1.
UEFA Europa League
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The UEFA Europa League, previously called the UEFA Cup, is an annual football club competition organized by UEFA since 1971 for eligible European football clubs. Clubs qualify for the competition based on their performance in their national leagues, previously called the UEFA Cup, the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League since the 2009–10 season, following a change in format. For UEFA footballing records purposes, the UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League are considered the same competition, in 1999, the UEFA Cup Winners Cup was abolished and merged with the UEFA Cup. For the 2004–05 competition a group stage was added prior to the knockout phase, the 2009 re-branding included a merge with the UEFA Intertoto Cup, producing an enlarged competition format, with an expanded group stage and changed qualifying criteria. The winner enters at least at the round, and will enter the group stage if the berth reserved for the Champions League title holders is not used. The title has been won by 27 different clubs,12 of which have won the more than once. The UEFA Cup was preceded by the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup, which was a European football competition played between 1955 and 1971, the competition grew from 11 teams during the first cup to 64 teams by the last cup which was played in 1970–71. It had become so important on the European football scene that in the end it was taken over by UEFA, the UEFA Cup was first played in the 1971–72 season, with an all-English final of Wolverhampton Wanderers versus Tottenham Hotspur, with Spurs taking the first honours. The title was retained by another English club, Liverpool in 1973, Borussia would win the competition in 1975 and 1979, and reach the final again in 1980. Liverpool won the competition for the time in 1976, beating Club Brugge in the final. During the 1980s, IFK Göteborg and Real Madrid won the competition twice each,1989 saw the commencement of the Italian clubs domination, when Maradonas Napoli beat Stuttgart. The 1990s started with two finals, and in 1992, Torino lost the final to Ajax on the away goals rule. Juventus won the competition for a time in 1993 and Internazionale kept the cup in Italy the following year. 1995 saw a third final, with Parma proving their consistency. The only final with no Italians during that decade was in 1996, Parma won the cup in 1999, which ended the Italian club era. Liverpool won the competition for the time in 2001 and Porto triumphed in the 2003 and 2011 tournaments. In 2004, the cup returned to Spain with Valencia being victorious, either side of Sevillas success, two Russian teams, CSKA Moscow in 2005 and Zenit Saint Petersburg in 2008, had their glory and yet another former Soviet club, Ukraines Shakhtar Donetsk, won in 2009. Atlético Madrid would themselves win twice in three seasons, in 2010 and 2012, the latter in another all-Spanish final, in 2013, Chelsea would become the first Champions League holders to win the UEFA Cup/Europa League the following year
2.
Bilbao
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Bilbao is a city in northern Spain, the largest city in the province of Biscay and in the Basque Country as a whole. Bilbao is the tenth largest city in Spain, with a population of 345,141 As of 2015, Bilbao is also the main urban area in what is defined as the Greater Basque region. Bilbao is situated in the part of Spain, some 16 kilometres south of the Bay of Biscay, where the economic social development is located. Its main urban core is surrounded by two mountain ranges with an average elevation of 400 metres. This was due to its port activity based on the export of iron extracted from the Biscayan quarries, at the same time an extraordinary population explosion prompted the annexation of several adjacent municipalities. The official name of the town is Bilbao, as known in most languages of the world, there is no consensus among historians about the origin of the name. Generally accepted accounts state that prior to the 12th century the independent rulers of the territory, the symbols of their patrimony are the tower and church used in the shield of Bilbao to this day. One possible origin was suggested by the engineer Evaristo de Churruca and he said that it was a Basque custom to name a place after its location. For Bilbao this would be the result of the union of the Basque words for river and cove, the historian José Tussel Gómez argues that it is just a natural evolution of the Spanish words bello vado, beautiful river crossing. On the other hand, according to the writer Esteban Calle Iturrino, the first, where the present Casco Viejo is located, would be called billa, which means stacking in Basque, after the configuration of the buildings. The second, on the bank, where now Bilbao La Vieja is located, would be called vaho. From the union of these two derives the name Bilbao, which was written as Bilvao and Biluao, as documented in its municipal charter. An -ao ending is present in nearby Sestao and Ugao. Titles Bilbao holds the historic category of borough, with the titles of «Very noble and very loyal and it was the Catholic Monarchs who awarded the title «Noble borough» on 20 September 1475. Philip III of Spain, via a letter in 1603 awarded the borough the titles of «Very noble, after the Siege of Bilbao, during the First Carlist War, on 25 December 1836, the title of «Unbeaten» was added. Remains of an ancient settlement were found on the top of Mount Malmasín, burial sites were also found on Mounts Avril and Artxanda, dated 6,000 years old. Some authors identify the old settlement of Bilbao as Amanun Portus, cited by Pliny the Elder, or with Flaviobriga, ancient walls, which date from around the 11th century, have been discovered below the Church of San Antón. On 21 June 1511, Queen Joanna of Castile ordered the creation of the Consulate of Bilbao and this would become the most influential institution of the borough for centuries, and would claim jurisdiction over the estuary, improving its infrastructure
3.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
4.
Athletic Bilbao
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Athletic Club, also commonly known as Athletic Bilbao, is a professional football club, based in Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain. They are known as Los Leones because their stadium was built near a church called San Mamés, mammes was a semi-legendary early Christian thrown to the lions by the Romans. Mammes pacified the lions and was made a saint. The club is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never relegated from the top division. Athletic have won La Liga on eight occasions, fourth most in the history of the league, in the table of Copa del Rey titles, Athletic is second only to Barcelona, having won it 24 times. The club also has one of the most successful teams in Spain. The club is known for its policy of bringing young Basque players through the ranks. Since its foundation, Athletic has played exclusively with players meeting the criteria to be deemed as Basque players and this can be seen as a unique case in European football, it has gained Athletic both admirers and critics. The club has been praised for promoting home grown players and club loyalty, Athletic is one of only three professional clubs in Spain in La Liga that is not a sports corporation, it is owned and operated by its club members. Athletics main rivals are Real Sociedad, against whom it plays the Basque derby, Football was introduced to Bilbao by two distinct groups of players, both with British connections, British steel and shipyard workers and Basque students returning from schools in Britain. In the late 19th century, Bilbao was a port of an important industrial area with iron mines. It was the force of the Spanish economy and as a result attracted many migrant workers. Among them were miners from the north-east of England, and shipyard workers from Southampton, Portsmouth, the British workers brought with them the game of football. In the early 1890s, these workers came together and formed Bilbao Football Club, meanwhile, sons of the Basque educated classes had made the opposite journey and went to Britain to complete their studies in civil engineering and commerce. While in the United Kingdom, these developed a interest in football. In 1898, students belonging to the Gymnasium Zamacois founded the Athletic Club, in 1901, a meeting was held in the Café García, which established more formal rules and regulations. In 1902, the two Bilbao clubs formed a team, known as Bizcaya, in the first Copa del Rey. They returned with the trophy after defeating Barcelona in the final and this would lead to the eventual merger of the two clubs as Athletic Club in 1903
5.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
6.
Spanish peseta
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The peseta was the currency of Spain between 1869 and 2002. Along with the French franc, it was also a de facto currency used in Andorra, the name of the currency comes from pesseta, the diminutive form of the word peça, which is a Catalan word that means piece or fraction. The first non-official coins which contained the word peseta were made in 1808 in Barcelona, traditionally, there was never a single symbol or special character for the Spanish peseta. Common abbreviations were Pt, Pta, Pts and Ptas, sometimes using superior letters, common earlier Spanish models of mechanical typewriters had the expression Pts on a single type head, as a shorthand intended to fill a single type space in tables instead of three. Later, Spanish models of IBM electric typewriters also included the type in its repertoire. This original character set chart later became the MS-DOS code page 437, some spreadsheet software for PC under MS-DOS, as Lotus 1-2-3, employed this character as the peseta symbol in their Spanish editions. Subsequent international MS-DOS code pages, like code page 850 and others, in order to guarantee the interchange with previous encodings such as code page 437, the international standard Unicode includes this character as U+20A7 PESETA SIGN in its Currency Symbols block. Other than that, the use of the peseta symbol standalone is extremely rare, in the version 1.0 of Unicode the character ₧ U+20A7 PESETA SIGN had two reference glyphs, a Pts ligature glyph as in IBM code page 437 and an erroneous P with stroke. The peseta was subdivided into 100 céntimos or, informally,4 reales, the last coin of any value under one peseta was a 50-céntimo coin issued in 1980 to celebrate Spains hosting of the 1982 FIFA World Cup. The last 25-céntimo coin was dated 1959, the ten céntimos also dated 1959, the 1-céntimo coin was last minted in 1913 and featured King Alfonso XIII. The 1⁄2-céntimo coin was last minted in 1868 and featured Queen Isabel II, the peseta was introduced in 1869 after Spain joined the Latin Monetary Union in 1868. The Spanish Law of June 26,1864 decreed that in preparation for joining the Latin Monetary Union, the peseta replaced the escudo at a rate of 5 pesetas =1 peso duro =2 escudos. The peseta was equal to 4.5 grams of silver, or 0.290322 grams of gold, from 1873, only the gold standard applied. The political turbulence of the twentieth century caused the monetary union to break up. In 1959, Spain became part of the Bretton Woods System, in 1967, the peseta followed the devaluation of the British pound, maintaining the exchange rate of 168 pesetas =1 pound and establishing a new rate of 70 pesetas =1 U. S. dollar. The peseta was replaced by the euro in 2002, following the establishment of the euro in 1999, the exchange rate was 1 euro =166.386 pesetas. At least 1252–1284 there was a 1 obolo brass coin – plated with silver – stamped, colnect shows even a first 1 Maravedí-coin made of copper having been edited since 1454. The bigger silver coin 1 Real came out 1786, the latter two currency units were used until the Peseta came in 1869
7.
Basque Country national football team
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The Basque Country national football team represents the Basque Country in football. It selects players from the Basque Country autonomous community, Navarre and it is not affiliated with FIFA or UEFA and therefore only allowed to play friendly matches against FIFA or non-FIFA affiliated teams. The team has been referred to by names including Euskadiko selekzioa, Euskal Herriko futbol selekzioa, Selección de Euskadi, Vasconia, Equipo Vasco, Euskadi XI. Most of their matches have been played in the San Mamés Stadium which was replaced in 2013 by the new San Mamés. The Basque Country has had a team of its own since 1930. During the Second Spanish Republic, they played firstly under the name of Baskoniako selekzioa, during Francos 36 year dictatorship it only played two games. Then, after Francos death in 1975, the team was reformed using the name Euskadiko selekzioa and began playing regular friendly matches, up to the present moment they have played 56 matches against a wide range of nations such as Russia, Uruguay, Nigeria and Denmark. In 2007, the name was controversially changed to Euskal Herriko futbol selekzioa. In 2008, a compromise was reached and it was changed again to Euskal selekzioa, in the lower grades, the team is either called Euskadiko selekzioa or Seleccíon del País Vasco and exclusively represents the Basque Country autonomous community. On 29 September 1913 the Royal Spanish Football Federation was formally created, each regional federation organised its own league, and also selected a team to play against other regions. The Basque Country was grouped with Cantabria in Norte, on 3 January 1915 they played their first match which was against Catalonia in Bilbao and won 6–1, and then on 7 February they played them again but in Barcelona, this time drawing 2–2. On 13 May 1915 they won the inaugural Copa del Príncipe de Asturias tournament in Madrid by beating Catalonia 1–0, in the same competition they drew 1–1 with Centro. In May 1916, Norte faced Catalonia twice in Barcelona, winning by 1–3 on the 21st, on 4 June of the same year they beat Catalonia 5–0 in Bilbao. On 22 November 1916 the Cantabrian teams left the Northern Federation, joining the newly formed Cantabrian Federation, in 1918 Gipuzkoa formed its own federation leaving Biscay on their own in Federation Norte. Gipuzkoa and Biscay organised their own separate teams, in 1919 the Asturians decided to form their own federation so the Cantabrian teams rejoined Norte, but now it only had teams from Cantabria and Biscay. This complicated situation of federations splitting off continued for a few more years, in 1922 separate teams were created for Biscay and Cantabria because the former decided to form their own federation. In the summer of 1922 a team calling itself the Basque team was sent to South America, although the trip was organised by the Gipuzkoan federation,4 of the 19 players in the squad were from the Biscayan federation. They played once against the Argentine national side, losing 4–0, then drew 1–1 against Porteño, the team also played the Uruguayan national side twice, losing both games, before visiting Brazil where they played in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro
8.
Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
9.
Football (soccer)
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
10.
Biscay
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Biscay is a province of Spain located just south of the Bay of Biscay. The name also refers to a territory of the Basque Country. It is one of the most prosperous and important provinces of Spain as a result of the massive industrialization in the last years of the 19th century, since the deep deindustrialization of the 1970s, the economy has come to rely more on the services sector. It is accepted in linguistics that Bizkaia is a cognate of bizkar, “Bizkaia” is the Basque denomination recommended by the Royal Academy of the Basque language, and it is commonly used on official documents on that language. It is also used on documents in Spanish, and it is the most used denomination by the media in Spanish in the Basque Country. It is also the used in the Basque version of the Spanish constitution. Bizkaia is also the official denomination approved for the historical territory by the Juntas Generales of the province. “Vizcaya” is the denomination in Spanish, recommended by the Royal Spanish Academy and it is used in non-official documents and, in general, by Spanish speakers. It is also the Spanish denomination used in the Spanish version of the Constitution, Biscay has been inhabited since the Middle Paleolithic, as attested by the archaeological remains and cave paintings found in its many caves. The Roman presence had little impact in the region, and the Basque language, Biscay was identified in records of the Middle Ages, as a dependency of the Kingdom of Pamplona that became autonomous and finally a part of the Crown of Castile. The first mention of the name Biscay was recorded in an act to the monastery of Bickaga. According to Anton Erkoreka, the Vikings had a base there from which they were expelled by 825. The ria of Mundaka is the easiest route to the river Ebro and at the end of it, in the modern age, the province became a major commercial and industrial area. Its prime harbour of Bilbao soon became the main Castilian gateway to Europe, later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the abundance of prime quality iron ore and the lack of feudal castes favored rapid industrialization. The first evidence of dwellings in Biscay happens in this period of prehistory. Mousterian artifacts have been found in three sites in Biscay, Benta Laperra, Kurtzia and Murua, chatelperronian culture can be found in Santimamiñe cave. The Benta Laperra cave has the oldest paintings, maybe from the Aurignacian or Solutrean period, bison and bear are the animals depicted, together with abstract signs. The murals of Arenaza and Santimamiñe were created in later periods, in Arenaza female deer are the dominant motif, Santimamiñe features bison, horses, goats and deer
11.
Mammes of Caesarea
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Saint Mammes of Caesarea is a semi-legendary child-martyr of the 3rd century. His parents, Theodotus and Rufina, were also martyred, born in prison to parents who had been jailed because they were Christian, Mammes became an orphan when his parents were executed. After his parents death, Mammes was raised by a widow named Ammia. According to legend, Mammes was tortured for his faith by the governor of Caesarea and was sent before the Roman Emperor Aurelian. The Mammes legend states that an angel then liberated him and ordered him to himself on a mountain near Caesarea. Mammes was later thrown to the lions, but managed to make the beasts docile and he preached to animals in the fields, and a lion remained with him as companion. Accompanied by the lion, he visited Duke Alexander, who condemned him to death and he was struck in the stomach with a trident. Bleeding, Mammes dragged himself to a spot near a theater before his soul was carried into heaven by angels, the center of his cult was situated at Caesarea before shifting to Langres when his relics were brought there. The Cathédrale Saint-Mammès, in Langres, is dedicated to him, Mammes is the chief patron of the diocese. Saint Mammes is also a saint in Lebanon with many churches. He is the saint of Deir Mimas in Lebanon, where the town celebrates the feast of Saint Mamas on September 15. Grand festivities are organized each year to honor the patron saint. The town has an orthodox monastery overlooking the Litani valley of Deirmimas named after the saint in addition to a Melkite catholic church located inside the village named after Saint Mammes. Mammes is also honored in Kfarhata, which is adjacent to Zgharta, the Church of Saint Mamas Church in Ehden was built in 749 A. D. and is one of the oldest Maronite Catholic churches in Lebanon. Lebanon is also home to the Saint Mamas Church of Baabdat, another Maronite Lebanese monastery called Dayr Mar Mamas is being restored by the towns folks of the rural village of Bechaaleh located in the district of Batroun in the north of Lebanon. In Cyprus, Mammes is popularly known as a hermit who lived in a cave near the town of Morphou. According to local legend, he was a living in very poor circumstances. Soldiers were sent out and captured him, but on the way back to town, Mammes saw a lion attacking a lamb, escaped the soldiers, saved the lamb, jumped on the lions back and his bravery earned him exemption from taxation
12.
Christian
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A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christian derives from the Koine Greek word Christós, a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach, while there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict, they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance. The term Christian is also used as an adjective to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a sense all that is noble, and good. According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, by 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the worlds largest religion in 2050, about half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, while more than a third are Protestant. Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the worlds Christians, other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories,280 million Christian live as a minority. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, in other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chrétien in French and Cristiano in Spanish. The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26,28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4,16, which believers, Yet if as a Christian, let him not be ashamed. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames, in the Annals he relates that by vulgar appellation commonly called Christians and identifies Christians as Neros scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome. Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is Nazarenes which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24, the Hebrew equivalent of Nazarenes, Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian. A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian, denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of Christianity. Most Baptists and fundamentalists, for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian, in fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity. The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism, the term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי, a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מָשִׁיחַיים, the term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or ن— the first letter of Nasara—was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city, where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi is used by Christians themselves for those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī from ṣalīb which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations
13.
Roman Empire
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Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesars adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavians power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power, the imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era. The first two centuries of the empires existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana, following Octavians victory, the size of the empire was dramatically increased. After the assassination of Caligula in 41, the senate briefly considered restoring the republic, under Claudius, the empire invaded Britannia, its first major expansion since Augustus. Vespasian emerged triumphant in 69, establishing the Flavian dynasty, before being succeeded by his son Titus and his short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian, who was eventually assassinated. The senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors, the empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan, the second in this line. A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus, Commodus assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors, of which Septimius Severus emerged victorious. The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a time span. It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy, which saw four emperors rule the empire at once. This arrangement was unsuccessful, leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine I. Constantine subsequently shifted the capital to Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople in his honour and it remained the capital of the east until its demise. Constantine also adopted Christianity which later became the state religion of the empire. However, Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague, and separate rule in the Western part of the empire ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos. The Eastern Roman Empire endured for another millennium, eventually falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic, cultural, political and military forces in the world of its time. It was one of the largest empires in world history, at its height under Trajan, it covered 5 million square kilometres. It held sway over an estimated 70 million people, at that time 21% of the entire population. Throughout the European medieval period, attempts were made to establish successors to the Roman Empire, including the Empire of Romania, a Crusader state. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC, then, it was an empire long before it had an emperor
14.
Shepherd's Bush F.C.
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Shepherds Bush Football Club were an English football club based in Shepherds Bush, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, although they originally played in central and south London. The club were founded as Old St Stephens FC in 1880 in Westminster, although they moved out to play in Denmark Hill. They continued to play in the Southern League under the Old St Stephens name for three seasons, never performing better than their inaugural season. During this time, in 1895, they moved across London to Shepherds Bush, playing on Shepherds Bush Green itself, in 1898 Old St Stephens merged with another local team to become Shepherds Bush FC. They took Old St Stephens place in the Southern League and continued to play up until the 1901–02 season, in 1907 the club re-entered competitive league football, joining the Spartan League and a year later the Isthmian League, where they played until the outbreak of World War I. During wartime, Shepherds Bush F. C. were unable to play any further fixtures, in 1917, their ground, Loftus Road was taken over by Queens Park Rangers, who continue to occupy it to this day. Loftus Road Legacy, The History of the Shepherd’s Bush Football Club
15.
Rafael Moreno Aranzadi
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Rafael Moreno Aranzadi, known as Pichichi, was a Spanish footballer who played as a forward. He played for Athletic Bilbao during the 1910s and 1920s, born in Bilbao, Biscay, Pichichi played in his first Copa del Rey final in March 1913. Athletic Bilbao, his club, lost 0–1 against Racing Club de Irún. Pichichi subsequently played in five other domestic cup finals, winning four and he died on 2 March 1922 at the age of only 29, victim of a sudden attack of typhus. In 1920, Pichichi was a member of the very first Spanish national team played at the Summer Olympic Games in Belgium. He gained five caps during one month, his debut coming on 28 August in a 1–0 win against Denmark. Pichichis father was mayor of Bilbao, and he was Miguel de Unamunos nephew and he was easily identifiable on the pitch due to a white cloth he tied to his head. Both he and his wife were immortalised in a painting by Aurelio Arteta. In 1926, a bust was erected in his honour at the San Mamés Stadium and it was tradition for teams visiting the ground for the first time pay homage by leaving a bouquet of flowers at its base. In 1953, Spanish sports newspaper Diario Marca introduced the Pichichi Trophy in his honour and it was awarded each year to the top scorers in La Liga and Segunda División. com Pichichi – FIFA competition record Spain stats at Eu-Football Olympic stats
16.
1982 FIFA World Cup
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The 1982 FIFA World Cup, the 12th FIFA World Cup, was held in Spain from 13 June to 11 July 1982. The tournament was won by Italy, after defeating West Germany 3–1 in the final in the Spanish capital of Madrid and it was Italys third World Cup win and first since 1938. The holders Argentina were eliminated in the group round. Algeria, Cameroon, Honduras, Kuwait and New Zealand made their first appearances in the finals, in the first round of Group 3, Hungary defeated El Salvador 10–1, equalling the largest margin of victory ever recorded in the finals. Spain was chosen as the host nation by FIFA in London, hosting rights for the 1974 and 1978 tournaments were awarded at the same time. West Germany agreed a deal with Spain by which Spain would support West Germany for the 1974 tournament, for the first time, the World Cup finals expanded from 16 to 24 teams. This allowed more teams to participate, especially from Africa and Asia, teams absent from the finals were 1974 and 1978 runners-up Netherlands, Mexico, and the three times 1970s participants Sweden. Northern Ireland qualified for the first time since 1958, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, El Salvador, England, and the Soviet Union were back in the Finals after a 12-year absence. Yugoslavia were also back after having missed the 1978 tournament, Algeria, Cameroon, Honduras, Kuwait, and New Zealand all participated in the World Cup for the first time. As of 2014, this was the last time that El Salvador, Kuwait, there was some consideration given as to whether England, Northern Ireland and Scotland should withdraw from the tournament due to the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom. A directive issued by the British sports minister Neil Macfarlane in April, at the start of the conflict and this directive was not rescinded until August, following the end of hostilities. Macfarlane reported to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher that some players and officials were uneasy about participating due to the casualties being suffered by British forces, FIFA advised the British Government that there was no prospect of Argentina being asked to withdraw. It also became apparent that no other countries would withdraw from the tournament, the 1982 competition used a unique format. The first round was a group stage containing six groups of four teams each. Two points were awarded for a win and one for a draw, the top two teams in each group advanced. In the second round, the remaining teams were split into four groups of three teams each, with the winner of each group progressing to the knockout semi-final stage. The composition of the groups in the round was predetermined before the start of the tournament. In the aggregate, Groups A and B were to one team from each of Groups 1 through 6
17.
AC/DC
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AC/DC are an Australian rock band, formed in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young. A hard rock/blues rock band, they have also considered a heavy metal band, although they have always dubbed their music simply rock. AC/DC underwent several changes before releasing their first album, High Voltage, in 1975, Malcolm. Membership subsequently stabilised until bassist Mark Evans was replaced by Cliff Williams in 1977 for the album Powerage, within months of recording the album Highway to Hell, lead singer and co-songwriter Bon Scott died on 19 February 1980 after a night of heavy alcohol consumption. The group considered disbanding, but buoyed by support from Scotts parents, decided to continue, ex-Geordie singer Brian Johnson was auditioned and selected to replace Scott. Later that year, the released the new album, Back in Black. The album launched them to new heights of success and became their all-time best-seller, the bands next album, For Those About to Rock We Salute You, was their first album to reach number one in the United States. Drummer Phil Rudd was fired in 1983 and replaced by ex-A II Z drummer Simon Wright, the band experienced a resurgence in the early 1990s with the release of The Razors Edge. Phil Rudd returned in 1994 after Chris Slade, who was with the band from 1989 to 1994, was asked to leave in favour of him, Stiff Upper Lip, released in 2000, was well received by critics. The bands line-up remained the same until 2014 with Malcolm Youngs retirement, in 2016, Johnson was advised to stop touring on account of worsening hearing loss and Guns N Roses frontman Axl Rose stepped in as the bands vocalist for the remainder of that years dates. Long-term bass player Cliff Williams subsequently indicated that he would retire from the band on the completion of their current world tour, Back in Black has sold an estimated 50 million units worldwide, making it the second-highest-selling album by any artist – and the highest-selling album by any band. The album has sold 22 million units in the US alone, AC/DC ranked fourth on VH1s list of the 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock and were named the seventh Greatest Heavy Metal Band of All Time by MTV. In 2004, AC/DC ranked No.72 on the Rolling Stone list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Producer Rick Rubin, who wrote an essay on the band for the Rolling Stone list, referred to AC/DC as the greatest rock, in 2010, AC/DC were ranked number 23 in the VH1 list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. Brothers Malcolm, Angus, and George Young were born in Glasgow, Scotland, George was the first to learn to play the guitar. He became a member of The Easybeats, one of Australias most successful bands of the 1960s, in 1966, they became the first local rock act to have an international hit, with the song Friday on My Mind. Malcolm followed in Georges footsteps by playing with a Newcastle, New South Wales and their oldest brother Alex Young chose to remain in Britain to pursue musical interests. Malcolm and Angus Young developed the idea for the name after their sister, Margaret Young
18.
Black Ice World Tour
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Black Ice World Tour was a 2008–2010 concert tour by Australian rock band AC/DC in support of the groups 15th studio album, Black Ice, which was released in October 2008. The tour was the bands first since the Stiff Upper Lip World Tour in 2000 and 2001 and they were replaced by Stevie Young and Chris Slade respectively. This was also the last full tour to feature lead vocalist Brian Johnson as he left the band halfway during the Rock or Bust World Tour due to hearing problems and was replaced by Axl Rose. The jaunt began in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States in late October 2008, by spring 2010, the tour had reached North America, Europe, South America, Oceania and Asia. The three concerts at River Plate were filmed and recorded, and were released on DVD. The outdoor concerts outside of USA also had the red Angus Young Devil hats on the stage set, the tour ended up being the most successful by AC/DC, grossing roughly $441.1 million, making it the fourth highest-grossing concert tour of all-time. The tour began with a North American leg, kicking off in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania in late October, the initial leg was met with unprecedented demand, with 18 record sell-outs across the continent. A second North American leg commenced in January 2009, ultimately culminating later in the month in Nashville, in February 2009, the group began their first round of European shows, beginning in Oslo and wrapping up in Birmingham, U. K. in April. One of two dates scheduled in Antwerp, Belgium was cancelled after lead singer Brian Johnson fell ill, on 29 March, the concert in Zürich, Switzerland was postponed due to undisclosed technical difficulties and was rescheduled for 6 April. In May 2009, the band commenced a second European leg, with all shows taking place in stadiums and venues, beginning in Leipzig, Germany and ended the following month in Glasgow. In July 2009, the started a third leg of North America. The tour reached many Canadian markets that had missed on the previous two legs. A fourth leg, which included dates in Mexico and Puerto Rico, the initial six dates on the leg were postponed after Johnson underwent a medical procedure which subsequently required rest. Five of these shows were rescheduled for spring 2010, one date to be held in Phoenix. In November and December 2009, the band headed to South America, playing shows in Brazil, the concerts in Buenos Aires were filmed for the DVD Live at River Plate, to be released on 10 May 2011. In January 2010, the group began a round of dates in New Zealand, the Australian shows were the fastest selling concerts in the history of the country, with extra dates added in most markets due to demand. In early February, Johnson responded to the fans who had asked for a setlist change, saying Fuck them. Following the Australian tour, which ended in Perth, Western Australia, on the Oceania tour leg from 28 January 2010 –8 March 2010, High Voltage was played in tribute to Bon Scott around the 30th anniversary of his death
19.
Malcolm Young
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Malcolm Mitchell Young is an Australian retired musician and songwriter, best known as a co-founder, rhythm guitarist, backing vocalist and songwriter for the hard rock band AC/DC. Except for an absence in 1988, he was with the band from its November 1973 beginning until retiring permanently in 2014. Young and the members of AC/DC were inducted into the Rock. Though his younger brother Angus is the visible of the brothers, Malcolm has been described as the driving force. He also added that despite his retirement from the band, AC/DC was determined to continue making music with his blessing. As the rhythm guitarist, he was responsible for the sweep of the bands sound, developing many of their guitar riffs. He is married to Linda Young and has two children, Cara and Ross, Young took a leave of absence from AC/DC in April 2014, to receive treatment for dementia. In September 2014, the management announced that he would be retiring permanently. One of eight children of William and Alexandra Young, Malcolm was born in Glasgow, in 1963 he emigrated from Scotland to Sydney, with his parents, brothers George and Angus, and older sister Margaret. An older brother, Alex, remained in Scotland and later formed the London-based group Grapefruit and his oldest brother Stephen was the father of his future AC/DC replacement Stevie Young. After the breakup of the Newcastle-based band The Velvet Underground, Young founded AC/DC in November 1973 and they began national touring in 1974 with singer Dave Evans. AC/DC relocated to the UK in 1976, and began a schedule of international touring and recording. After the death of lead singer Bon Scott in 1980, they recorded their biggest selling album Back in Black with singer Brian Johnson, Young missed the majority of AC/DCs Blow Up Your Video World Tour to address his drinking problem. He eventually became sober and returned to the band, during his absence he was replaced by his nephew, Stevie Young with some fans not realising that he had been replaced as Stevie Young bears a striking resemblance to his uncle. In April 2014, Young became seriously ill and was unable to continue performing, on 16 April 2014, AC/DC released a note stating that Young would be taking a break from the band due to ill health. However, singer Brian Johnson stated that earlier reports, AC/DC are not retiring. Were going to pick up guitars, have a plonk and see if anybody has got any tunes or ideas, if anything happens well record it. In July, Johnson revealed that Young was in hospital receiving treatment for a condition and during May recording sessions had been replaced in the studio by Stevie Young
20.
La Liga
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The Primera División, commonly known as La Liga and as La Liga Santander for sponsorship reasons, is the top professional association football division of the Spanish football league system. A total of 60 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception, nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 32 times and Barcelona 24 times. Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through the 1980s, from the 1990s onwards, Barcelona and Real Madrid both dominated, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atlético Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coruña. In more recent years, Atlético Madrid has joined a coalition of now three teams dominating La Liga alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona. Its clubs have won the most UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup titles, and its players have accumulated the highest number of Ballon dOr awards. La Liga is one of the most popular sports leagues in the world. The competition format follows the usual double round-robin format, during the course of a season, which lasts from August to May, each club plays every other club twice, once at home and once away, for a total of 38 matchdays. Teams receive three points for a win, one point for a draw, and no points for a loss, teams are ranked by total points, with the highest-ranked club at the end of the season crowned champion. A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Primera División and the Segunda División, the top teams in La Liga qualify for the UEFA Champions League. The first, second, and third placed teams enter the group stage. Teams placed fifth and sixth play in the UEFA Europa League, if both teams in the cup final finish in the top six, an additional berth in the Europa League is given to the team that finishes in seventh. In April 1927, José María Acha, a director at Arenas Club de Getxo, first proposed the idea of a national league in Spain. After much debate about the size of the league and who would take part, Real Madrid, Barcelona, Athletic Bilbao, Real Sociedad, Arenas Club de Getxo and Real Unión were all selected as previous winners of the Copa del Rey. Atlético Madrid, Espanyol and Europa qualified as Copa del Rey runners-up, only three of the founding clubs, Real Madrid, Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao, have never been relegated from the Primera División. They were also runners-up in 1932 and 1933, in 1935, Real Betis, then known as Betis Balompié, won their only title to date. Primera División was suspended during the Spanish Civil War, in 1937, the teams in the Republican area of Spain, with the notable exception of the two Madrid clubs, competed in the Mediterranean League and Barcelona emerged as champions. Seventy years later, on 28 September 2007, Barcelona requested the RFEF to recognise that title as a Liga title and this action was taken after RFEF was asked to recognise Levante FCs Copa de la España Libre win as equivalent to Copa del Rey trophy. Nevertheless, the body of Spanish football has not made an outright decision yet
21.
Levante UD
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Levante Unión Deportiva, S. A. D. is a Spanish football club based in Valencia, in the namesake community. Founded on 9 September 1909, it plays in Segunda División, Levante UD was founded in 1909 as Levante Fútbol Club, taking its name from the Levante beach in La Malvarrosa, and was one of the pioneering football clubs in Valencia. Local rivals Valencia CF was not formed until 1919, however another club, Levantes earliest games were played at La Platjeta, near the docks on a plot of land owned by a perfume entrepreneur. Its next ground was also near the area, and the club gradually began to become associated with the working class. In 1919, the side played Valencia for the first time, losing 0–1, in 1928, Levante FC won its first trophy, the Valencian Championship. 1909 also saw the birth of Gimnástico Fútbol Club, which played at Patronato de la Juventud Obrera. By 1920, the team had become Real Gimnástico Club de Fútbol, in 1934–35, both Levante and Gimnástico debuted in the second division, when the league was expanded from 10 teams to 24. During the Spanish Civil War, Levante and Gimnástico played in the Mediterranean League, finishing fifth and sixth respectively – teams from this league also competed in the Copa de la España Libre. It was originally intended that the top four teams from the league would enter the cup, but Barcelona opted to tour Mexico and the United States, the first round of the competition was a mini-league with the top two teams, Levante and Valencia, qualifying for the final. On 18 July 1937, Levante defeated its city rivals 1–0 at the Montjuïc, during the Civil War, Levantes ground was destroyed, but the clubs squad remained intact. In contrast, Gimnástico had a ground, Estadio de Vallejo, as a result, the two clubs merged in 1939 to become Unión Deportiva Levante-Gimnástico, changing two years later to Levante Unión Deportiva, which club colours in the 2000s also dating from this era. Levante had to wait until the 1960s to make its La Liga debut, in 1963, the club finished runner-up in Group 2 of the second division, defeating Deportivo de La Coruña 4–2 on aggregate in the promotion play-offs. It spent most of the two decades in the second and third divisions, the Segunda División B would not be created until 1977. In the early 1980s, Dutch superstar Johan Cruyff played half a season for the club, after winning 2003–04s second division, Levante returned to the top level but survived only one season. Levantes financial status worsened, however, and there were reports that the players had received approximately one-fifth of their contractual payments. News reports stated that the club had incurred a debt of over €18 million in due to its players. The team plummeted down the standings, and it was confirmed that the club would be playing in the division in 2008–09. On 13 June 2010, Levante returned to La Liga after a 3–1 home win against already relegated Castellón and it lost in the final round 0–4 at Real Betis, but its opponents only managed to finish with the same points as fourth
22.
Juanlu (footballer, born 1980)
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Juan Luis Gómez López, commonly known as Juanlu, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a left midfielder. In a professional career that spanned 14 seasons, he amassed La Liga totals of 122 games and 14 goals during seven seasons, representing in the competition Numancia, Betis, Osasuna and he added 136/25 in Segunda División. During his time at the Andalusia side, Juanlu also had a stint at Alicante CF in Segunda División B. In the 2004–05 campaign, Juanlu made his La Liga debuts, during his time at the Verdiblancos, Juanlu was loaned to Albacete Balompié and CA Osasuna. He was relatively used in the league, and added six appearances with two goals in the UEFA Cup, including the only in the leg of the quarter-finals against Bayer 04 Leverkusen. In July 2007, again on loan, Juanlu joined another second division side, Córdoba CF and he returned to Betis in July 2008, and was told to look for a new club. After one year out of football, training with Betis but not registered, Juanlu broke ties with Betis on 12 June 2009, moving to Levante UD on a one-year deal on 28 July. In his first season, the veteran enjoyed his best professional year – scoring for the first time in double digits – as the Valencian Community team returned to the top division two years. Juanlu appeared in 28 games in 2010–11 as Levante retained its league status, Juanlu scored twice in 2012–13, in another escape from relegation. One of those came on 26 May 2013 at the San Mamés Stadium in a 1–0 win over Athletic Bilbao. On 27 August 2013, aged 33, Juanlu moved abroad for the first time in his career, after being sparingly used he returned to Spain, joining Córdoba CF on 21 January of the following year. He appeared in 16 matches during the campaign, which ended in top division promotion after a 42-year absence, Juanlu at BDFutbol Juanlu at Soccerway
23.
Fernando Llorente
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Fernando Javier Llorente Torres, nicknamed El Rey León, is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a striker for Welsh club Swansea City. He scored 29 goals for the club in all competitions in the 2011–12 season, in 2013 he signed with Juventus, winning the Serie A twice during his two-year spell. A Spanish international since late 2008, Llorente was a member of the squads which won the 2010 World Cup, though born in Pamplona, Llorente grew up in the municipality of Rincón de Soto in La Rioja. He joined Athletic Bilbaos youth system in 1996 at the age of 11, Llorente spent several seasons in the various junior levels of the club, moving in 2003 to CD Basconia of Tercera División, effectively an Athletic youth side and also a feeder club since 1997. He gradually paved his way for promotion to Bilbao Athletic – Athletics reserve team – in Segunda División B, after scoring four goals for the Bs in the first half of the season, Llorente was awarded with a contract extension until June 2008. On 16 January 2005, he made his first-team – and La Liga – debut in a 1–1 home draw against RCD Espanyol, before 2005–06, Llorentes squad number was promoted from number 32 to 9. He ended the season with just four goals, two in the league and as much in the Cup, against CE LHospitalet, on 13 July 2006, Llorente signed a new contract with Athletic until June 2011, which included a buy-out clause of between €30 and 50 million. He started the season as arguably the clubs striker, behind Aritz Aduriz, Joseba Etxeberria. In preparation for 2007–08, Llorente scored six goals in as many pre-season games and his form led to him becoming Athletics first-choice forward, and although he started the campaign poorly, he ended it with a total of 11 league goals for a side that finished in mid-table. His tally included four goals in two games against Valencia, both wins, and further strikes against FC Barcelona, Villarreal CF and Atlético Madrid. Prior to 2008–09, Llorente was confident of a successful season, I know that I am capable of scoring goals and having a good year and I want to start this term in the same form that I ended the last one in he said. Despite the teams modest start he netted 14 league goals – a career-best – with another four in the Cup, in the 2009–10 season, Llorente again reached double figures. He led all scorers in the Europa League for a period, with eight goals. On 28 August 2010, Llorente scored the first goal of the 2010–11 campaign and his form continued in the next ten league fixtures as he found the net seven times, eventually finishing the season with 18 goals as Athletic qualified to the Europa League. In the next two matches, both at home, he netted three more, one against Espanyol in the league and two against Mirandés. Llorente scored in both legs of the 2011–12 Europa League round-of-16 against Manchester United, as Athletic won both games and went through 5–3 on aggregate, in the next round he netted twice at FC Schalke 04 in a 4–2 win, helping the team eventually reach the final. In August 2012, Llorente refused to sign a new deal with Athletic Bilbao, on 3 January 2013, Athletic confirmed that Llorente would be holding contract talks with Juventus F. C. Three days later the club formalized the signing, and announced he would sign a contract on 1 July when his contract with Bilbao expired
24.
RCD Mallorca
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Real Club Deportivo Mallorca, S. A. D. is a Spanish football team based in Palma, in the Balearic Islands. Founded on 5 March 1916 it currently plays in Segunda División, team colours are red shirts with black shorts and black socks. The oldest club in the Balearic Islands, Mallorca was founded in 1916 by Adolfo Vázquez, a republican engineer, the first stadium, called Buenos Aires, was inaugurated on March 25,1916, with a 0–8 loss against Barcelona. And, on June 28,1916, Spanish king Alfonso XIII de Borbón honored the team with the title Real Sociedad, in 1917, the Catalan Federation admitted Real Sociedad Alfonso XIII into the Catalan Championship tournament. The Mallorcan team reached the final in Barcelona, where played against FC Palafrugell. And so, the Mallorcan club tried to broaden its sporting repertoire by incorporating a cycling team in 1919 and this coupled with the influence of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to change its name to Club Deportivo Mallorca. Still with that name in 1945, the club inaugurated Es Fortínas the new stadium of the Balearic club. But, during that season and in honor of the man who had started working and preparing that ground three years prior, the club changed the name of the stadium Lluís Sitjar. In 1960, RCD Mallorca earned its first promotion to the División de Honor under the tutelage of coach Juan Carlos Lorenzo, in 1964, RCD Mallorca again earned promotion, this time to the Primera Division, under coach Cesar Rodriguez and president Baron de Vidal. Then, in 1969, RCD Mallorca earned its promotion to the Primera Division, with coach Juancho Forneris. This decade produced three promotions to the Primera Division, including the first in Club history, however, it also produced the same number of relegations. The scorer of the first goal for RCD Mallorca in the Primera Division was Joan Forteza and he was the only player to survive the roster changes from the previous season after President Jaime Roselló Pascual dismissed all other members of the roster. Meanwhile, the coach of that 1960´s squad was Argentine Juan Carlos Lorenzo and he led the team into the Primera Division all the way from the depths of the third division, for the first time on April 17,1960. It was a mere 44 years since the club was founded under the name of Alfonso XIII FBC, RCD Mallorca was one of only 16 professional teams to compete in this top division. And the team reinforced by picking up players from FC Barcelona, among others, in the following season, the team finished eleventh. And so, with ups and downs, RCD Mallorca did not last more than three years in the top echelon of Spanish soccer. The team dropped into the division until 1964-65, when it rose up again. But, in day in age, the only direct promotion came via winning the Segunda Division
25.
Bilbao Athletic
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Bilbao Athletic, officially named Athletic Club B is the reserve team of Athletic Bilbao, club based in Bilbao, in the autonomous community of Basque Country. The team will play in the Segunda División B in the 2016-17 season, founded in 1964, the team holds home matches at the San Mamés, with a 53, 500-seat capacity, or at the small stadium attached to the clubs training facility at Lezama. Reserve teams in Spain play in the football pyramid as their senior team rather than a separate league. However, reserves cannot play in the division as their senior team. Therefore, Bilbao Athletic are ineligible for promotion to La Liga, reserve teams are also no longer permitted to enter the Copa del Rey. In addition, only players, or under-25 with a professional contract. In recent years most of Bilbao Athletics players have been graduates from the youth setup via the farm team. This team was put together at the suggestion of José Antonio Aguirre, the team went on tour to raise funds for the Basque cause, and also played in Europe and Mexico. However, the Campeonato de Vicaya continued to be played, with their best players on tour with the Basque national team, Athletic Bilbao could only field weakened sides and, as a result, chose to enter under the name Bilbao Athletic. Despite this, they won the championship, the clubs name was derived from the two clubs that merged in 1903 to become Athletic Bilbao – Bilbao Football Club and Athletic Club. The name was revived in 1964, when Athletic Bilbao decided to establish a team with Agustín Gaínza as coach. The new Bilbao Athletic initially played in regional leagues before winning promotion to Tercera División in 1966, under Rafa Iriondo. Bilbao Athletic dropped back down to the level in 1996. After 19 seasons in the Segunda División B, Bilbao Athletic returned to the second tier after defeating Cádiz CF, 3–1 on aggregate, Athletic successfully applied to compete in the 2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17 versions of the England-based Premier League International Cup. Most of Athletics players in this Under-23 tournament have been drawn from Bilbao Athletic with some additions from Basconia, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Biscay Championships, 1938–39 Segunda División B, 1982–83, 1988–89 Tercera División, 1966–67, 1968–69 For playing big matches, they use San Mamés, CD Basconia Team history at Athletic Bilbaos official website Futbolme team profile La Cantera De Lezama - Unofficial website focusing on Athletic’s youth teams
26.
Exhibition game
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An exhibition game is a sporting event whose prize money and impact on the players or the teams rankings is either zero or otherwise greatly reduced. In team sports, matches of this type are used to help coaches and managers select. If the players play in different teams in other leagues. The games can be held between separate teams or between parts of the same team, international competitions like the Olympic Games may also hold exhibition games as part of a demonstration sport. In the early days of football, known simply as football or soccer. However, since the development of The Football League in England in 1888, league tournaments became established, in addition to lengthy derby, since the introduction of league football, most club sides play a number of friendlies before the start of each season. Friendly football matches are considered to be non-competitive and are used to warm up players for a new season/competitive match. There is generally nothing competitive at stake and some rules may be changed or experimented with, although these events may involve sponsorship deals and the awarding of a trophy and may even be broadcast on television, there is little prestige attached to them. Frequently such games take place between a club and small clubs that play nearby, such as those between Newcastle United and Gateshead. International teams also play friendlies, generally in preparation for the qualifying or final stages of major tournaments and this is essential, since national squads generally have much less time together in which to prepare. The biggest difference between friendlies at the club and international levels is that international friendlies mostly take place during club league seasons and this has on occasion led to disagreement between national associations and clubs as to the availability of players, who could become injured or fatigued in a friendly. Players can be booked in international friendlies, and can be suspended from international matches based on red cards or accumulated yellows in a specified period. Caps and goals scored also count towards a players career records, in the UK and Ireland, exhibition match and friendly match refer to two different types of matches. A bounce game is generally a non-competitive football match played between two sides usually as part of an exercise or to give players match practice. Managers may also use bounce games as an opportunity to observe a player in action before offering a contract, usually these games are played on a training ground rather than in a stadium with no spectators in attendance. Exhibition fights were common in boxing. Jack Dempsey fought many exhibition bouts after retiring, joe Louis fought a charity fight on his rematch with Buddy Baer, but this was not considered an exhibition as it was for Louis world Heavyweight title. Muhammad Ali fought many exhibitions, including one with Lyle Alzado, in more modern times, Mike Tyson, Julio Cesar Chavez Sr. and Jorge Castro have been involved in exhibition fights
27.
Pablo Orbaiz
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Pablo Orbaiz Lesaka is a Spanish former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. After starting out with Osasuna, he went on to play 11 years in La Liga with Athletic Bilbao, appearing in a total of 318 official games, after that he moved to neighbours Athletic Bilbao, where he was a very important midfield element from the start. In the 2004–05 campaign he played 35 league matches and scored three goals, adding eight appearances in the UEFA Cup, however, he also suffered two very serious knee injuries, in 2002–03 and 2006–07. In the 2009–10 season, Orbaiz continued to be an automatic first-choice when healthy, however, during one month, he was sent off twice for dangerous challenges – both of which resulted in two-match bans – at Villarreal CF and at home against Getafe CF. Afterwards he was released by Bilbao, signing for one season with FC Rubin Kazan and reuniting with compatriot, Orbaiz made his debut with Spain on 21 August 2002 in a testimonial match for Ferenc Puskás against Hungary, representing the nation in a further three matches. Previously, he helped the under-20s win the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship. com Pablo Orbaiz at Soccerway
28.
Julen Guerrero
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Julen Guerrero López is a Spanish retired footballer who played solely for Athletic Bilbao. Ambidextrous, the midfielder was mainly known for his skills. A Spain international since 1993, he represented the nation at two World Cups, earning more than 40 caps and appearing in more than 400 official games for his only team. Born in Portugalete, Biscay, Guerrero joined Athletic Bilbao as an eight-year-old, in September 1992, aged 18, Guerrero made his senior debut for Athletic under Jupp Heynckes. He quickly made an impact and, although a midfielder, scored 28 La Liga goals in his first two seasons combined. He was awarded the New Spanish Player of the Year by El País in 1993, during the 1993–94 campaign, he scored a hat-trick against Albacete Balompié, adding four against Sporting de Gijón. The early promise Guerrero showed attracted interest from, among others, Real Madrid, FC Barcelona, Atlético Madrid, Juventus FC, S. S. Lazio and Manchester United. However, he remained loyal to Athletic and, in 1997, signed a contract which was the longest in the clubs history. In 1997–98, Guerrero netted eight times in 29 contests as the Basques finished second, on 11 July 2006, Guerrero announced his retirement as a player at an emotional press conference. He scored 116 goals in 430 competitive matches over the course of 14 seasons, immediately after retiring, Guerrero took charge of the Lezama youth ranks, leaving the post after two years. On 27 January 1993, when still only 19, Guerrero made his debut for Spain in a game with Mexico. He went on to play 41 games and score 13 goals, including one at the 1994 FIFA World Cup, among Guerreros personal international highlights were hat-tricks against Malta and Cyprus. He played his last game for Spain in October 2000, between 1993 and 2006, Guerrero also played 11 times for the Basque Country autonomous team, scoring six goals. This included another hat-trick in 1997, against Yugoslavia, Guerreros younger brother, José Félix, was also a footballer and a midfielder. He also represented Athletic Bilbao, but only the reserves, Julen also opened the Restaurante Julen Guerrero in Zamudio, and worked as an online columnist for Eurosport. com Julen Guerrero – FIFA competition record
29.
Daniel Ruiz
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Daniel Ruiz-Bazán Justa, commonly known as Dani, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a striker. During his career he played almost exclusively for Athletic Bilbao, scoring nearly 200 official goals in more than one decade with the first team and he was a penalty kick specialist. After two years loaned at neighbouring Barakaldo CF in the level, he returned to his alma mater. Dani played 25 matches and scored ten goals for Spain, during four years and his debut came on 21 September 1977, in a 2–1 friendly win in Switzerland. Dani represented his country in both the 1978 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 1980, respectively scoring against Austria and England. com Daniel Ruiz – FIFA competition record Spain stats at Eu-Football
30.
Lezama Facilities
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The Lezama Facilities, is the training ground and academy of the Primera Division club Athletic Bilbao. Located in the Lezama village around 10 km east of Bilbao, currently, the total area of the facilities is 14,760 m². Lezama Facilities Stadium with a capacity of 1,500 seats, is the stadium of Athletic Bilbao B
31.
Athletic Bilbao B
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Bilbao Athletic, officially named Athletic Club B is the reserve team of Athletic Bilbao, club based in Bilbao, in the autonomous community of Basque Country. The team will play in the Segunda División B in the 2016-17 season, founded in 1964, the team holds home matches at the San Mamés, with a 53, 500-seat capacity, or at the small stadium attached to the clubs training facility at Lezama. Reserve teams in Spain play in the football pyramid as their senior team rather than a separate league. However, reserves cannot play in the division as their senior team. Therefore, Bilbao Athletic are ineligible for promotion to La Liga, reserve teams are also no longer permitted to enter the Copa del Rey. In addition, only players, or under-25 with a professional contract. In recent years most of Bilbao Athletics players have been graduates from the youth setup via the farm team. This team was put together at the suggestion of José Antonio Aguirre, the team went on tour to raise funds for the Basque cause, and also played in Europe and Mexico. However, the Campeonato de Vicaya continued to be played, with their best players on tour with the Basque national team, Athletic Bilbao could only field weakened sides and, as a result, chose to enter under the name Bilbao Athletic. Despite this, they won the championship, the clubs name was derived from the two clubs that merged in 1903 to become Athletic Bilbao – Bilbao Football Club and Athletic Club. The name was revived in 1964, when Athletic Bilbao decided to establish a team with Agustín Gaínza as coach. The new Bilbao Athletic initially played in regional leagues before winning promotion to Tercera División in 1966, under Rafa Iriondo. Bilbao Athletic dropped back down to the level in 1996. After 19 seasons in the Segunda División B, Bilbao Athletic returned to the second tier after defeating Cádiz CF, 3–1 on aggregate, Athletic successfully applied to compete in the 2014–15, 2015–16 and 2016–17 versions of the England-based Premier League International Cup. Most of Athletics players in this Under-23 tournament have been drawn from Bilbao Athletic with some additions from Basconia, players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. Biscay Championships, 1938–39 Segunda División B, 1982–83, 1988–89 Tercera División, 1966–67, 1968–69 For playing big matches, they use San Mamés, CD Basconia Team history at Athletic Bilbaos official website Futbolme team profile La Cantera De Lezama - Unofficial website focusing on Athletic’s youth teams
32.
Athletic Club Femenino
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Athletic Club is the womens football section of Athletic Bilbao, competing in the Spanish First Division. Athletic is one the most successful teams in Spain, with five championships. Just as in the team, their official policy is signing players native to or trained in football in the greater Basque Country. It plays in the facilities in Lezama. The team was founded in 2000 as Leioa EFT after CD Sondika disbanded its womens team, after the new team gained promotion to the new Superliga Femenina in just two years it was absorbed by Athletic Bilbao. In its debut season Athletic won the championship, and it defended the title in the next two seasons, becoming the first team to win the trophy in property. After a disappointing 2006 season, Athletic won its title in 2007. They made consequently four appearances in the UEFA Womens Cup, where it was knocked out in the stages by 1. FFC Frankfurt in 2004, Djurgårdens IF in 2005, SV Saestum in 2006, Athletic was third in the next four championships. In 2012 it was the runner-up, and it reached the national final for the first time. On 5 January 2013 the team celebrated its tenth anniversary beating Arsenal LFC in a friendly match, on 5 June 2016, Athletic won its fifth league, nine years after its last success. They competed in the UEFA Womens Champions League the following season, note, Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality, for details of current and former players, see Category, Athletic Bilbao players
France
Czechoslovakia
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