1.
City (California)
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California is a state located in the Western United States. It is the most populous state and the third largest by area after Alaska, according to the 2010 United States Census, California has 37,253,956 inhabitants and 155,779.22 square miles of land. California has been inhabited by numerous Native American peoples since antiquity, after the Mexican Cession of 1848, the California Gold Rush brought worldwide attention to the area. California is divided into 58 counties and contains 482 municipalities, one, San Francisco, is a consolidated city–county. California law makes no distinction between city and town, and municipalities may use either term in their official names. According to the 2010 Census,30,908,614 of Californias 37,253,956 residents lived in urban areas, the first municipality to incorporate was Sacramento on February 27,1850, while the most recent was Jurupa Valley on July 1,2011. Eight cities were incorporated before the states September 9,1850, the largest municipality by population and land area is Los Angeles with 3,792,621 residents and 468.67 square miles. The smallest by population is Vernon with 112 people, while the smallest by area is Amador City at 0.31 square miles
2.
Lake San Marcos, California
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Lake San Marcos is a census-designated place in the North County region of the San Diego metropolitan area, located in northern San Diego County, California. Lake San Marcos is adjacent to the City of San Marcos and it is a resort-based community surrounding the Lake San Marcos reservoir. It is located at 33°7′21″N 117°12′34″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.8 square miles. 1.7 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water, the lake after which the area is named is a large artificial pond created for recreational purposes. The population was 4,437 at the 2010 census, up from 4,138 at the 2000 census, the community attracts a large number of retired and elderly residents. The 2010 United States Census reported that Lake San Marcos had a population of 4,437, the population density was 2,455.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Lake San Marcos was 3,978 White,37 African American,20 Native American,133 Asian,3 Pacific Islander,186 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 464 persons. The Census reported that 4,435 people lived in households,0 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 81 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 16 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 877 households were made up of individuals and 659 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.91. There were 1,299 families, the family size was 2.45. The median age was 63.3 years, for every 100 females there were 79.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.7 males, there were 2,533 housing units at an average density of 1,402.0 per square mile, of which 1,835 were owner-occupied, and 493 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2. 3%, the vacancy rate was 5. 3%. 3,417 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,018 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,138 people,2,269 households, the population density was 2,283.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,455 housing units at a density of 1,354.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93. 86% White,0. 27% African American,0. 14% Native American,1. 74% Asian,0. 12% Pacific Islander,2. 46% from other races, and 1. 40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 73% of the population,38. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 29. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
3.
Lake San Marcos
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Lake San Marcos is a census-designated place in the North County region of the San Diego metropolitan area, located in northern San Diego County, California. Lake San Marcos is adjacent to the City of San Marcos and it is a resort-based community surrounding the Lake San Marcos reservoir. It is located at 33°7′21″N 117°12′34″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.8 square miles. 1.7 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water, the lake after which the area is named is a large artificial pond created for recreational purposes. The population was 4,437 at the 2010 census, up from 4,138 at the 2000 census, the community attracts a large number of retired and elderly residents. The 2010 United States Census reported that Lake San Marcos had a population of 4,437, the population density was 2,455.8 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Lake San Marcos was 3,978 White,37 African American,20 Native American,133 Asian,3 Pacific Islander,186 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 464 persons. The Census reported that 4,435 people lived in households,0 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 81 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 16 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 877 households were made up of individuals and 659 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.91. There were 1,299 families, the family size was 2.45. The median age was 63.3 years, for every 100 females there were 79.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.7 males, there were 2,533 housing units at an average density of 1,402.0 per square mile, of which 1,835 were owner-occupied, and 493 were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2. 3%, the vacancy rate was 5. 3%. 3,417 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,018 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,138 people,2,269 households, the population density was 2,283.4 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,455 housing units at a density of 1,354.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93. 86% White,0. 27% African American,0. 14% Native American,1. 74% Asian,0. 12% Pacific Islander,2. 46% from other races, and 1. 40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 73% of the population,38. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 29. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
4.
San Diego County, California
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San Diego County is a county in the southwestern corner of the state of California, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 3,095,313, making it Californias second-most populous county and the fifth-most populous in the United States. Its county seat is San Diego, the eighth-most populous city in the United States and it is the south-westernmost county in the 48 contiguous United States. San Diego County comprises the San Diego-Carlsbad Metropolitan Statistical Area, San Diego is also part of the San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area shared between the United States and Mexico. Greater San Diego ranks as the 38th largest metropolitan area in the Americas, San Diego County has 70 miles of coastline. Most of the county has a mild Mediterranean climate to climate, though there are mountains that receive frost. There are also 16 naval and military installations of the U. S. Navy, U. S. Marine Corps, and these include the Naval Base San Diego, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, and Naval Air Station North Island. From north to south, San Diego County extends from the borders of Orange County and Riverside County to the Mexico–United States border. From west to east, San Diego County stretches from the Pacific Ocean to its boundary with Imperial County, the area which is now San Diego County has been inhabited for more than 10,000 years by Kumeyaay, Luiseño, Cupeño and Cahuilla Indians. In 1542, the Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, sailing for Spain, claimed San Diego Bay for the Spanish Empire, and he named the site San Miguel. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego. European settlement in what is now San Diego County began with the founding of the San Diego Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá by Spanish soldiers and this county was part of Alta California under the Viceroyalty of New Spain until the Mexican declaration of independence. From 1821 through 1848 this area was part of Mexico, San Diego County became part of the United States as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the U. S. -Mexican War. San Diego County was one of the counties of California. At the time of its establishment in 1850, San Diego County was relatively large, as such it included areas of what are now Inyo County and San Bernardino County, as well as all of what is now Riverside County and Imperial County. During the later part of the 19th century, there were changes in the boundaries of San Diego County. The most recent changes were the establishments of Riverside County in 1893, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,526 square miles, of which 4,207 square miles is land and 319 square miles is water. The county is larger in area than the states of Rhode Island
5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
8.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
9.
Municipal corporation
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A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located, often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. A city charter or town charter is a document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages and is considered to be a version of a constitution. Traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system, townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. Towns were often free, in the sense that they were protected by the king or emperor. Today the process for granting charters is determined by the type of government of the state in question, in monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the Crown or the state authorities acting on behalf of the Crown. In federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the level of government such as a state or province. In Brazil, municipal corporations are called municípios and are created by means of legislation at the state level. All municipal corporations must also abide by a municipal law which is passed and amended at the municipal level. In Canada charters are granted by provincial authorities, in Germany, municipal corporations existed since antiquity and through medieval times, until they became out of favour during the absolutism. In order to strengthen the spirit, the city law of Prussia dated 19 November 1808 picked up this concept. It is the basis of municipal law. In India, a Municipal Corporation is a local government body. This standard varies from state to state, according to laws passed by state legislatures, the Corporation of Chennai was the first Municipal Corporation in India. It was established on 29 September 1688 by the British East India Company, the second was Hyderabad Municipal Corporation established in 1869 by the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad State. The third was the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, established in 1876, the Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1888 by the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act. The Delhi Municipal Council was established in 1911 during the Delhi Durbar when New Delhi was proclaimed to be the new Capital of India and it was elevated to Municipal Corporation level on 7 April 1958 by an Act of Parliament which established the Municipal Corporation of Delhi
10.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
11.
Pacific Time Zone
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The Pacific Time Zone observes standard time by subtracting eight hours from Coordinated Universal Time. During daylight saving time, its time offset is UTC−7 and is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called the Pacific Time Zone. Specifically, it uses Pacific Standard Time when observing standard time, most of Canada uses daylight saving time. In Mexico, the UTC−8 time zone is known as the Northwest Zone, the largest city in the Pacific Time Zone is Los Angeles, the citys metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. The following states or areas are part of the Pacific Time Zone, California Washington Oregon – all, except for most of Malheur County, nevada Idaho Panhandle – the northern half of Idaho, north of the Salmon River. The town of Hyder, Alaska, is officially in the Alaska Time Zone, however, most of the town observes the Pacific Time because of strong connections with nearby Stewart, British Columbia, which is in the Pacific Time Zone. The United States Post Office in Hyder strictly adheres to Alaska Time, in Canada, the Pacific Time Zone includes most of British Columbia, all of Yukon, and the townsite of Tungsten. In Mexico, the state of Baja California lies completely within the Pacific Time Zone and this does not include the state of Baja California Sur, which is south of Baja California. Through 2006, the time changed to daylight time at 02,00 LST to 03,00 LDT on the first Sunday in April. The Canadian provinces and territories that use daylight time each adopted these dates between October 2005 and February 2007, in Mexico, beginning in 2010, the portion of the country in this time zone uses the extended dates, as do some other parts. The vast majority of Mexico, however, still uses the old dates
12.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
13.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
14.
North American Numbering Plan
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The North American Numbering Plan is a telephone numbering plan that encompasses 25 distinct regions in twenty countries primarily in North America, including the Caribbean and the U. S. territories. Not all North American countries participate in the NANP, each participating country forms a regulatory authority that has plenary control over local numbering resources. The FCC also serves as the U. S. regulator, Canadian numbering decisions are made by the Canadian Numbering Administration Consortium. The NANP divides the territories of its members into numbering plan areas which are encoded numerically with a telephone number prefix. Each telephone is assigned a telephone number unique only within its respective plan area. The telephone number consists of a central office code and a four-digit station number. The combination of a code and the telephone number serves as a destination routing address in the public switched telephone network. For international call routing, the NANP has been assigned the calling code 1 by the International Telecommunications Union. The North American Numbering Plan conforms with ITU Recommendation E.164, from its beginnings in 1876 and throughout the first part of the 20th century, the Bell System grew from essentially local or regional telephone systems. These systems expanded by growing their subscriber bases, as well as increasing their service areas by implementing additional local exchanges that were interconnected with tie trunks and it was the responsibility of each local administration to design telephone numbering plans that accommodated the local requirements and growth. As a result, the Bell System as a developed into an unorganized system of many differing local numbering systems. The diversity impeded the efficient operation and interconnection of exchanges into a system for long-distance telephone communication. The new numbering plan was accepted in October 1947, dividing most of North America into 86 Numbering Plan Areas. Each NPA was assigned a Numbering Plan Area code, often abbreviated as area code and these codes were first used by long-distance operators to establish long-distance calls between toll offices. The first customer-dialed direct call using area codes was made on November 10,1951, from Englewood, New Jersey, to Alameda, California. Direct distance dialing was introduced across the country and by the early 1960s most areas of the Bell System had been converted and it was commonplace in cities. In the following decades, the system expanded to all of the United States and its territories, Canada, Bermuda. By 1967,129 area codes had been assigned, mexican participation was planned, but implementation stopped after two area codes had been assigned and Mexico opted for an international numbering format, using country code 52
15.
Area codes 442 and 760
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Area code 760 is a California telephone area code that was split from area code 619 on March 22,1997. Area code 442 is an overlay of 760 that became effective on November 21,2009 and it encompasses much of the southeastern and southernmost portions of the state. The area includes Imperial, Inyo, and Mono counties, as well as portions of San Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, area code 760 was split from 619 in 1997, which in turn had been split from area code 714 in 1982. Within a decade from its creation, however,760 was strained to the point that a new code would be necessary to serve the area. The initial plan was an area code split, with the San Diego
16.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
17.
North County (San Diego area)
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North County is a region in the northern area of San Diego County, California. It is the second-most populous region in the county, with a population of 826,985. Beach culture is prominent in the area, and many of the regions beaches. The name dates to at least the 1970s, when many of the communities in the area were yet to become incorporated cities, in modern times, North County continues to grow as a highly influential region of Greater San Diego. The top twenty-five employers in San Diego County are closer to the North County city of Carlsbad than San Diego proper, both coastal and inland North County contain two types of topography. In North County Coastal, the land is flat with low rolling hills. The beaches are sandy with occasional tidepools and rocky reefs, in some cases the coast is dominated by bluff type geography, where the land meeting the ocean sharply drops into the sea with a short beach. In some cases, such as in Encinitas, a city is bisected by a coastal foothill ridge. The foothills of mountains soon become visible as one travels further inland, such peaks include San Marcos Mountain, Palomar Mountain, Twin Peaks in Poway, Mount Woodson in Ramona, and Iron Mountain in unincorporated territory between the two cities. The coastal area also becomes more rugged to the north, where the Santa Margarita Mountains dominate the area within the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, rivers and creeks that flow west from the mountains farther inland mostly end up draining into the regions four main lagoons. Throughout their course these rivers are interrupted by lakes and reservoirs which support an array of native species. Definitions vary, but almost always include the communities and cities along Interstate 5 north of Carmel Valley Road and its has made notable efforts to preserve many marine environments, including lagoons and tidal wetlands, many of those being the final few on the South Coast. Unlike developments in many Orange County coastal cities, the lagoons, Major lagoons and inlets lining the coast from north to south include, Oceanside Harbor, Buena Vista Lagoon, Agua Hedionda Lagoon, Batiquitos Lagoon and San Elijo Lagoon. The lagoons provide valuable habitat for many birds, reptiles, fish. The waters off the coast are very rich in species diversity, supporting large kelp forests. Fish species included the tidewater goby, topsmelt, striped mullet, surfperch, leopard sharks forage near the lagoons, and their pups frequent the shallow rocky reefs off the coast. Bird species included the blue heron, snowy plover, Ridgways rail. The lagoons support various species of shorebirds, wading birds, waterfowl, raptors, North County is also known for its beaches, which stretch about thirty miles from Del Mar to San Onofre
18.
California State University San Marcos
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California State University San Marcos is a public comprehensive university in San Marcos, California, United States, and one of the 23 campuses of the California State University system. San Marcos is a city in the North County area of San Diego County. It was founded in 1989 as the 20th CSU campus, the first class was admitted in 1990. CSU San Marcos offers 62 different Bachelors degrees,15 masters degrees, an Ed. D. program, in Fall of 2013, the university had 615 faculty, of which 225 were tenured or on the tenure track. Efforts by community and political leaders to bring a state university to North County date back to the 1960s. In 1969, the chancellor of the CSU system, Glenn S. Dumke issued a report concluding that there was an ultimate need for a new university campus in the area, in 1978, State Senator William A. In 1982, the moved to larger quarters in an office building on Los Vallecitos Boulevard in San Marcos. In September 1985, Senate Bill 1060, introduced by Craven, passed, the hillside site lies approximately 8 miles due east of the Pacific Ocean and 35 miles due north of downtown San Diego. Today the campus comprises 340 acres, the CSU trustees also requested $51.8 million in state funds for the first phase of construction. In 1989, Governor George Deukmejian signed Senate Bill 365 into law, Bill W. Stacy was named the universitys first president in June 1989, and over the next year recruited the first 12 members of the faculty. These dozen founding faculty played an important role in the early years and are today honored at Founders Plaza on the CSU campus. Stacy and the faculty were given $3.9 million to begin the university, in February 23,1990, ground was broken on the new campus, and construction began at the former chicken farm. In fall 1990, the first class enrolled at the new university,448 juniors and seniors, while construction continued on the permanent campus, classes continued to be held at the former SDSU satellite location on Los Vallecitos Boulevard. An industrial facility on Stone Drive was also used to provide lab space for the Biology program, in 1991, the university conferred its first degrees, as seven students were awarded Bachelor of Arts degrees. CSU San Marcos first official commencement ceremony was held in May 1992, in fall 1992, the permanent CSUSM campus at Twin Oaks Valley Road opened. The first buildings were Craven Hall, Academic Hall, Science Hall I, the university had grown to 1,700 students and 305 faculty and staff. The university continued to rapidly, and by 1993 CSU San Marcos enrollment had grown to almost 2,500 and it received accreditation from the Western Association of Schools. The university then offered 17 bachelors degrees, nine teacher credentials, in 1995, CSU San Marcos admitted its first freshman class and offered lower-division courses for the first time, with enrollment growing to 3,600
19.
Escondido, California
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Escondido is a city located in San Diego Countys North County region,30 miles northeast of Downtown San Diego, California. The city occupies a valley ringed by rocky hills. Incorporated in 1888, it is one of the oldest cities in San Diego County, the city had a population of 143,911 in the 2010 census. Escondidos municipal government set itself an operating budget limit of $426,289,048 for the fiscal year 2010–2011, the city is known as Eskondiid in Diegueño. Escondido is a Spanish word meaning hidden, one source says the name originally referred to agua escondida or hidden water, another says it meant hidden treasure. The Escondido area was first settled by the Luiseño, who established campsites and villages along the running through the area. The Kumeyaay migrated from areas near the Colorado River, settling both in the San Pasqual Valley and near the San Dieguito River in the southwestern and western portions of what is now Escondido, most of the villages and campsites today have been destroyed by development and agriculture. Spain controlled the land from the late 18th century to the early 19th century, when Mexico gained its independence from Spain, the local land was divided into large ranchos. Most of what is now Escondido occupies the former Rancho Rincon del Diablo, Alvarado was a Regidor of Los Angeles at the time, and the first Regidor of the pueblo of San Diego. The southern part of Escondido occupies the former Rancho San Bernardo, in 1846, during the Mexican–American War, the Battle of San Pasqual was fought southeast of Escondido. This battle pitted Mexican forces under Andrés Pico against Americans under Stephen W. Kearny, Archibald Gillespie, a park in Escondido is named for Carson. The city was home to a largely Spanish-speaking population in the first census, after statehood, non-Hispanic settlers came to Southern California in increasing numbers. The decade of the 1880s is known as the Southern California Land Boom because so many people moved to the state, in 1853, pro-Southern Copperheads proposed dividing the state of California to create a new Territory of Colorado. San Diego Judge Oliver S. Witherby suggested placing the capitol of the new territory in Rancho Rincon del Diablo and he envisioned a railroad connecting San Diego to Fort Yuma through an area about two miles south of the current Escondido site, heading east through San Pasqual. With a series of deeds in 1855 and 1856, the rancho was transferred from the heirs of Juan Bautista Alvarado to Witherby and he planned to profit from the town that he believed would be established from the dividing point on the railroad below the eastern hills. The proposal for splitting the state and creating the new territory passed in the California legislature and it was effectively killed in 1861 when Congress organized the Territory of Colorado in the area previously occupied by the Jefferson Territory. With Witherbys vision of owning a bustling state capitol unrealized, he set up an operation on the rancho instead. In 1868, Witherby sold the rancho for $8000 to Edward McGeary and John, Josiah, McGeary owned half the rancho, while the three Wolfskill brothers each owned an equal share of the other half
20.
Encinitas, California
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Encinitas is a beach city in the North County area of San Diego County, California. Located within Southern California, it is approximately 25 miles north of San Diego, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 59,518, up from 58,014 at the 2000 census. Encinitas is a Spanish name meaning little oaks, the city was incorporated by 69. 3% of the voters in 1986 from the communities of historic Encinitas, new Encinitas, Leucadia, Cardiff-by-the-Sea, and Olivenhain. The communities retain their identities and distinctive flavors, Encinitas can be divided into five areas, Old Encinitas, a small beachside area featuring a mix of businesses and housing styles. Sitting along the coastal 101 highway, the Encinitas welcome arch, the surf break Swamis. Old Encinitas is divided from New Encinitas by a low coastal ridge, New Encinitas, a newer region which features a golf course, many shopping centers, and is composed of larger tract homes. Olivenhain, a region in eastern Encinitas, composed of mostly single family homes, an active 4-H Club. Olivenhain connects to Rancho Santa Fe via Encinitas Blvd, Leucadia, a coastal community of the city. Leucadia features tree-lined streets and boulevards, the community features art galleries, unusual stores, and restaurants, along with single family homes. This also contains beaches such as Beacons and Grandview, Encinitas is located at 33°2′40″N 117°16′18″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 20.0 square miles. 18.8 square miles of it is land and 1.2 square miles of it is water, the citys elevation ranges between sea level and 180 feet above sea level. Encinitas lies on rugged coastal terrain, the city is bisected by a low-lying coastal ridge that separates New and Old Encinitas. In the north of the city, the coast rises in elevation, the city is surrounded by Batiquitos Lagoon and San Elijo Lagoon to the north and south, respectively. Encinitas has a mild, Mediterranean climate. Average daily high temperature is 72 °F, temperatures below 40 °F and above 85 °F are rare. Average rainfall is about 10 inches per year, the wet season lasts during the winter and spring, when temperatures are usually cool. Average daytime temperatures hit 65F in winter and spring, when rain, the dry season lasts from summer through fall, with average daytime temperatures ranging from 75-85F, and nighttime lows being from the upper 50s–60sF
21.
Carlsbad, California
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Carlsbad is an affluent seaside resort city occupying a 7-mile stretch of Pacific coastline in northern San Diego County, California. The city is 87 miles south of Los Angeles and 35 miles north of downtown San Diego and is part of the San Diego-Carlsbad and it is bordered by Oceanside to the north, Vista and San Marcos to the east and Encinitas to the south. Referred to as The Village by the Sea by locals, Carlsbad is a tourist destination, the citys estimated 2014 population was 112,299. Nearly every reliable fresh water creek had at least one native village, the site is located just south of todays Agua Hedionda Lagoon. The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolà expedition of 1769, during the Mexican period, in 1842, the southern portion of Carlsbad, was granted as Rancho Agua Hedionda to Juan María Marrón. In the 1880s a former sailor named John Frazier dug a well in the area and he began offering his water at the train station and soon the whistle-stop became known as Fraziers Station. The naming of the town followed soon after, along with a marketing campaign to attract visitors. The area experienced a period of growth, with homes and businesses sprouting up in the 1880s, agricultural development of citrus fruits, avocados and olives soon changed the landscape. By the end of 1887, land prices fell throughout San Diego County, however, the community survived on the back of its fertile agricultural lands. The site of John Fraziers original well can still be found at Alt Karlsbad, in 1952, Carlsbad was incorporated to avoid annexation by its neighbor, Oceanside. The single-runway Palomar Airport opened in 1959 after County of San Diego officials decided to replace the Del Mar Airport, the airport was annexed to the City of Carlsbad in 1978 and renamed McClellan-Palomar Airport in 1982 after a local civic leader, Gerald McClellan. The first modern skateboard park, Carlsbad Skatepark, was built in March 1976 and it was located on the grounds of Carlsbad Raceway and was designed and built by inventors Jack Graham and John OMalley. The site of the original Carlsbad Skatepark and Carlsbad Raceway was demolished in 2005 and is now an Industrial Park, however, two skateparks have since been developed. In March 1999, Legoland California was opened and it was the first Legoland theme park outside of Europe and is currently operated by Merlin Entertainments. Merlin Entertainments owns 70 percent of the shares, and the remaining 30 percent is owned by the LEGO group, Carlsbad is home to the nations largest desalination plant. Construction of the $1 billion Carlsbad Desalination Plant at the Encina Power Plant was completed in December 2015, the northern area of the city is part of a tri-city area consisting of northern Carlsbad, southern Oceanside and western Vista. Carlsbad has a semi-arid Mediterranean climate and averages 263 sunny days per year, winters are mild with periodic rain. Frost is rare along the coast, but sometimes occurs in valleys in December
22.
Vista, California
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Vista is a city in Southern California and is located in northwestern San Diego County. Vista is a city within the San Diego Metropolitan Area and had a population of 93,834 at the 2010 census. Vista also includes portions of unincorporated San Diego County to north and east, with a county island in the central west, located just seven miles inland from the Pacific Ocean, it has a Mediterranean climate. Originally the lands of Rancho Buena Vista, Vista was founded on October 9,1882 with an establishment of a post office and it was incorporated January 28,1963 and became a charter city on June 13,2007. Vista has more than 25 educational institutions for youth, and a park home to over 800 companies. Vista is ranked as the 173rd-best place in California for families, based on such as family life, recreational opportunities, education, health, safety. The Vista area was inhabited by the Luiseño Indians, who lived on the land until the founding of the San Luis Rey Mission in 1798. The prosperity of the mission-era declined by the 1830s with the independence of Mexico from Spain, the Mexican government began to grant land ownerships to a variety of people, thus beginning the Rancho era of California. Three ranchos were granted in the Vista area, Rancho Guajome, Rancho Buena Vista, in the 1850s the ranchos began to fade due to changing political conditions and the scarcity of water. A growing number of settlers came to the area after California became a state in 1850, one settler in the Vista area, John Frazier, applied to open the first post office and after several attempts to name the city, Frazier finally chose the name Vista. With the opening of the first post office in 1882, Vista had officially arrived, in 1870, Bernard Delpy arrived from France to build what eventually became known as Delpy Corners at the intersection of todays East Vista Way and Foothill Drive. His nephew, Jules Jacques Delpy, joined him in 1879, in 1886, they built the first successful winery in the country. The winery was shut down by the prohibition era, inhibited by the lack of water, Vista grew slowly through the early 1910s to less than 1,000 people. With the vote of the people in 1923, the Vista Irrigation District had the funding to construct a new water supply from Lake Henshaw. New buildings in downtown sprang up almost immediately, agriculture began to flourish with crops such as tomatoes, celery, and citrus fruits. The City of Vista was incorporated on January 23,1963, the frequent housing booms of the 1970s through early 2000s greatly increased the population of Vista. Numerous apartment complexes were built in these booms. Many light manufacturing businesses moved into the Business Park area on the south side, in the 1990s, Wal-Mart, Target and Costco opened large stores
23.
Spaniards
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Within Spain there are a number of nationalisms and regionalisms, reflecting the countrys complex history and diverse culture. There are several commonly spoken languages, most notably Basque. There are many populations outside Spain with ancestors who emigrated from Spain, the Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. As a result of Roman colonization, the majority of languages, with the exception of Basque. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial conquered the peninsula in 409 AD. The Iberian Peninsula was conquered and brought under the rule of the Arab Umayyads in 711 and by the Berber North African dynasties the Almohads, in the early 16th century the Kingdom of Navarre was also conquered. In parallel, a wave of emigration began to the Americas began with over 16 million people emigrating to the Americas during the colonial period. In the post-colonial period, a further 3.5 million Spanish left for the Americas, particularly Argentina, Uruguay, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, as a result, Spanish-descendants in Latin America number in the hundreds of millions. Spain is home to one of the largest communities of Romani people, the Spanish Roma, which belong to the Iberian Kale subgroup, are a formerly-nomadic community, which spread across Western Asia, North Africa, and Europe, first reaching Spain in the 15th century. The population of Spain is became increasingly diverse due to recent immigration, the earliest modern humans inhabiting Spain are believed to have been Neolithic peoples who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35, 000–40,000 years ago. In more recent times the Iberians are believed to have arrived or developed in the region between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, initially settling along the Mediterranean coast, celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age. Some of those tribes in North-central Spain, which had contact with the Iberians, are called Celtiberians. In addition, a known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain. The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks, and Carthaginians successively founded trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries, the Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal. The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC transformed most of the region into a series of Latin-speaking provinces, hispania emerged as an important part of the Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan, Hadrian, Seneca and Quintilian. The Germanic Vandals and Suebi, with part of the Iranian Alans under King Respendial, the Suebi became the first Germanic kingdom to convert officially to Roman Catholicism in 447 AD. under king Rechiar. After two centuries of domination by the Visigothic Kingdom, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by a Muslim force under Tariq Bin Ziyad in 711 and this army consisted mainly ethnic Berbers from the Ghomara tribe, which were reinforced by Arabs from Syria once the conquest was complete. Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as Al-Andalus, the Berbers of Al Andalus revolted as early as 740 AD, halting Arab expansion across the Pyrenees into France
24.
Mark the Evangelist
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Mark the Evangelist is the traditionally ascribed author of the Gospel of Mark. Mark is said to have founded the Church of Alexandria, one of the most important episcopal sees of Early Christianity and his feast day is celebrated on April 25, and his symbol is the winged lion. According to William Lane, an unbroken tradition identifies Mark the Evangelist with John Mark, however, Hippolytus of Rome in On the Seventy Apostles distinguishes Mark the Evangelist, John Mark, and Mark the cousin of Barnabas. According to Hippolytus, they all belonged to the Seventy Disciples who were sent out by Jesus to saturate Judea with the gospel. According to Eusebius of Caesarea, Herod Agrippa I, in his first year of reign over the whole of Judea, killed James, son of Zebedee and arrested Peter, Peter was saved miraculously by angels, and escaped out of the realm of Herod. Peter went to Antioch, then through Asia Minor, and arrived in Rome in the year of Emperor Claudius. Somewhere on the way, Peter encountered Mark and took him as travel companion, Mark the Evangelist wrote down the sermons of Peter, thus composing the Gospel according to Mark, before he left for Alexandria in the third year of Claudius. Aspects of the Coptic liturgy can be traced back to Mark himself and he became the first bishop of Alexandria and he is honored as the founder of Christianity in Africa. According to Eusebius, Mark was succeeded by Annianus as the bishop of Alexandria in the year of Nero, probably. Later Coptic tradition says that he was martyred in 68, most modern scholars argue the Gospel of Mark was written by an anonymous author, rather than direct witnesses to the reported events. Evidence for Mark the Evangelists authorship of the Gospel that bears his name originates with Papias, scholars of the Trinity Evangelical Divinity School are almost certain that Papias refers to John Mark. The Coptic Church accords with identifying Mark the Evangelist with John Mark, as well as that he was one of the Seventy Disciples sent out by Christ, as Hippolytus confirmed. Furthermore, Mark is also believed to have been among the servants at the Marriage at Cana who poured out the water that Jesus turned to wine, according to the Coptic tradition, Saint Mark was born in Cyrene, a city in the Pentapolis of North Africa. This tradition adds that Mark returned to Pentapolis later in life, after being sent by Paul to Colossae, when Mark returned to Alexandria, the pagans of the city resented his efforts to turn the Alexandrians away from the worship of their traditional gods. In AD68, they placed a rope around his neck, where Saint John Mark is distinguished from Saint Mark, the composer of the earliest Gospel that we have, Saint John Mark is celebrated on September 27 and the writer of the Gospel on April 25. In addition to Saint John Marks in Jerusalem, the Parish Church of Chester Hill with Sefton in the Diocese of Sydney is Saint John Marks and it celebrated its patronal festival on September 27. An icon of Saint John Mark on Cyprus, painted by a Russian Orthodox monk at Walsingham, was formerly in that church and is now in Christ Church Saint Laurence in Sydney. In 828, relics believed to be the body of Saint Mark were stolen from Alexandria by two Venetian merchants with the help of two Greek monks and taken to Venice, a mosaic in St Marks Basilica depicts sailors covering the relics with a layer of pork and cabbage leaves
25.
Juan Bautista Alvarado
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Juan Bautista Valentín Alvarado y Vallejo was a Californio and Governor of Alta California from 1836 to 1842. He was governor during the Revolution of 1836, when the territorial Diputación declared free and sovereign independence from Mexico and forced the Mexican commander, Alvarado also oversaw Californias brief rejoining with Mexico as a state. Alvarado was born in Monterey, Alta California, to Jose Francisco Alvarado and his grandfather Juan Bautista Alvarado accompanied Gaspar de Portolà as an enlisted man in the Spanish Army in 1769. His father died a few months after his birth and his mother remarried three years later, leaving Juan Bautista in the care of his grandparents, the Vallejo family and he and Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo grew up together in the Vallejo household. They were both taught by William Edward Petty Hartnell, an English merchant living in Monterey, in 1827 the eighteen-year-old Alvarado was hired as secretary to the territorial legislature. In 1829 he was arrested along with Vallejo and another friend, José Castro. In 1831 he built a house in Monterey for his mistress, Juliana Francisca Ramona y Castillo, over the years, the pair had a total of at least two illegitimate daughters whom he recognized and perhaps several more he did not recognize, but he never married their mother. During this period Alvarado began drinking heavily, one of his daughters claimed that Raymunda had refused to marry Alvarado because of his excessive drinking. Alvarado supported secularization of the Spanish missions in California and he was appointed by José María de Echeandía to oversee the turn over of Mission San Miguel, even though Echeandía was no longer governor. The new governor Manuel Victoria rescinded the order and sought to have Alvarado, the pair fled and were hidden by their old friend Vallejo, who had become adjutant at the Presidio of San Francisco. However, Victoria was unpopular and Echeandía overthrew his rule and replaced him with Pío de Jesús Pico} near the end of 1831, secularization of the missions resumed in 1833. In 1834 Alvarado was elected to the legislature as a delegate, Governor José Figueroa granted Rancho El Sur, the vast wilderness south of Monterey, to Alvarado on October 30,1834. After Figueroas death in September 1835, Nicolás Gutiérrez was appointed as governor in January 1836. He was replaced by Mariano Chico in April, but Chico was very unpopular, thinking a revolt was coming, Chico went to Mexico to gather troops, but was reprimanded for leaving his post. Gutierrez, the commandant, re-assumed the governorship, but he too was unpopular. The Americans wanted California independence, but Alvarado instead preferred staying a part of Mexico, Alvarados rebellion adopted a new flag - a single red star on a white background. The flag never became a flag of Alta California, and was not used after Alvarado made peace with the central government. Alvarado, at age 27, was appointed governor
26.
California County Routes in zone S
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There are 34 routes assigned to the S zone of the California Route Marker Program, which designates county routes in California. The S zone includes county highways in Imperial, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, County Route S1, also known as Sunrise Highway for a portion of its length, is a 34.08 mi long county route located entirely in San Diego County, California. It begins at SR94 near Barrett and moves northward across Interstate 8 and this segment is also known as Buckman Springs Road. North of I-8, it is the Sunrise Scenic Byway, a National Forest Scenic Byway, the route begins at SR94 near Barrett not far from the Mexican border. From there, it heads northward along Buckman Springs Road, soon afterwards, it enters the Cleveland National Forest. It then closely parallels I-8 for several miles, upon crossing the freeway at Laguna Junction, CR S1 separates from Old Highway 80 and becomes Sunrise Scenic Byway. From Interstate 8, it begins its ascent into the Laguna Mountains, the route here was built along a cliff overlooking Pine Valley to its west. Around here, the vegetation is still consisted of chaparral and sagebrush, as the route gains elevation through Cleveland National Forest, the route becomes more heavily forested. Around here, numerous campgrounds dot the side of the road, there exists a picnic area overlooking Anza-Borrego Desert State Park near the Burnt Rancheria Campground, which is often said to deeply contrast the forest scenery along the route. Upon passing the settlement of Laguna Mountain, the vegetation along the route consists of dead trees devastated by the 2003 Cedar Fire. As the route approaches its end at SR79, Lake Cuyamaca is visible. The north terminus is located just north of Cuyamaca Rancho State Park where it meets State Route 79, the route was established by the county in the year 1959, where the entire route was designated as it is now. No major numbering or routing changes occurred throughout its history, the northern segment of the route was also established as a Scenic Byway in 1959. County Route S2 is a county highway in the US state of California and it runs for 65 miles, north–south, in Imperial County and San Diego County. S2 is the third longest county route in California and is almost exclusively a rural road. It largely follows the route of the former Southern Emigrant Trail, the highway begins at a junction with State Route 98 in Ocotillo, California, and runs north through an interchange with Interstate 8. This part is also called Imperial Highway, the highway crosses into San Diego County and its name changes to Sweeney Pass Road. Farther north, the name of the changes to the Great Southern Overland Stage Route of 1849 at a remote junction
27.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
28.
Hunter Industries
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Hunter Industries is a manufacturer of irrigation equipment for the landscaping and golf course industries, based in San Marcos, California. The company reports that it more than 250 product patents and 40 trademarks. The former president and CEO was Richard E. Hunter, Edwin’s son, richards son, Greg Hunter, is the current president. Hunter Industries products are used in an array of locations including sports stadiums, national landmarks, hotels. Besides their involvement in the industry, they also offer products in several other industries, such as customer manufacturing, landscape lighting. They operate manufacturing facilities in both San Marcos, California, and Tijuana, Mexico as well as having overseas offices located in China. They previously operated a plant in Cary, NC, from 1992 to 2009. In 2016, the Center for Executive Excellence recognized Hunter Industries as one of twelve companies that excelled in promoting a business culture. Other companies recognized include SC Johnson, Whirlpool Corporation, Taylor Guitars, on January 4,2016 Hunter Industries acquired Florida-based Senninger Irrigation. The two companies have been partners since 2004. On June 24,2015 Hunter Industries acquired all landscape irrigation products, patents, in February 2009 Hunter Industries acquired landscape lighting company FX Luminaire. In February 2008 Hunter Industries acquired custom molding company Grizzle & Hunter Plastics LLC, in April 2007 Hunter Industries acquired the MP Rotator product line from Walla Walla Sprinkler company through an agreement with Nelson Irrigation Corporation. In January 1999 Hunter Industries acquired the Legacy Golf irrigation product line from Buckner Incorporated, on October 26,2003 a fire was started at the main location of Hunter Industries likely by a disgruntled employee or ex-employee, though no one was ever prosecuted for the crime. The fire caused damage to inventory and production areas of the plant, fires were started in 5 locations of the building using accelerants. Total losses reported due to the fire was $17 million USD
29.
United Parcel Service
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United Parcel Service, Inc. is the worlds largest package delivery company and a provider of supply chain management solutions. The global logistics company is headquartered in the city of Sandy Springs, Georgia, United States, UPS delivers more than 15 million packages per day to more than 7.9 million customers in more than 220 countries and territories around the world. UPS is known for its trademark brown delivery trucks and uniforms, UPS also operates its own airline and air cargo delivery service based in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. On August 28,1907, James Casey founded the American Messenger Company with Claude Ryan in Seattle, Washington, most deliveries at this time were made on foot and bicycles were used for longer trips. The American Messenger Company focused primarily on package delivery to stores with special delivery mail delivered for its largest client the United States Postal Service. In 1913 the company acquired a Model T Ford as its first delivery vehicle, Casey and Ryan merged with a competitor, Evert McCabe, and formed Merchants Parcel Delivery. Consolidated delivery was introduced, combining packages addressed to a certain neighborhood onto one delivery vehicle. In 1916 Charlie Soderstrom joined Merchants Parcel Delivery bringing in more vehicles for the growing delivery business, in 1919 the company expanded for the first time outside of Seattle to Oakland, California and changed its name to United Parcel Service. Common carrier service was acquired in 1922 from a company in Los Angeles, UPS became one of the only companies in the United States to offer common carrier service. At first common carrier was only limited to an area around Los Angeles. In 1924 a conveyor system was debuted for the handling of packages for UPS operations. In 1930, a service began in New York City, and soon after in other major cities in the East. The use of common carrier for delivery between all customers placed UPS in direct competition with the United States Postal Service and the Interstate Commerce Commission. The common carrier service was applied to all cities in cities where UPS could use the service without the authority of the ICC, the first city for UPS to use common carrier outside of Los Angeles was Chicago, Illinois in 1953. Air service through UPS was first used in 1929 through private airlines, however, The Great Depression and a lack of volume ended the air service. In 1953 UPS resumed air service called UPS Blue Label Air with two-day service to cities along the East Coast and West Coast. In 1975, UPS moved its headquarters to Greenwich, Connecticut, the expanded operations to all 48 states made UPS the first package delivery company to serve every address in the Continental United States. UPS went international in 1975 establishing operations in Canada and in 1976 operations were established in Germany, on February 28, UPS Ltd. began operations in Toronto, Ontario
30.
Kaiser Permanente
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Kaiser Permanente is an integrated managed care consortium, based in Oakland, California, United States, founded in 1945 by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser and physician Sidney Garfield. As of 2014, Kaiser Permanente operates in eight states and the District of Columbia, and is the largest managed care organization in the United States. As of December 31,2015, Kaiser Permanente had 10.2 million health plan members,186,497 employees,18,652 physicians,51,010 nurses,38 medical centers, and 622 medical offices. As of December 31,2015, the non-profit Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, KFHP is one of the largest not for profit organizations in the United States. Kaiser Permanente provides care throughout eight regions in the United States, two or three distinct but interdependent legal entities form the Kaiser system within each region. This structure was adopted by Kaiser Permanente physicians and leaders in 1955, each entity of Kaiser Permanente has its own management and governance structure, although all of the structures are interdependent and cooperative to a great extent. There are multiple affiliated nonprofits registered with the U. S, chairman and CEO George Halvorson retired in December 2013, after serving since 2002. The health plans are not-for-profit and provide infrastructure for and invest in Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Permanente Medical Groups are physician-owned organizations, which provide and arrange for medical care for Kaiser Foundation Health Plan members in each respective region. The medical groups are for-profit partnerships or professional corporations and receive all of their funding from Kaiser Foundation Health Plans. The first medical group, The Permanente Medical Group, formed in 1948 in Northern California, Kaiser doctors become Permanente stockholders after three years at the company. In addition, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals operates medical centers in California, Oregon and Hawaii, the hospital foundations are not-for-profit and rely on the Kaiser Foundation Health Plans for funding. They also provide infrastructure and facilities that benefit the for-profit medical groups, around the same time, The Permanente Company was also chartered as a vehicle to provide investment opportunities for the for-profit Permanente Medical Groups. One of the ventures of the Permanente Company is Kaiser Permanente Ventures, the history of Kaiser Permanente dates to 1933 and a tiny hospital in the town of Desert Center, California. At that time, Henry J. Kaiser and several large construction contractors had formed an insurance consortium called Industrial Indemnity to meet their workers compensation obligations. Dr. However, Garfield won over two Industrial Indemnity executives, Harold Hatch and Alonzo B, later, Garfield also credited Ordway with coming up with the general idea of prepayment for industrial healthcare. Garfield also later explained that he did not know much at the time about other similar health plans except for the Ross-Loos Medical Group. Hatchs solution enabled Garfield to bring his back into the positive. Garfield returned to Los Angeles for further study at County-USC with the intent of entering private practice, Edgar Kaiser, Henrys son, was in charge of the project
31.
Walmart
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Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. doing business as Walmart, is an American multinational retailing corporation that operates as a chain of hypermarkets, discount department stores, and grocery stores. Headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas, the company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, as of January 31,2017, Walmart has 11,695 stores and clubs in 28 countries, under a total of 63 banners. The company operates under the name Walmart in the United States and it operates as Walmart de México y Centroamérica in Mexico and Central America, as Asda in the United Kingdom, as the Seiyu Group in Japan, and as Best Price in India. It has wholly owned operations in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada and it also owns and operates the Sams Club retail warehouses. Walmart is the worlds largest company by revenue, according to the Fortune Global 500 list in 2016 and it is a family-owned business, as the company is controlled by the Walton family. Sam Waltons heirs own over 50 percent of Walmart through their company, Walton Enterprises. Walmart is also one of the worlds most valuable companies by market value, in 2016,62.3 percent of Walmarts US$478.614 billion sales came from its U. S. operations. The company was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972, by 1988, Walmart was the most profitable retailer in the U. S. and by October 1989, it had become the largest in terms of revenue. A Walmart in York, Pennsylvania opened in October 1990, bringing the store to the Northeast. In 1945, a businessman and a former J. C. Penney employee, Sam Walton and his primary focus was on selling products at low prices to get higher-volume sales at a lower profit margin, portraying it as a crusade for the consumer. He experienced setbacks, because the price and branch purchase were unusually high. He passed on the savings in the product pricing, sales increased 45 percent in his first year of ownership to US$105,000 in revenue, which increased to US$140,000 the next year and US$175,000 the year after that. Within the fifth year, the store was generating US$250,000 in revenue, when the lease for the location expired, Walton was unable to reach an agreement for renewal, so he opened up a new store at 105 N. Main Street in Bentonville, naming it Waltons Five and Dime and that store is now the Walmart Museum. On July 2,1962, Walton opened the first Walmart Discount City store at 719 W. Walnut Street in Rogers, within its first five years, the company expanded to 24 stores across Arkansas and reached US$12.6 million in sales. In 1968, it opened its first stores outside Arkansas, in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, the company was incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. on October 31,1969. In 1970, it opened its office and first distribution center in Bentonville. It had 38 stores operating with 1,500 employees and sales of US$44.2 million and it began trading stock as a publicly held company on October 1,1970, and was soon listed on the New York Stock Exchange
32.
Costco Wholesale
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As of 2016, Costco was the worlds no.1 retailer of choice and prime beef, organic foods, rotisserie chicken, and wine. Costcos worldwide headquarters are in Issaquah, Washington, but the company opened its first warehouse in nearby Seattle in 1983, through mergers, Costcos overall corporate history dates back to 1976, when its former competitor Price Club was founded in San Diego, California. As of 9 February 2017, Costco had a total of 727 warehouses, spread throughout the United States, Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, and Spain. Costco is known for offering low-price, limited-selection retail treasure hunts with expensive luxury goods next to cheap bulk goods, Costco opened its first warehouse in Seattle, Washington, on September 15,1983, by James Sinegal and Jeffrey H. Brotman. In 1993, Costco and Price Club agreed to merge operations themselves after Price declined an offer from Sam Walton and Walmart to merge Price Club with their warehouse store chain, Sams Club. Costcos business model and size were similar to those of Price Club, the combined company took the name PriceCostco, and memberships became universal, meaning that a Price Club member could use their membership to shop at Costco and vice versa. PriceCostco boasted 206 locations generating $16 billion in annual sales, in 1997, the company changed its name to Costco Wholesale Corporation and all remaining Price Club locations were rebranded as Costco. In 2014, Costco was the third largest retailer in the United States and that year Costco announced plans to open an online store in China using Alibaba Group. Costco today In the United States, Costcos main competitors operating membership warehouses are Sams Club, Costco employs about 174,000 full and part-time employees. In 2016, Costco had 85 million members, Costco was the first company to grow from zero to $3 billion in sales in under six years. For the fiscal year ending on August 31,2012, the companys sales totaled $97.062 billion, Costco is 18th on the 2015 Fortune 500. The ACSI named Costco number one in the specialty retail store industry with a score of 84 in 2014. As of December 2013, Costcos board of directors is chaired by co-founder Jeffrey H. Brotman, Costco focuses on selling products at low prices, often at very high volume. These goods are usually bulk-packaged and marketed primarily to families and businesses. Furthermore, Costco does not carry multiple brands or varieties where the item is essentially the same except when it has a brand to sell. This results in a volume of sales from a vendor, allowing further reductions in price. A typical Costco warehouse carries only 3,700 distinct products, if Costco management feels the wholesale price of a product is too high, they will refuse to stock the product. For example, on November 16,2009, Costco announced that it would stop selling Coca-Cola products because the soft-drink maker refused to lower its wholesale prices, Costco resumed selling Coca-Cola products on December 14,2009
33.
24 Hour Fitness
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The corporate office is located in San Ramon, California and a processing center is located in Carlsbad, California. The founder is Mark S. Mastrov, and the CEO is Frank Napolitano and it was acquired from the Company from Forstmann Little & Co in May 2014. 24 Hour Fitness operates a nutritional supplement company, Apex Fitness Group and their motto is Improving lives through fitness. The company began in 1983 as an operation called 24 Hour Nautilus. Mark Mastrov and Leonard Schlemm began the firm, with Mastrov, CEO Mark Mastrov hired Mark Golob and Dean Moloney as Vice President of Marketing. Golob created promotional campaigns with Pamela Anderson, Arnold Schwarzenegger and Mike Tyson that increased membership, during Moloneys tenure, he and Mastrov, along with Tom Gergley and Golob, began planning an international chain of health clubs. In 1994,24 Hour Nautilus partnered with McCown De Leeuw and soon acquired the Southern California-based Family Fitness Centers chain. Todd Smith and Adam Shaw were responsible for the expansion of the company during their initial growth period. In 2004,24 Hour Fitness became a sponsor of the 2004-2008 United States Olympic teams,24 Hour Fitness worked with NBC to develop a reality show, The Biggest Loser, which features 12 to 22 overweight contestants competing to lose weight over several million dollars. The show first aired in late 2004, from 2005 to 2008,24 Hour Fitness co-sponsored the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team. 24 Hour Fitness formerly had some 15 clubs in Singapore and China, besides the United States, it had centres in Singapore and Hong Kong, Beijing and Shanghai in China) through its wholly owned subsidiary California Fitness. Its European clubs closed in the early 2000s and it was also listed on the stock exchange with major Thai corporate partners. Two more California Wow franchisees had existed in Vietnam, run as private gyms, independently of those in Thailand, likely an unrelated company copying the style and name only. Celebrity Fitness, yet another gym chain with 24 Hour Fitness roots, is headquartered in Jakarta and runs gyms in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, neither CalWowX nor Celebrity Fitness had competed directly with California Fitness. In August 2012, the owner of 24 Hour Fitness put the 416 location gym chain on the block with a price tag reported to have been close to $2 billion. After being courted by various interests for over six months, ultimately in January 2012, offers reportedly fell short of the asking price. 24 Hour Fitness has over 4 million members and more than 420 clubs in 18 states and its major competitors in the US are Anytime Fitness, Golds Gym, Aspen Fitness, and LA Fitness. The Member Services call center for 24 Hour Fitness is outsourced through the Alorica Corporation location in Spokane, Wa and is based out of Irvine, Ca
34.
Fluid Components International
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Fluid Components International, headquartered in San Marcos, California, is a manufacturer of thermal dispersion flow and level measurement instrumentation. FCI has two divisions, one serving customers with measurement needs in industrial process and plant applications and an aerospace division, FCI was a pioneer in developing thermal dispersion technology and holds numerous design and technology patents for its application in flow and level measurement. FCIs aerospace products include temperature sensors, liquid level and interface sensors, flow sensors, pressure sensors, FCI is an ISO9001,2000 and AS9100 certified manufacturer. FCI operates a NIST flow calibration laboratory with 17 precision flow stands, FCI utilizes these precision flow stands to flow actual gases and reference fluids matched to the temperature, process conditions, and line size of individual customer flow meter applications. The company has subsidiaries in Tilburg, Netherlands and Beijing, China, FCI is represented in 105 countries and has full factory service centers located in the United States, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. FCI was founded in 1964 in Canoga Park, California by Robert Deane, in 1978, FCI began its nuclear division to deliver level, flow, and temperature measurement solutions to the nuclear power industry. These products have the certifications and credentials that comply with standards for nuclear plant installations. In 1980, FCI relocated its corporate and manufacturing headquarters to San Marcos, in order to support FCIs increasing international customer base, the company opened the European Sales and Service Center in the Netherlands in 1993. In 2001, FCI received AS9100 certification, FCIs design, manufacturing and calibration systems, processes, and facilities are continuously reviewed and audited. In 2010, Control Global Magazine Reader Choice awards for Thermal Flowmeters, FCI Global WebsiteFCI Global Website- SpanishFCI Global Website- GermanFCI Global Website- ChineseISA Directory of AutomationMeasurement, Control, & Automation Association
35.
Mission Hills High School
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Mission Hills High School is a high school located in San Marcos, California. It first opened in August 2004 on 40 acres of land that was part of the local Hollandia dairy. It has many career-oriented programs, such as the Academies of Business, Law Enforcement, Health Essentials, Fire Technology and this program begins with the SMUSD graduating classes of 2009. The Promise provides a plan of preparation for college. Beginning in seventh grade, San Marcos students must work to fulfill program expectations, meeting these requirements also prepares them for admission to most California public and private universities and colleges. The Promise thus provides a link from the secondary school setting to the university. The Mission Hills varsity football won the 2013 CIF San Diego Section Open Division Championship defeating Oceanside 36-14. That was the teams first ever CIF Championship victory as they lost the championship in 2007,2010, the 2013 CIF team was also one of the top ranked teams in the state of California and later lost to Bakersfield High School in the SoCal State Regional game. The captains were Ricky Liuchan, Fred Warner, Brad Sochowski, Sam Riebel, the 2013 season was coach Chris Hausers tenth year coaching Mission Hills and fourth appearance in the CIF-SDS Championship. The Mission Hills Girls Varsity Basketball team went undefeated in league in 2014,2015 and 2016 and they won the 2014 San Diego Section Division 1 Championship, defeating Mt. Carmel 62-43. That was the teams first ever CIF Championship victory, as they lost in the semi-finals to Granite Hills in 2013, after winning CIF for the first time, they beat Mark Keppel in the first round of CA Division 1 State Playoffs, 54-50. They then lost to eventual CA D1 State Champions Canyon Springs in the round of state playoffs. In 2015, MHHS moved to the Open Division and won the 2015 San Diego Section Open Division Championship and this time the score was 58-41. The team went on to lose in the first round of the CA State Open Division playoffs, beaten 58-41 by Long Beach Poly, in 2016, MHHS defended their San Diego Section Open Division Championship title, defeating La Jolla County Day 68-64. MHHS went on to defeat Winward in the first round of the CA State Open Division Championships 49-45, MHHS then lost to Chaminade, the eventual CA State Open Division Champions, 79-59, in the CA Elite Eight Regional Semi-Final. MHHS was ranked as high as #5 in CA by Cal Hi Sports during the 2015-16 season, the team is coached by Chris Kroesch and Patrick Freeman. During the California wildfires of October 2007, Mission Hills High School opened its campus on October 20 for evacuated refugees, the evacuation site offered a place to sleep, food, and activities such as soccer, skateboarding, football, and basketball. Mission Hills also allowed pet owners to keep small animals, Mission Hills High school is home to one of several fields that have names in San Diego County
36.
Palomar College
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Palomar College is a community college with one campus and six education sites in San Diego County, California, United States. The main campus is located in San Marcos, while the six sites are located elsewhere throughout north San Diego County. The largest of these is the center located in Escondido. Other education sites are located at Camp Pendleton, Mt. Carmel High School, Fallbrook High School, the Pauma Indian Reservation, the Palomar Community College Districts facilities improvement measure, Proposition M, was passed by 57% of voters in the November 8,2006 General Election. In 2009, the college developed an Integrated Planning, Evaluation, the governing body of that association is named Associated Student Government. The Associated Student Government is an organization at Palomar that strives to create a better campus for its students. Members of the ASG have opportunities to attend conferences, special on-campus parking, tom Dempsey – former NFL kicker best known for his record 63 yard field goal with the New Orleans Saints. Pita Elisara – American football offensive lineman Lina Fanene – American professional wrestler for WWE, candi Kubeck – captain of ValuJet Flight 592, which crashed into the Florida Everglades on May 11,1996. Matt Chico – MLB pitcher currently with the Washington Nationals, ken Block – Rally Car driver, and founder of DC Shoes. Brett Salisbury – college football quarterback and author of the Transform Diet, tom Luginbill – college football quarterback and college football analyst for ESPN. Jesse Taylor – Junior College State Champion in 2004, current MMA fighter Kenbrell Thompkins – NFL wide receiver currently with the New England Patriots, saalim Hakim – NFL wide receiver currently with the New York Jets
37.
Community colleges in the United States
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In the United States, community colleges are primarily two-year public institutions of higher education. Many community colleges also offer education, GEDs, high school degrees, technical degrees and certificates. After graduating from a community college, some students transfer to a university or liberal arts college for two to three years to complete a degree, while others enter the workforce. In 2012–2013,7.7 million people attended U. S. community colleges, with about 3.1 million students enrolled full-time, during the Great Recession, community colleges faced state budget cuts amid increases in enrollment. As a result, community colleges raised student tuition, Community colleges received attention in 2015 after President Barack Obama proposed to make community college tuition free to many residents of the US in his State of the Union Address. The plan is called America’s College Promise and this attention has brought on both praise, scrutiny, and criticism of community colleges and the funding of higher education in general. This plan, however, would pay tuition, non-tuition items such as textbooks, supplies, transportation. Before the 1970s, community colleges were more commonly referred to as colleges. However, the junior college is now usually used to characterize private two-year institutions. The term community college has evolved to describe publicly funded two-year institutions, Cohen and Brawer report on the variety of other names, such as city college, county college, and branch campus. Other common components of the name include vocational, technical, adult education. Nicknames include democracys college and opportunity college, also, the states public two-year colleges are not solely found in its larger cities. New York Citys network of community colleges was established outside of the CUNY system, another example is Westchester Community College. In the late 1940s, the county operated a popular vocational institute, the New York state government required that the county transform its technical institute into a community college. The county government resisted this transformation, as it would be responsible for a third of the new institutions operating costs, after a series of very heated meetings, fully reported in the local press, the county was forced to conform to the state governments wishes. As a general rule, broad generalizations about the origins, purposes, before 1850, a few public institutions offered two years of college, Lasell Junior College in Auburndale, Massachusetts and Vincennes University of Vincennes, Indiana. Helland cites a section from the 1899 Vincennes University catalog, “The Vincennes University occupies a position in the educational field. It is half-way between the high school and the full-fledged college, it is in fact a junior college. ”Many of the early community colleges were normal schools that prepared school teachers
United States
California
San Marcos (California) travel guide from Wikivoyage
