1.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
2.
Salt Lake County, Utah
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Salt Lake County is a county located in the U. S. state of Utah. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,029,655 and its county seat and largest city is Salt Lake City, the state capital. The county was created in 1850, Salt Lake County occupies the Salt Lake Valley, as well as parts of the surrounding mountains, the Oquirrh Mountains to the west and the Wasatch Range to the east. In addition, the section of the county includes part of the Great Salt Lake. The county is noted for its ski resorts, Salt Lake City won the bid to host the 2002 Winter Olympics, Salt Lake County is the central county of the Salt Lake City, UT Metropolitan Statistical Area. This area was occupied for thousands of years by cultures of indigenous peoples, the area that was to become Salt Lake County was settled by European Americans in 1847 when Mormon pioneers of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints fled religious persecution in the East. They arrived in the Salt Lake Valley of the Utah Territory after traveling what settlers later called Emigration Canyon, brigham Young, their leader, declared This is the place after seeing the valley. Compared to eastern regions, it seemed arid and unpromising to some of the migrants, settlers used extensive irrigation to develop agriculture and the flourishing, self-sufficient city, Great Salt Lake City. Thousands of Mormons joined them in the several decades. The county was organized on January 31,1850, with slightly more than 11,000 residents recorded. Mormon settlements were scattered across the valley and beyond and they relocated the territorial capital to Great Salt Lake City in 1857, when the name was subsequently shortened to Salt Lake City. They abandoned the valley and the set up Camp Floyd to the south in Utah County. Patrick Edward Connor, the leader of the garrison at Fort Douglas, was openly anti-Mormon and he sent out parties to scout for mineral resources in the nearby mountains, hoping to encourage non-Mormons to settle in the territory. During the late 19th century, mines were established in the Wasatch mountains, exploiting the mineral wealth was difficult until the Utah Central Railroad was constructed and reached this area in 1870. In the Oquirrh Mountains, the Bingham Canyon Mine, which contains vast deposits of copper and silver, was developed as the most productive of the countys mines. The mine, located in the southwest portion of the county, attracted thousands of miners, at its peak, the city of Bingham Canyon contained 20,000 residents, all crowded along the steep walls of the canyon, and natural disasters were a frequent occurrence. By the early 20th century, most of the mines in the county had closed, however, the Bingham Canyon Mine kept on expanding. In the early 21st century, it is among the largest open-pit mines in the world, after the railroad came to the county, the population began to expand more rapidly and non-Mormons began to settle in Salt Lake City
3.
Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
6.
Mountain Time Zone
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The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time at the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. In the United States, the specification for the location of time zones. In the United States and Canada, this zone is generically called Mountain Time. Specifically, it is Mountain Standard Time when observing standard time, the term refers to the fact that the Rocky Mountains, which range from northwestern Canada to the US state of New Mexico, are located almost entirely in the time zone. In Mexico, this zone is known as the Pacific Zone. In the United States and Canada, the Mountain Time Zone is one ahead of the Pacific Time Zone and one hour behind the Central Time Zone. Sonora in Mexico and most of Arizona in the United States do not observe daylight saving time, and during the spring, summer, and autumn months they are on the same time as Pacific Daylight Time. The Navajo Nation, most of which lies within Arizona, does observe DST, although the Hopi Nation, as well as some Arizona state offices lying within the Navajo Nation, the largest city in the Mountain Time Zone is Phoenix, Arizona. TV broadcasting in the Mountain Time Zone is typically tape-delayed one hour, sonora – no daylight saving time, always on MST. Sinaloa Revillagigedo Islands, three of the four islands have the time as Mountain Time Zone, Isla Socorro, San Benedicto Island. The following states or areas are part of the Mountain Time Zone, Arizona – no daylight saving time, always on MST, except on the Navajo Nation. Colorado Idaho – southern half, south of the Salmon River Kansas – only the counties of Sherman, Wallace, Greeley and Hamilton, the remaining three counties that border Colorado, Cheyenne, Morton and Stanton, observe Central Time, as do all other Kansas counties. However, the state of Oklahoma is officially in the Central Time Zone. Additionally, northwestern Culberson County, Texas unofficially observes Mountain Time
7.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
8.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
9.
Area codes 801 and 385
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Area codes 801 and 385 are area codes in the North American Numbering Plan assigned for service in Salt Lake City and the four surrounding counties of the Wasatch Front in north-central Utah. The numbering plan area includes the counties of Davis, Morgan, Salt Lake, Utah, and Weber. Other included towns than Salt Lake City are Alta, Bountiful, Layton, Murray, Ogden, Orem, Provo, Sandy, South Jordan, Spanish Fork, Taylorsville, West Jordan and this numbering plan area is located in the Mountain Time Zone. Area code 801 was one of the area codes created in 1947. Area code 385 is an overlay to the numbering plan area which commenced service on June 1,2008. On September 21,1997, numbering plan area 801 was restricted to the Wasatch Front and this split was originally intended to be a long-term solution. However, the Wasatch Front is not only home to most of Utahs landlines, as a result, within only two years 801 was close to exhaustion once again. Conservation measures, such as number pooling, postponed the split for more than seven years, in July 2007, the PSC announced that the capacity created by the conservation measures would be exhausted by June 2008, finally necessitating the implementation of area code 385. The same announcement stated that 385 would be implemented as an overlay plan,385 entered service on June 1,2008, with a year-long permissive dialing period beginning during which seven and ten-digit calls could be completed. Ten-digit dialing became mandatory along the Wasatch Front on June 1,2009, while the area code 801 is still the predominant area code in the region for land lines,385 is being adopted quickly by wireless providers. List of NANP area codes NANPA Area Code Map of Utah List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,801 Area Code List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,385 Area Code
10.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
11.
Shops at South Town
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The Shops at South Town, formerly South Towne Center, is a shopping mall in Sandy, Utah, United States, located just east of Interstate 15 on State Street. The property, built in 1986, contains 1,300,000 square feet of space with 150 stores. The mall underwent an interior and exterior remodel from 2015 to 2017. The redevelopment is part of Sandys 1, 100-acre city center development project, in early 2013, former management company Macerich announced that they put the mall up for sale and had several interested buyers. It has since purchased and, as of February 2017, is currently managed by Pacific Retail. JCPenney (104,054 square feet Macys Forever 21 Dillards occupied a 212,223 square feet space until its closure in 2017, the space is unoccupied as of February 2017. The Marketplace is located adjacent to the Shops at South Town, other retailers at the Marketplace include Barnes & Noble, Old Navy, and Buy Buy Baby
12.
Soccer-specific stadium
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A soccer-specific stadium may host other sporting events and concerts, but the design and purpose of a soccer-specific stadium is primarily for soccer. Some facilities have a permanent stage at one end of the used for staging concerts. A soccer-specific stadium typically has amenities, dimensions and scale suitable for soccer in North America, including a scoreboard, video screen, luxury suites, the field dimensions are within the range found optimal by FIFA, 110–120 yards long by 70–80 yards wide. These soccer field dimensions are wider than the regulation American football field width of 53 1⁄3 yards, the playing surface typically consists of grass as opposed to artificial turf, since the latter is generally disfavored for soccer matches since players are more susceptible to injuries. However, some soccer stadiums, such as Portlands Providence Park. Lastly, the capacity is generally small enough to provide an intimate setting. Soccer-specific stadiums first came into use in the 1990s, after the multi-purpose stadium era, the term soccer-specific stadium was coined by Lamar Hunt, who financed the construction of the Columbus Crew Stadium, the first soccer specific stadium used in Major League Soccer. In the 2000s, other Major League Soccer teams in the United States began constructing their own stadiums, canadas first soccer-specific stadium was BMO Field in Toronto, home to Toronto FC. This stadium was renovated to accommodate Canadian football for the 2016, of the three Canadian cities that host both MLS and CFL teams, only one has separate stadiums for each. In 2011 Bob Lenarduzzi confirmed that the Vancouver Whitecaps are now committed to BC Place, all USL teams will be required to play in self-owned, soccer-specific stadiums by the 2020 season. The term tends to have a different meaning in these countries. Some soccer stadiums in Europe are also used for sports, including Rugby Football, American Football
13.
Rio Tinto Stadium
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Rio Tinto Stadium is an American soccer-specific stadium in Sandy, Utah, that is the home to Major League Soccer club Real Salt Lake and its USL associate team, Real Monarchs SLC. The stadium opened on October 9,2008, and seats 20,213 for soccer, the stadium hosted the 2009 MLS All-Star Game, the second leg of the 2011 CONCACAF Champions League Finals, and the final of the 2013 Lamar Hunt US Open Cup. It was also a host stadium during the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup, in 2005 a soccer-specific stadium for the team was approved for Sandy, a suburb of Salt Lake City. However, funding for the stadium was still hard to come by, a vote in early 2006 struck down a funding proposal for the stadium. However, Tom Dolan, the mayor of Sandy, said that he would not give up on his fight to approve the proposal in Sandy. The funding plan was revised, but was struck down later in 2006 over disagreements in the appropriation of millions of dollars for a financially unproven sports franchise. The proposal for Sandy was declared dead by Real Salt Lake owner Dave Checketts at that point, Checketts said that he wanted the team to remain in Utah, but would sell it if a proposal was not put forward by August 12,2006. Parties from several cities, including Rochester, New York and St. Louis, Missouri, expressed interest in purchasing the franchise and moving it. Other stadium sites in the area were proposed, including the Utah State Fairgrounds in Salt Lake City. On August 15, the deal was approved by the Salt Lake County Council. County mayor Corroon concurred with the DRC and the plan was effectively killed on January 29,2007. In response Real Salt Lakes owner announced the team would be sold, such a deal would have to have been made by February 9, or the deal would have been completely off. The bill was passed by the State Senate, the governor was expected to sign the bill, and ultimately did so. Sandy City, along with the state of Utah and representatives of the team, the deal was shot down about a week prior to the agreement by the Salt Lake County Mayor Peter Corroon saying it was too risky. However, Utahs governor, Jon Huntsman, Jr. said that soccer was here to stay, the $110 million stadium was built in Sandy, a suburb of Salt Lake City. Rossettis California office was the firm responsible for the design of the new stadium. The stadiums opening date was set for October 9,2008, a vote in January 2006 struck down a funding proposal for the stadium, and the project was declared dead by owner Dave Checketts on January 29, putting the teams future in doubt. The bill was passed by the Senate, allowing for the club to announce the commencement of building what was known as RSL Stadium
14.
Real Salt Lake
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Real Salt Lake is an American professional soccer club that competes as a member club of Major League Soccer Western Conference. RSL began play in 2005 as a team of the league. The club was founded in 2004 when the clubs first owner and founder was awarded a berth in Major League Soccer. The club plays its games at Rio Tinto Stadium, a soccer-specific stadium located in the Salt Lake City suburb of Sandy, Utah. RSL initially played games at Rice-Eccles Stadium, located on the campus of the University of Utah. The team is led by interim head coach Daryl Shore. In domestic soccer, Real Salt Lake won the 2009 MLS Cup and were runners-up in the 2013 MLS Cup, the Supporters Shield in 2010, the title Real is a Spanish word which means royal in English. The term is used by Spanish clubs who have received royal patronage from a reigning Spanish king. One of the reasons for using Real was founder Dave Checketts admiration for Real Madrid during his time as the manager of the Utah Jazz National Basketball Association franchise. Checketts also found it encouraging that Real Madrid had a team as well. Local reaction to the new name was initially met with mixed feelings. On top of that, some thought that the name sounded contrived, however, in recent years, reaction to the name has improved, with the team establishing its identity as a representative of Salt Lake. Real Salt Lake became the twelfth MLS franchise when Major League Soccer awarded a franchise on July 14,2004, to SCP Worldwide. Jason Kreis became the first player in RSL history, coming in a trade from the Dallas Burn, other notable players that played in RSLs early years includes veterans Clint Mathis, Eddie Pope and Jeff Cunningham. RSLs first season was 2005 under head coach John Ellinger, RSL began play on April 2,2005 against New York MetroStars at Giants Stadium, which ended in a scoreless tie. The following week, Jason Kreis scored the first goal in history in a 3-1 loss to LA Galaxy at the Home Depot Center. RSL played its home match on April 16,2005, before 25,287 fans at Rice-Eccles Stadium. The season was mostly a disappointment, however, with the setting a league record by posting a 557-minute scoreless streak
15.
Walkability
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Walkability is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking. Walkability has health, environmental, and economic benefits, Walkability is an important concept in sustainable urban design. One proposed definition for walkability is, The extent to which the environment is friendly to the presence of people living, shopping, visiting, enjoying or spending time in an area. Walkability is also examined based on the built environment. Reid Ewing and Robert Cerveros five Ds of the environment, density, diversity, design, destination accessibility. Combinations of these influence a individuals decision to walk. Before cars and bicycles were mass-produced, walking was the way to travel. It was the way to get from place to place for much of human history. In the 1930s, economic growth led to increased automobile manufacturing, cars were also becoming more affordable, leading to the rise of the automobile during the Post–World War II economic expansion. The detrimental effects of automobile emissions soon led to concern over pollution. Alternatives, including improved public transportation and walking infrastructure, have attracted attention from planners and policymakers. Walkability indices have been found to correlate with both Body Mass Index and physical activity of local populations, physical activity can prevent chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, obesity, depression, and osteoporosis. A further justification for walkability is founded upon evolutionary and philosophical grounds, after millennia of human development firmly based upon gait, the modern city has separated walking from thinking. Because there are cars, less walking is detracting from human progress. One of most important benefits of walkability is the decrease of the footprint in the community. Carbon emissions can be reduced if more people choose to walk rather than drive or use public transportation, the benefits of less emissions include improved health conditions and quality of life, less smog, and less of a contribution to global climate change. The benefits of walkability are best guaranteed if the system of public corridors is walkable - not limited to certain specialized routes. More sidewalks and increased walkability can promote tourism and increase property value, in recent years, the demand for housing in a walkable urban context has increased
16.
Transit-oriented development
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In urban planning, a transit-oriented development is a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport. A TOD typically includes a transit stop surrounded by a high-density mixed-use area. A TOD is also designed to be more walkable than other built-up areas, through using smaller block sizes. Many of the new towns created after World War II in Japan, Sweden, in the United States, a half-mile-radius circle has become the de facto standard for rail-transit catchment areas for TODs. A half mile corresponds to the distance someone can walk in 10 minutes at 3 mph and is an estimate for the distance people will walk to get to a rail station. The half-mile ring is a more than 500 acres in size. Another key feature of transit-oriented development that differentiates it from transit-proximate development is reduced amounts of parking for personal vehicles, many cities throughout the world are developing TOD policy. One of the earliest and most successful examples of TOD is Curitiba, Curitiba was organized into transport corridors very early on in its history. Over the years, it has integrated its zoning laws and transportation planning to place high-density development adjacent to high-capacity transportation systems, the source of innovation in Curitiba has been a unique form of participatory city planning that emphasizes public education, discussion and agreement. This is simultaneously being implemented along with a bus transit system called Transmetro. Calgary is home to a very successful TOD community called The Bridges, the Bridges is home to a diverse range of condos, shops, services, and parks. Some other TODs currently being constructed are London and Westbrook, both high rise condo and retail communities in areas of the City. The City continues to create TOD policy for other Calgary communities, Calgary City Council has allocated funding for the creation of six Station Area Plans around the city, to guide increasing development pressure around some of the light rail transit stations. On June 9,2008, Calgary City Council approved the first station area plan in Calgarys history, most of the suburban high rises were not along major rail lines like other cities until recently, when there has been incentive to do so. Century Park is a growing community in southern Edmonton at the south end of Edmontons LRT. It will include low to high rise condos, recreational services, shops, restaurants, Edmonton is also looking into some new TODs in various parts of the city. In the northeast, there are plans to redevelop underutilized land at two sites around existing LRT, Fort Road and Stadium Station, according to the Metropolitan Development and Planning Regulation of late 2011, 40% of new households will be built as TOD neighbourhoods. Toronto has a policy of encouraging new construction along the route of its primary Yonge Street subway line
17.
City centre
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A city centre is the commercial, cultural and often the historical, political and geographic heart of a city. The term city centre is not usually used in American English, rather, in North America, the city centre is the area of a city where commerce, entertainment, shopping and political power are concentrated. The term is used in many English-speaking countries and has direct equivalents in many other languages. However, noticeably, in the United States, the downtown is commonly used to denote a city centre. In Australia, the term Central Business District is widely used to refer to the city centre, in many cities, the Central Business District is within the city centre, but the concept city centre differs from the CBD. The concept of the CBD revolves solely around economic and financial power, a clear example is Paris, La Défense is the central business district of Paris, but it is not the city centre. In most larger and/or older cities, the CBD and the city centre will only partially overlap, a city centre is often the first settled part of a city, which can make it the most historical part of a city. However, in some Australian cities, the city centre and the CBD are geographically separately identified, in Sydney and Brisbane, for example, the term CBD is the preferred term for the city centre. In Adelaide, by contrast, the city centre is preferred. The term CBD is not often used in Canberra, its city centre is usually identified as the district called City or Civic, in Dutch, the terms binnenstad, centrum, stadscentrum or stadskern are used to describe the city centre. Amsterdam is an example of the city centre and the central business district not being the same area. The city centre of Amsterdam is Centrum, the heart of the city. Because of the bombardment of Rotterdam during World War II, with the loss of its core, the city centre. In Chinese, the centre of a city is called the city centre or urban core. In many cities, it is the city centre and the cultural and commercial centre. Historically, the CBD often occupied one portion of the city centre, in recent years, larger cities have often developed CBDs or financial districts that occupy a part of the city centre or are outside the historical city centre completely
18.
Sandy, Utah
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Sandy is a city in Salt Lake County, Utah, United States. The population was 87,461 at the 2010 census, making it the sixth-largest city in Utah, Sandy is home to the Shops at South Town shopping mall, the Jordan Commons entertainment, office and dining complex, and the South Towne Exposition Center. It is also the location of the soccer-specific Rio Tinto Stadium, which hosts Real Salt Lake home games, the city is currently developing an urban, walkable and transit-oriented city center called The Cairns. Located at the base of the Wasatch Mountains thirteen miles south of Salt Lake City, permanent settlers first moved into Sandy during the 1860s and 1870s because of the availability of land in the less crowded southern end of the Salt Lake Valley. The origin of its name has not been established with any certainty, perhaps most widely believed is that Brigham Young named Sandy for its thirsty soil, but there is no historical evidence for this. Another theory is that the name came from a legendary and colorful Scotsman, Alexander Sandy Kinghorn, though this seems bolstered by the original name, historians consider it unlikely in view of the short period between the start of the train service and the first instances of the name. Within a few years, Thomas Allsop, a Yorkshire farmer who had immigrated to Utah in 1853, leGrand Young owned the land between Fourth East and State Street. Farmers willing to try their hand at the thirsty soil that inspired Sandys name took up land along State Street, but it was mining that shaped Sandys first four decades. Three major smelters were located in Sandy and they were the Flagstaff, the Mingo, and the Saturn. These made Sandy the territorys most significant smelting center for a number of years, the railroad was also significant in determining the course of Sandys history. Built in 1873, the railroad connected Sandy to Salt Lake City and facilitated the transportation of ore, a streetcar line in 1907 facilitated the transportation of locals to jobs in Salt Lake City, and the automobile later continued to serve that function. When the mines failed in the 1890s, Sandy faltered, then underwent a significant economic transformation into an agricultural community. The fact that Sandy did not disappear, like so many mining towns that dwindled with their mother lodes, was due to its location, resources. Sandy was incorporated in 1893, largely as part of an effort to combat what Mormon inhabitants considered unsavory elements in the town, due to its mine-based beginnings, Sandy was somewhat of a boomtown, unlike the majority of other rural Utah towns. After incorporation, it was almost as if Sandy had redefined itself, gone were the large numbers of single, transient men. By 1900, there was only a handful of saloons and hotels, church, farming, business, and family formed the focus of the inhabitants world. This pace and way of life continued for more than six decades, interrupted only by wars, the Depression, no significant jumps in population, economic trends, or social patterns altered the predictable and stable rhythm of life. In the late 1960s, however, this rural town dramatically changed course with its second boom and it had always been assumed by local leaders and citizens that Sandy would grow outward from its logical and historic center—the nexus of Main and Center streets
19.
Urban village
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Urban villages are seen to provide an alternative to recent patterns of urban development in many cities, especially decentralization and urban sprawl. Following pressure from the UVG, the concept was prioritized in British national planning policy between 1997 and 1999, urban villages also come in the form of suburbs of metropolitan areas that are politically designated as villages. Urban village ideals have been applied to new greenfield and brownfield developments, the concept has been widely adopted in many countries and used by both government development agencies as well as private enterprise as a guiding concept for many projects. The ideas of the urban commentator Jane Jacobs are widely regarded as having had the largest influence on the village concept. Proponents believe that urban villages provide an alternative to the social ills that characterize modernism in cities, such as freeways. Another strong impetus for urban villages has been growing disenchantment with the sprawl that has characterized the development of many cities since World War II. Urban villages are seen to create self-contained communities that reduce the need to travel large distances, the decline of noxious industry and the emergence of the service economy allows the mixing of employment and residential activities without detriment to residents. This is in contrast to the single-use zoning that helped fuel urban sprawl during the industrial, through more consolidated development, urban villages can reduce the intrusion of urban growth on the countryside. These environmental consequences of urban sprawl have come to dominate discussion promoting urban villages in recent years, urban villages are widely seen to provide a solution to the demise of community that is often associated with modernism and sprawl. The concept uses the social and physical morphology of the rural village as an inspiration for creating better functioning communities. The urban village movement has influenced by Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City ideals which also emphasize environmental determinism in relation to community. Urban design techniques such as space and pedestrianization are employed to facilitate the development of community by encouraging human interaction. This philosophy shares many attributes with the new school of thought. Many urban village developments, both Government and privately initiated, have seen to depart from the original ideals of the concept. Private developments often use the ‘urban village’ label as a pitch or to win Government support for their project. Many developments, although intended to create an urban village form, have not achieved their objectives. Some planners question whether a genuine urban village has actually been built, the objectives of urban villages are often criticized as unrealistic because they ignore broader social and economic realities. The ability to create self-contained villages is questionable as employment and activity patterns continue to more complex
20.
Wasatch Range
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The Wasatch Range /ˈwɑːsætʃ/ is a mountain range that stretches approximately 160 miles from the Utah-Idaho border, south through central Utah in the western United States. It is the edge of the greater Rocky Mountains. The northern extension of the Wasatch Range, the Bear River Mountains, extends just into Idaho, according to the Utah History Encyclopedia, Wasatch in Ute means mountain pass or low pass over high range. According to William Bright the mountains were named for a Shoshoni leader who was named with the Shoshoni term wasattsi, since the earliest days of settlement, the majority of Utahs population has chosen to settle along the ranges western front, where numerous river drainages exit the mountains. The mountains were a source of water, timber. Today, 85% of Utahs population lives within 15 miles of the Wasatch Range and this concentration is known as the Wasatch Front and has a population of just over 2,000,000 residents. Salt Lake City lies between the Wasatch Range and the Great Salt Lake, at 11,928 feet, Mount Nebo, a triple peak rising above Nephi, Utah at the southern end of the range, is the highest peak of the Wasatch. In some places the mountains rise immediately from the base elevation of 4,330 feet to over 11,000 feet. Since they top out just below 12,000 feet, Wasatch peaks are not especially high compared to the Colorado Rockies or even the Uinta Mountains, the other main portion of the Rocky Mountains in Utah. However, they are sculpted by glaciers, yielding notably rugged and they also receive heavy falls of snow, in some places over 500 inches per year. This great snowfall, with its runoff, made possible a prosperous urban strip of some 25 cities along nearly 100 miles of mountain frontage. The Wasatch Range is home to a concentration of ski areas, with 11 stretching from Sundance in northern Utah County to Powder Mountain. There is also one ski resort in the Bear River Mountains, Park City alone is bordered by two ski resorts. Further north, Big Cottonwood Canyon features tricky climbing on quartzite, the canyons are located within 24 miles of downtown Salt Lake City and the year-round paved roadways can reach 5,000 ft higher in elevation above the city within a short distance. Dirt roads readily drivable in passenger cars with moderate clearance stretch up from Park City, Heber and these reach about 10,000 feet above sea level and provide impressive long-range high country views. Mount Nebo, the highest peak of the Wasatch, is located at the edge of the range. The Colorado Plateau comes to its northwest corner here as it meets the end of the Rocky Mountains. The range is punctuated by a series of faults, chief among them the Wasatch fault
21.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
22.
Paiute
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Paiute refers to three closely related groups of indigenous peoples of the Great Basin, Northern Paiute of California, Idaho, Nevada and Oregon. Owens Valley Paiute of California and Nevada, Southern Paiute of Arizona, southeastern California, Nevada and Utah. Their peoples have become members of federally recognized tribes, as noted in the sections below. In many locations they have colocated with peoples of the Shoshone and Washoe tribes, the Northern and Southern Paiute peoples both speak languages belonging to the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan family of Native American languages. The terms Paiute, Northern Paiute and Southern Paiute are most correctly applied to refer to groups of people with similar language and it does not imply a political connection or even an especially close genetic relationship. The Northern Paiute speak the Northern Paiute language, while the Southern Paiute speak the Colorado River Numic language and these languages are not as closely related to each other as they are to other Numic languages. The Bannock, Mono, Coso, Timbisha and Kawaiisu peoples, the Bannock speak a dialect of Northern Paiute. But, the Mono Tribe and other three peoples speak distinctly separate Numic languages, Mono is related closely to Northern Paiute. The Timbisha language is related closely to the Shoshoni language. The Kawaiisu language is closely related to Colorado River Numic of the Southern Paiute. The Northern Paiute traditionally have lived in the Great Basin in eastern California, western Nevada, the Northern Paiutes pre-contact lifestyle was well adapted to the harsh desert environment in which they lived. Each tribe or band occupied a territory, generally centered on a lake or wetland that supplied fish. Communal hunt drives, which often involved neighboring bands, would take rabbits, individuals and families appear to have moved freely among the bands. They gathered Pinyon nuts in the mountains in the fall as a winter food source. Women also gathered grass seeds and roots as important parts of their diet, the name of each band was derived from a characteristic food source. For example, the people at Pyramid Lake were known as the Cui Ui Ticutta, the people of the Lovelock area were known as the Koop Ticutta, meaning ground-squirrel eaters, and the people of the Carson Sink were known as the Toi Ticutta, meaning tule eaters. The Kucadikadi of Mono County, California are the brine fly eaters, relations among the Northern Paiute bands and their Shoshone neighbors were generally peaceful. There is no distinction between the Northern Paiute and Western Shoshone or Sosone
23.
Shoshone
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The Shoshone were sometimes called the Snake Indians by neighboring tribes and early American explorers. Their peoples have become members of recognized tribes throughout their traditional areas of settlement, often colocated with the Paiute. The name Shoshone comes from Sosoni, a Shoshone word for high-growing grasses, some neighboring tribes call the Shoshone Grass House People, based on their traditional homes made from soshoni. Shoshones call themselves Newe, meaning People, meriwether Lewis recorded the tribe as the Sosonees or snake Indians in 1805. The Shoshoni language is spoken by approximately 1,000 people today and it belongs to the Central Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Speakers are scattered from central Nevada to central Wyoming, the largest numbers of Shoshoni speakers live on the federally recognized Duck Valley Indian Reservation, located on the border of Nevada and Idaho, and Goshute Reservation in Utah. Idaho State University also offers Shoshoni-language classes, the Shoshone are a Native American tribe, who originated in the western Great Basin and spread north and east into present-day Idaho and Wyoming. By 1500, some Eastern Shoshone had crossed the Rocky Mountains into the Great Plains, after 1750, warfare and pressure from the Blackfoot, Crow, Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho pushed Eastern Shoshone south and westward. Some of them moved as far south as Texas, emerging as the Comanche by 1700, as more European-American settlers migrated west, tensions rose with the indigenous people over competition for territory and resources. Wars occurred throughout the half of the 19th century. The Northern Shoshone, led by Chief Pocatello, fought during the 1860s with settlers in Idaho, as more settlers encroached on Shoshone hunting territory, the natives raided farms and ranches for food, and attacked immigrants. The warfare resulted in the Bear River Massacre, when US forces attacked and killed an estimated 410 Northwestern Shoshone, a large number of the dead were civilians, including women and children, deliberately killed by the soldiers. This was the highest number of deaths which the Shoshone suffered at the hands of United States forces, allied with the Bannock, to whom they were related, the Shoshone fought against the United States in the Snake War from 1864 to 1868. They fought US forces together in 1878 in the Bannock War, in 1876, by contrast, the Shoshone fought alongside the U. S. Army in the Battle of the Rosebud against their traditional enemies, the Lakota and Cheyenne. In 1879 a band of approximately 300 Eastern Shoshone became involved in the Sheepeater Indian War and it was the last Indian war fought in the Pacific Northwest region of the present-day United States. In 1911 a small group of Bannock under a leader named Mike Daggett, also known as Shoshone Mike, killed four ranchers in Washoe County, the settlers formed a posse and went out after the Native Americans. They caught up with the Bannock band on February 26,1911 and they lost one man of the posse, Ed Hogle. The posse captured three children and a woman, a rancher donated the partial remains of three adult males, two adult females, two adolescent males, and three children to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC for study
24.
Bannock people
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The Bannock tribe were originally Northern Paiute but are more culturally affiliated with the Northern Shoshone. They are in the Great Basin classification of Indigenous People and their traditional lands include northern Nevada, southeastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and western Wyoming. Today they are enrolled in the federally recognized Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation of Idaho, traditionally, the Northern Paiute traded with surrounding tribes. The bands in eastern Oregon traded with the tribes to the north, in the mid-18th century, some bands developed a horse culture and split off to become the Bannock tribe. The horse gave the tribe a greater range, from Oregon to northern Nevada, southern Idaho and they forayed from there on the Bannock Trail to Montana and Canada to hunt buffalo. The Bannock made pottery, utensils from mountain sheep horns, and their petroglyphs date back before European contact, and, after the introduction of glass beads, they transferred their geometric design to beadwork. For water transport, they made tule reed rafts, prior to the late 19th century, Bannock people fished for salmon on the Snake River in Idaho and in the fall, they hunted buffalo herds. Buffalo hides provided material for tipis, the Bannock are prominent in American history due to the Bannock War of 1878. After the war, the Bannock moved onto the Fort Hall Indian Reservation with the Northern Shoshone, today they are called the Shoshone-Bannock. The Bannock live on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation,544,000 acres in Southeastern Idaho, lemhi and Northern Shoshone live with the Bannock Indians. In the 2010 Census,89 people identified as Bannock ancestry,38 full-blooded, however,5,315 are enrolled in the Shoshone-Bannock Tribes of the Fort Hall Reservation, not stating specifically their tribe. Mark Trahant, journalist RandyL He-dow Teton, model Pritzker, Barry M, a Native American Encyclopedia, History, Culture, and Peoples
25.
Utah Lake
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Utah Lake is a shallow freshwater lake in the U. S. state of Utah. It lies in Utah Valley, surrounded by the Provo-Orem metropolitan area, the lakes only river outlet, the Jordan River, is a tributary of the Great Salt Lake. Evaporation accounts for 42% of the outflow of the lake, which leaves the lake slightly saline, the elevation of the lake is legally at 4,489 feet above sea level. If the lake elevation goes any higher, the pumps and gates on the Jordan River are left open, the first European to see Utah Lake was Father Silvestre Vélez de Escalante in 1776. He stayed with the Timpanogots band of Ute Tribe for three days, the Timpanogots were later moved out or integrated with the Mormon settlers between the 1850s and 1870s. The fish of the lake were overharvested by the settlers and restocked with non-native species, although thirteen species of fish are native to the lake, only the Utah sucker and the critically endangered June sucker remain. The dominant species in the lake is the carp, introduced in 1883 as an alternative to the over harvested native fish. The carp is now estimated at 90% of the biomass of the lake and is contributing to a decline in fish populations by severely altering the ecosystem. Pollution has also caused problems with the lakes ecosystem, raw sewage was dumped into the lake as late as 1967. Pollution problems still remain, the phosphorus and mineral salt levels are in violation of the Clean Water Act. The Commission is funded and empowered by 17 area governments, including, Utah County and its municipalities, the Central Utah Water Conservancy District, Utah Lake is within Utah Valley, in north-central Utah. Mountains surround Utah Valley on three sides, The Wasatch Range to the east, Traverse Mountains to the north, and Lake Mountain to the west. Mount Nebo reaches an altitude of 11, 863-foot, and Mount Timpanogos reaches an altitude of 11, 745-foot, jutting into the south portion of the lake is 6, 805-foot West Mountain, which divides Goshen Bay and Lincoln Beach. Utah Lake is situated on the edge of the valley. Because of its location on the side of the valley, the eastern shore has a gentle slope. Connected to the body of the lake are two large, shallow bays, the aforementioned Goshen Bay, to the south and Provo Bay to the east. Major cities such as Provo and Orem are located between the eastern shore and the Wasatch Mountains. Utah Lake is a remnant of a much larger pleistocene lake called Lake Bonneville, which existed from 75,000 to 8,000 years ago
26.
Bear Lake County, Idaho
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Bear Lake County is a county in the U. S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 Census the county had a population of 5,986, the county seat is Paris, and Montpelier is the largest city. The county is named after Bear Lake, an alpine lake at an elevation of 5,924 feet above sea level. The northern half of the 20-mile-long lake is in Idaho, the half in Utah. The county was established in 1875 in the Idaho Territory, fifteen years before statehood, peg-Leg Smith established and operated a trading post on the Oregon Trail from 1848-1850 near Dingle. The first settlement in the Bear Lake Valley was Paris, settled by Mormon pioneers led by Charles Rich on September 26,1863, thirty families comprised the original settlement. In the spring of 1864, Montpelier was settled on the side of the valley on the Oregon Trail. Bear Lake County was established in 1875, and the railroad was extended through Montpelier in 1892. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1,049 square miles. The county is centered on Bear Lake Valley and includes the mountain ranges. The valley is high in the mountains, with its lowest elevation over 5,900 feet above sea level, the highest point in the county is Meade Peak at 9,957 feet. The population density was 7 people per square mile, there were 3,268 housing units at an average density of 3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 66% White,0. 09% Black or African American,0. 53% Native American,0. 08% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,1. 08% from other races, and 0. 51% from two or more races. 2. 40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,28. 6% were of English,16. 1% American,9. 4% German,7. 1% Danish,6. 2% Swiss and 5. 5% Swedish ancestry according to Census 2000. 22. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.33. In the county, the population was out with 33. 00% under the age of 18,7. 40% from 18 to 24,22. 40% from 25 to 44,21. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 98.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.70 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,162, and the median income for a family was $38,351
27.
Salt Lake Valley
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Salt Lake Valley is a 500-square-mile valley in Salt Lake County in the north-central portion of the U. S. state of Utah. It contains Salt Lake City and many of its suburbs, notably Murray, Sandy, South Jordan, West Jordan, brigham Young said this is the place, when he and his fellow settlers moved into Utah after being driven out of several states. The Valley is surrounded in every direction except the northwest by steep mountains that at points rise 7,100 feet from the valley floors base elevation. Every entrance into the valley is narrow and often congested. Flowing from Utah Lake in Utah Valley in the south, the Jordan River runs north through a gap in the Traverse Mountains, the Jordan River, along with numerous mountain streams and reservoirs, provides irrigation water to the rapidly growing Valley. This southwestern expansion is typified and will be facilitated by the Mountain View Corridor, some experts are claiming that the Valley will be urbanized rim-to-rim within the next 50 years. The first development, known as the Daybreak Community, has substantial portions already completed and it will focus on transit-oriented development (it already has service by TRAX light rail and will also feature a ski resort in the Oquirrh Mountains and a university campus. The Interstate 215 belt route, State Route 154, State Route 201, the Utah Transit Authority operates an extensive bus system across the Wasatch Front, including the Salt Lake Valley, in addition to three light rail lines in the Valley. A commuter rail line known as FrontRunner runs north to Pleasant View in Weber County, mormon Trail Salt Lake County, Utah
28.
Plat
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A plat in the United States is a map, drawn to scale, showing the divisions of a piece of land. City, town or village plats show subdivisions into blocks with streets, further refinement often splits blocks into individual lots, usually for the purpose of selling the described lots, this has become known as subdivision. After the filing of a plat, legal descriptions can refer to block, in order for plats to become legally valid, a local governing body, such as a public works department, urban planning commission, or zoning board must normally review and approve them. A plat of consolidation or plan of consolidation originates when a landowner takes over several adjacent parcels of land and consolidates them into a single parcel. In order to do this, the landowner will usually need to make a survey of the parcels, a plat of subdivision or plan of subdivision appears when a landowner or municipality divides land into smaller parcels. A plat of subdivision also applies when a landowner/building owner divides a multi-family building into multiple units and this can apply for the intention of selling off the individual units as condominiums to individual owners. A correction plat or amending plat records minor corrections to an existing plat, such plats can sometimes serve to relocate lot-lines or other features, but laws usually tightly restrict such use. A vacating plat functions to legally void a prior plat or portion of a plat, the rules normally allow such plats only when all the platted lots remain unsold and no construction of buildings or public improvements has taken place. Other names associated with maps are, land maps, tax maps, real estate maps, landowner maps, lot and block survey system. Parcel maps, unlike any other real estate record, have no federal. Designation of roads or other rights of way, ensuring that all property has access to a public right of way. Without such access, a property owner may be unable to utilize his or her property without having to trespass to reach it, the platting process restricts the fraudulent practice of knowingly selling lots with no access to public right of way without revealing that such access does not exist. Dedication of land for public uses, such as parks or areas needed for flood protection. Zoning regulations frequently contain restrictions that govern lot sizes and lot geometry, the platting process allows the governing authorities to ensure that all lots comply with these regulations. Ensuring compliance with a land use plan established to control the development of a city, ensuring that all property has access to public utilities. Plats contain a number of elements, The property boundaries are indicated by bearing. The bearing is in the format of degrees, minutes, seconds with compass point letters before, for example, N380000 E is 38 degrees into the northeast quadrant or 38 degrees east of north. Similarly S220000 W is 22 degrees west of south, note that north here is true north, so magnetic orientation must be corrected for magnetic declination
29.
Alluvial plain
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An alluvial plain is a largely flat landform created by the deposition of sediment over a long period of time by one or more rivers coming from highland regions, from which alluvial soil forms. As the highlands due to weathering and water flow, the sediment from the hills is transported to the lower plain. Various creeks will carry the water further to a river, lake, bay, as the sediments are deposited during flood conditions in the floodplain of a creek, the elevation of the floodplain will be raised. As this reduces the channel capacity, the creek will, over time, seek new, lower paths. These processes, over time, will form the plain. The NCSS glossary instead suggests flood plain
30.
Jordan River (Utah)
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The Jordan River, in the state of Utah, United States, is a river about 51 miles long. Regulated by pumps at its headwaters at Utah Lake, it flows northward through the Salt Lake Valley, four of Utahs six largest cities border the river, Salt Lake City, West Valley City, West Jordan and Sandy. More than a million people live in the Jordan Subbasin, which is the part of the Jordan River watershed that lies within Salt Lake, during the Pleistocene, the area was part of Lake Bonneville. Members of the Desert Archaic Culture were the earliest known inhabitants of the region, Mormon pioneers led by Brigham Young were the first European American settlers, arriving in July 1847 and establishing farms and settlements along the river and its tributaries. The growing population, needing water for drinking, irrigation, and industrial use in a climate, dug ditches and canals, built dams. Although the Jordan was originally a cold-water fishery with 13 native species including Bonneville cutthroat trout and it was heavily polluted for many years by raw sewage, agricultural runoff, and mining wastes. In the 1960s, sewage treatment removed many pollutants, in the 21st century, pollution is further limited by the Clean Water Act, and, in some cases, the Superfund program. Once the home of bighorn sheep and beaver, the river is frequented by raccoons, red foxes. It serves as an important avian resource, as does the Great Salt Lake and Utah Lake, visited by more than 200 bird species. Big Cottonwood, Little Cottonwood, Red Butte, Mill, Parleys, the Jordan River Parkway along the river includes natural areas, botanical gardens, golf courses and a proposed 40-mile bicycle and pedestrian trail, much of which has been completed. The Jordan River is the Utah Lakes only outflow, and originates at the end of the lake between the cities of Lehi and Saratoga Springs. It then meanders north through the end of Utah Valley for approximately 8 miles until it passes through a gorge in the Traverse Mountains. The Utah National Guard base at Camp Williams lies on the side of the river through much of the Jordan Narrows. The Turner Dam, located 41.8 miles from the rivers mouth, the Turner dam diverts water to the right or easterly into the East Jordan Canal and to the left or westerly toward the Utah and Salt Lake Canal. Two pumping stations, situated next to the Turner Dam, divert water to the west into the Provo Reservoir Canal, Utah Lake Distribution Canal and Jacob-Welby Canal. Outside the narrows, the river reaches the dam, known as the Joint Dam. The Joint Dam diverts water to the east for the Jordan and Salt Lake City Canal, the river then flows through the middle of the Salt Lake Valley, initially moving through the city of Bluffdale and then forming the border between the cities of Riverton and Draper. The river then enters the city of South Jordan where it merges with Midas Creek from the west, upon leaving South Jordan, the river forms the border between the cities of West Jordan on the west and Sandy and Midvale on the east
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Brigham Young
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Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877 and he founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also led the foundings of the precursors to the University of Utah, Young was dubbed by his followers the Lion of the Lord for his bold personality and was also commonly called Brother Brigham by Latter-day Saints. Young was a polygamist and was involved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and the Mountain Meadows massacre. Young was born to John Young and Abigail Nabby Howe, a family in Whitingham, Vermont. Young was first married in 1824 to Miriam Angeline Works, though he had converted to the Methodist faith in 1823, Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the Book of Mormon shortly after its publication in 1830. He officially joined the new church in 1832 and traveled to Upper Canada as a missionary, after his wife died in 1832, Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in Kirtland, Ohio. In 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young opposed this reasoning and motion, the majority in attendance were persuaded that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was to lead the church with Young as the Quorums president. Many of Youngs followers would later reminisce that while Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, Young was ordained President of the Church in December 1847, three and a half years after Smiths death. Rigdon became the president of a church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24,1847, Youngs expedition was one of the largest and one of the best organized westward treks. On August 22,29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, after three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was declared president of the church on December 27,1847. As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territorys first governor, during his time as prophet, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Young was also one of the first to subscribe to Union Pacific stock, Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territorys first capital. Young organized a Board of Regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley and it was established on February 28,1850, as the University of Deseret, its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah
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Silver mining
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Silver mining is the resource extraction of silver by mining. Silver is found in native form very rarely as nuggets, but more usually combined with sulfur, arsenic, antimony, or chlorine and in ores such as argentite, chlorargyrite. As silver is found in conjunction with these or alloyed with other metals such as gold. Silver mining has been undertaken since early times, as silver is a precious metal often used for coins, its mining has historically often been lucrative. As with other metals such as gold or platinum, newly discovered deposits of silver ore have sparked silver rushes of miners seeking their fortunes. Silver has been known since ancient times, the silver mines at Laurium were very rich and helped provide a currency for the economy of Ancient Athens. It involved mining the ore in underground galleries, washing the ores, elaborate washing tables still exist at the site using rain water held in cisterns and collected during the winter months. Extraction of silver from ore was widespread in Roman Britain as a result of Roman mining very soon after the conquest of the first century AD. From the mid-15th century silver began to be extracted from copper ores in massive quantities using the process creating a boost to the mining. Silver, which was valuable in China, became a global commodity. The rise and fall of its value affected the world market, Silver mining was a driving force in the settlement of western North America, with major booms for silver and associated minerals in the galena ore silver is most commonly found in. Notable silver rushes were in Colorado, Nevada, Cobalt, Ontario, California, the first major silver ore deposits in the United States were discovered at the Comstock Lode in Virginia City, Nevada, in 1859. Silver is commonly extracted from ore by smelting or chemical leaching, ore treatment by mercury amalgamation, such as in the patio process or pan amalgamation was widely used through the 1800s, but is seldom used today. Silver is also produced during the refining of copper and by application of the Parkes process on lead metal obtained from lead ores that contain small amounts of silver. Commercial grade fine silver is at least 99.9 percent pure silver, the principal sources of silver are copper, copper-nickel, gold, lead, and lead-zinc ores obtained from Canada, Mexico, Poland, Peru, Bolivia, Australia and the United States. Mexico was the worlds largest silver producer in 2014, producing 5,000 metric tons,18.7 percent of the 26,800 tonne production of the world. Gold mining Silver as an investment Silver mining in the United States Silver mining in Britain 2007 Global Silver Production and Inventories
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Little Cottonwood Canyon
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Little Cottonwood Canyon lies within the Wasatch-Cache National Forest along the eastern side of the Salt Lake Valley, roughly 15 miles from Salt Lake City, Utah. The canyon is part of Granite, a CDP and “Community Council” designated by Salt Lake County, the canyon is a glacial trough, carved by an alpine glacier during the last ice age,15,000 to 25,000 years ago. A number of rare and endemic plant species are found in the canyons Albion Basin, mountain goats inhabit the surrounding mountains. The Salt Lake Temple of the LDS Church was built of blocks of quartz monzonite which Mormon pioneers quarried from the Little Cottonwood Stock near the mouth of the canyon. Recreational activities in Little Cottonwood Canyon include hiking, camping, fishing, mountain biking, rock climbing, Bouldering, skiing, snowboarding, there are two resorts in the canyon, Alta and Snowbird, providing both summer and winter recreational opportunities. The Utah Native Plant Society often conducts wildflower walks at Albion Basin and in locations in the canyon. The road is approximately 8.3 miles from the base of the canyon to the top with a grade of 9. 2%. The lower third of the canyon is strewn with quartz monzonite outcroppings, mostly consisting of smooth steep faces, local climbers informally refer to the rock as granite, which is a close relative to quartz monzonite. The earliest recorded climbing activity dates from the 1930s, when Harold Goodro put up some routes before shifting to predominantly climbing on the quartzite of Big Cottonwood Canyon and elsewhere. The Lowes - George Lowe, Greg Lowe, and Jeff Lowe - came to prominence through the rest of the 1960s, more recent climbers have pushed the standards to the highest levels, establishing several 5.13 routes. On the north side, the Church Buttress above the LDS Church vault, and this still leaves some 20-odd named buttresses and gullies available for climbing, mostly on the north side. Approaches involve parking alongside the road and hiking a short distance up through scrub oak, face climbing is the predominant technique, typically using bolts and cracks for protection, but there are many notable crack climbs as well. Most routes are 2-4 pitches in length, with walkoffs involving still more scrub oak, the highest-quality face routes are to be found on The Fin, an almost-featureless expanse high above the canyon. Its route The Dorsal Fin is a classic of the Wasatch, first ascended by George Lowe and Mark McQuarrie in 1965, below the buttress and near the road is the Gate Boulder, a popular gathering spot shaded by large trees. The Pfeifferhorn is one of the highest peaks to climb in the Wasatch, the peak is usually climbed from the Red Pine Lake area, a ten-mile roundtrip climb that gains 3,700 feet. The peak was named after Chuck Pfeiffer, a Wasatch Club leader from long ago, Little Cottonwood Creek Notes Bibliography Bret Ruckman and Stuart Ruckman, Wasatch Climbing North Utah Native Plant Society
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Smelting
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Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy, its main use is to produce a base metal from its ore. This includes production of silver, iron, copper and other metals from their ores. Smelting makes use of heat and a reducing agent to decompose the ore, driving off other elements as gases or slag. The reducing agent is commonly a source of such as coke. The carbon removes oxygen from the ore, leaving behind the elemental metal, the carbon is thus oxidized in two stages, producing first carbon monoxide and then carbon dioxide. As most ores are impure, it is necessary to use flux, such as limestone. Plants for the reduction of aluminium are also generally referred to as aluminium smelters. Smelting involves more than just melting the metal out of its ore, most ores are a chemical compound of the metal with other elements, such as oxygen, sulfur or carbon and oxygen together. To produce the metal, these compounds have to undergo a chemical reaction, smelting therefore consists of using suitable reducing substances that will combine with those oxidizing elements to free the metal. In the case of carbonates and sulfides, a process called roasting drives out the carbon or sulfur, leaving an oxide. Roasting is usually carried out in an oxidizing environment, a few practical examples, Malachite, a common ore of copper, is primarily copper carbonate hydroxide Cu22. This mineral undergoes thermal decomposition to 2CuO, CO2, and H2O in several stages between 250 °C and 350 °C, the carbon dioxide and water are expelled into the atmosphere, leaving copper oxide which can be directly reduced to copper as described in the following section titled Reduction. Galena, the most common mineral of lead, is primarily lead sulfide, the sulfide is oxidized to a sulfite which thermally decomposes into lead oxide and sulfur dioxide gas. The sulfur dioxide is expelled, and the oxide is reduced as below. Reduction is the final, high-temperature step in smelting and it is here that the oxide becomes the elemental metal. A reducing environment pulls the final oxygen atoms from the raw metal, the required temperature varies over a very large range, both in absolute terms and in terms of the melting point of the base metal. Fluxes are used in smelting for several purposes, chief among them catalyzing the desired reactions, of the seven metals known in antiquity, only gold occurred regularly in native form in the natural environment. The others – copper, lead, silver, tin, iron and mercury – occur primarily as minerals and these minerals are primarily carbonates, sulfides, or oxides of the metal, mixed with other components such as silica and alumina
35.
Boomtown
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A boomtown is a community that undergoes sudden and rapid population and economic growth, or that is started from scratch. Early boomtowns, such as Leeds, Liverpool, and Manchester, experienced a surge in population. In pre-industrial England these towns had been relative backwaters, compared to the important market towns of Bristol, Norwich, and York. In the mid-19th century, boomtowns based on natural resources began to proliferate as companies, the biggest boomtown in the early 21st century is in North Dakota, where oil fields are being exploited. Often, boomtowns are the site of economic prosperity and social disruption, as the local culture and infrastructure, if any. Sometimes, all or nearly the population can desert the town. This can also place on a planned basis. Joseph, Florida San Francisco, California, US settlement after winning Mexican War San Luis, Arizona Seattle, Washington, became a prosperous port city during the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897
36.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
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Annexation
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Annexation is the political transition of land from the control of one entity to another. It is also the incorporation of unclaimed land into a states sovereignty, in international law it is the forcible transition of one states territory by another state or the legal process by which a city acquires land. Usually, it is implied that the territory and population being annexed is the smaller, more peripheral and it can also imply a certain measure of coercion, expansionism or unilateralism on the part of the stronger of the merging entities. Because of this, more positive euphemisms like political union/unification or reunification are sometimes seen in discourse, during World War II, the use of annexation deprived whole populations of the safeguards provided by international laws governing military occupations. The Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 amplified the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 with respect to the question of the protection of civilians, the team cemented in a brass plaque on Halls Ledge and hoisted the Union Flag to stake the UKs claim. One example of a claimed annexation after World War II is the Kingdom of Norways southward expansion of the dependent territory Queen Maud Land. On most maps there had been an area between Queen Maud Lands borders of 1939 and the South Pole until June 12,2015 when Norway formally claimed to have annexed that area. The Antarctic Treaty, however, states, The treaty does not recognize, dispute, nor establish territorial sovereignty claims, within countries that are subdivided noncontiguously, annexation can also take place whereby a lower-tier subdivision can annex territory under the jurisdiction of a higher-tier subdivision. An example of this is in the United States, where incorporated cities, municipalities can also annex or be annexed by other municipalities, though this is less common in the United States. Laws governing the ability and the extent cities can expand in this fashion are defined by the individual states constitutions, annexation of neighbouring communities occurs in Canada. Irredentism List of national border changes since World War I Texas annexation Adam Roberts, transformative military occupation, applying the laws of war and human rights,100 The American Journal of International Law
38.
Tower block
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A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building or structure used as a residential and/or office building. In some areas it may be referred to as an MDU, in the United States, such a structure is referred to as an apartment building or office building, while a group of such buildings is called an apartment complex or office complex. High-rise buildings became possible with the invention of the elevator and cheaper, the materials used for the structural system of high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel. Most North American style skyscrapers have a frame, while residential blocks are usually constructed of concrete. There is no difference between a tower block and a skyscraper, although a building with fifty or more stories is generally considered a skyscraper. They also pose challenges to firefighters during emergencies in high-rise structures. Studies are often required to ensure that pedestrian wind comfort and wind danger concerns are addressed, in order to allow less wind exposure, to transmit more daylight to the ground and to appear more slender, many high-rises have a design with setbacks. In contrast with low-rise and single-family houses, apartment blocks accommodate more inhabitants per unit of area of land, various bodies have defined high-rise, Emporis Standards defines a high-rise as A multi-story structure between 35–100 meters tall, or a building of unknown height from 12–39 floors. According to the code of Hyderabad, India, a high-rise building is one with four floors or more. The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines a high-rise as a building having many storeys, most building engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professionals define a high-rise as a building that is at least 75 feet tall. The lower floors were occupied by either shops or wealthy families. Surviving Oxyrhynchus Papyri indicate that seven-story buildings even existed in provincial towns, in Arab Egypt, the initial capital city of Fustat housed many high-rise residential buildings, some seven stories tall that could reportedly accommodate hundreds of people. By the 16th century, Cairo also had high-rise apartment buildings where the two floors were for commercial and storage purposes and the multiple stories above them were rented out to tenants. The skyline of many important medieval cities was dominated by large numbers of high-rising urban towers, the residential Towers of Bologna numbered between 80 and 100 at a time, the largest of which still rise to 97.2 m. In Florence, a law of 1251 decreed that all buildings should be reduced to a height of less than 26 m. Even medium-sized towns such as San Gimignano are known to have featured 72 towers up to 51 m in height, the oldest still standing tulou dates back from the 14th century. Tower blocks were built in the Yemeni city of Shibam in the 16th century. The houses of Shibam are all out of mud bricks, but about five hundred of them are tower houses
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Trail
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A trail is usually a path, track or unpaved lane or road, though the term is also applied, in North America, to routes along rivers, and sometimes to highways. In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland path or footpath is the term for a walking trail. There are also unpaved trails used by dirt bikes and other off-road vehicles, in some places, like the Alps, trails are used for moving cattle and other livestock. In the US, the term was used for a route into or through wild territory used by emigrants. In Australia, the track can be used interchangeably with trail. Walkway is used similarly in St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada, in the United Kingdom, the term trail is in common usage. Longer distance walking routes, and government-promoted long distance paths, collectively known as National Trails, are frequently called ways, as in the Pennine Way. Generally the term footpath is preferred for pedestrian routes, including long distance trails, track is used for wider paths, often used for hiking. The terms bridleway, byway, restricted byway are all recognised legal terms, the increased popularity of mountain biking has led to a proliferation of mountain bike trails in many countries. Often these will be grouped to form complexes, known as trail centers. A particularly unusual use of the term is in the Canadian province of Alberta, Shared use may be achieved by sharing a trail easement, but within it maintaining segregated and sometimes also separated trail treads. This is common in rail trails, Shared use may also refer to alternate day arrangements, whereby two uses are segregated by being permitted on alternate days. The Trans Canada Trail can be used by hikers, walkers, cyclists, horseback riders, the network makes use of towpaths on river banks and disused railway or vicinal tramway lines. Old railway lines have been leased by the Walloon Government for 99 years using emphyteutic lease contracts, where necessary, new paths are created to link parts of the network. Thus the right to cycle exists even though it may be difficult to exercise on occasion, Cyclists using a bridleway are obliged to give way to other users on foot or horseback. The seawall in Stanley Park, Vancouver, Canada is popular for walking, running, cycling, there are two paths, one for skaters and cyclists and the other for pedestrians. The lane for cyclists and skaters goes one-way in a counterclockwise loop, foreshoreway is a term used in Australia for a type of greenway that provides a public right-of-way along the edge of the sea open to both walkers and cyclists. A forest road is a type of access road, built mainly for the forest industry
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Sandy, Utah travel guide from Wikivoyage
Sandy
