household in the county is $40,159, and the median income for a family is $50,446. Males have an income of $32,486 versus $24,666 for females. The per capita income for the county is $21,534,11. 70% of the population and 6. 70% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the population,9. 30% of those under the age of 18 and 7. 70% of those 65
26.
Archuleta County, Colorado
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Archuleta County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,084, the county seat and the only incorporated municipality in the county is Pagosa Springs. Archuleta County was created by the Colorado legislature on April 14,1885, out of western Conejos County. It was named for J. M. Archuleta, head of one of the old Spanish families of New Mexico, and in honor of Antonio D. Archuleta, who was the Senator from Conejos County at the time. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,356 square miles. The population density was 7 people per square mile, there were 6,212 housing units at an average density of 5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 88. 33% White,0. 35% Black or African American,1. 40% Native American,0. 31% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,6. 97% from other races, and 2. 60% from two or more races. 16. 76% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was out with 25. 30% under the age of 18,6. 30% from 18 to 24,26. 10% from 25 to 44,30. 40% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 102.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $37,901, and the median income for a family was $43,259. Males had an income of $29,521 versus $21,851 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,683, about 9. 00% of families and 11. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 00% of those under age 18 and 6. 60% of those age 65 or over
27.
Aztec Ruins National Monument
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Salmon Ruins and Heritage Park, with more Puebloan structures, lies a short distance to the south, just west of Bloomfield near the San Juan River. The buildings date to the 11th to 13th centuries, and the misnomer attributing them to the Aztec civilization can be traced back to early American settlers in the mid-19th century, the actual construction was by the Ancestral Puebloans. The site was declared Aztec Ruin National Monument on January 24,1923, as a historical property of the National Park Service, the National Monument was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15,1966. Aztec Ruins was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites, as part of the Chaco Culture National Historical Park, the site is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways. National Register of Historic Places listings in San Juan County, New Mexico The National Parks, washington, U. S. Department of the Interior. Aztec Ruins - Photos, Videos, and Maps National Park Service website American Southwest, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary UNESCO World Heritage site
28.
Chaco Culture National Historical Park
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Chaco Culture National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park hosting the densest and most exceptional concentration of pueblos in the American Southwest. The park is located in northwestern New Mexico, between Albuquerque and Farmington, in a canyon cut by the Chaco Wash. Containing the most sweeping collection of ancient ruins north of Mexico, between AD900 and 1150, Chaco Canyon was a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. Chacoans quarried sandstone blocks and hauled timber from great distances, assembling fifteen major complexes that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 19th century, evidence of archaeoastronomy at Chaco has been proposed, with the Sun Dagger petroglyph at Fajada Butte a popular example. Many Chacoan buildings may have been aligned to capture the solar and lunar cycles, requiring generations of astronomical observations, climate change is thought to have led to the emigration of Chacoans and the eventual abandonment of the canyon, beginning with a fifty-year drought commencing in 1130. The sites are considered sacred ancestral homelands by the Hopi and Pueblo people, the park is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways. Ancient Chacoans drew upon dense forests of oak, piñon, ponderosa pine, the canyon itself, located within lowlands circumscribed by dune fields, ridges, and mountains, is aligned along a roughly northwest-to-southeast axis and is rimmed by flat massifs known as mesas. Large gaps between the southwestern cliff faces—side canyons known as critical in funneling rain-bearing storms into the canyon. The principal Chacoan complexes, such as Pueblo Bonito, Nuevo Alto, the alluvial canyon floor slopes downward to the northwest at a gentle grade of 30 feet per mile, it is bisected by the Chaco Wash, an arroyo that rarely bears water. The canyons main aquifers were too deep to be of use to ancient Chacoans, today, aside from occasional storm runoff coursing through arroyos, substantial surface water—springs, pools, wells—is virtually nonexistent. A sandy and swampy coastline oscillated east and west, alternately submerging and uncovering the area atop the present Colorado Plateau that Chaco Canyon now occupies. The Chaco Wash flowed across the upper strata of what is now the 400-foot Chacra Mesa, cutting into it, the mesa comprises sandstone and shale formations dating from the Late Cretaceous, which are of the Mesa Verde formation. The canyon bottomlands were further eroded, exposing Menefee Shale bedrock, the canyon and mesa lie within the Chaco Core—which is distinct from the wider Chaco Plateau, a flat region of grassland with infrequent stands of timber. As the Continental Divide is only 15, an arid region of high xeric scrubland and desert steppe, the canyon and wider basin average 8 inches of rainfall annually, the park averages 9.1 inches. Chaco Canyon lies on the side of extensive mountain ranges to the south and west. The region sees four distinct seasons, rainfall is most likely between July and September, while May and June are the driest months. Occasional aberrant northward excursions of the convergence zone may boost precipitation in some years. Chaco endures remarkable climatic extremes, temperatures range between −38 to 102 °F, and may swing 60 °F in a single day, the region averages fewer than 150 frost-free days per year, and the local climate swings wildly from years of plentiful rainfall to prolonged drought
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U.S. Route 64
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U. S. Route 64 is an east–west United States highway that runs for 2,326 miles from the Outer Banks in eastern North Carolina to just southwest of the Four Corners in northeast Arizona. The western terminus is at U. S. Route 160 in Teec Nos Pos, the highways eastern terminus is at NC12 and U. S. Route 158 at Whalebone Junction, North Carolina. US 64s western terminus is Teec Nos Pos, Arizona, at US160 and it goes southeast from Teec Nos Pos and enters New Mexico. US64 runs through Farmington, Taos, Angel Fire, Eagle Nest, Cimarron, as it runs through Raton, it is co-signed with U. S. Route 87. It continues through to Clayton, where US87 is replaced by U. S, the three routes then run concurrently into Oklahoma. Twenty-eight miles northeast of Cimarron is Raton Municipal Airport and it is one of the roads on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways. At Angel Fire, US64 runs past the Vietnam Veterans Memorial State Park. Although US64 does not technically cross into Texas, the New Mexico-Texas border does reach the shoulder of US64 outside of Clayton at 36. 500352°N103. 041922°W /36.500352, -103.041922. Heading into the Oklahoma Panhandle, the three conjoined routes pick up a two miles southwest of Boise City, as US-385 merges from the south. Shortly thereafter, US-56 also departs the route, heading northeast into Kansas, while US-64, near Guymon, the route turns due south to approach the town. US-412 then heads due east, while US-64 veers from due south to northeast and these two routes remain together for about 20 miles, splitting at Hooker, with US-54 continuing northeast into Kansas while US-64 again veers due east. At Turpin, US-64 turns left, running north with US-83, three miles later, it turns east, joining US-270 while US-83 and westbound US-270 continue north to Liberal. Near Pond Creek, US-64 turns south, joined by US-60, US-64 splits off just north of Enid, jogging through the city before rejoining US-412 on the east side of town. The two routes remain together until they meet Interstate 35, which US-64 joins briefly southbound while US-412 continues east, US-64 departs I-35 at Perry, intersecting the parallel US-77 before continuing east. On either side of Morrison the route intersects US-177 and US-412 before passing through Pawnee and it then veers southeast, rejoining US-412 yet again to head into Tulsa. In downtown Tulsa, the route diverges from US-412 for the final time and it then proceeds south, crossing the Creek Turnpike, then crosses the Arkansas River in Bixby before turning to the southeast. After passing through Haskell, US-64 and US-62 meet head-on, north–south, they join, the routes disengage at the intersection with US-69, with US-64 bearing south out of the center of town. At Warner, the route turns again, where it will run parallel to Interstate 40 for the remainder of its path through Oklahoma
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U.S. Route 491
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U. S. Route 491 is a north–south U. S. Highway serving the Four Corners region of the United States. One of the newest designations in the U. S. Highway System and this Satanic connotation, combined with a high fatality rate along the New Mexico portion, convinced some people the highway was cursed. The problem was compounded by persistent sign theft and these factors led to two efforts to renumber the highway, first by officials in Arizona, later in New Mexico. There have been safety improvement projects in recent years, and fatality rates have subsequently decreased. The highway, now a route of US91 via its connection to US191, runs through Colorado, New Mexico. The highway passes by two mountains considered sacred by Native Americans, Ute Mountain and a volcanic core named Shiprock. Other features along the route include Mesa Verde National Park and Dove Creek, Colorado, US491 serves the states of New Mexico, Colorado and Utah. Before 1992, US666 also served Arizona, the Arizona portion was renumbered separately and is now part of US191. The former US666 was the highway to have passed through each of the Four Corners states, even though it never came near the Four Corners Monument. At several points along US491, mountain ranges in all of the Four Corners states are visible from a single location, the alignment of the highway is mostly north–south, however the Utah portion is signed east–west. US491 begins at Gallup, at a junction with Interstate 40, the routing has changed to bypass the downtown area. The original route used 9th Street, starting at US66, US491 leaves Gallup and passes north through the eastern half of the Navajo Nation. Along the way, the passes through the small tribal communities and trading posts of Tohatchi, Buffalo Springs, Naschitti, Sheep Springs. The Navajo tribal capital at Window Rock, Arizona, is just west of the highway corridor, the largest city served by US491 in the Navajo Nation is Shiprock, which takes its name from one of several extinct volcano cores in the area. Shiprock is known as the rock in the Navajo language. Shiprock is where the US491 crosses the San Juan River and is concurrent with US64. After passing Shiprock, the continues north to the Colorado state line. The New Mexico portion has been designated the John Pinto Highway by the New Mexico state legislature and it is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways
31.
U.S. Route 550
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U. S. Route 550 is a spur of U. S. Highway 50 that runs from Bernalillo, New Mexico to Montrose, Colorado in the western United States. The section from Silverton to Ouray is frequently called the Million Dollar Highway and it is one of the roads on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways. U. S.550 begins just north of Albuquerque at Bernalillo and passes through the towns of San Ysidro, Cuba, Bloomfield and Aztec. All of Highway 550 in New Mexico has been upgraded to four lanes, offering a connection for Farmington, New Mexico and Durango, Colorado to Albuquerque. Most of U. S.550 in Colorado is two-lane mountainous highway and it is one of only two north–south U. S. Highways in Colorado which runs west of the Continental Divide The other route is US491, the route travels north through the San Juan Mountains. The Million Dollar Highway stretches for about 25 miles in western Colorado and it is part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway. Between Durango and Silverton the Skyway loosely parallels the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, during this ascent, the remains of the Idarado Mine are visible. Travel north from Silverton to Ouray allows drivers to hug the inside of curves, large RVs travel in both directions, which adds a degree of excitement to people in cars. The road is kept open year-round, summer temperatures can range from 70–90 °F highs at the ends of the highway to 50–70 °F in the mountain passes. The snow season starts in October, and snow will often close the road in winter, chains may be required to drive. North of Durango, the passes by Trimble Springs, hot springs that have been open for visitors since the late 19th century. The highway runs north along the Animas River, under the Hermosa Cliffs and it enters the San Juan National Forest and goes past Haviland Lake and Electra Lake. Drivers pass by Engineer Mountain and Twilight Peak before crossing Coal Bank Pass, next is Molas Pass, which offers a panoramic view of Molas Lake, the Animas River Gorge, and Snowdon Peak. Northbound travelers then pass through the town of Silverton, elevation 9,320 feet, surrounded by 13,000 foot peaks Sultan Mountain, Kendall Mountain, the highway leaves Silverton and proceeds up Mineral Creek Valley before ascending to Red Mountain Pass. The ruins of the Longfellow Mine are visible along the way, the highway then goes through a series of steep grades and hairpin turns before reaching Lookout Point, which offers a view of the town of Ouray. This section of the passes over three mountain passes, Coal Bank Pass, elevation 10,640 ft. Molas Pass, elevation 10,970 ft. Red Mountain Pass. The origin of the name Million Dollar Highway is disputed, there are several legends, though, including that it cost a million dollars a mile to build in the 1920s, and that its fill dirt contains a million dollars in gold ore
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New Mexico State Road 597
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State Road 597 is a 0. 447-mile long state highway located entirely on the Navajo Nation, which is located in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States. The highway serves to link the U. S. Route 160 to the Four Corners Monument, the highway is the second shortest highway in New Mexico, with the shortest being NM446 measuring 0.250 miles. NM597 begins at a t-intersection with US160 in extreme northwestern San Juan County, traveling northwest the two-lane highway passes through desert terrain to its northern terminus at a toll booth. After passing the toll booth, the road becomes 4 Corners Road, the highways posted speed limit is 15 miles per hour. The highway is the second shortest highway in New Mexico, with the shortest being NM446 measuring 0.250 miles, the entire route is in San Juan County. List of New Mexico State Roads shorter than one mile Geographic data related to New Mexico State Road 597 at OpenStreetMap
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1910 United States Census
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The 1910 Census switched from a portrait page orientation to a landscape orientation. The column titles in the form are as follows, LOCATION. Number of dwelling house in order of visitation, Number of family in order of visitation. NAME of each person whose place of abode on April 15,1910, was in this family, enter surname first, then the given name and middle initial, if any. Include every person living on April 15,1910, omit children born since April 15,1910. Relationship of this person to the head of the family, whether single, married, widowed, or divorced. Number of years of present marriage, Mother of how many children, Number born. Mother of how children, Number now living. Place of birth of each person and parents of each person enumerated, if born in the United States, give the state or territory. If of foreign birth, give the country, place of birth of this Person. Place of birth of Father of this person, place of birth of Mother of this person. Year of immigration to the United States, whether able to speak English, or, if not, give language spoken. Trade or profession of, or particular kind of work done by person, as spinner, salesman, laborer. General nature of industry, business, or establishment in which this works, as cotton mill, dry goods store, farm. Whether as employer, employee, or work on own account, whether out of work on April 15,1910. Number of weeks out of work during year 1909, attended school any time since September 1,1909. Whether a survivor of the Union or Confederate Army or Navy, special Notation, In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona would become the 47th and 48th states admitted to the Union. The 1910 population count for each of these areas was 327,301 and 204,354 respectively
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1920 United States Census
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In 1929, Congress passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which provided for a permanent method of reapportionment and fixed the number of Representatives at 435. The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in the 1940s, the microfilmed census is available in rolls from the National Archives and Records Administration. Several organizations also host images of the census online. Microdata from the 1920 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files,1921 U. S Census Report Contains 1920 Census results Historic US Census data 1920 Census,1920 United States Census for Genealogy & Family History Research 1920 Census
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1930 United States Census
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The original census enumeration sheets were microfilmed by the Census Bureau in 1949, after which the original sheets were destroyed. The microfilmed census is located on 2,667 rolls of microfilm, several organizations also host images of the microfilmed census online, and digital indices. Microdata from the 1930 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System
36.
1940 United States Census
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The census date of record was April 1,1940. A number of new questions were asked including where people were 5 years before, highest educational grade achieved and this census introduced sampling techniques, one in 20 people were asked additional questions on the census form. Other innovations included a field test of the census in 1939, the 1940 census collected the following information, In addition, a sample of individuals were asked additional questions covering age at first marriage, fertility, and other topics. Full documentation on the 1940 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Following completion of the census, the original sheets were microfilmed. As required by Title 13 of the U. S. Code, non-personally identifiable information Microdata from the 1940 census is freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Also, aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, on April 2, 2012—72 years after the census was taken—microfilmed images of the 1940 census enumeration sheets were released to the public by the National Archives and Records Administration. The records are indexed only by enumeration district upon initial release, several organizations are compiling indices, why the huge interest in the 1940 Census. 1940 Census Questions Hosted at CensusFinder. com
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1950 United States Census
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Full documentation on the 1950 census, including census forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1950 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2022. Historic US Census data 1951 U. S Census Report Contains 1950 Census results
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1970 United States Census
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Microdata from the 1970 census are freely available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files and these data were originally created and disseminated by DUALabs. Personally identifiable information will be available in 2042, california took over as the most populous state, New York had previously been ranked number one. While the entire country increased to more than 204 million persons, four states lost population with West Virginia leading the list, down 8, historic US Census data 1971 U. S Census Report, with estimated 1970 Census results 1970 Census of Population
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1980 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1980 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1980 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1980 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2052. Between the 1980 census and the 1990 census, the United States population increased by approximately 22,164,837 or 9. 8%, historic US Census data 1981 U. S Census Report Contains 1980 Census results
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1990 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1990 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1990 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. It was the first census to designate Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander as a group separate from Asians. To increase black participation in the 1990 United States Census, the bureau recruited Bill Cosby, Magic Johnson, Alfre Woodard, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2062. The results of the 1990 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 1992 elections, consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the Electoral College for the 1992 presidential election. Because of population changes, twenty-one states had changes in their number of seats, eight states gained at least one seat, and thirteen states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 19 seats being switched
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2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
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Census
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A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population, the term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses, other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications, the word is of Latin origin, during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the level of detail but raise concerns about privacy. A census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are used for research, business marketing, and planning. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling, similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions. In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide accurate information than attempts to get a population census. A census is often construed as the opposite of a sample as its intent is to count everyone in a rather than a fraction. However, population censuses rely on a frame to count the population. This is the way to be sure that everyone has been included as otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on. The fundamental premise of a census is that the population is not known, the use of a sampling frame is counterintuitive as it suggests that the population size is already known. However, a census is also used to collect data on the individuals in the nation. This process of sampling marks the difference between historical census, which was a house to house process or the product of a decree. The sampling frame used by census is almost always an address register, thus it is not known if there is anyone resident or how many people there are in each household. Depending on the mode of enumeration, a form is sent to the householder, as a preliminary to the dispatch of forms, census workers will check any address problems on the ground. While it may seem straightforward to use the postal service file for this purpose, a particular problem is what are termed communal establishments which category includes student residences, religious orders, homes for the elderly, people in prisons etc
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Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
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Marriage
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The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity, when defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, whom they marry may be influenced by socially determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. In some areas of the world, arranged marriage, child marriage, polygamy, conversely, such practices may be outlawed and penalized in parts of the world out of concerns for womens rights and because of international law. These trends coincide with the human rights movement. Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, an authority, a tribal group. It is often viewed as a contract, Marriages can be performed in a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting via a wedding ceremony. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce, some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through divorce or annulment. In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of laws against the practice. For example, the number of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005 and these changes have occurred primarily in Western countries. The word marriage derives from Middle English mariage, which first appears in 1250–1300 CE and this in turn is derived from Old French, marier, and ultimately Latin, marītāre, meaning to provide with a husband or wife and marītāri meaning to get married. The adjective marīt-us -a, -um meaning matrimonial or nuptial could also be used in the form as a noun for husband. Anthropologists have proposed several competing definitions of marriage in an attempt to encompass the wide variety of marital practices observed across cultures, even within Western culture, definitions of marriage have careened from one extreme to another and everywhere in between. The anthropological handbook Notes and Queries defined marriage as a union between a man and a such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners. In recognition of a practice by the Nuer people of Sudan allowing women to act as a husband in certain circumstances, Kathleen Gough suggested modifying this to a woman, none of these men had legal rights to the womans child. Economic anthropologist Duran Bell has criticized the definition on the basis that some societies do not require marriage for legitimacy. He argued that a definition of marriage is circular in societies where illegitimacy has no other legal or social implications for a child other than the mother being unmarried. In 1955 article in Man, Leach argued that no one definition of marriage applied to all cultures and he offered a list of ten rights associated with marriage, including sexual monopoly and rights with respect to children, with specific rights differing across cultures
45.
Poverty threshold
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The poverty threshold, poverty limit or poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular country. In practice, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is higher in developed countries than in developing countries. In 2008, the World Bank came out with a figure of $1.25 at 2005 purchasing-power parity, the new IPL replaces the $1.25 per day figure, which used 2005 data. Most scholars agree that it better reflects todays reality, particularly new price levels in developing countries, the common international poverty line has in the past been roughly $1 a day. At present the percentage of the population living under extreme poverty is likely to fall below 10% according to the World Bank projections released in 2015. Determining the poverty line is usually done by finding the total cost of all the resources that an average human adult consumes in one year. Individual factors are used to account for various circumstances, such as whether one is a parent, elderly. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually, charles Booth, a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a poverty line, a concept originally conceived by the London School Board. Booth set the line at 10 to 20 shillings per week, to secure the necessaries of a healthy life, which included fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, and household and personal items. Based on data from leading nutritionists of the period, he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum calorific intake and nutritional balance necessary and he considered this amount to set his poverty line and concluded that 27. 84% of the total population of York lived below this poverty line. Rowntree distinguished between primary poverty, those lacking in income and secondary poverty, those who had enough income, Absolute poverty is the level of poverty as defined in terms of the minimal requirements necessary to afford minimal standards of food, clothing, health care and shelter. For the measure to be absolute, the line must be the same in different countries, cultures, such an absolute measure should look only at the individuals power to consume and it should be independent of any changes in income distribution. Notice that if real income in an economy increases. Measuring poverty by a threshold has the advantage of applying the same standard across different locations and time periods. For example, a living in far northern Scandinavia requires a source of heat during colder months. The term absolute poverty is sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty. Absolute poverty is the absence of resources to secure basic life necessities. It depends not only on income but also on access to services, safe drinking water, Water must not come solely from rivers and ponds, and must be available nearby
U.S. Route 64
U.S. Route 491 (formerly U.S. Route 666)
U.S. Route 550
New Mexico State Road 371
New Mexico State Road 516
New Mexico State Road 597
San Juan County, New Mexico
