1.
Intermodal passenger transport
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Intermodal passenger transport, also called mixed-mode commuting, involves using two or more modes of transportation in a journey. Mixed-mode commuting is often used to combine the strengths of various transportation options, a major goal of modern intermodal passenger transport is to reduce dependence on the automobile as the major mode of ground transportation and increase use of public transport. To assist the traveller various intermodal journey planners such as Rome2rio and Google Transit have been devised to help travellers to plan and schedule their journey. Mixed-mode commuting often centers on one type of transit, such as regional rail. Trains offer quick transit from a suburb into an urban area, most transportation modes have always been used intermodally, for example, people have used road or urban railway to an airport or inter-regional railway station. Passenger transport has always been intermodal, people switched from carriages to ferries at the edge of a river too deep to ford. In the 19th century, people who lived inland switched from train to ship for overseas voyages, Hoboken Terminal in Hoboken, New Jersey was built to let commuters to New York City from New Jersey switch to ferries to cross the Hudson River in order to get to Manhattan. A massive ferry slip, now in ruins, was incorporated into the terminal building, later, when a subway was built through tunnels under the Hudson, now called the PATH, a station stop was added to Hoboken Terminal. More recently, the New Jersey Transits Hudson-Bergen Light Rail system has included a stop there, ferry service has recently been revived, but passengers must exit the terminal and walk across the pier to the more modest ferry slip. With the opening of the Woodside and Birkenhead Dock Street Tramway in 1873, public transportation systems such as train or metro systems have the most efficient means and highest capacity to transport people around cities. Therefore, mixed-mode commuting in the environment is largely dedicated to first getting people onto the train network. Although automobiles are used as a single-mode form of transit. They can provide a commute to train stations, airports, and piers. Used in this context, cars offer commuters the relative comfort of single-mode travel, taxicabs and Rental cars also play a major role in providing door-to-door service between airports or train stations and other points of travel throughout urban, suburban, and rural communities. Transport planners often try to encourage commuters to make much of their journey by public transport. Similar to Park-and-Ride is what is often termed Kiss-and-Ride, rather than drive to the train or bus station and park the commuter is driven to the station by a friend or relative The Kiss refers to the peck on the cheek as the commuter exits the car. Kiss-and-Ride is usually conducted when the station is close to home, so that the driver doing dropping the commuter off has a short journey to. Many large cities link their railway network to their bus network and this enables commuters to get to places that are not serviced directly by rail as they are often considered to be too far for walking
2.
San Rafael, California
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San Rafael is a city and the county seat of Marin County, California, United States. The city is located in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, as of the 2010 census the citys population is 57,713. What is now San Rafael was once the site of several Coast Miwok villages, Awani-wi, near downtown San Rafael, Ewu, near Terra Linda,14,1817, four years before Mexico gained independence from Spain. Mission San Rafael Arcángel was located a donkeys day walk to the mission below it, the mission and the city are named after the Archangel Raphael, the Angel of Healing. The mission was planned as a hospital site for Central Valley American Indians who had become ill at the cold San Francisco Mission Dolores. Father Luis Gil, who spoke several Native American languages, was put in charge of the facility, in part because of its ideal weather, San Rafael was later upgraded to full mission status in 1822. The mission had 300 converts within its first year, and 1,140 converts by 1828, the Mexican government took over the California missions in 1834, and Mission San Rafael was abandoned in 1844, eventually falling into ruin. The current mission was built in 1949 in the style of the original, the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad reached San Rafael in 1879 and was linked to the national rail network in 1888. The United States Navy operated a San Pablo Bay degaussing range from San Rafael through World War II, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.4 square miles. 16.5 square miles of it is land and 6.0 square miles of it is water, south of the county is San Francisco. Peacock Gap Golf Course which is open to the public, there are several public parks in the city. The San Rafael shoreline has been filled to a considerable extent to accommodate land development. At certain locations such as Murphys Point, the sandstone or shale rock outcrops through the mud, San Rafael has a wide diversity of natural habitats from forests at the higher elevations to marshland and estuarine settings. Its marshes are home to the endangered species Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, there are also riparian areas including the San Rafael Creek and Miller Creek corridors. San Rafael has a Mediterranean climate, with winter lows seldom reaching the freezing mark. The National Weather Service reports that August is usually the warmest month with a high of 80. 1°, December, the coldest month, has an average high of 55. 1° and an average low of 41. 0°. The highest temperature on record is 110°, recorded in June 1961, the highest temperature in recent years, 108°, occurred on July 23,2006. The record lowest temperature was 20° on December 22,1990, there are an average of 17.9 days annually with a high of 90° or more and 1.2 days with a high of 100° or more
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Side platform
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A side platform is a platform positioned to the side of a pair of tracks at a railway station, tram stop, or transitway. Dual side platform stations, one for direction of travel, is the basic station design used for double-track railway lines. Side platforms may result in a wider overall footprint for the station compared with a platform where a single width of platform can be shared by riders using either track. In some stations, the two platforms are connected by a footbridge running above and over the tracks. While a pair of platforms is often provided on a dual-track line. Where the station is close to a crossing the platforms may either be on the same side of the crossing road or alternatively may be staggered in one of two ways. With the near-side platforms configuration, each platform appears before the intersection, in some situations a single side platform can be served by multiple vehicles simultaneously with a scissors crossing provided to allow access mid-way along its length. Normally, the facilities of the station are located on the Up platform with the other platform accessed from a footbridge. However, in cases the stations main buildings are located on whichever side faces the town or village the station serves. Larger stations may have two platforms with several island platforms in between. Some are in a Spanish solution format, with two platforms and an island platform in between, serving two tracks
5.
Golden Gate Transit
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Golden Gate Transit is a public transportation system serving the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area in California, United States. It primarily serves Marin and Sonoma counties, and also limited service to San Francisco. Funding for cross-bridge Transbay bus service is subsidized by Golden Gate Bridge tolls in addition to traditional federal. GGT provides some bus service within Marin County under contract with Marin Transit, Golden Gate Transit is constituted as a special district under California State Law, as evidenced by Assembly Bill 584, creating the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District. Napa, Mendocino, and Del Norte,1 Director each, Golden Gate Transit has alleviated congestion on the Golden Gate Bridge and along the Golden Gate Corridor since 1972. A history of service is listed below, with average annual increase in traffic of 70% over 30 years, the Bridge was close to reaching its saturation point. As congestion mounted, several studies were undertaken to identify alternate means of travel between Marin County and San Francisco, the San Francisco-Marin Crossings report of May 1967 looked at the possibility of building another bridge. The District also considered adding a second deck to the Bridge, the Marin County Transit District considered taking over the existing Greyhound system as a commute service to San Francisco. Greyhound provided transit between Marin County and San Francisco at the time and it was unprofitable, so Greyhound management planned to abandon it. As air pollution increased and congestion took its toll on commuters, San Francisco, Marin, the plan called for bus service from neighborhoods in Marin and Sonoma Counties to the San Francisco Financial District and Civic Center areas. By the late 1960s, the Bridge was operating at capacity during the commute period. Original Bridge construction bonds were due to be retired in 1971, and this included any and all forms of transit, including buses and ferries. The word Transportation was added to the Districts name at that time to indicate its new commitment to public transportation, the legislature did not give the District the authority to levy taxes. Legislation also restricted the use of Bridge tolls to support only regional transit services, on 10 December 1971, Assembly Bill 919 was passed, requiring the District to develop a long-range transportation program for the corridor. Bus service began in December 1970 when the District initiated a service to the Sausalito Ferry Terminal using 5 buses leased from Greyhound on 4 bus routes driven by 4 drivers. The District soon bought 132 buses to start its operations, in September 1971, the District hired 30 experienced Greyhound drivers to operate the new bus service. GGT began operating bus service in December 1971 under contract with MCTD. The initial GGT system was operated with 152 buses and facilities in Novato and Santa Rosa, in 1974, the District opened its permanent bus administration and central maintenance facility at 1011 Andersen Drive in San Rafael
6.
Marin Transit
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Marin Transit is a public bus agency in Marin County, California, in the United States. Originally formed in 1964 as Marin County Transit District, Marin Transit was re-branded on 30 July 2007 and now provides a variety of fixed-route and demand-response services using 4 contractors. Marin Transit was formed by a vote of the people of Marin County in 1964 and was given the responsibility for providing local service within Marin County. It has since played a key role in providing local service within the county through various funding sources. For a history of Marin Transit service in relation to Golden Gate Transit, Marin Transit serves all major cities, towns, and communities within Marin County except Muir Beach, Nicasio, and Peacock Gap. Route information listed below is current as of 12 June 2016, see Golden Gate Transit for information on Regional and Commute bus routes serving Marin County, which have no affiliation with Marin Transit. Note, Italicized locations are served on select trips only, west Marin Stagecoach routes do not operate on Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Years Day. Supplemental routes operate on school days only, Marin Transit provides two services that do not operate on fixed routes. The Novato Dial-a-Ride provides curb-to-curb demand-response service within the City of Novato by reservation only, reservations for weekday service are allowed up to seven days in advance, with same-day service available as space permits. Only same-day reservations are permitted for weekend service, no service is provided on holidays. Complementary paratransit service mandated by the Americans with Disabilities Act is operated within Marin County using the Marin Access name, service is available to eligible passengers by advance reservation. All Marin Transit fares, except the 6-month and yearly passes, are also valid on Golden Gate Transit bus routes within Marin County. The Muir Woods Shuttle has special fares, which are described below, note, Clipper is not available on the Muir Woods Shuttle. The fares and payment policy on the Muir Woods Shuttle differ from other Marin Transit routes, the adult round-trip fare is $5.00 and is collected at the Muir Woods Visitor Center in addition to the park entrance fee. A receipt must be shown upon boarding the bus for the return trip, the Marin Access fare is $2.00 or $2.50, depending upon the origin and destination of the trip. Youth Passes are available to youths ages 5 through 18, the pass allows unlimited rides on any Marin Transit route. However, unlike other Marin Transit fare media, the passes are not valid on any Golden Gate Transit bus routes, Golden Gate Transit San Rafael Transit Center
7.
Sonoma County Transit
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Sonoma County Transit is a public transportation system based in Sonoma County, California. SCT operates a number of routes as either local or inter-community routes, a place indicated in italics means that the area is not served by all trips of a route. Notes, Routes that have no lower supplemental text operate daily, commuter Services SCT fares vary according to the length of a patrons trip. The transit system is divided into zones, wherein the fare depends upon the number of zones traveled. Notes, Student fare is applied to anyone 18 years or younger or pursuing an education on a full-time basis, a valid I. D. current class schedule, or student activities card must be shown by the driver to pay student fare. Half-fare is applied to seniors over 60 years old or persons with disabilities, proofs of identity that may be shown to pay half-fare include any proof of age, Medicare Card, documentation for a DMV placard, or a Regional Transit Connection Discount Card*. SCT offers various passes that can be used for all services, notes, Although the MonthlyPASS and the 31-DayPASS are valid for one month, there are certain differences between the two. The MonthlyPASS is a pass good for the calendar month for which it is issued. The MonthlyPASS is nontransferable, and it is to be used only by the person for whom it was purchased. The 31-DayPASS is valid for 31 days from the date of first use, the 20-Ride CountywidePASS is a convenient 20-ride pass that eliminates the need to have the exact change for bus fare. The FastPASS is not discounted, however, it has the value as paying cash fare. There is no date for this PASS, and it is good on any Sonoma County Transit route for the number of zones purchased. During the summer, SCT offers a Cruisin Pass that allows unlimited rides to patrons 18 years old and younger for $23. SCT provides free transfers to passengers after paying a fare for the number of zones intended to travel. Prices for Additional Zones, Adults, $0.55 Students, $0.50 Half-fare, $0.25 Transferring from Santa Rosa CityBus, Petaluma Transit, valid transfers from all other systems are worth $0.25 of the total fare. Customers transferring from Sonoma County Transit to Golden Gate Transit will receive a $1.00 fare credit for adults for continuing travel on GGT, hand the SCT transfer to the bus operator to receive the appropriate credit. SCT also has agreements with Healdsburg Transit aside from the three transit agencies mentioned above. Sonoma County Paratransit is designed to serve the needs of individuals with disabilities within Sonoma County and it adheres to ADA standards to serve areas within 3/4 of a mile from any public fixed-route service
8.
Greyhound Lines
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Greyhound Lines, Inc. usually shortened to Greyhound, is an intercity bus common carrier serving over 3,800 destinations across North America. The companys first route began in Hibbing, Minnesota in 1914, since October 2007, Greyhound has been a subsidiary of British transportation company FirstGroup, but continues to be based in Dallas, Texas, where it has been headquartered since 1987. Greyhound and sister companies in FirstGroup America are the largest motorcoach operators in the United States, carl Eric Wickman was born in Sweden in 1887. In 1905 he moved to the United States where he was working in a mine as an operator in Alice, Minnesota. In the same year, he became a Hupmobile salesman in Hibbing and he proved unable to sell the car. In 1914, using his vehicle, a 7-passenger car, he began a bus service with Andy Anderson. Heed, by transporting iron ore miners from Hibbing to Alice at 15 cents a ride, in 1915 Wickman joined forces with Ralph Bogan, who was running a similar service from Hibbing to Duluth, Minnesota. The name of the new organization was the Mesaba Transportation Company, by the end of World War I in 1918, Wickman owned 18 buses and was making an annual profit of $40,000. In 1922, Wickman joined forces with Orville Caesar, the owner of the Superior White Bus Lines, four years later, Wickman purchased two West Coast operations, the Pioneer Yelloway System and the Pickwick Lines, creating a national intercity bus company. The Greyhound name had its origins in the run of a route from Superior, Wisconsin to Wausau. While passing through a town, Ed Stone, the routes operator. The reflection reminded him of a dog, and he adopted that name for that segment of the Blue Goose Lines. The Greyhound name became popular and later applied to the bus network. Stone later became General Sales Manager of Yellow Truck and Coach, a division of General Motors, Wickman, as the president of the company, continued to expand it so that by 1927, his buses were making transcontinental trips from California to New York. In 1928, Greyhound had an annual income of $6 million. In 1929, Greyhound acquired additional interests in Southland Transportation Company, the Gray Line, Greyhound also acquired an interest in Northland Transportation Company, and renamed it Northland Greyhound Lines. By 1930 more than 100 bus lines had been consolidated into what was called the Motor Transit Company, recognizing that the company needed a more memorable name, the partners of the Motor Transit Company decided to rename it after the Greyhound marketing phrase used by earlier bus lines. Wickmans business suffered during the Great Depression, and by 1931 was over $1 million in debt, as the 1930s progressed and the economy improved, the Greyhound Corporation began to prosper again
9.
Northwestern Pacific Railroad
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The Northwestern Pacific Railroad is a regional railroad that serves the North Coast of California. Its main line is 271 miles long and runs between Schellville and Eureka, an additional portion of the line runs from the Ignacio Wye to the edge of San Rafael. Currently, only the 62 mi stretch between Schellville and Windsor is in operation with freight and SMART commuter trains, the portion of the NWP main line between the Ignacio Wye in Marin County and the depot in Healdsburg is owned by Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit, a commuter railroad. The Schellville–Ignacio and Healdsburg–Eureka portions are owned by the North Coast Railroad Authority, private contractor NWPco operates freight service under NCRA lease. In the late 1800s both the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Santa Fe Railroad had great interests in building lines north from San Francisco to Humboldt County to transport logs south. Construction was finally completed through the unstable Eel River canyon in October 1914 when a golden spike ceremony, the Southern Pacific Railroad controlled the southern end of the line from Willits south to Marin and Schellville, while the AT&SF controlled the northern end from Willits to Eureka. There were also dozens of miles of narrow gauge trackage in Marin, the railroad service became popular, a 1911 daily NWP timetable shows 10 passenger trains each way, plus dozens of freights. In 1929 the AT&SF sold its half-interest to the Southern Pacific, with the onset of World War II, freight shipments rose while passenger service stayed roughly the same. Freight service on the NWP picked up again in the 1950s as a large increase in the demand for lumber came about due to the post-war housing boom. Branch lines were dismantled during the 1930s, the Sebastopol branch became redundant following purchase of the Petaluma and Santa Rosa Railroad in 1932, and California State Route 12 adopted the former alignment between Leddy and Sebastopol. The Trinidad extension reverted to a line after NWP service ended in 1933. Sonoma Countys River Road adopted the former alignment of the Guerneville branch from Fulton to Duncans Mills after rails were removed in 1935, during March,1958, with the exception of the tri-weekly Willits-Eureka Budd Rail Diesel Car passenger service, all mainline passenger service was discontinued. The Budd car made its last run in 1969, freight traffic remained high until the 1970s. The train might pick up a car of butter from Fernbridge and more lumber cars from Fortuna. More lumber cars might be added at Alderpoint during the long, a second crew took over at Willits, where more cars from the California Western typically swelled the train to approximately one hundred cars. Five miles of 2.25 percent grade from Willits to Ridge originally required helpers, the remaining trip down the Russian River to Schellville included a meal stop for the crew at Geyserville. Remaining traffic revenues were insufficient for track maintenance through the Eel River Canyon, in September 1983, the SP announced that it was shutting down the maintenance-intensive NWP line north of Willits. This led to a court battle since the SP did not properly notify the Interstate Commerce Commission of their intent to abandon the line
10.
North Pacific Coast Railroad
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The NPC operated in the northern California counties of Marin and Sonoma that carried redwood lumber, local dairy and agricultural products, express and passengers. The NPC operated almost 93 mi of track extended from a pier at Sausalito and operated northwest to Duncans Mills. The NPC became the North Shore Railroad on March 7,1902, in 1907 the North Shore Railroad became part of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. All of the NPC trackage has been abandoned either by the NPC or the NWP, a flatcar, North Shore 1725, has been restored as a picnic car and operates at the Society for the Preservation of Carter Railroad Resources Railroad Museum at Ardenwood in Fremont. Pioneers in the railroad business. The southern 23 miles of line were modernized to allow operation of standard gauge passenger cars in addition to narrow gauge steam powered freight trains. Electric cars sometimes shared dual gauge tracks with the steam trains, the line was ultimately double tracked from Sausalito to San Anselmo except for the tunnel at Alto. A power house was built at Alto and power was purchased at San Rafael. Direct current electrical power was transmitted to the trains at 600 volts by a third rail Service started to Mill Valley on August 20,1903 and it was the first United States steam railroad electrified for operational efficiency rather than smoke abatement. The railroad established practices later used in Grand Central Terminal and the subways of New York City. The electric lines were expanded after 1907 as part of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad, demoro, Harre W. Electric Railway Pioneer, Commuting on the Northwestern Pacific, 1903-1941. The Birth of California Narrow Gauge, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Stindt, Fred. The Northwestern Pacific Railroad, Redwood Empire Route, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Sievers, Wald & Stindt, Fred. PacificNG. com, North Pacific Coast Railroad Society for the Preservation of Carter Railroad Resources, Flatcar NS1725
11.
California Park, California
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California Park is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California, United States, and a suburb of San Rafael. It lies north of San Quentin State Prison, Marin Sanitary Service is the largest tenant in the area. The community is in ZIP code 94901 and area codes 415 and 628, the Cal Park Hill Tunnel runs for 1,106 feet through the hill to Larkspur. It opened in 1884 and was a train tunnel owned by Northwestern Pacific Railroad. Train service stopped in the 1960s and it is now owned by Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit. After a $27 million project, jointly funded by SMART and Marin County, half of the tunnel reopened in December 10,2010 as a bicycle and pedestrian path. Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit plans to use the half to extend their planned commuter rail line from downtown San Rafael to the Larkspur ferry terminal. Marin Bike Coalition letter to SMART board SMART homepage
12.
Fairfax, California
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Fairfax is an incorporated town in Marin County, California, United States. Fairfax is located 3.25 miles west-northwest of San Rafael, the population is 7,441 at the 2010 census. Fairfax is the town in America that holds a Green Party majority in the town council. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 2.2 square miles. The geography of Fairfax consists mostly of hills and valleys, the 2010 United States Census reported that Fairfax had a population of 7,441. The population density was 3,376.9 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Fairfax was 6,617 White,110 African American,36 Native American,204 Asian,4 Pacific Islander,174 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 504 persons. The Census reported that 7,419 people lived in households,12 lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, there were 267 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 52 same-sex married couples or partnerships. 1,076 households were made up of individuals and 320 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.20. There were 1,875 families, the family size was 2.77. The median age was 45.9 years, for every 100 females there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males. There were 3,585 housing units at a density of 1,626.9 per square mile, of which 2,103 were owner-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0. 9%, the vacancy rate was 4. 9%. 4,917 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,502 people lived in housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 7,319 people,3,306 households, the population density was 3,441.2 people per square mile. There were 3,418 housing units at a density of 1,607.0 per square mile. 6. 8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,31. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
13.
Ignacio, California
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Ignacio is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. It is located 3 miles southeast of downtown Novato, at an elevation of 30 feet, Ignacio is an affluent neighborhood located west of Bel Marin Keys, CA. According to the U. S. Geological Survey, it is located at 38°04′13″N 122°32′19″W, placing it north of the interchange of U. S. Route 101 and Ignacio Boulevard, two authenticated Coast Miwok villages existed near Ignacio, Puyuku and Shotokmo-cha. During the 1840s and 1850s, Ignacio was part of Rancho San Jose, after Ignacio died in 1864, his estate was divided among his heirs. During World War II, Ignacio became the site of housing for Hamilton Air Force Base. These military houses were torn down and replaced by a more suburban community. The Ignacio post office opened in 1893, closed in 1944, and re-opened in 1961
14.
Eureka, California
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Eureka is the principal city and county seat of Humboldt County in the Redwood Empire region of California. The city is located on U. S. Route 101 on the shores of Humboldt Bay,270 miles north of San Francisco and 100 miles south of the Oregon border. At the 2010 census, the population of the city was 27,191, Eureka is the largest coastal city between San Francisco and Portland, and the westernmost city of more than 25,000 residents in the 48 contiguous states. It is the center for government, health care, trade. Greater Eureka, one of Californias major commercial fishing ports, is the location of the largest deep-water port between San Francisco and Coos Bay, a stretch of about 500 miles. The headquarters of both the Six Rivers National Forest and the North Coast Redwoods District of the California State Parks System are in Eureka. As entrepôt for hundreds of mills that once existed in the area. Eureka is home to Californias oldest zoo, the Sequoia Park Zoo, Eurekas Pacific coastal location on Humboldt Bay, adjacent to abundant redwood forests, provided the reason for settlement of this 19th-century seaport town. Before the arrival of Euro-American settlers, including farmers, miners, fishermen, and loggers, the Wiyot people lived in Jaroujiji, now known as Eureka, for thousands of years prior to European arrival. They are the farthest-southwest people whose language has Algonquian roots and their traditional coastal homeland ranged from the lower Mad River through Humboldt Bay and south along the lower basin of the Eel River. The Wiyot are particularly known for their basketry and fishery management, an extensive collection of intricate basketry of the areas indigenous groups exists in the Clarke Historical Museum in Old Town Eureka. As of 2013, Eureka High School has the largest Yurok language program in California, the timing of this discovery would lead to the May 13,1850 founding of the settlement of Eureka on its shore by the Union and Mendocino Exploring companies. Eureka received its name from a Greek word meaning I have found it and this exuberant statement of successful gold rush miners is also the official Motto of the State of California. Eureka is the only U. S. location to use the seal as the state for its seal. In the United States, Eureka, California is the largest of about a dozen towns, the first Europeans venturing into Humboldt Bay encountered the indigenous Wiyot. Records of early forays into the bay in 1806 reported that the violence of the indigenous people made it nearly impossible for landing parties to survey the area. After 1850, Europeans ultimately overwhelmed the Wiyot, whose maximum population before the Europeans was in the hundreds in the area of what would become the primary city. The 1860 Wiyot Massacre took place on Indian Island in the spring of 1860, committed by a group of locals, thought to be primarily Eureka businessmen
15.
Request stop
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In this way, stops with low passenger counts can be incorporated into a route without introducing unnecessary delay. Vehicles may also save fuel by continuing through a station there is no need to stop. Request stops may also introduce extra travel time variability and increase the need for schedule padding, the methods by which transit vehicles are notified that there are passengers waiting to be picked up at a request stop vary by transit system and by route. Most local, inner-city bus operations operate almost all of their stops as request stops, to distinguish stops that are served on every trip, these are usually called stations and they are most often at the terminals of a route. Such stops are also used as timepoints. In bus transport the term request stop may also be used to refer to a stop on a hail and ride section of a route. In hail and ride operations, there are few or no marked stops, for example, in London, TfL operates request stops at a number of locations such as Blackheath park Micheldever road. Buses do not stop at stops, unless a passenger waiting at the bus shelter signals the bus to stop or if a passenger wishes to disembark. In some cities, flag stops may refer to any stop that has regular service, in long distance transport, transit vehicles, such as passenger trains or buses operating on motorways, usually operate at higher speeds than local transport. This means that stopping is more troublesome and that it may be difficult to see a passenger in time to stop for them. This difference often results in more complicated ways of signalling a stop to the vehicle, some services, like Amtrak, require that a ticket be purchased in advance, specifying a specific origin and destination. Since the trains crew know what tickets were sold, they know where people are coming from and going to. Services that lack advanced ticketing, or which sell tickets for a range of destinations or travel times, require ways of knowing whether or not someone is waiting at a station or platform. Along some ferry routes in the fjords in Norway, some stops are equipped with a light that embarking passengers must switch on in order for the ferry to include the stop, the system is known under the name signalanløp. Similar to Norway, commuter ferries are requested to stop by a semaphore signal, the many islands of the Stockholm archipelago are an example of this. The appearance of request stops varies wildly, many are clearly signed, but many others rely on local knowledge
16.
Hamilton Army Airfield
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Hamilton Field was a United States Air Force base that was inactivated in 1973, decommissioned in 1974, and put into a caretaker status with the Air Force Reserves until 1976. It was transferred to the United States Army in 1983 and redesignated an Army Airfield until its closure pursuant to BRAC action in 1988 and it is located along the western shore of San Pablo Bay in the southern portion of Novato, in Marin County, California. Thirteen days later Hamilton died in action near Lagnicourt, France, what would eventually become Hamilton Air Force Base has its origins in the late 1920s, when the airfield was first established. Then, with development beginning, it was named Hamilton Field on July 12,1932. Construction of the airfield began about July 1,1932, with the airfield being originally designed to accommodate four bomb squadrons, the Hamilton Field Station Complement replaced the 70th Service Squadron on March 1,1935. The U. S. Weather Bureau had a cooperative weather station on the base from 1934 to 1964. Hamilton Field was originally a bomber installation, on May 5,1934, the first planes assigned to Hamilton were Martin B-10 and B-12 bombers of the 7th Bombardment Group, having been transferred from March Airfield. Shortly thereafter, amphibious aircraft of the 88th Observation Squadron were assigned to Hamilton. The B-12 bombers housed at Hamilton Field were phased out in 1937, the B-18 was a standard two-engine short-range bomber, and was capable of airlifting combat-equipped troops en masse, an important advance in combat techniques at the time. Because the runway at Hamilton Field was not adequate for the B-17, in 1939, the 7th Bombardment Group was designated a heavy bomb group and was moved to Fort Douglas, Utah on September 7,1940, to train with B-17s. Hamilton became a base under the USAAC Air Force Combat Command in December 1940. The 9th PW was reassigned from March Field, bringing the 14th, the arrival of the pursuit wings and their crews caused crowding at the base and initiated the first of many housing problems. After leaving Hamilton, and flying all through the night, the bombers arrived over Oahu on the morning of December 7,1941, the B-17s had arrived over Oahu during the Japanese air attack on Hawaii which triggered American entry into World War II. They arrived at Pearl Harbor at the height of the attack, the B-17Es of the 7th Bombardment Group were moved back to Hamilton from Utah for deployment to the Far East. Six of them arrived in Hawaii just after the Pearl Harbor attack, during World War II, Hamilton was an important West Coast air training facility. Its mission was that of a training base for newly formed fighter groups. The ATC West Coast Wing was headquartered at the airfield, with the 64th Transport Group being assigned early in 1942, the 1503rd AAF Base Unit was also stationed here. In the initial years, Hamilton remained Air Transport Commands primary West Coast facility until 1948 when Military Air Transport Service moved most activities to nearby Travis AFB
17.
Marin County, California
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Marin County /məˈrɪn/ is a county located in the San Francisco Bay Area of the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 252,409 and its county seat is San Rafael. Marin County is included in the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco, Marin County is one of the wealthiest localities in the United States, known for its affluence. In May 2009, Marin County had the fifth highest income per capita in the United States at about $91,480, the county is governed by the Marin County Board of Supervisors. The county is well known for its natural beauty and liberal politics. San Quentin Prison is located in the county, as is George Lucas Skywalker Ranch, autodesk, the publisher of AutoCAD, is also located there, as well as numerous other high-tech companies. The Marin County Civic Center was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and draws thousands of visitors a year to guided tours of its arch, in 1994, a new county jail facility was embedded into the hillside nearby. Marin Countys natural sites include the Muir Woods redwood forest, the Marin Headlands, Stinson Beach, the Point Reyes National Seashore, the United States oldest cross country running event, the Dipsea Race, takes place annually in Marin County, attracting thousands of athletes. Mountain biking was invented on the slopes of Mount Tamalpais in Marin, According to General Mariano Vallejo, who headed an 1850 committee to name Californias counties, the county was named for Marin, great chief of the tribe Licatiut. Marin had been named Huicmuse until he was baptized as Marino at about age 20, Marin / Marino was born into the Huimen people, a Coast Miwok tribe of Native Americans who inhabited the San Rafael area. Vallejo believed that Chief Marin had waged several fierce battles against the Spanish, starting in 1817, he served as an alcalde at the San Rafael Mission, where he lived from 1817 off and on until his death. The Coast Miwok Indians were hunters and gatherers whose ancestors had occupied the area for thousands of years, about 600 village sites have been identified in the county. The Coast Miwok numbered in the thousands, today, there are few left and even fewer with any knowledge of their Coast Miwok lineage. Efforts are being made so that they are not forgotten, francis Drake and the crew of the Golden Hind was thought to have landed on the Marin coast in 1579 claiming the land as Nova Albion. A bronze plaque inscribed with Drakes claim to the new lands and this so-called Drakes Plate of Brass was revealed as a hoax in 2003. In 1595, Sebastian Cermeno lost his ship, the San Agustin, the Spanish explorer Vizcaíno landed about twenty years after Drake in what is now called Drakes Bay. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 828 square miles. It is the fourth-smallest county in California by land area
18.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
19.
Contra Costa County, California
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Contra Costa County is a county in the state of California in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,049,025, the name is Spanish for opposite coast, referring to its position on the other side of the bay from San Francisco. Contra Costa County is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it occupies the northern portion of the East Bay region and is primarily suburban. In the northern part of the county, significant coal and sand deposits were formed in even earlier geologic eras, other areas of the county have ridges exposing ancient but intact seashells, embedded in sandstone layers alternating with limestone. Layers of volcanic ash ejected from geologically recent but now extinct volcanoes, compacted and now tilted by compressive forces, may be seen at the site of some road excavations. This county is an agglomeration of several distinct geologic terranes, as is most of the greater San Francisco Bay Area, younger deposits at middle altitudes include pillow lavas, the product of undersea volcanic eruptions. There is an extensive but little recorded human history pre-European settlement in this area, the earliest definitively established occupation by modern man appears to have occurred six to ten thousand years ago. However, there may have been human presence far earlier, at least as far as non–settling populations are concerned, extensive trading from tribe to tribe transferred exotic materials such as obsidian throughout the region from far distant Californian tribes. Unlike the nomadic Native American of the Great Plains it appears that these tribes did not incorporate warfare into their culture but were generally cooperative. Within these cultures the concept of individual or collective land ownership was nonexistent, early European settlers in the region, however, did not record much about the culture of the natives. Most of what is known comes from preserved contemporaneous and excavated artifacts. Although there were no missions established within this county, Spanish influence here was direct and extensive, in 1821 Mexico gained independence from Spain. Mission lands extended throughout the Bay Area, including portions of Contra Costa County, between 1836 and 1846, during the era when California was a province of independent Mexico, the following 15 land grants were made in Contra Costa County. Rough surveying was based on a map, or diseño, measured by streams, shorelines, and/or horseman who marked it with rope, lands outside rancho grants were designated el sobrante, as in surplus or excess, and considered common lands. The law required the construction of a house within a year, fences were not required and were forbidden where they might interfere with roads or trails. Locally a large family required roughly 2000 head of cattle and two leagues of land to live comfortably. Foreign entrepreneurs came to the area to provide goods that Mexico couldn’t, Rancho Canada de los Vaqueros was granted to Francisco Alviso, Antonio Higuera, and Manuel Miranda. Two ranchos, both called Rancho San Ramon, were granted by the Mexican government in the San Ramon Valley, in 1833, Bartolome Pacheco and Mariano Castro shared the two square league Rancho San Ramon
20.
Sonoma County, California
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Sonoma County is a county in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 United States Census, its population was 483,878 and its county seat and largest city is Santa Rosa. It is located to the north of Marin County and the south of Mendocino County and it is west of Napa County and Lake County. Sonoma County comprises the Santa Rosa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area and it is the northwestern county in the nine-county San Francisco Bay Area region. Sonoma is the county and largest producer of California’s Wine Country region, which also includes Napa, Mendocino. It possesses thirteen approved American Viticultural Areas and over 250 wineries, in 2002, Sonoma County ranked as the 32nd county in the United States in agricultural production. More than 7.4 million tourists each year, spending more than $1 billion in 2006. Sonoma County is the home of Sonoma State University and Santa Rosa Junior College, Sonoma County is home to several Native American tribes. By the 1830s, European settlement had set a new direction that would prove to radically alter the course of land use, Sonoma County has rich agricultural land, albeit largely divided between two nearly monocultural uses as of 2007, grapes and pasturage. The voters have twice approved open space initiatives that have provided funding for public acquisition of natural areas, preserving forested areas, coastal habitat, and other open space. The Pomo, Coast Miwok and Wappo peoples were the earliest human settlers of Sonoma County, spaniards, Russians, and other Europeans claimed and settled in the county from the late 16th to mid-19th century, seeking timber, fur, and farmland. The Russians were the first newcomers to establish a permanent foothold in Sonoma County and this settlement and its outlying Russian settlements came to include a population of several hundred Russian and Aleut settlers and a stockaded fort with artillery. However, the Russians abandoned it in 1841 and sold the fort to John Sutter, settler and Mexican land grantee of Sacramento. The Mission San Francisco Solano, founded in 1823 as the last and northernmost of 21 California missions, is in the present City of Sonoma, El Presidio de Sonoma, or Sonoma Barracks, was established in 1836 by Comandante General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo. The City of Sonoma was the site of the Bear Flag Revolt in 1846, Sonoma was one of the original counties formed when California became a state in 1850, with its county seat originally the town of Sonoma. However, by the early 1850s, the town of Sonoma had declined in importance in terms of commerce and population, its county buildings were crumbling, and it was relatively remote. As a result, elements in the newer, rapidly growing towns of Petaluma, Santa Rosa, the dispute ultimately was between the bigger, richer commercial town of Petaluma and the more centrally located, growing agricultural center of Santa Rosa. Allegedly, several Santa Rosans, not caring to wait, decided to take action and, one night, rode down the Sonoma Valley to Sonoma, took the county seals and records, some of the countys land was annexed from Mendocino County between 1850 and 1860
21.
Bus station
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A bus station is a structure where city or intercity buses stop to pick up and drop off passengers. While the term bus depot also refers to a bus station, a bus station is larger than a bus stop, which is usually simply a place on the roadside, where buses can stop. It may be intended as a station for a number of routes. Bus station platforms may be assigned to fixed bus lines, or variable in combination with a passenger information system. The latter requires fewer platforms, but does not supply the passenger the comfort of knowing the platform well in advance, the largest underground bus station in Europe is Kamppi Centre of Helsinki, Finland completed in 2006. The terminal cost 100 million Euro to complete and took 3 years to design, today, the bus terminal, which covers 25,000 square meters, is the busiest bus terminal in Finland. Every day, the terminal has around 700 bus departures, transporting some 170,000 passengers, Bus depot Bus stop Bus terminus Intermodal passenger transport Railway station Ticket
22.
San Francisco International Airport
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San Francisco International Airport is an international airport 13 miles south of downtown San Francisco, California, United States, near Millbrae and San Bruno in unincorporated San Mateo County. It has flights to points throughout North America and is a gateway to Europe. SFO is the largest airport in Northern California and the second busiest in California, in 2014, it was the seventh busiest in the United States and the twenty-first busiest airport in the world by passenger count. It is the fifth largest hub for United Airlines and functions as United Airliness primary transpacific gateway and it also serves as Virgin Americas principal base of operations. It is the sole hub of United Airlines, and houses the Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum. SFO is owned and policed by the City and County of San Francisco, between 1999 and 2004 the San Francisco Airport Commission operated city-owned SFO Enterprises, Inc. to oversee its business purchases and operations of ventures. San Francisco held a ceremony for Mills Field Municipal Airport on May 7,1927 on 150 acres of cow pasture. The land was leased from Ogden L. Mills who had leased it from his grandfather Darius O. Mills, San Francisco International Airport was named Mills Field Municipal Airport until 1931, when it became San Francisco Municipal Airport. Municipal was replaced by International in 1955, United Airlines served SFO and Oakland Municipal Airport beginning in the 1930s. The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows 18 airline departures on weekdays— seventeen United flights, the aerial view c.1940 looks west along the runway that is now 28R, the seaplane harbor at right is still recognizable north of the airport. Earlier aerial looking NW1943 vertical aerial The August 1952 chart shows runway 1L7000 feet long, 1R7750 feet, 28L6500 feet and 28R8870 feet. Competition with United led Pacific Seaboard to move all of its operations to the eastern U. S. and rename itself Chicago and it became a large domestic and international air carrier. Chicago & Southern was acquired by and merged into Delta Air Lines in 1953 thus providing Delta with its first international routes, United Airlines Douglas DC-6 propliners flying to and from Hawaii used the Pan American World Airways terminal beginning in 1947. The first nonstops to the U. S. east coast were flown by United with Douglas DC-7 propliners in 1954, also in 1954 the airports Central Passenger Terminal opened on August 27 of that year. Included in the static display of aircraft on that day was a Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber. The Central Passenger Terminal was heavily rebuilt as the terminal in 1984. As for international flights, Pan American had 21 departures a week, Japan Airlines had five, the jet age arrived at SFO in March 1959 when TWA introduced Boeing 707-131 jetliners with nonstop service to New York Idlewild Airport. United then constructed a large facility at San Francisco for its new Douglas DC-8 jets
23.
Oakland International Airport
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Oakland International Airport is an international airport in Oakland, California, United States. It is located approximately 10 miles south of Downtown and it is owned by the Port of Oakland. The airport has service to cities in the United States, Mexico. Cargo flights fly to cities in the United States, Canada, Oakland is a focus city for Southwest Airlines and Allegiant Air. As of August 2015 Southwest has 120 daily departures on peak-travel days of the week, Alaska Airlines combined with sister-carrier Horizon Air has been the second-busiest carrier at the airport through 2013. In January 2014, Delta overtook Alaska as the airports No.2 carrier, the top five airlines by passenger count between October 2014 – September 2015 were Southwest Airlines, Alaska Airlines, Spirit Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, JetBlue Airways. Between October 2014 and September 2015,10,947,066 people traveled through OAK, in 2009, OAK had the highest on-time arrival percentage among the 40 busiest North American airports. The city of Oakland looked into the construction of an airport starting in 1925, in 1927 the announcement of the Dole prize for a flight from California to Hawaii provided the incentive to purchase 680 acres in April 1927 for the airport. The 7, 020-foot-long runway was the longest in the world at the time, the airport was dedicated by Charles Lindbergh September 17. Earhart departed from this airport when she made her final, ill-fated voyage, Boeing Air Transport began scheduled flights to Oakland in December 1927. It was joined by Trans World Airlines in 1932, in 1929, Boeing opened the Boeing School of Aeronautics on the field, which expanded rapidly in 1939 as part of the Civilian Pilot Training Program. Thousands of pilots and mechanics were trained before the facility was changed into the United Air Lines training center in 1945, armed Forces temporarily took over Oakland Airport and opened Naval Air Station Oakland. It was transformed into a base for military flights to the Pacific islands. After the war, airlines slowly returned to Oakland, Western Airlines began flights in 1946, and was followed by American Airlines, TWA, United, Transocean Airlines and Pacific Southwest Airlines. The airports first Jet Age airline terminal was designed by John Carl Warnecke & Associates and opened in 1962, part of a $20 million expansion on bay fill that included the 10, 000-foot runway 11/29. The May 1963 OAG showed 15 airline flights arriving in Oakland each day, including nine from San Francisco, in June 1963, TWA flew Oaklands first scheduled jet, by the late 1960s, World Airways had broken ground on the World Airways Maintenance Center at Oakland International Airport. The maintenance hangar could store four Boeing 747s, after the war Oaklands traffic slumped, but airline deregulation prompted several low-fare carriers to begin flights. This increase prompted the airport to build a $16.3 million second terminal, in 1987 an Air France Concorde visited Oakland to provide supersonic two-hour flights to the Pacific halfway to Hawaii and back to Oakland
24.
Motive power depot
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Motive power depot, usually abbreviated to MPD, or railway depot is a term given to places where usually locomotives are housed when not being used, and also repaired and maintained. They were originally known as running sheds, engine sheds, or, for short, facilities are provided for refuelling and replenishing water, lubricating oil and grease and, for steam engines, disposal of the ash. There are often workshops for day to day repairs and maintenance, although locomotive building, mPDs in Britain are now often known as traction maintenance depots. The equivalent of such depots in German-speaking countries is the Bahnbetriebswerk or Bw which has similar functions, with major repairs and overhauls being carried out at Ausbesserungswerke. The number of these reduced drastically on the changeover from steam to diesel and electric traction and most modern Bw in Germany are specialised depots, engine sheds could be found in many towns and cities as well as in rural locations. They were built by the companies to provide accommodation for their locomotives that provided their local train services. Each engine shed would have an allocation of locomotives that would reflect the duties carried out by that depot, others, such as Kings Cross engine shed in London, predominantly provided locomotives for passenger workings. Nearly all depots at this time had a number of shunting locomotives, normally 0-4-0T or 0-6-0T tank engines, these would be allocated to shunt turns and could be found in goods yards, carriage sidings, goods depots and docks. Many large rail connected industrial sites also had engine sheds primarily using shunting locomotives and those in roundhouses could be inside or outside such as that at the East Broad Top Railroad & Coal Company Roundhouse, Rockhill, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, USA. There were six primary activities that took place at the sheds, when a steam engine arrived on shed it would drop its fire and the ash that had built up would be removed. Disposal of the ash was a job and carried out at quiet times although some bigger depots had facilities for disposing of ash more efficiently. Study of photographs from the era show it was not uncommon for piles of ash to be scattered around the depot site. After completing their last duty and arriving on shed locomotives would have a regular boiler washout to remove scale, improve efficiency, initially this job was done by hand and many depots had significant coal stacks on site. These would be constructed with the outer walls constructed of dry blocks much in the style of a dry stone wall with smaller pieces behind these. As technology advanced and the bigger sheds got busier this process became mechanised, the sheds were not clean places to work. The large London depot of Stratford had a dormitory and its occupants would “wake up with a layer of coal dust covering them. Another key requirement of the engine is a supply of water which is carried in the tenders or tanks of the engines. In Australia water was carried in water gins due to longer distances covered
25.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles
26.
Larkspur Landing
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Larkspur Landing, also known as Larkspur Ferry Terminal, is the main Golden Gate Ferry terminal in Larkspur, Marin County, California. The terminal is a regional hub receiving heavy service throughout the North Bay for commuter ferries to downtown San Francisco. Among various San Francisco Bay Area properties owned by San Francisco-born civil engineer Alfred Finnila in the 1970s was the known as Larkspur Landing in Larkspur. In the mid-1970s, Finnila sold, leased and rented parts of Larkspur Landing to the City of Larkspur and to various businesses and it is the main Golden Gate Ferry terminal in Larkspur, Marin County. Constructed in the mid-1970s, Larkspur Ferry Terminal rose from the ashes of the long demolished Hutchinsons Rock Quarry, the Ferry Terminal was built with an 18, 000-square-foot open air space frame, or tetrahedral-octahedral tesselation, a canopy designed by San-Francisco-based architect Jacques de Brer. The Ferry Terminal opened on December 11,1976, regular commute service started on December 13,1976. The ex-quarry-property also spawned the Larkspur Landing Shopping Center, with adjacent apartments and it will serve as an intermodal station, where passengers can transfer to San-Francisco-bound ferries. Director Don Siegel filmed the scenes of the 1971 movie Dirty Harry on the area of Larkspur Landing. Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit Alfred Finnila Prime Rib and Boxcars, Whatever Happened to Victoria Station, Victoria Station is still working on its restructuring. March 19,1986 - Los Angeles Times, Quarry, Larkspur Landing, CA « Dirty Harry Filming Locations. 20sep2002 Dirty Harry - filming locations
27.
Kenwood, California
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Kenwood, California is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Sonoma County, California, United States, located on Sonoma Highway between the cities of Santa Rosa and Sonoma. It lies east of Sonoma Creek in the part of Sonoma Valley. Bennett Mountain lies west of the town, and Sugarloaf Ridge to the northeast, the population was 1,028 at the 2010 census. Like all of Sonoma County, Kenwood is considered part of the Wine Country, viticulturally, it lies in the Sonoma Valley AVA. The Kenwood area is known for vineyards and wineries, restaurants, an area landmark is the Kunde Estate Winery on Sonoma Highway, which was first planted in 1879. Kenwood Plaza Park, located two blocks south of State Route 12 at 200 Warm Springs Road and Shaw Park, which is located at 100 Shaw Ave also off State Route 12, both are managed by the Sonoma County Regional Parks Department. Annadel State Park lies to the west, Hood Mountain Regional Park lies to the north, further to the south lies Jack London State Historic Park. Kenwood is located on the Rancho Los Guilicos Mexican land grant, in 1887, the Sonoma Land & Improvement Company, which owned the property on which the town now sits, laid out lots in anticipation of the railroad which would arrive the following year. The infant community tried on many names, Rohrerville, for one of the owners of the company, Los Guilicos. The First Congregational Church of Los Guilicos was built in 1888 and it was relocated from the corner of Los Guilicos and Laurel to its present site in 1893. The parsonage was used for the Kenwood School until construction was completed in 1960, the original name of the church was changed first to Los Guilicos Congregational Church and then to its current name Kenwood Community Church. In 1981, the church was designated Historic Landmark 82 by the County of Sonoma, a number of townspeople were unhappy, complaining the Guilicos was hard to pronounce. Around 1895 a vote was taken to change the name again, one story says that Kenwood won because many of the settlers had come from Kenwood, Illinois. Another traces the choice to the fact that many landowners in the area were from old English families and it is possible that both stories are true, and the names permanence stemmed from its acceptability to different groups. Some notable people had ranches in the area including mining, railroad, newspaper and banking magnate, Thomas Kearns and it is reported that he entertained President Theodore Roosevelt there at the Kearns Ranch, also known as the William Hood House. Ray Flugger founded Flowmaster, Inc. in 1983 while working out of a barn in Kenwood. The 2010 United States Census reported that Kenwood had a population of 1,028, the population density was 199.1 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Kenwood was 930 White,1 African American,1 Native American,23 Asian,2 Pacific Islander,45 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 79 persons
28.
Glen Ellen, California
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Glen Ellen is a census-designated place in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County, California, USA. The population was 784 at the 2010 census, down from 992 at the 2000 census, Glen Ellen is the location of Jack London State Historic Park, Sonoma Valley Regional Park, and a former home of Hunter S. Thompson. Stuart purchased a part of the Rancho Agua Caliente land grant and in 1868 began building a house there, eventually establishing a 1, the town that grew up around the vineyard also came to be called Glen Ellen, and Stuarts home was later renamed Glen Oaks Ranch. Glen Ellen is about 6 miles northwest of the city of Sonoma, the United States Census Bureau fixes the total area at 2.1 square miles,99. 95% of it land and 0. 05% covered by water. Sonoma Creek, the river of the Sonoma Valley flows through Glen Ellen. The 2010 United States Census reported that Glen Ellen had a population of 784, the population density was 372.7 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Glen Ellen was 693 White,3 African American,9 Native American,16 Asian,3 Pacific Islander,18 from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 67 persons. The Census reported that 98. 3% of the lived in households and 1. 7% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 23 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 6 same-sex married couples or partnerships,122 households were made up of individuals and 34 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12, there were 212 families, the average family size was 2.67. The median age was 51.4 years, for every 100 females there were 103.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males, there were 421 housing units at an average density of 200.2 per square mile, of which 60. 4% were owner-occupied and 39. 6% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1. 3%, the vacancy rate was 4. 0%. 60. 5% of the lived in owner-occupied housing units and 37. 9% lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 992 people,340 households, the population density was 473 people per square mile. There were 387 housing units at a density of 185/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 89. 4% White,1. 9% African American,1. 2% Native American,1. 2% Asian,0. 40% Pacific Islander,2. 7% from other races,8. 5% of the population were Hispanic. 25. 0% of all households consist of individuals and 3. 8% have someone living alone who is 65 or older, the average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.91
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Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente, California
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Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente is a census-designated place in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County, California, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 4,144, the name Agua Caliente translates into English, from Spanish, as hot water, referring to the hot springs historically found in the area. Agua Caliente originated as a land grant 10 miles long on the east side of Sonoma Creek, george and Emma Fetters opened the Fetters Hot Springs resort in 1908. The two communities are thought of as separate from one another, though they are adjacent. Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente is immediately north of Boyes Hot Springs, over time, the boundaries between these four communities became blurred and they are often grouped together and referred to collectively as the Springs area of Sonoma Valley. Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente is located along the Sonoma Highway, approximately 2.5 miles northwest of Sonoma, as of the 2010 census, the CDP had a total area of 1.5 sq mi, all land. The 2010 United States Census reported that Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente had a population of 4,144, the population density was 2,815.6 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente was 2,926 White,25 African American,39 Native American,68 Asian,8 Pacific Islander,895 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,925 persons. The Census reported that 99. 6% of the lived in households and 0. 4% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters. There were 90 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 30 same-sex married couples or partnerships,327 households were made up of individuals and 108 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91, there were 970 families, the average family size was 3.46. The median age was 34.8 years, for every 100 females there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males. There were 1,585 housing units at a density of 1,076.9 per square mile. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2. 4%, the vacancy rate was 8. 0%. 51. 4% of the lived in owner-occupied housing units and 48. 2% lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,505 people,885 households, the population density was 6,546.8 people per square mile. There were 929 housing units at a density of 2,427.9 per square mile
30.
Sonoma, California
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Sonoma is a city in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County, California, United States, surrounding its historic town plaza, a remnant of the towns Mexican colonial past. Today, Sonoma is a center of the wine industry for the Sonoma Valley AVA Appellation. Sonomas population was 10,648 as of the 2010 census, the area around what is now the City of Sonoma, California was not empty when the first Europeans arrived. It is near the northeast corner of the territory claimed by the Coast Miwok, with Southern Pomo to the northwest, Wappo to the northeast, Suisunes, Mission San Francisco Solano was the predecessor of the Pueblo of Sonoma. The Mission, established in 1823 by Father José Altimira of the Franciscan Order was the 21st, last and northernmost mission built in Alta California and it was the only mission built in Alta California after Mexico gained independence from the Spanish Empire. In 1833 the Mexican Congress decided to all of the missions in Alta California. The Spanish missionaries were to be replaced by parish priests, the commander of the Company of the National Presidio at San Francisco, Lieutenant Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo was appointed administrator to oversee the closing of Mission San Francisco Solano. Governor José Figueroas naming of Lieutenant Vallejo as the administrator to secularize the Mission was part of a larger plan, an immediate concern was the further eastward movement of the Russian America Company from their settlements at Fort Ross and Bodega Bay on the California coast. The Sonoma Barracks were built to house the soldiers, until the building was habitable, the troops were housed in the buildings of the old Mission. Yount, the first Euro-American permanent settler in the Napa Valley, was employed as a carpenter by General Vallejo, the Governor granted Lieutenant Vallejo the initial lands of Rancho Petaluma immediately west of Sonoma. Vallejo was also named Director or Colonization which meant that he could initiate land grants for other colonists, Vallejo had also been instructed by Governor Figueroa to establish a pueblo at the site of the old Mission. Although Sonoma had been founded as a pueblo in 1835, it remained under military control, in 1843, Lieutenant Colonel Vallejo wrote to the Governor recommending that a civil government be organized for Sonoma. A town council was established in 1844 and Jacob P. Leese was named first alcalde, before dawn on Sunday, June 14,1846, thirty-three Americans, already in rebellion against the Alta California government, arrived in Sonoma. Some of the group had traveled from the camp of U. S. Army Brevet Captain John C, Frémont who had entered California in late 1845 with his exploration and mapping expedition. Others had joined along the way, Mexican officials were concerned about the coming war with the United States coupled with the growing influx of American immigrants into California. The insurgents next determined to seize the weapons and materiel stored in the Sonoma Barracks, meeting no resistance, they approached Comandante Vallejos home and pounded on his door. After a few minutes Vallejo opened the door dressed in his Mexican Army uniform, Vallejo invited the filibusters leaders into his home to negotiate terms. However, when the agreement was presented to those outside they refused to endorse it, rather than releasing the Mexican officers under parole they insisted they be held as hostages
31.
Double-track railway
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A double-track railway usually involves running one track in each direction, compared to a single-track railway where trains in both directions share the same track. In the earliest days of railways in the United Kingdom, most lines were built as double-track because of the difficulty of co-ordinating operations before the invention of the telegraph, the lines also tended to be busy enough to be beyond the capacity of a single track. In the early days the Board of Trade did not consider any single-track railway line to be complete and this improved with the development of the telegraph and the train order system. In any given country, rail traffic generally runs to one side of a double-track line, thus in Belgium, China, France, Sweden, Switzerland and Italy for example, the railways use left-hand running, while the roads use right-hand running. In countries such as Indonesia, it is the reverse, on the French-German border, for example, flyovers were provided so that train moving on the left in France end up on the right in Germany and vice versa. Handedness of traffic can affect locomotive design, for the driver, visibility is good from both sides of the driving cab so the choice on which side to site the driver less important. For example, the French SNCF Class BB7200 is designed for using the left-hand track, generally, the left/right principle in a country is followed mostly on double track. On single track, when trains meet, the train that shall not stop uses the straight path in the turnout. Double-track railways, especially older ones, may use each track exclusively in one direction and this arrangement simplifies the signalling systems, especially where the signalling is mechanical. Where the signals and points or rail switches are power-operated, it can be worthwhile to signal each line in both directions, so that the line becomes a pair of single lines. This allows trains to use one track where the track is out of service due to track maintenance work, or a train failure. Most crossing loops are not regarded as even though they consist of multiple tracks. If the crossing loop is long enough to several trains. A more modern British term for such a layout is an extended loop, the distance between the track centres makes a difference in cost and performance of a double-track line. The track centres can be as narrow and as cheap as possible, signals for bi-directional working cannot be mounted between the tracks so must be mounted on the wrong side of the line or on expensive signal bridges. Track centres are usually wider on high speed lines, as pressure waves knock each other as high-speed trains pass, narrow track centres might be 4 metres or less. Narrow track centres may have to be widened on sharp curves to allow for rail vehicles following the arc of the curve. Widening a track centre to 5 metres or so suits high-speed trains passing each other, increasing width of track centres of 6 metres or more makes it much easier to mount signals and overhead wiring structures
32.
U.S. Route 101
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U. S. Route 101, or U. S. Highway 101 is a north–south United States Numbered Highway that runs through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, on the West Coast of the United States. It is also known as El Camino Real where its route along the southern and central California coast approximates the old trail which linked the Spanish missions, pueblos and it merges at some points with California State Route 1. US101 is a major parallel freeway or highway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, and is an alternative to the Interstate for most of its length, in 1964, California truncated US 101s southern terminus in Los Angeles, as I-5 replaced it. The old road is known as County Route S21 or Historic Route 101 in northern San Diego County, the southern terminus of US101 is in Los Angeles at the East Los Angeles Interchange, the worlds busiest freeway interchange. However, the principal routes were assigned numbers ending in 1. Thus, US101 is treated as a primary, two-digit route with a first digit of 10, rather than a spur of US1, thus US101, not US99, is the westernmost north-south route in the U. S. Highway System. US101 is called the Oregon Coast Highway in Oregon, and it is also called The 101 by Southern Californians or simply 101 by residents of Northern California, Oregon, and Washington. From north of San Francisco and continuing almost to Oregon it is signed as the Redwood Highway though not often spoken of as such outside organizations responsible for tourism marketing. Urban portions of the route in Southern California are named the Santa Ana Freeway, Hollywood Freeway, in 2003, the portion of US101 in Ventura County was named Screaming Eagles Highway in honor of the US Army 101st Airborne Division. Urban portions of the route in the Bay Area are called the James Lick Freeway, Bayshore Freeway, a portion of the route between Cochrane Road in Morgan Hill and SR85 in San Jose is named the Sig Sanchez Freeway. The section of highway between SR-85 in Mountain View and Embarcadero Road in Palo Alto is officially known as the Fredrick E. Terman Highway, Street routings in San Francisco are more commonly referred to by their street names rather than the route number. Portions of the route between Southern California and the Bay Area are named El Camino Real or El Camino Real Freeway, but such names are used colloquially. In Northern California the section of US101 between Sonoma and Marin counties is referred to as the Novato Narrows because of the reduction from four lanes to two. The route is the Santa Ana Freeway from East Los Angeles to Downtown Los Angeles and it becomes the Hollywood Freeway north of Downtown Los Angeles through the Cahuenga Pass, before turning west and becoming the Ventura Freeway. It is one of two major routes connecting the South Bay and Silicon Valley with San Francisco and the North Bay. It serves as an urban alternative to the rural I-280, as US101 runs through Peninsula cities closer to the Bay and I-280 runs closer to the Santa Cruz Mountains. Through northern San Francisco, US101 remains routed on congested city streets due to freeway revolts and it then departs the immediate coast and continues through wine country and Redwood forests until it re-emerges coast-side at Eureka. In areas where US101 turns inland, SR1 branches off to serve the coastal communities, unlike Washington, California does not sign the long east–west section of US101 between Gaviota and its junction with SR134 and SR170 in North Hollywood as west and east
33.
Sausalito, California
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Sausalito is a San Francisco Bay Area city in Marin County, California. Sausalito is 8 miles south-southeast of San Rafael, at an elevation of 13 feet, the population was 7,061 as of the 2010 census. The community is situated near the end of the Golden Gate Bridge, and prior to the building of that bridge served as a terminus for rail, car. It is adjacent to, and largely bounded by, the spaces of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It is sometimes claimed that Sausalito was named for the district in Valparaíso, Murrieta was the leader of bandits who settled at the northern end of the future Golden Gate bridge after being banned from San Francisco in the bandit wars. However, this theory cannot be true because Murrieta was from Mexico, not Chile, the Rancho Saucelito had already been granted to William Richardson in 1838. Located at 37°51′33″N 122°29′07″W, Sausalito encompasses both steep, wooded hillside and shoreline tidal flats, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles. Notably, only 1.8 square miles of it is land, a full 21. 54% of the city is under water, and has been so since its founding in 1868. Prominent geographic features associated with Sausalito include Richardson Bay and Pine Point, when Sausalito was formally platted, it was anticipated that future development might extend the shoreline with landfill, as had been the practice in neighboring San Francisco. As a result, entire streets, demarcated and given names like Pescadero, Eureka and Teutonia, the legal, if not actual, presence of these streets has proved a contentious factor in public policy, because some houseboats float directly above them. The California State Lands Commission is reportedly pursuing a compromise which would not the houseboats. Sausalito has a Mediterranean climate with far lower temperatures than expected because of its adjacency to San Francisco Bay, Sausalito was once the site of a Coast Miwok settlement known as Liwanelowa. The branch of the Coast Miwok living in this area were known as the Huimen, early explorers of the area described them as friendly and hospitable. Such placidity was likely a factor to their complete displacement. As historian Jack Tracy has observed, Their dwellings on the site of Sausalito were explored and mapped in 1907, nearly a century, by that time, nothing was left of the culture of those who had first enjoyed the natural treasures of the bay. The life of the Coastal Miwoks had been reduced to archaeological remnants, the first European known to visit the present-day location of Sausalito was Don José de Cañizares, on August 5,1775. Cañizares was head of a party dispatched by longboat from the ship San Carlos. The crew of the San Carlos came ashore soon after, reporting friendly natives and teeming populations of deer, elk, bear, sea lions, seals and otters
34.
Mill Valley, California
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Mill Valley is a city in Marin County, California, United States, located about 14 miles north of San Francisco via the Golden Gate Bridge. The population was 13,903 at the 2010 census, Mill Valley is located on the western and northern shores of Richardson Bay, and the eastern slopes of Mount Tamalpais. Beyond the flat area and marshlands, it occupies narrow wooded canyons, mostly of second-growth redwoods. The Mill Valley 94941 ZIP code also includes the adjacent unincorporated communities, Almonte, Alto, Homestead Valley, Tamalpais Valley. The Muir Woods National Monument is also located just outside the city limits, the first people known to inhabit Marin County, the Coast Miwok, arrived approximately 6,000 years ago. The territory of the Coast Miwok included all of Marin County, north to Bodega Bay, more than 600 village sites have been identified, including 14 sites in the Mill Valley area. Nearby archaeological discoveries include the rock carvings and grinding sites on Ring Mountain, the pre-Missionization population of the Coast Miwok is estimated to be between 1,500 to 2,000. The pre-Missionization population of the Coast Miwok may have been as high as 5000, cook speculated that by 1848 their population had decreased to 300, and down to 60 by 1880. The village site was first identified by Nels Nelson in 1907 and his excavation revealed tools, burials, at that time, the mound was 20 feet high. Another famous Mill Valley site was in the Manzanita area underneath the Fireside Inn located near the intersection of U. S. Route 101, built in 1916, the blind pig roadhouse was outside the dry limits of the city itself. Shell mounds have been discovered in areas by streams and along Richardson Bay, including in the Strawberry and they called themselves the Huimen people. At the mission they were taught the Catholic religion, lost their freedom, as a result of the high death rate at Mission Dolores it was decided to build a new Mission San Rafael, built in 1817. Over 200 surviving Coast Miwok were taken there from Mission Dolores and Mission San Jose, by 1834 the Mission era had ended and California was under the control of the Mexican government. They took Miwok ancestral lands, divided them and gave them to Mexican soldiers or relatives who had connections with the Mexican governor, the huge tracts of land, called ranchos by the Mexican settlers, or Californios, soon covered the area. The Miwoks who had not died or fled were often employed under a state of indentured servitude to the California land grant owners. In 1834, the governor of Alta California José Figueroa awarded to John T. Reed the first land grant in Marin, just west of that, Rancho Saucelito was transferred to William A. Richardson in 1838 after being originally awarded to Nicolas Galindo in 1835. John Reed married Hilarita Sanchez, the daughter of a commandante in the San Francisco Presidio, William Richardson also married a well-connected woman, both he and Reed were originally from Europe. Richardsons name was applied to Richardson Bay, an arm of the San Francisco Bay that brushes up against the eastern edge of Mill Valley
35.
Marin City, California
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Marin City is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Marin County, California, United States. It is located 1.5 miles northwest of downtown Sausalito, Marin City was developed for housing starting in 1942, to accommodate war-time shipyard workers and other immigrants to California. After the war, the area became predominantly African-American, as residents were able to move freely to private housing elsewhere in Marin. Since the 1980s, additional development has changed the makeup of the population while providing more local jobs, the population in 2010 was 2,666. Marin Citys socioeconomic and racial makeup contrasts with the mostly wealthy, in 2004 the community had high levels of poverty, crime, and recreational drug use. Marin City began to enjoy a newfound celebrity in the 1990s as the home of rapper Tupac Shakur, prior to World War II, the land that would become Marin City was home to a dairy farm and a handful of families. A total of 93 liberty ships and tankers were built and launched from Marinship in less than three years and they became the core of the community when most of the other guest laborers departed at the end of the war. During the war, African-Americans comprised about 10% of Marin Citys population, by the 1970s, African Americans comprised over three quarters of the population of Marin City, most of whom traced their roots to the Marinship laborers. During the 1980s and 1990s there was residential and commercial development, including several new housing developments, apartment complexes. There was also an expansion of commercial area particularly with the building of the Gateway Shopping Center in 1996, Marin City has started to think about incorporating into a city. Marin City is located at 38°5207 North, 122°3033 West, about 5 miles north of San Francisco, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had an area of 0. As of June 2011, the District Manager is Monique Brown, chartered in 1958, the MCCSD is responsible for providing services in the areas of parks and recreation, street lighting, recycling and refuse removal. According to the Marin County Local Agency Formation Commission, the District has an area of 0.9 square miles. Total operating revenue for MCCSDs fiscal year 2016–2017 was $1,300,000, the 2010 United States Census reported that Marin City had a population of 2,666. The population density was 4,967.0 people per square mile. The racial makeup of Marin City was 1,037 White,1,017 African American,15 Native American,287 Asian,21 Pacific Islander,120 from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 365 persons. Among the Asian population, largest ethnic groups were Vietnamese, followed by Indians, Filipinos, Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, among Hispanics and Latinos, the largest ethnic groups were Mexican, followed by Central Americans, South Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Other Hispanics. The Census reported that 100% of the lived in households
36.
College of Marin
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The College of Marin is a community college in Marin County, California, U. S. with two campuses, one in Kentfield, and the second in Novato. It is the institution operated by the Marin Community College District. Its chief executive officer is currently Superintendent/President David Wain Coon, Ed. D, College of Marin has been in operation since 1926. Each semester, about 10,000 students are enrolled in over 1,100 credit classes, approximately 100 international students participate in College of Marins International Student Program. Nearly 6,000 students attend the Colleges many community education, College of Marin is known for its theatre department, which has the highest transfer acceptance to Juilliard for any two-year college in the nation. In addition, the College provides 35 two-year vocational and career programs, as well as providing basic skills, English as a second language education, originally known as Marin Junior College when established in 1926, the College was renamed College of Marin in 1947. In 1985 College of Marin merged with Indian Valley College and this merger provided Marin residents with two campuses, the original campus located in Kentfield and the Indian Valley Campus in Novato. The two campuses serve a county population of approximately 250,000 residents, the Echo Times is the colleges monthly student-run newspaper. The College of Marin is governed as part of the Marin Community College District, the MCCD is governed by seven members of a Board of Trustees elected at-large to four-year terms. Elections are held two years, three members chosen the year after a presidential election and four chosen the year before. The current Board members are, President Wanden Treanor Vice President Stephanie OBrien Clerk Diana Conti Trustee Stuart Tanenberg Trustee Brady Bevis Trustee Eva Long, Ph. D
37.
Sonoma Valley
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Sonoma Valley is located in southeastern Sonoma County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. Today, the wines are protected by the US Federal Governments Sonoma Valley. Sonoma Valley offers a range of year-round festivals and events. Points of interest include the Quarryhill Botanic Garden, Mission San Francisco Solano, Jack London State Historic Park, Sonoma State Historic Park, the valley is located in southeastern Sonoma County between the Mayacamas Mountains and Sonoma Mountains. It stretches from San Pablo Bay in the south to the city of Santa Rosa in the north, Sonoma Creek flows down the valley to the bay. Established in 1823 and named to honor St. Francis Solanus, within two generations of the Spaniards arrival, however, the indigenous societies of the region were dispossessed of their land and decimated by diseases to which Europeans were resistant. Also known as Valley of the Seven Moons The raising of the first California Bear Flag, fremont was the initial act that founded the Bear Flag Republic. Vallejo later transferred his allegiance with US statehood, and with his land holdings guided the development of the town. Californias first wineries were established here, including Buena Vista Winery, Boyes Hot Springs and Agua Caliente were popular health retreats for tourists from San Francisco and points beyond until the middle of the 20th century. Today the Sonoma Mission Inn in Boyes Hot Springs remains as a destination resort, and the wineries, the historic sites. The phrase Valley of the Moon was first recorded in an 1850 report by General Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo to the California Legislature, according to Jack London, who had a ranch there, the Native American word Sonoma means valley of the moon. He used it for his book of the same name, but there are several other possible translations for Sonoma. According to the Miwok tribes that lived in the valley, white settlers may have accidentally translated the words many moons into valley of moons. Miwok legends say that the moon seemingly rose from this valley, or was nestled in the valley, in the native languages there is also a constantly recurring ending tso-noma, from tso, the earth, and noma, village, hence tsonoma, earth village. Other sources say Sonoma comes from the Patwin tribes west of the Sacramento River, per California Place Names, the name is doubtless derived from a Patwin word for nose, which Padre Arroyo gives as sonom. Spaniards may have found an Indian chief with a prominent protuberance and applied the nickname of Chief Nose to the village, the name may have applied originally to a nose-shaped geographic feature. The Sonoma Valley is part of the Coast Range Physiographic provence, the Cretaceous Great Valley Sequence overlies and contacts the Franciscan Complex along the Coast Range Thrust. The Jurassic-Cretaceous Franciscan Complex includes crumpled, uplifted terranes that have resulted from the subduction of the former oceanic Farallon Plate under the North American continent, during late Miocene-Pliocene time the area was attended by volcanism which are interbedded with the late Miocene-Pliocene Petaluma Formation
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El Cerrito del Norte station
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The station serves the northern portion of El Cerrito and the central areas of Richmond in addition to the west county area and points beyond BARTs coverage area. El Cerrito del Norte is Spanish for north hillock or North El Cerrito, Del Norte opened to revenue service on January 29,1973 with the line from Oakland to Richmond. A2014 study recommending expanding the station area, platforms. By 2017 the station was serving 18,000 people per day, BART approved contracts to begin station expansion that year, with an expected completion in 2019. This station has a Library-a-go-go machine, a library vending machine that was added in June 2009 for the Contra Costa County Library system. In 2005 Aks Food Corner opened at the station selling newspapers, flowers, hot dogs, drinks, snacks, fruit, there are 29 bus bays that serve six bus agencies for fixed route service and various paratransit and dial-a-ride shuttles. The bus bays are located on the west side of the station. AC Transit provides service in western Alameda and Contra Costa counties in addition to service to San Francisco. AC Transit provides comprehensive circulatory service in the surroundings in addition to competing commuter service across the Bay Bridge, San Mateo Bridge. WestCAT provides service in the western Contra Costa County communities of Hercules, Tara Hills, Bayview-Montalvin Manor, Pinole, northern Richmond, Hilltop Mall, Rodeo, buses serving the station primarily connect the Hilltop Area, San Pablo Avenue corridor, and Hercules areas with the station. FAST Golden Gate Transit Napa VINE SolTrans An AC Transit/BART consortium operates East Bay Paratransit which serves this station, the Department of Human Services operates a shuttle connecting the station to its facilities in Richmond and Hercules. The city of Richmond also operates a commuter shuttle here from the Marina Bay neighborhood and this station features large parking areas throughout, including surface parking and a four-story parking garage on the east side. There are also reserved bicycle lockers and open air racks available, there is a kiss and ride and taxi zone on the east side of the station. The station area is surrounded by businesses, some of which are run down, with others underutilized parcels. The station is surrounded by businesses, including the Del Norte Marketplace shopping center with Walgreens, IHOP, Dollar Tree. For years a Target lay adjacent but was closed when the Great Recession economy was not to support this old location. It has now been remodeled into a large Safeway supermarket with a shopping strip. Del Norte Plaza lies catty-corner from the station and has offices providing legal and dental services
39.
Novato, California
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Novato is a city in northern Marin County, in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, in the U. S. state of California. As of the 2010 United States Census, its population was 51,904, Novato is located about 10 miles northwest of San Rafael and about 30 miles north of San Francisco on U. S.101. What is now Novato was originally the site of several Coast Miwok villages, Chokecherry, near downtown Novato, Puyuku, near Ignacio, in 1839 the Mexican government granted the 8, 876-acre Rancho Novato to Fernando Feliz. The rancho was named after a local Miwok leader who had probably given the name of Saint Novatus at his baptism. R. Novato, along with the rest of California, became part of the United States on February 2,1848, early pioneers included Joseph Sweetser and Francis De Long who bought 15,000 acres in the mid-1850s and planted orchards and vineyards. The first post office at Novato opened in 1856, it closed in 1860, the first school was built in 1859 at the corner of Grant Avenue at what is today Redwood Boulevard. The original town was located around Novato Creek at what is now South Novato Boulevard, a railroad was built in 1879, connecting Novato to Sonoma County and San Rafael. The area around the depot became known as New Town. The current depot was built in 1917, but closed in 1959 and is largely derelict, the depot consisted of two buildings, a warehouse and a station. The warehouse burned twice in the intervening years, behind the rail station/warehouse complex was a grain and feed mill complex. A Presbyterian church, still a landmark in Novato today, was built in 1896, until 2006 it housed a number of city offices, but was vacated that year due to safety concerns and condemned. The church has since been renovated, a new city center complex has been erected adjacent to the old City Hall The Great Depression of the 1930s had a marked effect on the area as many farmers lost their land. After World War II, Novato grew quickly with the construction of tract homes, as the area was unincorporated much of the growth was unplanned and uncontrolled. Novato was finally incorporated as a city in 1960, one of the most important venues of the time was Western Weekend. Beard growing contests sponsored by Bobs Barber Shop and many other odd activities helped to bring community together. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 28.0 square miles. 27.4 square miles of it is land and 0.5 square miles of it is water, major geographical features nearby include Mount Burdell and Mount Burdell Open Space Preserve to the north and Big Rock Ridge to the southwest. Stafford Lake to the west is a water supply for Novato
40.
Inverness, California
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Inverness is an unincorporated community and census-designated place located in western Marin County, California. Inverness is located on the southwest shore of Tomales Bay 3.5 miles northwest of Point Reyes Station, in the 2010 census, the population was 1,304. The community is named after Inverness in Scotland by a Scots landowner, Inverness is north of San Francisco, on a bay of the Pacific Ocean. Inverness is located on the west shore of Tomales Bay, which runs southeast along the line of the San Andreas Fault, surrounded by Point Reyes National Seashore, it is primarily a residential community, with little industry other than tourism. It has a downtown area with a general store, post office, library. A third restaurant is located a short way north of downtown, there are also a number of hotels and inns spread throughout the town. One aspect of the town is a concentration of recreational boating, there is a small public marina, a few private piers, and the Inverness Yacht Club. Portions of the John Carpenter film The Fog as well as most of his film Village of the Damned were shot in and around Inverness. The town is 15 miles or so from Drakes Bay on the Pacific Ocean, named after Sir Francis Drake, although Drakes official log was lost, the ships doctors log described landing in an area that reminded him of the White Cliffs of Dover. Drakes Bay is backed by similar-looking cliffs, leading many to believe this is where the ship landed, the region became the property of James Shafter, who began to develop the property in the 1890s. It became a resort where people from San Francisco and Oakland came to camp, hike. Many built small summer cabins still exist today. Small steamboats took day trippers down the bay to secluded beaches and they left from Brock Schreibers boathouse, which has been preserved and is a prominent local landmark with its prominent sign Launch for Hire. The first post office opened in 1897, in 1995, Inverness Ridge was the site of the Mt. Vision Fire, which burned a large area of Point Reyes National Seashore and a number of homes built on the ridge. The town itself was threatened but was saved by helicopters dipping water from Tomales Bay to drop on the Bishop pine forest between the town and the burning ridgetop, Inverness is located at 38°06′04″N 122°51′25″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 6.8 square miles. The town is adjacent to the San Andreas Fault, other nearby towns include Point Reyes Station, Inverness Park, Olema, and Marshall. This region experiences warm and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Inverness has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated Csb on climate maps
41.
Point Reyes Station, California
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Point Reyes Station is a small unincorporated town located in western Marin County, California. Point Reyes Station is located 13 miles south-southeast of Tomales, at an elevation of 39 feet, Point Reyes Station is located along State Route 1 and is a gateway to the Point Reyes National Seashore, an extremely popular national preserve. About 350 people live in the town, the CDP has a total area of 3.62 sq mi, all land. Point Reyes Station is very close to the San Andreas Fault, at one time, the epicenter of the quake was thought to be near Olema. A walking tour of the fault can be taken from the Point Reyes National Seashores Visitor Center, the place was called Olema Station when the railroad arrived in 1875. The Point Reyes post office opened in 1882, changed its name to Marin in 1891, changed it back to Point Reyes later in 1891, the 2010 United States Census reported that Point Reyes Station had a population of 848. The population density was 234.5 people per square mile, the racial makeup of Point Reyes Station was 725 White,7 African American,3 Native American,10 Asian,73 from other races, and 30 from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 155 persons, the Census reported that 100% of the population lived in households. There were 19 unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 4 same-sex married couples or partnerships,172 households were made up of individuals and 90 had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06, there were 208 families, the average family size was 2.84. The median age was 51.1 years, for every 100 females there were 81.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.4 males, there were 490 housing units at an average density of 135.5 per square mile, of which 50. 2% were owner-occupied and 49. 8% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%, the vacancy rate was 6. 8%. 50. 6% of the lived in owner-occupied housing units and 49. 4% lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were 818 people,352 households, the population density was 225.1 people per square mile. There were 373 housing units at a density of 102.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP in 2010 was 77. 8% non-Hispanic White,0. 6% non-Hispanic African American,1. 1% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 18. 3% of the population. 29. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.83
) access throughout the Transit Center
