1.
International Union for Conservation of Nature
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The International Union for Conservation of Nature is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It is involved in gathering and analysis, research, field projects, advocacy, lobbying. IUCNs mission is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve nature and to ensure that any use of resources is equitable. Over the past decades, IUCN has widened its focus beyond conservation ecology and now incorporates issues related to equality, poverty alleviation. Unlike other international NGOs, IUCN does not itself aim to mobilize the public in support of nature conservation and it tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice, and through lobbying and partnerships. The organization is best known to the public for compiling and publishing the IUCN Red List. IUCN has a membership of over 1200 governmental and non-governmental organizations, some 11,000 scientists and experts participate in the work of IUCN commissions on a voluntary basis. It employs approximately 1000 full-time staff in more than 60 countries and its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland. IUCN has observer and consultative status at the United Nations, and plays a role in the implementation of several conventions on nature conservation. It was involved in establishing the World Wide Fund for Nature, in the past, IUCN has been criticized for placing the interests of nature over those of indigenous peoples. In recent years, its relations with the business sector have caused controversy. It was previously called the International Union for Protection of Nature, establishment In 1947, the Swiss League for the Protection of Nature organised an international conference on the protection of nature in Brunnen. It is considered to be the first government-organized non-governmental organization, the initiative to set up the new organisation came from UNESCO and especially from its first Director General, the British biologist Julian Huxley. At the time of its founding IUPN was the international organisation focusing on the entire spectrum of nature conservation Early years. Its secretariat was located in Brussels and its first work program focused on saving species and habitats, increasing and applying knowledge, advancing education, promoting international agreements and promoting conservation. Providing a solid base for conservation action was the heart of all activities. IUPN and UNESCO were closely associated and they jointly organized the 1949 Conference on Protection of Nature. In preparation for this conference a list of endangered species was drawn up for the first time
2.
National park
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A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes. Often it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns, although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a common idea, the conservation of wild nature for posterity and as a symbol of national pride. An international organization, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, although Yellowstone was not officially termed a national park in its establishing law, it was always termed such in practice and is widely held to be the first and oldest national park in the world. The first area to use national park in its legislation was the USs Mackinac Island. Australias Royal National Park, established in 1879, was the third official national park. In 1895 ownership of Mackinac Island was transferred to the State of Michigan as a state park, as a result, Australias Royal National Park is by some considerations the second oldest national park now in existence. The largest national park in the meeting the IUCN definition is the Northeast Greenland National Park. According to the IUCN,6,555 national parks worldwide met its criteria in 2006, IUCN is still discussing the parameters of defining a national park. National parks are almost always open to visitors, in 1971, these criteria were further expanded upon leading to more clear and defined benchmarks to evaluate a national park. In 1810, the English poet William Wordsworth described the Lake District as a sort of property, in which every man has a right and interest who has an eye to perceive. It was known as Hot Springs Reservation, but no authority was established. Federal control of the area was not clearly established until 1877, John Muir is today referred to as the Father of the National Parks due to his work in Yosemite. He published two articles in The Century Magazine, which formed the base for the subsequent legislation. President Abraham Lincoln signed an Act of Congress on July 1,1864, ceding the Yosemite Valley, according to this bill, private ownership of the land in this area was no longer possible. The state of California was designated to manage the park for use, resort. Leases were permitted for up to ten years and the proceeds were to be used for conservation, a public discussion followed this first legislation of its kind and there was a heated debate over whether the government had the right to create parks. The perceived mismanagement of Yosemite by the Californian state was the reason why Yellowstone at its establishment six years later was put under national control, in 1872, Yellowstone National Park was established as the United States first national park, being also the worlds first national park. In some European countries, however, national protection and nature reserves already existed, such as Drachenfels, Yellowstone was part of a federally governed territory
3.
Belleville, Ontario
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Belleville is a city located at the mouth of the Moira River on the Bay of Quinte in Southern Ontario, Canada, along the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. It is the seat of Hastings County, but politically independent of it and it was renamed Belleville in honour of Lady Arabella Gore in 1816, after a visit to the settlement by Sir Francis Gore and his wife. Belleville became an important railway junction with the completion of the Grand Trunk Railway in 1855, in 1858 the iron bridge over the Moira River at Bridge Street became the first iron bridge in Hastings County. Bellevilles beautiful High Victorian Gothic city hall was built in 1872 to house the public market, the City Hall tower stands some 185 feet above street level. The Dixie Lee Fried Chicken chain and the Journeys End Corporation economy limited service hotel chain were both founded in the city, in 1998, the city was amalgamated with the surrounding Township of Thurlow to form an expanded City of Belleville as part of Ontario-wide municipal restructuring. The city also annexed portions of Quinte West to the west, Belleville is located at the mouth of the Moira River on the Bay of Quinte in southeastern Ontario between the cities of Quinte West to the west and Napanee to the east. Belleville is located in a zone which may be considered part of the Central Ontario or Eastern Ontario regions by different sources. Bellevilles climate has four distinct seasons, the Citys traditional continental climate is moderated by its location near Lake Ontario. The lake moderates temperature extremes, cooling hot summer days and warming cold days during the fall, as such, winter snowfall is somewhat limited due to the increased frequency of precipitation falling as rain during the winter months. In the summer months, severe thunderstorm activity is limited because of the non-favourable lake breeze conditions. The city, being located on the shore of Lake Ontario, is also in an unfavourable location for lake effect snow. One notable exception however, was in December 2010 when 14 cm of snow occurred in one day as a result of a band from Lake Ontario. The summer months do not typically experience exceedingly hot temperatures, however humidity levels can make daytime highs uncomfortable, summer rainfall is usually modest, and delivered by passing thunderstorms or warm fronts. Remnants of tropical systems do pass through on occasion towards summers end, the winter season is highly variable, with the record setting winter of 2007-08 experiencing near 270 cm of snow. Four years later, the winter of 2011-12 experienced only 60 cm of snow, winter temperatures are also highly variable, even in one season. Air masses change frequently, and while a few days may see above freezing temperatures at a time in January, autumn is usually mild, with an increase in precipitation starting in late September as conditions for fall storms develop. Recent years have had a tendency to bring almost snow free Novembers to the region, the highest temperature ever recorded in Belleville was 104 °F on 9 July 1936. The coldest temperature recorded was −39 °F on 9 February 1934
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Ontario Parks
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Ontario Parks is the branch of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry that administers the provincial parks in Ontario, Canada. The Ontario Parks system covers over 78,000 square kilometres, the Ontario Parks system is often used as the model for other parks systems in North America. This can be attributed to its balance of recreation, preservation. Many parks in Ontario also offer a Natural Heritage Education program, the Ontario Parks system began its long and rough history in 1893 with the creation of Algonquin Park, originally designed to protect loggers interests from settlement. In the 1970s the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources was formed, currently, Ontario Parks does not have full agency status, but is a branch of the Natural Resource Management Division of the MNR. The history of Ontarios provincial parks stretches for over 100 years, here are some of the milestones from the past century plus,1893 – Algonquin Park is created as a public park and forest reservation, fish and game preserve, health resort and pleasure ground. 1894 – Rondeau becomes Ontarios second provincial park,1913 – The Parks Act sets aside land not suitable for agriculture or settlement. 1954 – Ontario still has only 8 provincial parks, Algonquin, Quetico, Long Point, Rondeau, Presqule, Ipperwash, Lake Superior, a Division of Parks is created within the Department of Lands and Forests. This heralds a new and aggressive program to create parks, primarily on the Great Lake. 1960 – There are now 72 provincial parks in Ontario, hosting over 5 million visitors annually,1967 – Ontario introduces a new policy that divides parks into specific categories, or classes, with compatible sets of uses. 1970 – Polar Bear, Ontarios largest provincial park at 24,000 square kilometres, is created,1978 – Ontario Provincial Parks, Planning and Management Policies are approved by Cabinet giving Ontario one of the worlds leading parks planning systems. 1983 – The new land use planning system leads to the announcement of 155 new parks to be designated,1985 – There are now 220 parks in Ontario encompassing over 5.5 millions hectares of land. 1993 – Ontario celebrates the centennial of the parks system. 1996 – The provincial parks system adopts a new operating model where revenue generated by parks can be reinvested in the parks system. This is symbolized by a new name, Ontario Parks,1996 – Ontario Parks partners with the Natural Conservancy of Canada to create Legacy 2000, a program to protect significant natural areas. Under this agreement more than 11,000 hectares are secured,1999 – Ontarios Living Legacy is announced. This land use strategy identifies 378 new protected areas, including 61 new parks and 45 parks additions, Ontarios Living Legacy will protect over 2.4 million hectares of land, including additions to the provincial parks system of over 900,000 hectares. 2001 – Ontario now has a total of 280 provincial parks encompassing 7.1 million hectares or almost 9 percent of the provinces area, over 9 million visitors annually enjoy Ontario Parks
6.
Lake Ontario
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Lake Ontario is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. Ontario, Canadas most populous province, was named for the lake, in the Wyandot language, ontarío means “Lake of Shining Waters”. Its primary inlet is the Niagara River from Lake Erie, the last in the Great Lakes chain, Lake Ontario serves as the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence River. Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area and it is the 14th largest lake in the world. When its islands are included, the lake has a shoreline that is 712 miles long. As the last lake in the Great Lakes hydrologic chain, Lake Ontario has the lowest mean elevation of the lakes at 243 feet above sea level,326 feet lower than its neighbor upstream. Its maximum length is 193 statute miles and its width is 53 statute miles. The lakes average depth is 47 fathoms 1 foot, with a depth of 133 fathoms 4 feet. The lakes primary source is the Niagara River, draining Lake Erie, the drainage basin covers 24,720 square miles. As with all the Great Lakes, water levels both within the year and among years. These water level fluctuations are a part of lake ecology. The lake also has an important freshwater fishery, although it has negatively affected by factors including over-fishing, water pollution. Baymouth bars built by prevailing winds and currents have created a significant number of lagoons and sheltered harbors, mostly near Prince Edward County, Ontario, perhaps the best-known example is Toronto Bay, chosen as the site of the Upper Canada capital for its strategic harbour. Other prominent examples include Hamilton Harbour, Irondequoit Bay, Presquile Bay, the bars themselves are the sites of long beaches, such as Sandbanks Provincial Park and Sandy Island Beach State Park. These sand bars are associated with large wetlands, which support large numbers of plant and animal species. Presquile, on the shore of Lake Ontario, is particularly significant in this regard. The lake basin was carved out of soft, weak Silurian-age rocks by the Wisconsin ice sheet during the last ice age, the action of the ice occurred along the pre-glacial Ontarian River valley which had approximately the same orientation as todays basin. As the ice sheet retreated toward the north, it still dammed the St. Lawrence valley outlet and this stage is known as Lake Iroquois
7.
Prince Edward County, Ontario
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Prince Edward County is a single-tier municipality and a census division of the Canadian province of Ontario. Long settled by peoples, the county has significant archeological sites. These include the LeVescounte Mounds of the Point Peninsula Complex people, the settlement for European-Canadians was facilitated when the county was created by Upper Canadas founding lieutenant-governor John Graves Simcoe on July 16,1792. It was named after Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent who was commander-in-chief of British North America, the county was originally composed of three townships named in honour of three of George IIIs daughters. For many years Prince Edward County has been associated with the wholly mainland Hastings County. Its longtime militia unit has been The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment and this noted nature author wrote And No Birds Sang, about his experiences with the Hasty Ps during the Second World Wars Italian Campaign. In 1998, all of the municipalities in Prince Edward County amalgamated to form a single-tier municipality as part of provincewide municipal restructuring. Each of the municipalities is now a ward. Prince Edward County is located in Southern Ontario on a large irregular headland or littoral at the end of Lake Ontario. This headland is surrounded on the north and east by the Bay of Quinte, as the Murray Canal now connects the bay to Lake Ontario across the only land connection, the county is technically an island. Murray Canal is crossed by 2 swing bridges, the single lane county road 64 bridge, Bay of Quinte is crossed by two, 2-lane bridges of about 850m length - one carrying Provincial Highway 62 near Belleville and the other about 24km east carrying Provincial Highway 49 near Deseronto. The lake effect from Lake Ontario results in heavier snowfall than in neighbouring counties, Prince Edward County is an island community encompassing approximately 1,000 square kilometres, with over 500 kilometres of shoreline with beaches and limestone rich soil. Despite the official name, Prince Edward is not a county by the standard Ontario definition — it is a municipal government with city status that handles all municipal services. Also in the summer is the renowned Jazz Festival which occurs in the month of August, some of Canadas most prolific jazz musicians gather in the county for this festival. Prince Edward County has become a vacation Mecca with Sandbanks Provincial Park, hotels, Motels, Bed & Breakfasts are abundant and mostly occupied during the summer months. In addition, many cottages are available such as those offered at Sandbanks Beach Resort, pECs main water attractions are its white, sand beaches. Together, Sandbanks Provincial Park, North Beach Provincial Park attract over 600,000 visitors yearly, the numerous campgrounds throughout the County also allow many tourists to enjoy watersports such as those offered through Westlake Wakeboarding School, kayaking, canoeing, tubing, and more. Beside the historic Crystal Palace is the County Youthpark and it provides a great location for people of all ages and interests to congregate, as a recent mini-documentary reveals
8.
Picton, Ontario
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Picton is an unincorporated community located in Prince Edward County in South Eastern Ontario, Canada, roughly 160 km east of Toronto. It is the Countys largest community and former seat, Picton is located at the south-western end of Picton Bay, a branch of the Bay of Quinte, which is along the northern shoreline of Lake Ontario. The town is named for Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Picton, who served in the British army during the Peninsular War in Spain and he also saw action at the Battle of Waterloo, where he was killed. It was formerly incorporated as a town, Picton is home to the Picton Pirates of the Empire B Junior C Hockey League in the Ontario Hockey Association. Picton, originally named Hallowell, was first settled in the 1780s by Loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies, prior to its incorporation in 1837, the modern-day town of Picton consisted of two separate villages, Hallowell Bridge and Picton, which occupied the opposite sides of Picton Bay. Named for General Sir Thomas Picton, Wellingtons second-in-command at the Battle of Waterloo and it was here that Sir John A. Macdonald managed a law office for his uncle, Lowther P. MacPherson. In 1998, the town and all municipalities in the county were dissolved and amalgamated into a single-tier municipality. Each of the municipalities is now a ward of the county. During the Second World War, the United Kingdom came under siege, because of geographical similarities to Great Britain, sparsely populated Prince Edward County was considered an ideal location for an RAF Bombing and Gunnery School. In the summer of 1940, an aerodrome was constructed and in November 1940 the RCAF moved in. In April 1941, the RAF took over the station and No 31 Bombing, the school was part of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan, and used to train many of the aircrew needed to help defend Great Britain. Following the end of the war, the Canadian Army maintained a facility at the old aerodrome. It was renamed Camp Picton in 1960 when it became a fully operational Army base. In 1966, it was renamed Canadian Forces Base Picton, but this proved short-lived, in 1969 the base was closed down and sold as part of the consolidation, the airfield is now known as Picton Airport. The original aerodrome facilities were using different construction methods than most bases built by the Canadian military. The rapid construction meant that the hangars and other buildings were not designed for longevity, the former Camp Picton now serves many diverse functions but the unique appearance of the base makes it a significant, if obscure, historical landmark. Due to its appearance, the dilapidated airport has been used as a filming location for several productions. External scenes for the made-for-TV film Haven, starring Natasha Richardson, Colm Feore and it also served as a backdrop for the 1993 CBC production Dieppe, and was the filming location of Bomber Boys and the 2005 reality-TV show Canadas Worst Driver
9.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
10.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
11.
Fresh water
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Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. The term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water although it does include mineral-rich waters such as chalybeate springs, the term sweet water has been used to describe fresh water in contrast to salt water. The term fresh water does not have the meaning as potable water. Much of the fresh water and ground water is unsuitable for drinking without some form of purification because of the presence of chemical or biological contaminants. It may also be in contact with the underlying underground water. The majority of water on Earth is in ice caps. The source of almost all water is precipitation from the atmosphere, in the form of mist, rain. Fresh water falling as mist, rain or snow contains materials dissolved from the atmosphere and material from the sea, in some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers. In coastal areas fresh water may contain significant concentrations of salts derived from the sea if windy conditions have lifted drops of seawater into the rain-bearing clouds. This can give rise to elevated concentrations of sodium, chloride, magnesium, significant quantities of iron may be transported in this way including the well-documented transfer of iron-rich rainfall falling in Brazil derived from sand-storms in the Sahara in north Africa. Water is an issue for the survival of all living organisms. Some can use water but many organisms including the great majority of higher plants. Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Freshwater lakes contain about 87% of this surface water, including 29% in the African Great Lakes, 20% in Lake Baikal in Russia, 21% in the North American Great Lakes. Swamps have most of the balance only a small amount in rivers. In areas with no water on the ground surface, fresh water derived from precipitation may, because of its lower density. Most of the fresh water is frozen in ice sheets. Many areas suffer from lack of distribution of water, such as deserts
12.
Naturism
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Naturism, or nudism, is a cultural and political movement practising, advocating and defending personal and social nudity, most but not all of which takes place on private property. The term may refer to a lifestyle based on personal. Naturism may take a number of forms and it may be practised individually, within a family, socially or in public. Additionally, there is also militant naturism, including campaigning and extreme naturism is sometimes considered a separate category, several other terms have been proposed as alternative terms for naturism, but none has found the same widespread public acceptance as the older terms naturism and nudism. People interested in social nudity can attend clothes-free beaches and other types of ad-hoc nudist events, at these venues, participants generally need not belong to a naturist club. An overlapping term to naturist with a similar definition includes birthday suiter, many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations feel that the practice of social nudity should be asexual. Current research has begun to explore this complex relationship, the usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically. Though in the United States, naturism and nudism have the same meaning, in naturist parlance, textile or textilist is a non-naturist person, non-naturist behaviour or non-naturist facilities. E. g. the textile beach starts at the flag, they are a mixed couple – he is naturist, textile is the predominant term used in the UK, although some naturists avoid it due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations. Textilist is said to be used interchangeably, but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, clothing optional and nude optional describe a policy or a venue that allows or encourages nudity but tolerates the wearing of clothes. The opposite is clothing compulsory, that is, prohibiting nudity, adjectival phrases clothes free and clothing free prescribe where naturism is permitted in an otherwise textile environment, or define the preferred state of a naturist. The social nudity movement includes a range of variants including naturism, nudism, Freikörperkultur. There is an amount of shared history and common themes, issues and philosophy. See also, labels, associations and terminology for a discussion and disambiguation. Many people are often nude in the privacy of their home or garden, either alone or with members of the family and this may be occasional nudity or as a naturist lifestyle. This has attracted a deal of academic study. The study found there was no significant difference between what was reported by men and by women with respect to frequency of nudity in the home. Gordon and Schroeder in 1995 reported that parental nudity varies considerably from family to family, barbara Bonner in 1999 cautioned against nudity in the home if children exhibit sexual play of a type that is considered problematic
13.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
14.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
15.
Kingston, Ontario
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Kingston is a city in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located on the end of Lake Ontario, at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River. The city is located midway between Toronto and Montreal, the Thousand Islands tourist region is nearby to the east. Kingston is nicknamed the Limestone City because of the heritage buildings constructed using local limestone. This outpost, called Fort Cataraqui or Fort Frontenac, became a focus for settlement, after the British conquered New France, the village was renamed Kingston. Kingston was named the first capital of the Province of Canada on February 10,1841, while its time as a political centre was short, Kingston has remained an important military installation. Kingston was the county seat of Frontenac County until 1998, Kingston is now a separated municipality from the County of Frontenac. A number of origins of Cataraqui, Kingstons original name, have been postulated, one is that it is derived from the Iroquois word that means the place where one hides. The name may also be derivations of Native words that mean impregnable, muddy river, place of retreat, clay bank rising out of the water or where the rivers and lake meet. Cataraqui today refers to an area around the intersection of Princess Street and Sydenham Road, Cataraqui is also the name of a municipal electoral district. Cataraqui was referred to as the Kings Town or Kings Town by 1787 in honour of King George III, the name was shortened to Kingston in 1788. Archaeological evidence suggests that people lived in the Kingston region as early as the Archaic Period, evidence of Late Woodland Period early Iroquois occupation also exists. The first more permanent encampments by aboriginal people in the Kingston area began about 500 AD, the group that first occupied the area before the arrival of the French was probably the Wyandot people, who were later displaced by Iroquoian groups. At the time the French arrived in the Kingston area, Five Nations Iroquois had settled along the shore of Lake Ontario. By 1700, the north shore Iroquois had moved south, european commercial and military influence and activities centered on the fur trade developed and increased in North America in the 17th century. Fur trappers and traders were spreading out from their centres of operation in New France, French explorer Samuel de Champlain visited the Kingston area in 1615. Settlement resumed in the early 1780s when the area soon to be called Kingston became a centre for Loyalist refugees who fled north because of the American Revolutionary War. The survey would also determine whether Cataraqui was suitable as a base since nearby Carleton Island on which a British navy base was located had been ceded to the Americans after the war
16.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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Quebec
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Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada and the only one to have a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language. Quebec is Canadas largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division and it also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is Canadas second-most populous province, after Ontario, most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, the Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples. Even in central Quebec at comparatively southerly latitudes winters are severe in inland areas, Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995, in 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the Québécois as a nation within a united Canada. These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada, early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq and Kébec. French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the seat for the French colony of New France. The province is sometimes referred to as La belle province, the Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years War. The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River, the Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. After the Constitutional Act of 1791, the territory was divided between Lower Canada and Upper Canada, with each being granted an elected legislative assembly, in 1840, these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada. This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867, each became one of the first four provinces. In 1898, the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the aboriginal peoples. This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec. In 1927, the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. Located in the part of Canada, and part of Central Canada. Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the composition of the ground, the climate. The Saint Lawrence Lowland and the Canadian Shield are the two main regions, and are radically different
18.
Southern Ontario
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Southern Ontario is a primary region of the province of Ontario, Canada, the other primary region being Northern Ontario. It is the most densely populated and southernmost region in Canada, situated south of Algonquin Park, it covers between 14 and 15% of the province, depending on the inclusion of the Parry Sound and Muskoka districts. The region is home to one-third of Canadas population, Southern Ontario differs greatly from Northern Ontario, in that it has a larger population, different climate, and different culture than its northern counterpart. It is broken into smaller subregions, including Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Southwestern Ontario, Southern Ontario is part of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor, which extends northeast into Quebec. Southern Ontario can be distinguished from Northern Ontario because it is far more densely populated and contains the majority of the cities, major roads. Northern Ontario, in contrast, contains natural resources and remote wilderness. Although it has no coastline, the region has an abundance of freshwater coastlines on three Great Lakes, as well as smaller lakes such as Lake Simcoe and Lake St. Clair. It is a vineyard region and producer of Canadian wines. Territorial Southern Ontario was explored and colonized by the French in the 17th century, Southern Ontario was where a large portion of the battles took place during the War of 1812, and was a major destination for escaping slaves using the underground railroad. Following the enactment of Prohibition in the United States in 1919, Southern Ontario is home to over 94%, or 12.1 million, of Ontarios total population of 12.9 million people, compared to approximately 750,000 in Northern Ontario. For thousands of years, Ontario has been home to aboriginal communities. Over 200,000 aboriginal Canadians live in Southern Ontario today, Southern Ontario was colonized by the French and the British. Since the late 20th century, many immigrants have come from Asia, the region is one of the top destinations for immigrants worldwide, particularly the Greater Toronto Area. The area has a manufacturing sector. Since the mid-2000s, Ontario has produced more vehicles per year than the state of Michigan, in a cross-border definition, a swath of Southern Ontario could be considered a part of the Rust Belt. Factory closings because of restructuring, globalization have for the past few decades taken their toll. This is most evident in the southern tier cities which have large automobile or associated industrial bases, such as Windsor, London, St. Thomas. Still affected by these factors but to an extent is Hamilton, the centre of steel production, and Sarnia
19.
Sable Island
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Sable Island is a small island situated 300 km southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia, and about 175 km southeast of the closest point of mainland Nova Scotia in the Atlantic Ocean. It is a home to approximately five people, with summer numbers swelled by tourists, scientists. Notable for the Sable Island horse, the island is protected and managed by Parks Canada, permission must first be granted by it before anyone may visit. Sable Island is part of District 7 of the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia, the island is also a protected National Park Reserve. The expedition of Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes explored this region in 1520–1521 and were among the first Europeans to encounter the island and it is likely that he named the island Fagunda after himself. On the other hand, 16th century Portuguese sources describe a colony founded by the navigator in the Cape Breton Island. It is also possible that Fagundes sighted the island while heading southwest, reaching the Bay of Fundy, as the 1558 map of Diogo Homem and later Samuel de Champlain suggested, a brief attempt at French colonization at the end of the 16th century using convicts failed. The island was inhabited sporadically by sealers, shipwreck survivors, a series of life-saving stations was established on Sable Island by the governor of Nova Scotia, John Wentworth, in 1801. The rescue station began the continuous presence on the island which continues today. Wentworth appointed James Morris, a Nova Scotian veteran of the British Royal Navy as the first superintendent of the island, Morris settled on the island in October 1801 with his family. By the time Morris died on the island in 1809, he had built up the settlement to include a central station. Until the advent of modern navigation, Sable Island was home to the families of the life-saving crews. In the early 20th century, the Marconi Company established a station on the island. Several generations of staff were born and raised families of their own on the island. Only two people have been born on Sable Island since 1920, improvements in navigation led to a dramatic drop in shipwrecks by the mid 20th century. The rescue station on Sable was reduced and eventually closed in 1958, the Canadian Coast Guard first automated and eventually decommissioned the light stations. However, during this period, the role in science grew. In addition to studies, research on the island expanded to a range of ecological
20.
Fly Away Home
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Fly Away Home is a 1996 family drama film directed by Carroll Ballard. The film stars Anna Paquin, Jeff Daniels and Dana Delany, Fly Away Home was released on September 13,1996 by Columbia Pictures. Fly Away Home dramatizes the actual experiences of Bill Lishman who, in 1986, started training geese to follow his ultralight aircraft, when a construction crew destroys a small wilderness area near the Alden home, Amy finds a nest of goose eggs. Without Thomas, Susan, or her uncle David knowing, she takes the eggs, when the eggs have hatched, she is allowed to keep the goslings as pets. Thomas asks for help from local game warden Glen Seifert on how to care for the geese, Seifert comes over to the Alden house, and explains that the geese have imprinted on Amy as their mother. Thomas throws Seifert off his property, only for Seifert to threaten the Aldens that if the birds start flying, Thomas decides to use an ultralight aircraft to teach the birds to fly and show them their migratory routes, but quickly realizes the birds will only follow Amy. Aided by his friend Barry, Thomas teaches Amy how to fly an aircraft of her own. David mentions knowing someone running a bird sanctuary in North Carolina, the birds have to arrive before November 1, or the sanctuary will be torn down by developers who plan to turn it into a coastal housing development. Amy and Thomas practice flying the aircraft, but Igor, the weakest of the geese, while the group goes off to search for the bird, Glen Seifert returns to the Alden farm and confiscates the other geese. The next day, a plan is staged to free the geese. Making an emergency landing at Niagara Falls Air Reserve Station in upstate New York on the shore of Lake Ontario, Amy. They become national news, with residents cheering them on and offering the two a place to stay at night at each of their stops. Thirty miles before reaching the sanctuary, Thomas’s aircraft suffers a structural failure and crashes in a cornfield. After Amy takes off and begins to head toward the sanctuary, while waiting for the geese, Thomas, Susan, David, Barry and many animal enthusiasts stand up to developers who are waiting to start the excavation of the site. Amy eventually appears with the geese, much to the joy of the townspeople and Amy’s family, the townspeople and the Aldens celebrate their victory. The following spring, all 16 geese safely return to the Aldens farm on their own, to recreate the Alden home, principal photography took place in 1995, at two farms near Lindsay in southeastern Ontario. The township had also been the setting for A Christmas Story, the blacksmith shop constructed onsite for the filming of The Last Buffalo at Purple Hill, Ontario was re-used as part of the Alden homestead. Two gliders were featured in the film, The UFM Easy Riser, the Easy Riser first appears as a foot-launched biplane hang glider
21.
Resident Evil: Afterlife
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Resident Evil, Afterlife is a 2010 3D science fiction action horror film written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson. It stars Milla Jovovich, Ali Larter, Kim Coates, Shawn Roberts, Spencer Locke, Boris Kodjoe, the film marks Andersons second time to direct in the series, the first being the first installment. It is the first to be shot in 3D and fourth installment in the Resident Evil film series, the film follows Alice searching for and rescuing the remaining survivors in Los Angeles after the T-virus outbreak, and teaming up against Albert Wesker, the head of the Umbrella Corporation. Chris Redfield, a character from the video games, was featured for the first time in the film franchise. In May 2005, producers mentioned the possibility of following Extinction with a sequel titled Afterlife, Extinction was released in 2007 and was a box office success, prompting Afterlife to begin development in June 2008, with the script being written by Anderson that December. Elements from the video game Resident Evil 5 were incorporated into the film, filming took place in Toronto from September to December 2009 using the 3D Fusion Camera System. The film was released in 3D and IMAX 3D theaters on September 10,2010, Resident Evil, Afterlife was released to DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray 3D on December 28,2010 in the United States. Wesker injects her with an Anti-Virus to remove her superhuman abilities, before the autopilot crashes the plane into the mountains and only Alice survives. Six months later, Alice travels to Alaska in an airplane, tracking broadcasts from a safe haven called Arcadia, however, she only finds abandoned planes, Alice destroys a spider-like device on Claires chest, giving her amnesia and pacifying her. They travel to the ruins of L. A. where they find survivors living in a prison which is surrounded by thousand of undead. They meet Luther West, who leads the band on prison, Wendell, Crystal Waters, Bennett, Kim Yong. With their help, Alice finally lands on the roof and learns Arcadia isnt a fixed place. However, though the ship hasnt moved, no-one from it has responded to the groups rescue flares, Luther takes Alice to the last inmate, Chris, who insists hes falsely imprisoned, and will reveal an escape route for freedom. Alice goes to the showers to wash up, but catches Wendell attempting to peep, holding him at gunpoint, they are attacked by a group of infected that dug into the prison, and take Wendell, as she manages to kill them. Desperate, they free Chris, who reveals that Claire is his sister, however, a giant axe-wielding monster begins breaking down the gate. Alice, Chris and Crystal go to the basement armory to get guns, however. Luther and Claire reinforce the gate, Angel informs Bennett and Yong the car is missing its engine and it would take a week to fix. Bennett shoots Angel and heads for Arcadia in Alices airplane, the Axeman breaks down the gate, allowing the zombies into the prison
22.
Music video
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A music video is a short film integrating a song and imagery, produced for promotional or artistic purposes. Modern music videos are made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. There are also cases where songs are used in tie in marketing campaigns that allow them to more than just a song. Tie ins and merchandising could be used in toys or marketing campaigns for food, although the origins of music videos date back to musical short films that first appeared in the 1920s, they came into prominence in the 1980s when MTV based their format around the medium. Prior to the 1980s, these works were described by terms including illustrated song, filmed insert, promotional film, promotional clip, promotional video, song video. Music videos use a range of styles of contemporary videomaking techniques, including animation, live action filming, documentaries. Some music videos blend different styles, such as animation, music, combining these styles and techniques has become more popular because of the variation it presents to the audience. Many music videos interpret images and scenes from the songs lyrics, other music videos may be without a set concept, being merely a filmed version of the songs live performance. Product placement is a technique in music videos, exemplified by the appearance of the Beats Pill in numerous hip hop videos. In 1894, sheet music publishers Edward B, marks and Joe Stern hired electrician George Thomas and various performers to promote sales of their song The Little Lost Child. Using a magic lantern, Thomas projected a series of images on a screen simultaneous to live performances. This would become a form of entertainment known as the illustrated song. In 1926, with the arrival of many musical short films were produced. Vitaphone shorts featured many bands, vocalists and dancers, early 1930s cartoons featured popular musicians performing their hit songs on-camera in live-action segments during the cartoons. The early animated films by Walt Disney, such as the Silly Symphonies shorts and especially Fantasia, the Warner Brothers cartoons, even today billed as Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, were initially fashioned around specific songs from upcoming Warner Brothers musical films. Live action musical shorts, featuring such performers as Cab Calloway, were also distributed to theaters. Blues singer Bessie Smith appeared in a short film called St. Louis Blues featuring a dramatized performance of the hit song. Numerous other musicians appeared in short musical subjects during this period, soundies, produced and released from 1940 to 1947, were musical films that often included short dance sequences, similar to later music videos
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
Canadian Register of Historic Places
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The Canadian Register of Historic Places was created as part of Canadas Historic Places Initiative. The CRHP and the Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada are the two major tools developed to assist in achieving the main objectives. The CRHP was officially launched in May 2004 as an access point for members of the public to learn about historic sites across Canada. It is a work in progress, and as of 2011 included approximately 12,300 of the countrys estimated 17,000 designated historic sites. Moreover, historic sites that have been recognized by more than one level of government, a site must be designated by one or more of these levels of government in order to be eligible for inclusion in the CRHP. The CRHP is a tool, not a designatory or regulatory mechanism. Inclusion in the directory does not confer historic or legal status, inclusion also does not affect how the designating level of government manages its own heritage designations or policies. The CRHP partner governments are working on other tools through the Historic Places Initiative in order to recognize sites related to Aboriginal peoples in Canada, heritage conservation in Canada Lists of historic places in Canada Official website
25.
National Parks of Canada
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National Parks of Canada are protected natural spaces throughout the country that represent distinct geographical regions of the nation. Within Parks Canada’s administration is a range of protected areas, encompassing National Historic Sites, National Marine Conservation Areas. Canada’s first national park, located in Banff, was established in 1885, tourism and commercialization dominated early park development, followed closely by resource extraction. Commodifying the parks for the profit of Canada’s national economy as well as conserving the natural areas for public, the process of establishing National Parks has included the often forced displacement of indigenous and non-indigenous residents of areas within the proposed park boundaries. A transition towards developing parks as a place of preservation began with the National Parks Act of 1930 and this event marked a shift in park management practices. Acting as national symbols, Canadas National Parks exist in every province,1885 – Banff National Park established as Canadas first National Park. Originally this park was called Banff Hot Springs Reserve and later the Rocky Mountains National Park, 1908–1912 – Four National Parks established in Alberta and Saskatchewan with a mission akin to national wildlife refuges. All would be abolished by 1947 once their goals were achieved,1911 – Dominion Parks Branch created, the worlds first national park service. Resided in the Department of the Interior, now known as Parks Canada, the governing body of Canadas National Parks. 1930 – Canadas parliament passes the first National Parks Act, regulating protection of the parks,1930 – Transfer of resources agreement signed. 1970s - National Parks System Plan devised with an aim to protect a sample of each of Canadas 39 natural spaces. 1979 – National Parks policy is revised to make preserving ecological integrity the priority in Canadian Parks,1984 – First National Park established through a land claim agreement. 1988 – National Parks Act amended formalizing the principle of integrity in the park system. 1989 – The Endangered Spaces campaign is launched by the Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society, the goal of the campaign is to have parks and protected areas which represent each of the countrys natural regions. 2017 - Free National Parks in 2017, In celebration of Canadas 150th birthday on 1 July 2017, Parks Canada is offering free admission to national parks, on July 20,1871, the Crown Colony of British Columbia committed to Confederation with Canada. Under the union’s terms, Canada was to construction of a transcontinental railway to connect the Pacific Coast to the eastern provinces. As the Canadian Pacific Railway went underway in 1875 and surveyors began to study the land, evidence of minerals quickly introduced the construction of mines and resource exploitation in Canada’s previously untouched wilderness. This event brought about the beginning of Canadas movement towards preserving land, may 1911 marked one of the most significant events in the administration and development of National Parks in Canada as the Dominion Forest Reserves and Parks Act were granted royal assent
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Bruce Peninsula National Park
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Bruce Peninsula National Park is a national park on the Bruce Peninsula in Ontario, Canada. The park offers opportunities for outdoor activities, including hiking, camping. The park has trails ranging in difficulty from easy to expert, the park was the subject of a short film in 2011s National Parks Project, directed by Daniel Cockburn and scored by John K. Samson, Christine Fellows and Sandro Perri. It forms the backbone of the Bruce Peninsula and shapes the northern boundary of most of the park, the rock of the escarpment is very old. Approximately 400 million years ago, this area was covered by a tropical sea teeming with life in the form of plant-like animals, crustaceans, living corals. It would have looked much like the present-day Great Barrier Reef of Australia, when the sea began to dry up, the minerals dissolved in it became more and more concentrated. Magnesium in the water was absorbed into the limestone, which became a softer, slightly different sort of rock. The harder dolomite limestone stones forms much of the rock of the escarpment cliffs along Bruce Peninsula National Parks Georgian Bay shoreline, as at Niagara Falls, the dolomite caprock erodes more slowly than the rock below it, creating the sculptured cliffs for which the area is famous. Since the last Ice Age, water levels in the region have undergone great changes, softer limestone has been eroded away by water action, leaving magnificent overhanging cliffs at various points along the shore. These are the big attraction of the Cyprus Lake trails, where erosion has cut more deeply, caves have been formed, such as the famed Grotto on the shore between the Marr Lake and Georgian Bay Trails. Great blocks of dolomite, undercut by wave action, have tumbled from the cliffs above and can be seen below the surface of the deep. The park has a climate with cool summers and mild winters. In the northern parts of the Peninsula, the climate is among the most temperate in Canada, the climate of park is influenced by both Georgian Bay and Lake Huron, which significantly moderate temperatures. As a result, they tend to prolong milder temperatures in the fall, summers are warm, with an average temperature of 16.8 °C while winters are cool, averaging −6.7 °C. Summers are dominated by hot, humid air masses from the Pacific Ocean, in winter, Pacific air masses predominate, bringing in warm and humid air although cold, dry air from the Arctic highs can occur, bringing in colder and drier conditions. Warm air masses coming from the Gulf of Mexico are rare during winter but are responsible for bringing January and February thaws, spring and fall are characterized by complex weather patterns with contrasting and rapidly changing influences from the different regional air masses. The park receives 900 mm of precipitation per year and this is evenly distributed throughout the year with fall being the wettest. Precipitation is slightly lower than inland areas due to the influence that the narrow peninsula has when air masses travel over it compared to more interior locations
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Fathom Five National Marine Park
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The many shipwrecks make the park a popular scuba diving destination, and glass bottom boat tours leave Tobermory regularly, allowing tourists to see the shipwrecks without having to get wet. Many visitors camp at nearby Bruce Peninsula National Park and use the park as a base to explore Fathom Five, the Save Ontario Shipwrecks Ohio chapter explored an Ontario wreck in Fathom Five Park in 1986. Established in 1987, the park represented a departure for the national park system. Despite its unique name, it is categorized as an NMCA, in 2006, a new visitors centre opened to serve Fathom Five National Marine Park and the Bruce Peninsula National Park. Designed by Andrew Frontini of Shore Tilbe Irwin + Partners, the CAD $7.82 million centre, approached by a boardwalk, features a centre, reception area, exhibit hall. A 20-metre viewing tower was constructed to provide visitors with aerial views of the surrounding park. The centre was designed with sustainability in mind, receiving $224,000 from the Federal House in Order initiative for implementation of innovative greenhouse gas reduction technology. National Parks of Canada List of National Parks of Canada Sweepstakes Official site Fathom Five Natural History and Cultural Heritage Website
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Georgian Bay Islands National Park
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Georgian Bay Islands National Park consists of 63 small islands or parts of islands in Georgian Bay, near Port Severn, Ontario. The total park area is approximately 13.5 km2, prior to the creation of Fathom Five National Marine Park, Flowerpot Island was also a part of the park. The islands blend the exposed rocks and pines of the Canadian Shield with the forests found further south. The park can only be reached by boat, there are limited camping facilities on the largest island, the park provides habitat for 33 species of reptiles and amphibians, including the threatened eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake. Some of the isolated islands provide nesting areas for colonies of gulls. The park is part of the Georgian Bay Littoral Biosphere Reserve, Beausoleil Island is the largest island in the park and it offers island tent camping, overnight and day docking, heritage education programs, and hiking trails. Wheelchair accessible sites and reserved campsites are available at the Cedar Spring campground on Beausoleil Island. National Parks of Canada List of National Parks of Canada Official Site
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Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area
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Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area is a National Marine Conservation Area on the north shore of Lake Superior in Ontario, and is a unit of the national park system. Established on September 1,2015, it is the largest freshwater protected area in the world. Plans to create it were first announced by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper on October 25,2007, in Nipigon, the area is a unit of Canadas national park system administered by Parks Canada. The Nipigon River and Lake Nipigon lie to the north, proposals to protect the area were first suggested in the mid-1990s, and formal plans were first announced in 2002. The marine conservation area was proposed after discussion with provincial and First Nations representatives, Parks Canada distributed questionnaires to local residents as a public consultation. 67% of respondents supported the largest possible designation area, with 13% opposing any NMCA designation, in June 2015, the federal government introduced a bill to create the NMCA, which received royal assent on June 24. The law specified that the NMCA would come into force on either the day of approval or on September 1, with approval given in June, the park was legally created on September 1. Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area covers roughly 10,000 km2 of lakebed, its overlaying freshwater, the area is home to numerous species including herons, peregrine falcons, and bald eagles. The spawning and schooling waters of deep coldwater fish, such as whitefish, lake herring, walleye, caribou foraging and calving areas are located on shore. Lake Superior is home to about 70 fish species, the official designation prevents resource extraction or other operations which may damage the aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems in the conservation area. However, per the agreement with the First Nations, it does not exclude all commercial activity, such as shipping. In 2009 the Wilson Islands were purchased from private owners and these eight almost untouched islands lie off Rossport in Ontario waters. The acquisition was made by the governments of Canada and Ontario, the acquisition had substantial support from the Pays Plat First Nation, which will cooperate in stewardship of the islands. The islands include cliffs, both rocky and sandy shorelines, coastal wetlands, and deep forests, flora include the rare mountain fir moss and northern woodsia fern, fauna include peregrine falcons, bald eagles, and shorebirds. Their habitat will now be protected from mining and other development, by this acquisition, the marine conservation area, already the largest freshwater protected area in the world, acquires and preserves over 4,700 acres of land in the heart of the preserve. Historic shipwrecks lie on the seabed of the Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area, the shores have two areas of First Nation pictographs and Sibley Peninsula has archaeological sites from Paleoindian, archaic, and woodland settlements. National Marine Conservation Areas National Parks of Canada List of National Parks of Canada Parks Canada Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area at Parks Canada
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Point Pelee National Park
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Point Pelee National Park is a national park in Essex County in southwestern Ontario, Canada where it extends into Lake Erie. The word pelée is French for bald, Point Pelee consists of a peninsula of land, mainly of marsh and woodland habitats, that tapers to a sharp point as it extends into Lake Erie. Middle Island, also part of Point Pelee National Park, was acquired in 2000 and is just north of the Canada–United States border in Lake Erie. Point Pelee is the southernmost point of mainland Canada, and is located on a foundation of sand, silt. This spit of land is more than seven kilometres long by 4.5 kilometres wide at its northern base. Established in 1918, Point Pelee was the first national park in Canada to be established for conservation and it was designated as a Ramsar site on 27 May 1987. Aboriginal people lived on Point Pelee for many years before European colonization, the largest archaeological site found at Point Pelee is thought to have been occupied between AD700 and 900. In 1790, Deputy Indian Agent Alexander McKee negotiated a treaty with Aboriginal communities that ceded a tract of land. The Caldwell First Nation Chippewa people, who inhabited Point Pelee, were not signatories of that treaty, however, the Crown did not realize this, and their land was ceded nonetheless. Subsequently, they were forced off their land, and Point Pelee remains unceded aboriginal land and this has been publicly acknowledged by the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Point Pelee was made a park in 1918 at the urging of birdwatchers and hunters. Commercial fishing continued in the park until 1969, Point Pelee was the only Canadian national park to allow hunting until duck hunting was ended in 1989. It forms the southernmost point in mainland Canada and is part of a bird and butterfly migration corridor over Lake Erie via Point Pelee, over 360 bird species have been recorded in the park. The peak time for bird migration is spring, especially May, many birdwatchers from North America and abroad visit the park in spring, often staying in the nearby town of Leamington. One attraction, apart from the numbers and variety of bird passing through on migration, is the opportunity to see more northerly breeding species such as blackpoll warbler before they move on. In March 2006, high winds washed away the sand point, in October 2007 the level of lake Erie dropped enough to reveal the point again extending at least half a mile out into the water and at least 25 feet wide with a winding curve shape to it. Located in the parts of the St. Lawrence Lowlands. With an area of only 1,564 hectares, it is Canadas smallest national park and this sandspit is dominated by till plains which was formed during the last ice age during the advance and retreat of the Wisconsonian ice on a submerged limestone ridge
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Pukaskwa National Park
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Pukaskwa National Park is a national park located south of the town of Marathon, Ontario in the Thunder Bay District of northern Ontario, Canada. Established in 1978, Pukaskwa is known for its vistas of Lake Superior, the park covers an area of 1,878 square kilometres, and protects part of the longest undeveloped shoreline anywhere on the Great Lakes. The Hattie Cove Campground is located at the end of the park and can be accessed via Highway 627. There are also a number of backcountry campsites located along the 60 km Coastal Hiking Trail which follows the shore of Lake Superior. The Coastal Hiking Trail has two bridges, one across the White River at Chigaamiwinigum and one across the Willow River. The Coastal Hiking Trail is part of the long-distance Voyageur Hiking Trail, backcountry campsites are also located along the Coastal Paddling Route, the White River, and the Pukaskwa River. Black bears, moose, peregrine falcons, lynxes and timber wolves are found in the park, there is also a small population of woodland caribou but their numbers declined from 30 caribou in the 1970s to about four in 2012 mainly due to wolf predation. The park has a continental climate under the Köppen climate classification that is strongly influenced by Lake Superior. Rivers in the include the, Pukaskwa River Cascade River North Swallow River Swallow River White River Willow River The Pic River enters Lake Superior just north of the park. The highest point in the park is the peak of Tip Top Mountain which rises to 641 meters /2106 feet, thousand year old rock structures known as Pukaskwa Pits which were created by the original inhabitants of this area can be found on many of the parks cobblestone beaches. The most recent State of the Park Report for Pukaskwa National Park was published in 2008, National Parks of Canada List of National Parks of Canada Official site Watch the short documentary by Bill Mason Pukaskwa National Park 2008 State of the Park Report Bergerud, Arthur T. 26, Assessment of impacts on Woodland Caribou, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Stillwater Canada Inc
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Thousand Islands National Park
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Thousand Islands National Park is located on the 1000 Islands Parkway in the Thousand Islands Region of the Saint Lawrence River. The islands are actually the tops of ancient mountains. This region, the Frontenac Axis, connects the Canadian Shield from Algonquin Park in Ontario to the Adirondack Mountains in New York, the park consists of 21 islands plus many smaller islets,2 mainland properties and a visitor centre at Mallorytown, Ontario on the mainland. It is one of Canadas smallest national parks with an area of 9 square kilometres. Much of the park is accessible by boat. Trail systems can be found on the mainland along the 1000 Islands Parkway at Mallorytown Landing, Jones Creek, there are picnic, camping and oTENTik facilities on several islands and at Mallorytown Landing. Mallorytown Landing is a day use area offers a large parking, a boat ramp, several oTENTiks, picnic gazebos, play ground, animal exhibits, travelling exhibits. The Frontenac Arch Biosphere Reserve, in which the park is located, is known as being one of the highest areas of biodiversity in Canada. The first inhabitants of the area are thought to have been hunting and fishing peoples who arrived following the last glacial period approximately 10,000 years ago. Many artifacts have been found in the park, including a 2500-year-old pot that was found by a diver in 1979, pictographs are still visible on some shoreline cliffs despite damage due to acid rain and vandals. By the early 17th century, the Iroquois people had put up large summer encampments on the riverbanks from which they fished the rich waters. Around this time began to be visited by French explorers, fur traders. Following the American Revolution at the end of the 18th century, European settlers began moving into the area, a few Iroquois still returned to fish, but by the 1860s fish stocks were greatly depleted. During the War of 1812, the area of todays National Park was visited by both British and American warships, a British gunboat was sunk nearby and the preserved hull was raised in 1967. It now resides at the park, Martello towers were built in the area to defend the British from American invasion. Inside the park, Cedar Island, a small island visible from downtown Kingston, the park was established in 1904, the first Canadian national park east of the Rocky Mountains. It was called St. Lawrence Islands National Park until 2013, in 1997, the park was named one of the national parks with the highest levels of ecological impairment. Animals that inhabit this park are coyotes, deer, porcupines, beavers, foxes, skunks, raccoons, turkey vultures, rabbits, squirrels, chickadees
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Algonquin Provincial Park
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Algonquin Provincial Park is a provincial park located between Georgian Bay and the Ottawa River in Southern Ontario, Canada, mostly within the Unorganized South Part of Nipissing District. Established in 1893, it is the oldest provincial park in Canada, additions since its creation have increased the park to its current size of about 7,653 square kilometres. For comparison purposes, this is one and a half times the size of Prince Edward Island or about a quarter of the size of Belgium. The park is contiguous with several smaller, administratively separate provincial parks that protect important rivers in the area, resulting in a larger total protected area. Its size, combined with its proximity to the urban centres of Toronto and Ottawa, makes Algonquin one of the most popular provincial parks in the province. Highway 60 runs through the south of the park, while the Trans-Canada Highway bypasses it to the north, over 2,400 lakes and 1,200 kilometres of streams and rivers are located within the park. Some notable examples include Canoe Lake and the Petawawa, Nipissing, Amable du Fond, Madawaska and these were formed by the retreat of the glaciers during the last ice age. The park is considered part of the border between Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario, the park is in an area of transition between northern coniferous forest and southern deciduous forest. This unique mixture of forest types, and the variety of environments in the park, allows the park to support an uncommon diversity of plant. It is also an important site for wildlife research, Algonquin Park is the only designated park within the province of Ontario to allow industrial logging to take place within its borders. In the 19th century, the industry harvested the large white pine and red pine trees to produce lumber for domestic and American markets. The loggers were followed by numbers of homesteaders and farmers. Even at that time, however, the beauty was recognized by nature preservationists. To manage these conflicting interests, the Ontario Government appointed a commission to inquire into and report on the matter. The act to establish Algonquin Park was drawn up in 1892 by this five member Royal Commission, made up of Alexander Kirkwood, James Dickson, Archibald Blue, Robert Phipps, and Aubrey White. The commissioners remarked in their report, the experience of older countries had shown that the wholesale. Only licenses to cut pine would be issued, the commissioners had recommended that when the hardwood was mature, it too should be cut. Researchers believe that smoke from a forest fire in Algonquin Park was responsible for New Englands Dark Day of May 19,1780 and this is based on investigations into scar marks which are left in the growth rings of trees that survive forest fires
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Bon Echo Provincial Park
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Bon Echo Provincial Park is a provincial park in South Eastern Ontario north of Kaladar, Ontario, approximately 6 kilometres north of Cloyne. Bon Echo features several lakes, including part of Mazinaw Lake, the southeastern shore of Mazinaw Lake features the massive 100 m high Mazinaw Rock, an escarpment rising out of the water, adorned with many native pictographs. The unofficial mascot of Bon Echo Park is the Ojibwe trickster figure and culture hero, Nanabush, pictographs are often confused with petroglyphs, which are rock carvings rather than the rock paintings found on Mazinaw. The site of the Mazinaw pictographs was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1982, the Bon Echo region – after enterprising lumbering companies came and went, along with the farming communities that accompanied them – was purchased in 1889 by Weston A. Price and his wife, who were inspired by Mazinaw Rock and they named the area Bon Echo because of the acoustical properties of the Rock, which bounced sound across Mazinaw Lake. The Prices built a hotel at the narrows, the Bon Echo Inn. Price banned alcohol on the due to strong religious beliefs. The hotel was populated by a contingent of Methodist pastors. After several successful years at the Inn, a personal tragedy compelled Dr. Price to sell his holdings at Bon Echo and he found buyers in Howard and Flora MacDonald Denison. Flora was both a business operator in Toronto and a vocal proponent of womens rights who founded, along with other feminists. Years earlier the Denisons had attempted to purchase a cottage from Price, after obtaining the property for $15,000, they sent away the pastors and turned Bon Echo Inn into a haven for artists, poets, and writers, most notably James Thurber. The work was performed by two Aberdeen, Scotland stonemasons and took all of the summer of 1919 to complete, after her death in 1921, the land and inn was inherited by Merrill Denison, her son and a very successful entrepreneur. He continued to operate the inn until the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929. After that, the inn was leased to the Leavens Brothers who operated it as a summer hotel, in 1936, the inn and many outbuildings were destroyed in a fire started by lightning striking the bakehouse. The loss was not fully covered by insurance, and the inn was never rebuilt, Merrill Denison continued to spend summers at Bon Echo, using it as a quiet location to write. Some of the cottages, including Dollywood and Greystones, remained in use as summer getaways for years, in 1955, the Province of Ontario passed legislation allowing them to accept donations of land to form provincial parks. In 1965, Bon Echo Provincial Park officially opened, on Sunday, they climbed Front of the Pinnacle. This marked the first rock climbing on Mazinaw Rock, the Alpine Club of Canada maintains a hut on the lake, and Bon Echo rock climbing remains core to the ACCs Toronto Section to this day
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French River (Ontario)
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The French River is a river in Central Ontario, Canada. It flows 110 kilometres from Lake Nipissing west to Georgian Bay, the river largely follows the boundary between the Parry Sound District and the Sudbury District, and in most contexts is considered the dividing line between Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The French River was designated a Canadian Heritage River in 1986, the French River flows through typical Canadian Shield country, in many places exposing rugged glaciated rock but also through heavily forested areas on the upper portion. The mouth of the river contains countless islands and numerous channels which vary from narrow, enclosed steep-walled gorges, falls and rapids, other explorers who later followed this route included Simon Fraser, Alexander Mackenzie and David Thompson. Together with the Ottawa and Mattawa Rivers, the French River formed part of the highway from Montreal to Lake Superior in the days of the fur trade. It remained a major canoe route until about 1820, around 1855, the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada provided newfound access to the area and the Georgian Bay. This led to increased exploration and interest for fishing and logging during the era of the Industrial Revolution, after the Great Chicago Fire in 1871, there was a boom in logging along with the creation of Lumber barons in the Great Lakes. The French River was ripe for the picking with its inexhaustible supply of timber. Near the end of the 19th century, logging became the primary activity in the area and it was later settled as a summer tourist and recreation area. For this reason, the French River was designated a Canadian Heritage River in 1985, there are 230 undeveloped back-country campsites available in the park along the river. French River continues to attract vacationers and cottage owners who enjoy the water, rocky shores
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Frontenac Provincial Park
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Frontenac Provincial Park is located near the town of Sydenham, north of the city of Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The Government of Ontario has classified Frontenac Provincial Park as an environment park. The park lies on the Frontenac Axis, an extension of the Canadian Shield, which connects to the Adirondack Mountains, and consists of mixed forest, lakes, wetlands. Recreational opportunities include hiking, canoeing, and backcountry camping, wilderness courses are offered to teach wilderness skills in a semi-wilderness setting. Historically, the park provided important resources for local communities through the logging and mining industries, Frontenac Provincial Park is home to a native population of grey wolves. Other animals that call the home are American black bear, red fox, mink, northern river otter, white-tailed deer, porcupine. Frontenac contains many hiking trails totaling about 160 kilometres in length, Arab Lake Gorge Trail is a short,1. 5-kilometre trail that traverses the Arab Lake Gorge. Doe Lake Trail is three kilometres in length and it goes from South Otter Lake to Doe Lake and back. A highlight of the trail is the abandoned Kemp Mine, Slide Lake Loop measures 21 kilometres in length and encircles Slide Lake and parts of Buck Lake. Official website Friends of Frontenac Provincial Park
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Kakabeka Falls
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The falls have a drop of 40 m, cascading into a gorge carved out of the Precambrian Shield by meltwater following the last glacial maximum. Because of its size and ease of access, it has been nicknamed the Niagara of the North. The rock face of the falls and the escarpments along the gorge are composed primarily of unstable shale and these rocks host sensitive flora, and contain some of the oldest fossils in existence, some 1.6 billion years of age. Due to the rock, going into the gorge below the falls is prohibited. The name Kakabeka comes from the Ojibwe word gakaabikaa waterfall over a cliff, Kakabeka Falls Provincial Park, established in 1955, covers 5 square kilometres and is managed by Ontario Parks. It surrounds the falls and extends along the Kaministiquia River, which was used centuries ago by Voyageurs and they used the Kaministiquia River as a major route to the northwest, with a 1.3 km mountain portage around the falls. A hotel with terrace which was located on the edge of the gorge was removed after the Parks creation. It included a restaurant that once overlooked the falls. The park has two campgrounds with 169 camp sites,90 of which have electricity, the park maintains 17.9 km of hiking on six trails, and offers cross-country ski trails in the winter. A small Natural Heritage Education program is operated within the park in the summer, and offers interpretive programs, guided hikes. She enters the Sioux camp along the Kaministiquia River and, pretending to be lost, placed at the head of the canoe, she instead leads herself and the Sioux warriors over the falls to their deaths, sparing her tribe from the attack. The legend claims that one can see Green Mantle when looking into the mist of Kakabeka Falls, the most famous painting featuring the falls, painted by Lucius Richard OBrien in 1882, is held by the National Gallery of Canada. Frances Anne Hopkins, whose paintings are well known for her portrayal of Canadian life. Her painting, The Red River Expedition at Kakabeka Falls, Ontario, depicts the Red River Expedition of 1870 portaging around the falls on its way to the Red River Colony to interdict Louis Riel
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Killarney Provincial Park
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Killarney Provincial Park is a provincial park in central Ontario, Canada. Although not as known as the world famous Algonquin Provincial Park. With its sapphire blue lakes and white quartzite ridges it is considered one of the jewels of the Ontario Park system. The park contains just one campground at the George Lake entrance as it is primarily a wilderness park, there are few facilities to allow visitors a chance to experience the solitude and beauty of its undisturbed natural setting. It boasts spectacular hiking trails and canoe-in back-country camping, the canoe routes include well maintained portages between lakes. The campground includes six heated yurts which have electric lighting, a power outlet, situated on the north shore of Georgian Bay in the municipality of Killarney, the park straddles the La Cloche range, large rounded white quartzite hills that dominate the landscape. The white peaks and cliffs contrast with the pine and hardwood forests, quartzite is weather-resistant and contains few nutrient-bearing minerals. Soils, where present, tend to be shallow and infertile, very stony sandy loam is the most common soil texture reported. Podzol profile development is usual in well-drained situations, mineral-rich rock types such as diabase and limestone occur locally and the soils that have developed over them support some of the parks more luxuriant vegetation. The park lies within the Eastern forest-boreal transition ecoregion, so there is a variety of plant life. The park is home to moose, deer, black bears, wolves, bobcats, martens, over 100 species of birds breed, nest or rest within park boundaries. The origin of the park is owed to the efforts of artists. Canadian Group of Seven artist A. Y. Jackson was so alarmed by the prospect that Trout Lake was about to be logged that he petitioned the Provincial government of the day to have it preserved. His letter was received by William Finlayson, then the Minister of Lands and Forests, the lake was taken into trust by the Ontario Society of Artists and its name was changed to O. S. A. Jacksons efforts were rewarded with the naming of a lake after him on his 90th birthday, in 1959 the Killarney Park area was set aside as a wilderness preserve. In 1962 Highway 637 opened, connecting the shore of Georgian Bay all the way from the town of Killarney to the Trans-Canada Highway. Finally in 1964, with the help of lobbying efforts by the Group of Seven,4,000 square miles of Georgian Bay shoreline were set aside as a wilderness reserve, the park has experienced some challenges that threaten the health of its delicate local ecosystems. Owing in large part to its proximity to Sudbury with its mines and smelters
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Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park
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Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park is a remote park in northeastern Ontario, Canada, near Lake Temagami. It is one of the provincial parks located in the Temagami area. This park encompasses Smoothwater Lake, Makobe Lake, the Ishpatina Ridge, Maple Mountain and it lies within the Eastern forest-boreal transition ecoregion. It is well known for its protection of some of the last remaining stands of old growth forest in Ontario, as a wilderness park, there are few services offered to visitors but it is ideal for backcountry canoeing, nature exploration and wildlife viewing. Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park includes many waterfalls, such as Helen Falls, list of Ontario parks Ontario Parks - Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater site Friends of Temagami
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Lake Superior Provincial Park
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Lake Superior Provincial Park is one of the largest provincial parks in Ontario, covering about 1,550 square kilometres along the northeastern shores of Lake Superior between Sault Ste. Marie in Algoma District, and Wawa in Northeastern Ontario, Canada, Ontario Highway 17 now runs through the park. When the park was established by Ontario in 1944, there was no road access, traces of ancient volcanic activity can be seen in rock outcrops near Red Rock Lake and several other sites. For more than 2000 years, this was long an area of occupation by various cultures of indigenous peoples, the oldest artifacts found here date to approximately 500 BC. At Agawa Rock, near the mouth of the Agawa River, the figures are painted on the rock with a mixture of powdered hematite and animal fats and are estimated to be 150–400 years old. The records are visual representations of historical events and legendary figures. Selwyn Dewdney was the first scholarly figure to discover the pictographs, the first written description of these pictographs was published in 1851 by American ethnologist, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft. As United States Indian agent in Sault Ste, marie, he conducted extensive studies about the Ojibwe people, aided by his wife Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, who was half-Ojibwe and the daughter of a major fur trader in the city. In the 1940s, the Lake Superior Provincial Park was established, one of its reserves is Rankin Location Indian Reserve No. 15D in Ontario and members have fished at Gargantua Harbour, in 2007 some 200 members, led by Chief Dean Sayers, restored a road to the village along a park trail, without a work permit. After trying to negotiate with the band, the Ministry of Natural Resources filed charges against it in 2008, the First Nation contended this was a traditional fishing and ceremonial area and construction of the road was necessary to exercise their Treaty rights. In March 2015 Justice Logan dismissed all but one of the counts in the case. In his decision, Logan upheld that a Treaty right existed for the Batchewana First Nation to use Gargantua Harbour for commercial fishing and he upheld one charge against Sayers and the Band for obstruction, requiring a fine to be paid. Recreational activities in the park include canoeing, camping and hiking, fishing, swimming, boating, hunting, educational programs, wildlife viewing, cross-country skiing and snowshoeing. Hiking Trails The 11 hiking trails located throughout the park can be accessed from Agawa Bay, Crescent Lake, or Rabbit Blanket Lake campgrounds, the Coastal Trail stretches 65 kilometres and reveals the beautiful Lake Superior coastline. It is very demanding and can take between 5 and 7 days to complete, the Coastal Trail is part of the long-distance Voyageur Hiking Trail. The 11 trails offer a variety of distances and difficulty from short half-hour hikes to multi-day trips. Orphan Lake Trail is a moderate difficulty trail that has a variety of terrain over a 8 km loop, Pictographs A short trail leads to the Agawa Rock Pictographs
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Quetico Provincial Park
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Quetico Provincial Park is a large wilderness park in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, renowned for its excellent canoeing and fishing. This 4,760 km2 park shares its border with Minnesotas Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. These large wilderness parks are often referred to as the Boundary Waters or the Quetico-Superior Country. The park includes over 2000 unofficial, unimproved wilderness campsites spread throughout more than 600 lakes, canoeists require permit reservations and in-season may only enter the Quetico via six Ranger Stations which serve 21 specific entry points. It is possible to drive to three of these Ranger Stations, Dawson Trail, Atikokan, Lac La Croix, one must portage and paddle to Beaverhouse, and paddle or take a tow from an outfitter to Cache Bay or Prairie Portage. Drive-in camping is only at the Dawson Trail campground, log cabins are also available to rent. Most of the half of the Park is a region known historically as Hunter Island. In 1909, an Order in Council by the Government of Ontario established the Quetico Forest Reserve, Quetico Provincial Park was created in 1913 through passage of the Provincial Parks Act, although road access wasnt built until 1954. The creation of the created a conflict with the Lac La Croix First Nation who had a reserve located within the park. In 1915, the province cancelled the bands right to the reserve, the grievances of the band were not addressed until 1991 when the Minister of Natural Resources, Bud Wildman, made an apology in the legislature for the move. Wildman also addressed one of the bands request to allow mechanized boats in the park for the purposes of guiding, the origin of the parks name is a mystery. Locals say the park is named after the Quebec Timber Company, however, the name may also be a version of the French words quête de la côte, which means search for the coast. It may also be from an Ojibwe name for a benevolent spirit who resides in places of great beauty, the park has been completely protected from logging since 1971. The official plan is to phase out motorized guiding activities by the Lac La Croix First Nation in Quetico Provincial Park through simple attrition by the year 2015, as Quetico is a wilderness park there are restrictions that users must be aware of. Group size may not exceed 9 members, containers of fuel, insect repellent, medicines, personal toilet articles, and other items that are not food or beverage are the only cans or bottles that may be brought into Quetico. It is an offence to possess non-burnable and non-reusable food or beverage containers, mechanized devices such as power saws, generators, ice augers, or portage wheels are prohibited. It is furthermore illegal to damage live trees and other plants, the new fishing regulations came into effect on 1 January 2008. These regulations state that only barbless hooks and artificial bait are permitted in the Park and this means that no live or dead organic bait can be used in the park, including but not limited to leeches, worms, and salted minnows
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Sleeping Giant Provincial Park
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The nearest communities are Pass Lake, located at the northern entrance to the park, and Dorion, located 35 kilometres NW, both in the township of Shuniah. The seasonal community of Silver Islet is located on the tip of the peninsula. The primary feature of the park is the Sleeping Giant, which is most visible from the city of Thunder Bay. The eastern portion of the park is lowlands, while the western half is composed of cliffs, valleys. At its eastern edge, it will touch the future Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area, the Sibley Peninsula is 52 kilometres long and 10 kilometres wide. It projects into Lake Superior from the shore, separating Thunder Bay to the west. The peninsula can be separated into two physiographic areas—highlands and lowlands, the highlands dominate the western half of the peninsula, and rise to 380 metres above the surface of Lake Superior. The lowlands of the portion of the peninsula rise to only 75 metres. The varied terrain and the effect of Lake Superior on the peninsulas microclimates provide habitats for a variety of plants. Plants found in the park include 23 species of orchids including bog adders-mouth and small round-leaved orchid, wildlife found in the park includes a wide variety of mammals. The most dominant species are white tailed deer and black bears, close to 200 species of birds have been recorded at the park, and about 75 species are known to nest in the park. The park is home to a few species of amphibians and reptiles. Sleeping Giant Provincial Park offers numerous recreational activities, the park has more than 100 kilometres of trails, the longest being the 40 kilometres Kabeyun Trail. Summer programs include guided walks and group campfires, and films at the park amphitheater. Other activities include boating, fishing, and cycling, the park grooms 50 kilometres of cross-country ski trails in the winter. The park has camp grounds more than 240 camp sites. The main camp ground is at Marie Louise Lake, which has 200 camp sites,85 of which are electric, an additional 40 camp sites are located through the park along its interior trails. The park has an area and beach, and boat ramps, as well as indoor washroom and shower facilities
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Boyd Conservation Area
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Boyd Conservation Area is a suburban land preserve owned and operated by the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. It also overlaps a life science Area of Natural and Scientific Interest of the same name and it is a moderate-size park that offers facilities for numerous outdoor activities. The park is situated in the Humber River valley, in Vaughan, public operations run between late April and early October, and are funded in part by nominal fees to access the park. Optionally, individuals or families may acquire a membership, which access to a number of parks operated by the Conservation Authority. A little known fact concerning the park is that, upon its creation, bocce courts, volleyball and basketball courts, soccer fields, and childrens playgrounds are found within the park for the benefit of families and youth groups. Bird watching and nature hiking are very popular, outdoor musical concerts are also frequent in Boyd Conservation Area throughout the summer, partly due to the sheltered outdoor sites. The Boyd staff uniform consists of blue shirts bearing the TRCA crest, dark blue work pants, steel-toed boots. The Boyd Staff have consistently received positive reviews on their service from patrons to the park. Boyd Park is affiliated with the Kortright Centre and all full-time Boyd staff take up work at Kortright over the winter season, due to limited funding, Boyd only retains a few full-time staff. The rest of their staff is made up of summer students, Toronto and Region Conservation Authority - Boyd Conservation Area
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Claireville Conservation Area
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The Claireville Conservation Area is a suburban conservation area located on the border of Peel Region and Toronto in Ontario, Canada. The major part of the area is located in Brampton, the park is a 343 hectare parcel of conservation land located on the west branch of the Humber River. It is one of the largest tracts of land owned by the Toronto, Claireville contains significant natural and cultural heritage features, and has recreation, tourism and educational facilities and programs. The Area was acquired in 1957 to construct a control dam. In 2003, in partnership with HSBC Bank, a contributor to the TRCA foundation,150 volunteers planted over 850 new trees and shrubs in the area, creating 7.5 hectares of forest. The TRCA has declared an early 20th-century farmhouse in the part of Claireville as a heritage property. The park is a favorite with local dog owners, bird watchers, the landscape of the park is diverse. Its characteristic features are numerous creeks and ravines, flat plains, a multi-year natural area enhancement plan has been developed for Claireville. The park is home to the coyote, wood duck, chimney crayfish, deer, muskrat. The parks varied landscape can be admired from many vantage points, dozens of bird species can be seen. Some use the park as a stop on their migratory route, the seasonal species include yellow perch and amphibians. There have been sightings of a white deer. These are not albino deer, but rather a product of a gene in some species of deer. In this case it is a white, white-tail deer and these white deer can vary in their percentage of white, with freckles or mottling in many patterns. They sometimes have deformed feet and ankles but otherwise exist within the herd as normal deer, offspring can be of normal colouring or sometimes demonstrate the recessive gene. Parking is available at the east and north gates, and at the HSBC forest area, the south gate is located on Gorewood Dr, while the east gate is on Regional Road 50 just north of Steeles Avenue. The north entrance is located at the intersection of McVean Dr. the northern most area of the park is the HSBC forest, it is located on McVean Dr.1 km north of Regional Road 107. The Etobicoke Field Studies Centre is located in the corner of Claireville
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Guelph Lake
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Guelph Lake is a man-made reservoir on the Speed River, in the Township of Guelph/Eramosa. It is located upriver and slightly northeast of the city of Guelph, the reservoir was created in 1974, with the construction of the Guelph Lake dam. The site is part of a 1,608 hectare conservation area maintained by the Grand River Conservation Authority, ever since the reservoir was created in 1974, the Guelph Lake conservation area has been popular for swimming and various beach activities. There are changing facilities, and two sand beaches at Guelph Lake, however, the park does not maintain a regular lifeguard patrol. The Guelph Lake Conservation Area has an area with 104 serviced sites with electricity and water and about 190 un-serviced sites in a variety of locations, including riverfront. Approximately five kilometres of hiking and biking trails wind their way through a variety of natural wooded areas as well as tall stands of reforestation inside the conservation area. In addition, there is a trail from downtown Guelph that follows the river to Guelph Lake. The conservation area includes two beaches, and a venue for outdoor concerts, the concert area, which has a living roof, is located on a peninsula at the centre of the lake, and is the site of the annual Hillside Festival. No outboard motor boats are allowed on Guelph Lake, the only motorized boats permitted on the lake are Jon boats, which are small row boat-style boats with an electric trolling motor. They can be rented from the boathouse at the main beach, canoes and kayaks are popular on the lake and can also be rented from the boathouse. Since the founding of the Guelph Rowing Club in 1998, the sport of rowing has grown in popularity at Guelph Lake, from 2000, the club has also served as home to the University of Guelph Gryphons Rowing Team. In 2008, a permanent boathouse was constructed on the shores of the lake and this boathouse provides facilities for a thriving community of competitive and recreational rowers. Guelph Lake is home to the Guelph community boating club which provides a facility, co-op fleet. GCBC is also home to Snipe fleet 877, Canada’s largest Snipe Fleet, Guelph Lake is closed during the winter season. The Guelph Lake Nature Centre is one of several nature centres operated by the Grand River Conservation Authority, the Centre offers environmental education programs for schools, families and community groups, as well as environmental day camps and birthday parties. The dam at Guelph Lake is one of the flood control installations on the Speed River. There is a hydroelectric power generating facility at the dam. Guelph Lake GRCA Site Map to Guelph Lake Guelph Community Boating Club Site Guelph Rowing Club Site Guelph Lake Nature Centre
