1.
Intermodal passenger transport
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Intermodal passenger transport, also called mixed-mode commuting, involves using two or more modes of transportation in a journey. Mixed-mode commuting is often used to combine the strengths of various transportation options, a major goal of modern intermodal passenger transport is to reduce dependence on the automobile as the major mode of ground transportation and increase use of public transport. To assist the traveller various intermodal journey planners such as Rome2rio and Google Transit have been devised to help travellers to plan and schedule their journey. Mixed-mode commuting often centers on one type of transit, such as regional rail. Trains offer quick transit from a suburb into an urban area, most transportation modes have always been used intermodally, for example, people have used road or urban railway to an airport or inter-regional railway station. Passenger transport has always been intermodal, people switched from carriages to ferries at the edge of a river too deep to ford. In the 19th century, people who lived inland switched from train to ship for overseas voyages, Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey was built to let commuters to New York City from New Jersey switch to ferries to cross the Hudson River in order to get to Manhattan. A massive ferry slip, now in ruins, was incorporated into the terminal building, later, when a subway was built through tunnels under the Hudson, now called the PATH, a station stop was added to Hoboken Terminal. More recently, the New Jersey Transits Hudson-Bergen Light Rail system has included a stop there, ferry service has recently been revived, but passengers must exit the terminal and walk across the pier to the more modest ferry slip. With the opening of the Woodside and Birkenhead Dock Street Tramway in 1873, public transportation systems such as train or metro systems have the most efficient means and highest capacity to transport people around cities. Therefore, mixed-mode commuting in the environment is largely dedicated to first getting people onto the train network. Although automobiles are used as a single-mode form of transit. They can provide a commute to train stations, airports, and piers. Used in this context, cars offer commuters the relative comfort of single-mode travel, taxicabs and Rental cars also play a major role in providing door-to-door service between airports or train stations and other points of travel throughout urban, suburban, and rural communities. Transport planners often try to encourage commuters to make much of their journey by public transport. Similar to Park-and-Ride is what is often termed Kiss-and-Ride, rather than drive to the train or bus station and park the commuter is driven to the station by a friend or relative The Kiss refers to the peck on the cheek as the commuter exits the car. Kiss-and-Ride is usually conducted when the station is close to home, so that the driver doing dropping the commuter off has a short journey to. Many large cities link their railway network to their bus network and this enables commuters to get to places that are not serviced directly by rail as they are often considered to be too far for walking
2.
San Rafael, California
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San Rafael is a city and the county seat of Marin County, California, United States. The city is located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, as of the 2010 census the citys population is 57,713. What is now San Rafael was once the site of several Coast Miwok villages, Awani-wi, near downtown San Rafael, Ewu, near Terra Linda,14,1817, four years before Mexico gained independence from Spain. Mission San Rafael Arcángel was located a donkeys day walk to the mission below it, the mission and the city are named after the Archangel Raphael, the Angel of Healing. The mission was planned as a hospital site for Central Valley American Indians who had become ill at the cold San Francisco Mission Dolores. Father Luis Gil, who spoke several Native American languages, was put in charge of the facility, in part because of its ideal weather, San Rafael was later upgraded to full mission status in 1822. The mission had 300 converts within its first year, and 1,140 converts by 1828, the Mexican government took over the California missions in 1834, and Mission San Rafael was abandoned in 1844, eventually falling into ruin. The current mission was built in 1949 in the style of the original, the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad reached San Rafael in 1879 and was linked to the national rail network in 1888. The United States Navy operated a San Pablo Bay degaussing range from San Rafael through World War II, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.4 square miles. 16.5 square miles of it is land and 6.0 square miles of it is water, south of the county is San Francisco. Peacock Gap Golf Course which is open to the public, there are several public parks in the city. The San Rafael shoreline has been filled to a considerable extent to accommodate land development. At certain locations such as Murphys Point, the sandstone or shale rock outcrops through the mud, San Rafael has a wide diversity of natural habitats from forests at the higher elevations to marshland and estuarine settings. Its marshes are home to the endangered species Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, there are also riparian areas including the San Rafael Creek and Miller Creek corridors. San Rafael has a Mediterranean climate, with winter lows seldom reaching the freezing mark. The National Weather Service reports that August is usually the warmest month with a high of 80. 1°, December, the coldest month, has an average high of 55. 1° and an average low of 41. 0°. The highest temperature on record is 110°, recorded in June 1961, the highest temperature in recent years, 108°, occurred on July 23,2006. The record lowest temperature was 20° on December 22,1990, there are an average of 17.9 days annually with a high of 90° or more and 1.2 days with a high of 100° or more
3.
Golden Gate Transit
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Golden Gate Transit is a public transportation system serving the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, United States. It primarily serves Marin and Sonoma counties, and also limited service to San Francisco. Funding for cross-bridge Transbay bus service is subsidized by Golden Gate Bridge tolls in addition to traditional federal. GGT provides some bus service within Marin County under contract with Marin Transit, Golden Gate Transit is constituted as a special district under California State Law, as evidenced by Assembly Bill 584, creating the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Napa, Mendocino, and Del Norte,1 Director each, Golden Gate Transit has alleviated congestion on the Golden Gate Bridge and along the Golden Gate Corridor since 1972. A history of service is listed below, with average annual increase in traffic of 70% over 30 years, the Bridge was close to reaching its saturation point. As congestion mounted, several studies were undertaken to identify alternate means of travel between Marin County and San Francisco, the San Francisco-Marin Crossings report of May 1967 looked at the possibility of building another bridge. The District also considered adding a second deck to the Bridge, the Marin County Transit District considered taking over the existing Greyhound system as a commute service to San Francisco. Greyhound provided transit between Marin County and San Francisco at the time and it was unprofitable, so Greyhound management planned to abandon it. As air pollution increased and congestion took its toll on commuters, San Francisco, Marin, the plan called for bus service from neighborhoods in Marin and Sonoma Counties to the San Francisco Financial District and Civic Center areas. By the late 1960s, the Bridge was operating at capacity during the commute period. Original Bridge construction bonds were due to be retired in 1971, and this included any and all forms of transit, including buses and ferries. The word Transportation was added to the Districts name at that time to indicate its new commitment to public transportation, the legislature did not give the District the authority to levy taxes. Legislation also restricted the use of Bridge tolls to support only regional transit services, on 10 December 1971, Assembly Bill 919 was passed, requiring the District to develop a long-range transportation program for the corridor. Bus service began in December 1970 when the District initiated a service to the Sausalito Ferry Terminal using 5 buses leased from Greyhound on 4 bus routes driven by 4 drivers. The District soon bought 132 buses to start its operations, in September 1971, the District hired 30 experienced Greyhound drivers to operate the new bus service. GGT began operating bus service in December 1971 under contract with MCTD. The initial GGT system was operated with 152 buses and facilities in Novato and Santa Rosa, in 1974, the District opened its permanent bus administration and central maintenance facility at 1011 Andersen Drive in San Rafael
4.
Marin Transit
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Marin Transit is a public bus agency in Marin County, California, in the United States. Originally formed in 1964 as Marin County Transit District, Marin Transit was re-branded on 30 July 2007 and now provides a variety of fixed-route and demand-response services using 4 contractors. Marin Transit was formed by a vote of the people of Marin County in 1964 and was given the responsibility for providing local service within Marin County. It has since played a key role in providing local service within the county through various funding sources. For a history of Marin Transit service in relation to Golden Gate Transit, Marin Transit serves all major cities, towns, and communities within Marin County except Muir Beach, Nicasio, and Peacock Gap. Route information listed below is current as of 12 June 2016, see Golden Gate Transit for information on Regional and Commute bus routes serving Marin County, which have no affiliation with Marin Transit. Note, Italicized locations are served on select trips only, west Marin Stagecoach routes do not operate on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Years Day. Supplemental routes operate on school days only, Marin Transit provides two services that do not operate on fixed routes. The Novato Dial-a-Ride provides curb-to-curb demand-response service within the City of Novato by reservation only, reservations for weekday service are allowed up to seven days in advance, with same-day service available as space permits. Only same-day reservations are permitted for weekend service, no service is provided on holidays. Complementary paratransit service mandated by the Americans with Disabilities Act is operated within Marin County using the Marin Access name, service is available to eligible passengers by advance reservation. All Marin Transit fares, except the 6-month and yearly passes, are also valid on Golden Gate Transit bus routes within Marin County. The Muir Woods Shuttle has special fares, which are described below, note, Clipper is not available on the Muir Woods Shuttle. The fares and payment policy on the Muir Woods Shuttle differ from other Marin Transit routes, the adult round-trip fare is $5.00 and is collected at the Muir Woods Visitor Center in addition to the park entrance fee. A receipt must be shown upon boarding the bus for the return trip, the Marin Access fare is $2.00 or $2.50, depending upon the origin and destination of the trip. Youth Passes are available to youths ages 5 through 18, the pass allows unlimited rides on any Marin Transit route. However, unlike other Marin Transit fare media, the passes are not valid on any Golden Gate Transit bus routes, Golden Gate Transit San Rafael Transit Center
5.
Greyhound Lines
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Greyhound Lines, Inc. usually shortened to Greyhound, is an intercity bus common carrier serving over 3,800 destinations across North America. The companys first route began in Hibbing, Minnesota in 1914, since October 2007, Greyhound has been a subsidiary of British transportation company FirstGroup, but continues to be based in Dallas, Texas, where it has been headquartered since 1987. Greyhound and sister companies in FirstGroup America are the largest motorcoach operators in the United States, carl Eric Wickman was born in Sweden in 1887. In 1905 he moved to the United States where he was working in a mine as an operator in Alice, Minnesota. In the same year, he became a Hupmobile salesman in Hibbing and he proved unable to sell the car. In 1914, using his vehicle, a 7-passenger car, he began a bus service with Andy Anderson. Heed, by transporting iron ore miners from Hibbing to Alice at 15 cents a ride, in 1915 Wickman joined forces with Ralph Bogan, who was running a similar service from Hibbing to Duluth, Minnesota. The name of the new organization was the Mesaba Transportation Company, by the end of World War I in 1918, Wickman owned 18 buses and was making an annual profit of $40,000. In 1922, Wickman joined forces with Orville Caesar, the owner of the Superior White Bus Lines, four years later, Wickman purchased two West Coast operations, the Pioneer Yelloway System and the Pickwick Lines, creating a national intercity bus company. The Greyhound name had its origins in the run of a route from Superior, Wisconsin to Wausau. While passing through a town, Ed Stone, the routes operator. The reflection reminded him of a dog, and he adopted that name for that segment of the Blue Goose Lines. The Greyhound name became popular and later applied to the bus network. Stone later became General Sales Manager of Yellow Truck and Coach, a division of General Motors, Wickman, as the president of the company, continued to expand it so that by 1927, his buses were making transcontinental trips from California to New York. In 1928, Greyhound had an annual income of $6 million. In 1929, Greyhound acquired additional interests in Southland Transportation Company, the Gray Line, Greyhound also acquired an interest in Northland Transportation Company, and renamed it Northland Greyhound Lines. By 1930 more than 100 bus lines had been consolidated into what was called the Motor Transit Company, recognizing that the company needed a more memorable name, the partners of the Motor Transit Company decided to rename it after the Greyhound marketing phrase used by earlier bus lines. Wickmans business suffered during the Great Depression, and by 1931 was over $1 million in debt, as the 1930s progressed and the economy improved, the Greyhound Corporation began to prosper again
6.
North Pacific Coast Railroad
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The NPC operated in the northern California counties of Marin and Sonoma that carried redwood lumber, local dairy and agricultural products, express and passengers. The NPC operated almost 93 mi of track extended from a pier at Sausalito and operated northwest to Duncans Mills. The NPC became the North Shore Railroad on March 7,1902, in 1907 the North Shore Railroad became part of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. All of the NPC trackage has been abandoned either by the NPC or the NWP, a flatcar, North Shore 1725, has been restored as a picnic car and operates at the Society for the Preservation of Carter Railroad Resources Railroad Museum at Ardenwood in Fremont. Pioneers in the railroad business. The southern 23 miles of line were modernized to allow operation of standard gauge passenger cars in addition to narrow gauge steam powered freight trains. Electric cars sometimes shared dual gauge tracks with the steam trains, the line was ultimately double tracked from Sausalito to San Anselmo except for the tunnel at Alto. A power house was built at Alto and power was purchased at San Rafael. Direct current electrical power was transmitted to the trains at 600 volts by a third rail Service started to Mill Valley on August 20,1903 and it was the first United States steam railroad electrified for operational efficiency rather than smoke abatement. The railroad established practices later used in Grand Central Terminal and the subways of New York City. The electric lines were expanded after 1907 as part of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad, demoro, Harre W. Electric Railway Pioneer, Commuting on the Northwestern Pacific, 1903-1941. The Birth of California Narrow Gauge, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Stindt, Fred. The Northwestern Pacific Railroad, Redwood Empire Route, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Sievers, Wald & Stindt, Fred. PacificNG. com, North Pacific Coast Railroad Society for the Preservation of Carter Railroad Resources, Flatcar NS1725
7.
Eureka, California
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Eureka is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California. The city is located on U. S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay,270 miles north of San Francisco and 100 miles south of the Oregon border. At the 2010 census, the population of the city was 27,191, Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland, and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states. It is the center for government, health care, trade. Greater Eureka, one of Californias major commercial fishing ports, is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay, a stretch of about 500 miles. The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka. As entrepôt for hundreds of mills that once existed in the area. Eureka is home to Californias oldest zoo, the Sequoia Park Zoo, Eurekas Pacific coastal location on Humboldt Bay, adjacent to abundant redwood forests, provided the reason for settlement of this 19th-century seaport town. Before the arrival of Euro-American settlers, including farmers, miners, fishermen, and loggers, the Wiyot people lived in Jaroujiji, now known as Eureka, for thousands of years prior to European arrival. They are the farthest-southwest people whose language has Algonquian roots and their traditional coastal homeland ranged from the lower Mad River through Humboldt Bay and south along the lower basin of the Eel River. The Wiyot are particularly known for their basketry and fishery management, an extensive collection of intricate basketry of the areas indigenous groups exists in the Clarke Historical Museum in Old Town Eureka. As of 2013, Eureka High School has the largest Yurok language program in California, the timing of this discovery would lead to the May 13,1850 founding of the settlement of Eureka on its shore by the Union and Mendocino Exploring companies. Eureka received its name from a Greek word meaning I have found it and this exuberant statement of successful gold rush miners is also the official Motto of the State of California. Eureka is the only U. S. location to use the seal as the state for its seal. In the United States, Eureka, California is the largest of about a dozen towns, the first Europeans venturing into Humboldt Bay encountered the indigenous Wiyot. Records of early forays into the bay in 1806 reported that the violence of the indigenous people made it nearly impossible for landing parties to survey the area. After 1850, Europeans ultimately overwhelmed the Wiyot, whose maximum population before the Europeans was in the hundreds in the area of what would become the primary city. The 1860 Wiyot Massacre took place on Indian Island in the spring of 1860, committed by a group of locals, thought to be primarily Eureka businessmen
8.
Request stop
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In this way, stops with low passenger counts can be incorporated into a route without introducing unnecessary delay. Vehicles may also save fuel by continuing through a station there is no need to stop. Request stops may also introduce extra travel time variability and increase the need for schedule padding, the methods by which transit vehicles are notified that there are passengers waiting to be picked up at a request stop vary by transit system and by route. Most local, inner-city bus operations operate almost all of their stops as request stops, to distinguish stops that are served on every trip, these are usually called stations and they are most often at the terminals of a route. Such stops are also used as timepoints. In bus transport the term request stop may also be used to refer to a stop on a hail and ride section of a route. In hail and ride operations, there are few or no marked stops, for example, in London, TfL operates request stops at a number of locations such as Blackheath park Micheldever road. Buses do not stop at stops, unless a passenger waiting at the bus shelter signals the bus to stop or if a passenger wishes to disembark. In some cities, flag stops may refer to any stop that has regular service, in long distance transport, transit vehicles, such as passenger trains or buses operating on motorways, usually operate at higher speeds than local transport. This means that stopping is more troublesome and that it may be difficult to see a passenger in time to stop for them. This difference often results in more complicated ways of signalling a stop to the vehicle, some services, like Amtrak, require that a ticket be purchased in advance, specifying a specific origin and destination. Since the trains crew know what tickets were sold, they know where people are coming from and going to. Services that lack advanced ticketing, or which sell tickets for a range of destinations or travel times, require ways of knowing whether or not someone is waiting at a station or platform. Along some ferry routes in the fjords in Norway, some stops are equipped with a light that embarking passengers must switch on in order for the ferry to include the stop, the system is known under the name signalanløp. Similar to Norway, commuter ferries are requested to stop by a semaphore signal, the many islands of the Stockholm archipelago are an example of this. The appearance of request stops varies wildly, many are clearly signed, but many others rely on local knowledge
9.
Hamilton Army Airfield
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Hamilton Field was a United States Air Force base that was inactivated in 1973, decommissioned in 1974, and put into a caretaker status with the Air Force Reserves until 1976. It was transferred to the United States Army in 1983 and redesignated an Army Airfield until its closure pursuant to BRAC action in 1988 and it is located along the western shore of San Pablo Bay in the southern portion of Novato, in Marin County, California. Thirteen days later Hamilton died in action near Lagnicourt, France, what would eventually become Hamilton Air Force Base has its origins in the late 1920s, when the airfield was first established. Then, with development beginning, it was named Hamilton Field on July 12,1932. Construction of the airfield began about July 1,1932, with the airfield being originally designed to accommodate four bomb squadrons, the Hamilton Field Station Complement replaced the 70th Service Squadron on March 1,1935. The U. S. Weather Bureau had a cooperative weather station on the base from 1934 to 1964. Hamilton Field was originally a bomber installation, on May 5,1934, the first planes assigned to Hamilton were Martin B-10 and B-12 bombers of the 7th Bombardment Group, having been transferred from March Airfield. Shortly thereafter, amphibious aircraft of the 88th Observation Squadron were assigned to Hamilton. The B-12 bombers housed at Hamilton Field were phased out in 1937, the B-18 was a standard two-engine short-range bomber, and was capable of airlifting combat-equipped troops en masse, an important advance in combat techniques at the time. Because the runway at Hamilton Field was not adequate for the B-17, in 1939, the 7th Bombardment Group was designated a heavy bomb group and was moved to Fort Douglas, Utah on September 7,1940, to train with B-17s. Hamilton became a base under the USAAC Air Force Combat Command in December 1940. The 9th PW was reassigned from March Field, bringing the 14th, the arrival of the pursuit wings and their crews caused crowding at the base and initiated the first of many housing problems. After leaving Hamilton, and flying all through the night, the bombers arrived over Oahu on the morning of December 7,1941, the B-17s had arrived over Oahu during the Japanese air attack on Hawaii which triggered American entry into World War II. They arrived at Pearl Harbor at the height of the attack, the B-17Es of the 7th Bombardment Group were moved back to Hamilton from Utah for deployment to the Far East. Six of them arrived in Hawaii just after the Pearl Harbor attack, during World War II, Hamilton was an important West Coast air training facility. Its mission was that of a training base for newly formed fighter groups. The ATC West Coast Wing was headquartered at the airfield, with the 64th Transport Group being assigned early in 1942, the 1503rd AAF Base Unit was also stationed here. In the initial years, Hamilton remained Air Transport Commands primary West Coast facility until 1948 when Military Air Transport Service moved most activities to nearby Travis AFB
) access throughout the Transit Center
