1.
Rome
–
Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
2.
Italy
–
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
Italy
–
The
Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of
architecture and
engineering of ancient history.
Italy
–
Flag
Italy
–
The
Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the
Kings of Italy.
Italy
–
Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor
Frederick II,
UNESCO World Heritage site
3.
Pope Urban VIII
–
Pope Urban VIII, reigned as Pope from 6 August 1623 to his death in 1644. He expanded the territory by force of arms and advantageous politicking, and was also a prominent patron of the arts. However, the debts incurred during his pontificate greatly weakened his successors. He was also involved in a controversy with Galileo and his theory on heliocentrism during his reign and he is the most recent pope to date to take the pontifical name of Urban upon being elected as pope. He was born Maffeo Barberini in April 1568 to Antonio Barberini, a Florentine nobleman and his father died when he was only three years old and his mother took him to Rome, where he was put in the charge of his uncle, Francesco Barberini, an apostolic protonotary. At the age of 16 he became his uncles heir and he was educated by the Society of Jesus, and received a doctorate of law from the University of Pisa in 1589. In 1601, Barberini, through the influence of his uncle, was able to secure from Pope Clement VIII appointment as a legate to the court of King Henry IV of France. In 1604, the pope appointed him as the Archbishop of Nazareth. At the death of his uncle, he inherited his riches, on 6 August 1623, at the papal conclave following the death of Pope Gregory XV, Barberini was chosen as Gregory XVs successor and took the name Urban VIII. Upon Pope Urban VIIIs election, Zeno, the Venetian envoy, wrote the description of him. His Holiness is tall, dark, with features and black hair turning grey. He is exceptionally elegant and refined in all details of his dress, has a graceful and aristocratic bearing and he is an excellent speaker and debater, writes verses and patronises poets and men of letters. Urban VIIIs papacy covered 21 years of the Thirty Years War, despite an early friendship and encouragement for his teachings, Urban VIII was responsible for summoning the scientist and astronomer Galileo to Rome in 1633 to recant his work. Urban VIII practiced nepotism on a scale, various members of his family were enormously enriched by him. He elevated his brother Antonio Marcello Barberini and then his nephews Francesco Barberini and he also bestowed upon their brother, Taddeo Barberini, the titles Prince of Palestrina, Gonfalonier of the Church, Prefect of Rome and Commander of SantAngelo. Historian Leopold von Ranke estimated that during his reign, Urban VIIIs immediate family amassed 105 million scudi in personal wealth, Urban VIII was a skilled writer of Latin verse, and a collection of Scriptural paraphrases as well as original hymns of his composition have been frequently reprinted. The 1638 papal bull Commissum Nobis protected the existence of Jesuit missions in South America by forbidding the enslavement of natives who were at the Jesuit Reductions. At the same time, Urban VIII repealed the Jesuit monopoly on missionary work in China and Japan, opening these countries to missionaries of other orders and missionary societies
Pope Urban VIII
–
A portrait of Pope Urban VIII by
Pietro da Cortona (1627)
Pope Urban VIII
–
Circa 1598 painting of Maffeo Barberini at age 30 by
Caravaggio.
Pope Urban VIII
–
Pope Urban VIII, 1643
Pope Urban VIII
–
Engraving of Pope Urban VIII
4.
Antonio Marcello Barberini
–
Cap. was an Italian cardinal and the younger brother of Maffeo Barberini, later Pope Urban VIII. He is sometimes referred to as Antonio the Elder to distinguish him from his nephew Antonio Barberini, born Marcello Barberini in Florence 1569 into the Barberini family, he entered the Order of Capuchins in 1585. In 1592 he changed his name to Antonio. He served as a priest until the election of his brother Maffeo to the throne as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. He traveled to Rome with a group of Capuchin brothers to serve his brother and was elevated to cardinal in 1624, on January 26,1625, he was appointed Bishop of Senigallia. Later he was appointed Grand Inquisitor of the Roman Inquisition between 1629 and 1633, Librarian of the Holy Roman Church between 1633 and 1646 and Major Penitentiary between 1633 and 1646 and he served as the Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals twice. While bishop, he was the consecrator of
Antonio Marcello Barberini
–
Portrait of Antonio Marcello Barberini by
Antonio Alberti, ca. 1629-1631.
Antonio Marcello Barberini
–
Bust of Antonio Barberini by
Bernini.
5.
Capuchin friar
–
The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin is an Order of friars in the Catholic Church, among the chief offshoots of the Franciscans. The worldwide head of the Order, called the Minister General, is currently Mauro Jöhri and he sought to return to the primitive way of life of solitude and penance as practiced by the founder of their Order. The popular name of their Order originates from this feature of their religious habit, in 1528, Friar Matteo obtained the approval of Pope Clement VII and was given permission to live as a hermit and to go about everywhere preaching to the poor. These permissions were not only for himself, but for all such as might join him in the attempt to restore the most literal observance possible of the Rule of St. Francis, Matteo and the original band were soon joined by others. The Observants, the branch of the Franciscan Order at that time. In 1529, they had four houses and held their first General Chapter, the eremitical idea was abandoned, but the life was to be one of extreme austerity, simplicity and poverty — in all things as near an approach to St Francis ideals as was practicable. Neither the monasteries nor the Province should possess anything, nor were any loopholes to be resorted to for evading this law, no large provision against temporal wants should be made, and the supplies in the house should never exceed what was necessary for a few days. Everything was to be obtained by begging, and the friars were not allowed even to touch money, the communities were to be small, eight being fixed as the normal number and twelve as the limit. In furniture and clothing extreme simplicity was enjoined and the friars were discalced, required to go bare-footed — without even sandals, like the Observants, the Capuchins wore a brown habit. By visual analogy, the Capuchin monkey and the style of coffee are both named after the shade of brown used for their habit. Besides the canonical choral celebration of the Divine Office, a portion of which was recited at midnight, the fasts and disciplines were rigorous and frequent. The great external work was preaching and spiritual ministrations among the poor, in theology the Capuchins abandoned the later Franciscan School of Scotus, and returned to the earlier school of St. Bonaventure. The movement at the outset of its history underwent a series of severe blows. Years later, claims that he had written in favor of polygamy and Unitarianism caused him to be exiled from that city and he fled again, first to Poland and then to Slovakia, where he died. As a result, the province came under the suspicion of heretical tendencies. He was dissuaded with difficulty, but the Capuchins were forbidden to preach, despite earlier setbacks, the authorities were eventually satisfied as to the soundness of the general body of Capuchin friars and the permission to preach was restored. They are said to have had at that time 1500 houses divided into fifty provinces, the activities of the Capuchins were not confined to Europe. From an early date they undertook missions to non-Catholics in America, Asia and Africa, due to this strong missionary thrust, a large number of Capuchins have suffered martyrdom over the centuries
Capuchin friar
–
Bernardino Ochino (1487-1564), co-founder of the Capuchin Order, who later left the Catholic Church and became a Calvinist.
Capuchin friar
–
Order of Capuchin Friars Minor
Capuchin friar
–
The remains of 4,000
friars adorn the
ossuary of the
Santa Maria della Concezione
Capuchin friar
–
Capuchin Friary, Rapperswil,
Switzerland, established in 1606, and still occupied
6.
Via Veneto
–
Via Vittorio Veneto, colloquially called Via Veneto, is one of the most famous, elegant and expensive streets of Rome, Italy. The street is named after the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, a decisive Italian victory of World War I, Federico Fellinis classic 1960 film La Dolce Vita was mostly centered on the Via Veneto area. Initially, like other streets in the Ludovisi neighborhood, Via Veneto was dedicated to an Italian region, in this case, after the First World War, the name was changed to commemorate the Battle of Vittorio Veneto. The street was built in the 1880s, during an estate boom subsequent to the annexation of Rome to the new Kingdom of Italy. The 1960 film La Dolce Vita by Federico Fellini immortalized Via Venetos hyperactive lifestyle, lights, the Embassy of the United States, housed in Palazzo Margherita, is located along the avenue. The street can be accessed via Line A of the Rome Metro at the Barberini – Fontana di Trevi station, Fontana delle Api Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini Palazzo Margherita Porta Pinciana
Via Veneto
–
Traffic on Via Veneto in front of
The Westin Excelsior, Rome.
Via Veneto
–
The
US Embassy in Via Veneto.
Via Veneto
–
Plaque dedicated to
Federico Fellini.
7.
Piazza Barberini
–
Piazza Barberini is a large piazza in the centro storico or city center of Rome, Italy and situated on the Quirinal Hill. It was created in the 16th century but many of the buildings have subsequently been rebuilt. However, its appearance is known from engravings and early photographs of the piazza, at the centre of the piazza is the Fontana del Tritone or Triton Fountain sculpted by Bernini. Until the 18th century, unknown human corpses were displayed here for public identification, between 1632 and 1822 an antique obelisk stood here, it was transferred to Villa Medici. Today, the piazza is large crossroad for Romes traffic and, since 1980, has accommodated a station on Line A of the Rome Metro, Piazza Barberini with a lot of pictures Roma Segreta, Piazza Barberini
Piazza Barberini
–
Piazza Barberini, painted by Ettore Roesler Franz around 1880, featuring the Triton Fountain
Piazza Barberini
–
Piazza Barberini in 2011
8.
Guido Reni
–
Guido Reni was an Italian painter of high-Baroque style. Born in Bologna into a family of musicians, Guido Reni was the son of Daniele Reni, as a child of nine, he was apprenticed under the Bolognese studio of Denis Calvaert. Soon after, he was joined in studio by Albani. He may also have trained with a painter by the name of Ferrantini, when Reni was about twenty years old, the three Calvaert pupils migrated to the rising rival studio, named Accademia degli Incamminati, led by Lodovico Carracci. They went on to form the nucleus of a prolific and successful school of Bolognese painters who followed Lodovicos cousin Annibale Carracci to Rome, like many other Bolognese painters, Renis painting was thematic and eclectic in style. By late 1601, Reni and Albani had moved to Rome to work with the led by Annibale Carracci in fresco decoration of the Farnese Palace. During 1601–1604, his patron was Cardinal Paolo Emilio Sfondrati. By 1604–1605, he received an independent commission for an altarpiece of the Crucifixion of St. Peter, after a few year sojourn in Bologna, he returned to Rome to become one of the premier painters during the papacy of Paul V. From 1607–1614, he was one of the painters patronized by the Borghese family, Renis frescoed ceiling of the large central hall of garden palace, Casino dellAurora located in the grounds of the Palazzo Pallavicini-Rospigliosi, is considered his masterpiece. The casino was originally a pavilion commissioned by Cardinal Scipione Borghese, the massive fresco is framed in quadri riportati and depicts Apollo in his Chariot preceded by Dawn bringing light to the world. The work is restrained in classicism, copying poses from Roman sarcophagi, there is little concession to perspective, and the vibrantly colored style is antithetical to the tenebrism of Caravaggios followers. Payments showed that he was paid in 247 scudi and 54 baiocchi upon completion on 24 September 1616, the two families were in rather bad relations, and the reason for such friction was their constant quest for temporal power. Also the Popes brother, Antonio Barberini, was a cardinal, in those days, the main church of the Capuchins in Rome was St. Nicholas, rather small and dating back to the Middle Ages. The Archangel Michael trampling Satan, wears a late Roman military cloak,1636, held in Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini, Rome. According to a legend, Reni became aware that Cardinal Giovanni Battista Pamphilj had slandered him, so, Reni, sensing an opportunity, decided to avenge himself by means of his own talent, at the same time pleasing his client, who belonged to the opposing family. According to existing portraits of him, Cardinal Pamphilj had a face, with thin hair, a scanty beard and a somewhat strange look in his eyes. Therefore, the face that Archangel Michael crushes under his foot looks almost identical to that of Giovanni Battista Pamphilj and this turned out even more embarrassing a few years later, when in 1644 the cardinal was elected Pope Innocent X. According to rumor, the chapel of Montecavallo was assigned to Reni to paint
Guido Reni
–
Self portrait, c. 1602
Guido Reni
–
"St Michael Archangel". The
Archangel Michael trampling Satan,wears a late Roman military cloak and cuirass. 1636, held in
Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini, Rome.
Guido Reni
–
Bacchus and Ariadne, circa 1619-1620, held in
Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Guido Reni
–
Saint Joseph and the Christ Child.
9.
St. Felix of Cantalice
–
Cap. was born on 18 May 1515 to peasant parents in Cantalice, Italy, in the central Italian region of Lazio. Canonized by Pope Clement XI in 1712, he was the first Capuchin friar to be named a saint, Felix was the third of four sons born to Santi and Santa Porri. At about the age of ten, Felix was hired out first as a shepherd to a family at Cittàducale, until the age of twenty-eight he worked as a farm laborer and shepherd. He developed the habit of praying while he worked, toward the end of autumn 1543, Felix entered the newly founded Capuchin friars as a lay brother at the Citta Ducale friary in the municipality of Anticoli Corrado. It is said that he was noted for his piety. In 1547 he was sent to Rome as quaestor of the Capuchin Friary of St. Bonaventure, where he spent his remaining 40 years begging alms to help in the work of aiding the sick. In Rome, Brother Felix became a sight, wandering barefoot through the streets, with a sack slung over his shoulders. He received permission from his superiors to help the needy, especially widows with many children and it is said that his begging sack was as bottomless as his heart. Brother Felix blessed all benefactors and all those he met with a humble “Deo Gratias. ”, the Capuchins agreed and Felix embraced his new task. He preached in the street, rebuked corrupt politicians and officials and he also composed simple teaching canticles, and arranged for children to gather in groups to sing them as a way to teach them the catechism. The plain-spoken Brother Felix was a friend of St. Philip Neri. Felix developed a reputation as a healer, as he got older, his superior ordered him to wear sandals to protect his health. Cardinal Santori had offered to use his influence to have the elderly Felix relieved of the task of questing. Felix died in Rome in 1587 on his 72nd birthday and was buried in the crypt of the Church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini and he was beatified on 1 October 1625 by Pope Urban VIII and canonized on 22 May 1712 by Pope Clement XI. He was the first Capuchin friar in the history of the Order to be canonized and his feast day is celebrated on the Calendar of Saints of the Franciscan Order on May 18. Pope John Paul II observed that Felix is shown bearing the Infant Jesus in his arms because in bearing the burdens of the needy he had carried in his arms the poor Christ himself. A titular church in Rome is erected in his honor, the Church of San Felice da Cantalice a Centocelle. In 19th-century Poland, the Felician Sisters, a congregation of Franciscan Sisters of the Third Order Regular, was founded to care for the poor
St. Felix of Cantalice
–
Saint Felix of Cantalice by
Peter Paul Rubens
St. Felix of Cantalice
–
Felix of Cantalice reviving a dead child, Guercino
10.
Crispin of Viterbo
–
Cap. was an Italian member of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin who is now venerated as a saint for his decades of devoted service, and the spiritual wisdom he developed in the course of his life. Crispin was born Pietro Fioretti in Viterbo, Italy, the child was known for his piety and knowledge of the saints, so that the townsfolk of Viterbo were wont to call him il santarello. He received his education from the Jesuits, before being apprenticed to his uncle, at the age of twenty-five he applied for admission as a lay brother, to the Capuchin house in Viterbo. Upon being accepted, he took the name Crispin, after having served for some time as a gardener and cook in the friary at Viterbo, he was sent to Tolfa, a town not far distant from Civitavecchia, to become the infirmarian. During an epidemic, he is said to have effected a number of cures, from tolf he was sent to Rome and later to Albano and Bracciano. Crispin was visited by men of the world, by bishops and cardinals, and even by the pope himself. It was Crispins constant endeavor to imitate the virtues of his patron, St. Felix of Cantalice, at Orvieto, he served as questor, soliciting alms for the community. So fond of him were the local housewives, that refused to deal with a replacement. Like St. Enfeebled by old age and by his numerous austerities, he was sent from Albano to Rome by his superiors, there to end his holy life. His body, which even at the present time is still in a state of preservation. Saint Crispin was beatified by Pope Pius VII on September 7,1806 and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Herbermann, Charles, ed. Saints. SQPN, Crispin of Viterbo Catholic Online, Crispin of Viterbo Katolsk. no, Crispin of Viterbo
Crispin of Viterbo
–
St. Crispin of Viterbo, O.F.M. Cap.
11.
Gherardo delle Notti
–
Gerard van Honthorst was a Dutch Golden Age painter who became especially noted for his depiction of artificially lit scenes, eventually receiving the nickname Gherardo delle Notti. Early in his career he visited Rome, where he had great success painting in a style influenced by Caravaggio, following his return to the Netherlands he became a leading portrait painter. Honthorst was born in Utrecht, the son of a painter, and trained under his father. Having completed his education, Honthorst went to Italy, where he is first recorded in 1616 and he was one the artists from Utrecht who went to Rome at around this time, all of whom were to be deeply influenced by the recent art they encountered there. They were named the Utrecht caravaggisti, the other three were Dirk van Baburen, Hendrick ter Bruggen and Jan van Bijlert. In Rome he lodged at the palace of Vincenzo Giustiniani, where he painted Christ Before the High Priest, now in the National Gallery, Giustiniani had an important art collection, and Honthorst was especially influenced by the contemporary artists, notably Caravaggio, Bartolomeo Manfredi and the Carracci. He was especially noted for his depiction of artificially lit scenes, cardinal Scipione Borghese became another important patron, securing important commissions for him at San Silvestro Della Mariro, Montecompatri, and at Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome. He also worked for Cosimo II de Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Honthorst returned to Utrecht in 1620, and went on to build a considerable reputation both in the Dutch Republic and abroad. In 1623, the year of his marriage, he was president of the Guild of St. Luke in Utrecht and he soon became so fashionable that Sir Dudley Carleton, then English envoy at The Hague, recommended his works to the Earl of Arundel and Lord Dorchester. In 1626 Honthorst hosted a dinner for Rubens, and painted him as the honest man sought for, through her he became known to Charles, who invited him to England in 1628. He painted a more intimate group portrait of The Four Eldest Children of the King of Bohemia, in which the two eldest are depicted as Diana and Apollo. After his return to Utrecht, Honthorst retained the patronage of the English monarch, painting for him, in 1631, at around the same time he painted some pictures illustrating the Odyssey for Lord Dorchester, and some showing incidents of Danish history for Christian IV of Denmark. He also painted a portrait of the kings daughter Countess Leonora while she was in the Hague and his popularity in the Netherlands was such that he opened a second studio in the Hague, where he painted portraits of members of the court, and taught drawing. His brother Willem van Honthorst was also a portrait painter, many of Willems paintings were previously misattributed to Gerrit due to the similarity if their signatures. Willem was a pupil of Abraham Bloemaert, and was taught by his own elder brother. In 1646 he went to Berlin, where he became painter to Louise-Henriette. He returned to Utrecht in 1664, Honthorst is often referred to as Gherardo delle notti by modern Italians. However, the nickname does not actually appear in any known Italian sources dating before Honthorsts death and it was only in the 18th century that the nickname Gherardo delle notti came into widespread use
Gherardo delle Notti
–
Gerard van Honthorst - Granida and Daifilo
Gherardo delle Notti
–
Gerard van Honthorst in
Het Gulden Cabinet p 165
Gherardo delle Notti
–
The Concert, 1623,
National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.)
Gherardo delle Notti
–
The Matchmaker, showing the use of Carravagesque
12.
Mario Balassi
–
Mario Balassi was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active in Florence and Rome. He was commissioned by Taddeo Barberini to paint a Transfiguration now found in the church of the Cappuccini of Rome, returning to Florence, he painted a St. Francis for the Compagnia delle Stimmate. He also painted a Noli me tangere for the convent of the Maddalena, on his return to Italy he worked in Prato, Florence, and Empoli. For the church of Sant Agostino, in Prato, he painted a picture of St. Nicholas of Tolentino, and for the Society of the Stigmata in Florence, in the Vienna Gallery there is a Madonna and Child painted on stone. Among his pupils was Andrea Scacciati, dizionario degli architetti, scultori, pittori, intagliatori in rame ed in pietra, coniatori di medaglie, musaicisti, niellatori, intarsiatori d’ogni etá e d’ogni nazione. Gaetano Schiepatti, Digitized by Googlebooks, Jan 24,2007, dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical. York St. #4, Covent Garden, London, Original from Fogg Library, Digitized May 18,2007, George Bell and Sons
Mario Balassi
–
Portrait of
Vittoria della Rovere as Saint Vittoria by Mario Balassi
Mario Balassi
–
Virgin appears to Phillip Neri
13.
Giovanni Lanfranco
–
Giovanni Lanfranco was an Italian painter of the Baroque period. Giovanni Gaspare Lanfranco was born in Parma, the son of Stefano and Cornelia Lanfranchi. Lanfranco is considered to have contributed to the panel of Polyphemus and Galatea, afterwards, while still technically a member of the Carracci studio of Carracci, Lanfranco, along with Guido Reni and Francesco Albani, frescoed the Herrera Chapel in San Giacomo degli Spagnoli. He also participated in the decoration of San Gregorio Magno. The camerino had been constructed by Cardinal Odoardo Farnese, next to his palace and gardens, of the canvases and frescoes by Domenichino, Girolamo Pulzone, Paul Bril, and Lanfranco, some are conserved in the new church. Among other works, Lanfranco contributed to series, the eccentric Translation of the Magdalen. After the death of Annibale Carracci in 1609, and with the Emilian school of painting out of favor. There, he met Bartolomeo Schedoni and painted the altarpiece for the Ognissanti church, Lanfranco also produced paintings and altarpieces in Orvieto, Vallerano, Leonessa and Fermo. After his return to Rome by 1612, Lanfranco and competed with other Carracci students and assistants—including Reni, Albani, Reni, however, was soon to depart for Naples and then Bologna. During the following decades in Rome, through the 1620s, Lanfranco, unlike Domenichino, Lanfranco was fairly eclectic in terms of style but preferred a visionary, theatrical approach suitable for the ceiling paintings gaining currency in the early 17th century. His Annunciation in San Carlo ai Catinari in regarded as one of his best works, soon, Lanfranco became the pre-eminent painter of circle of Pope Paul V. He painted frescoes for the Palazzo Costaguti and a ceiling fresco in quadratura at the Villa Borghese. In the following year, Lanfranco together with Agostino Tassi and Carlo Saraceni decorated the Sala de Corazzieri and his formal Presentation at the Temple has the sunlit Carraci-like style. In 1622, he painted the Ectasy of Saint Margaret of Cortona as an altarpiece for Santa Maria Nuova in Cortona, the painting could well have inspired the pose in Berninis famous St Theresa in ecstasy. In 1623-1624, he decorated the Sacchetti Chapel in San Giovanni dei Fiorentini in Rome, while Paul Vs successor, Gregory XV, preferred works by Guercino and Domenichino, Lanfranco won commissions for the Crucifix Chapel in Santa Maria in Vallicella. Lanfrancos crowning masterpiece, however, and one of the major church fresco decoration of the late 1620s, was his Assumption of the Virgin frescoed on the dome of SantAndrea della Valle. Completed in 1627 in sotto in su perspective, the array of figures is a landmark in Baroque painting with bright golden coloration. Lanfranco was influenced by Correggios pioneering decoration of the Duomo di Parma, urban VIII commissioned him a large fresco portraying St. Peter Walking on Waters, for which Lanfranco gained the title of Knight of the Order of Christ
Giovanni Lanfranco
–
Giovanni Lanfranco, Resurrection, 1622
Giovanni Lanfranco
–
Annunciation, between 1610 and 1630 (
Hermitage Museum)
Giovanni Lanfranco
–
Council of the Gods
Giovanni Lanfranco
–
Frescoed Cupula of Sant'Andrea della Valle.
14.
Domenichino
–
Domenico Zampieri, known as Domenichino for his shortness, was an Italian Baroque painter of the Bolognese or Carracci School of painters. Domenichino was born in Bologna, son of a shoemaker, and he left Bologna for Rome in 1602 and became one of the most talented apprentices to emerge from Annibale Carraccis supervision. As a young artist in Rome he lived with his slightly older Bolognese colleagues Albani and Guido Reni, and worked alongside Lanfranco, meanwhile, he had completed frescoes c. Following Annibale Carraccis death in 1609, Annibales Bolognese pupils, foremost Domenichino, Albani, Reni and Lanfranco, became the leading painters in Rome. One of Domenichinos masterpieces, his frescoes of Scenes of the Life of Saint Cecilia in the Polet Chapel of San Luigi dei Francesi, was commissioned in 1612 and completed in 1615. Concurrently he painted his first, and most celebrated, altarpiece and it subsequently would be judged as being comparable to Raphaels great Transfiguration and even as the best picture in the world. With the election of a Bolognese pope in 1621, Domenichino returned to Rome, appointed Papal Architect, he nonetheless continued to be most active as a painter, obtaining many commissions for altarpieces in Roman churches. His Scenes from the Life of San Gennaro occupied him for the rest of his life and he painted four large lunettes, four pendentives, and twelve scenes in the soffits of the arches, all in fresco, plus three large altarpieces in oil on copper. He died, perhaps by poison at the hands of the jealous Cabal of Naples, before completing the fourth altarpiece or the cupola, at the time of his death, Domenichinos chief assistant was an obscure painter from Assisi, Francesco Raspantino, who inherited his masters studio. Earlier, Domenichinos principal pupils were Alessandro Fortuna, Giovanni Battista Ruggieri, Antonio Alberti called Barbalonga, Francesco Cozza, Andrea Camassei, others who studied in his studio include Poussin, Pietro Testa, and his future biographer, Giovanni Pietro Bellori. The portrait of Agucchi in York used to be attributed to Domenichino, Imitation in this sense is not copying but a creative process inspired by rhetorical theory whereby revered models are not only emulated but surpassed. Jerome from an altarpiece of the subject in Bologna by his former teacher. Like Domenichinos paintings, its sources were in ancient models and aimed at clarity of expression capable of moving its audience, as the Florentine composer Giulio Caccini held and Domenichino surely believed, the aim of the composer/artist was to move the passion of the mind. To achieve that goal, Domenichino paid particular attention to expressive gestures, Domenichinos composite score of 58 nonetheless was surpassed only by Raphael and Rubens, and it equalled that of the Carracci. The Balance reflects Domenichinos high standing in the history of European taste— until John Ruskin in the 1840s wrote his devastating attacks on Bolognese Baroque painting in his Modern Painters, the Carracci and their followers were condemned by Ruskin as being insincere. For Ruskin, there was no entirely sincere nor any great art from the seventeenth century, in 1996 the first major exhibition of his work was held at the Palazzo Venezia in Rome. 1620, Royal Collection, Hampton Court Madonna of Loreto with Saints John the Baptist, Paterniano, 1618–19, North Carolina Museum of Art) Rinaldo and Armida, c. 1620–21, Louvre, Paris Martyrdom of St Peter Martyr, c, 1622-23, Louvre, Paris Saint Ignatius de Loyola’s Vision of Christ and God the Father, c
Domenichino
–
St. John the Evangelist, c. 1621–29
Domenichino
–
Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri) The Way to Calvary
Domenichino
–
Domenico Zampieri, The Adoration of the Shepherds, c. 1607-10, Oil on canvas, 143 x 115cm, National Gallery of Scotland
Domenichino
–
Domenichino - Landscape with Tobias
15.
Andrea Sacchi
–
Andrea Sacchi was an Italian painter of High Baroque Classicism, active in Rome. His father, Benedetto, was an undistinguished painter, according to the biographer Giovanni Pietro Bellori, Andrea initially entered the studio of Cavalier dArpino. Sacchi later entered Francesco Albanis workshop and spent most of his time in Rome where he eventually died, much of his early career was helped by the regular patronage by Cardinal Antonio Barberini, who commissioned art for the Capuchin church in Rome and the Palazzo Barberini. He reputedly travelled to Venice and Parma and studied the works of Correggio, two of his major works on canvas are altarpieces now displayed in the Pinacoteca Vaticana, the painting gallery in the Vatican. As a young man, Sacchi had worked under Cortona at the Villa Sacchetti at Castelfusano, but in a set of public debates at the Accademia di San Luca, the guild for artists in Rome, he strongly criticized Cortonas exuberance. The debate is significant because it indicates how two of the proponents of the prevailing styles in painting, now called Classical and Baroque. In particular, Sacchi advocated that since a unique, individual expression, gesture and movement needed to be assigned to each figure in a composition, in a crowded composition, the figures would be deprived of individuality, and thus cloud the particular meaning of the piece. In some ways this was a reaction against the excess of crowds in paintings by artists such as Zuccari in the previous generation. Simplicity and unity were essential to Sacchi who, drawing an analogy to poetry, in his counter-argument, Cortona made the case that large paintings with lots of figures were like an epic which could develop multiple sub-themes. But for Sacchi, the encrustation of a painting with excess decorative details, including melees of crowds, among the partisans of Sacchis argument for simplicity and focus were his friends, the sculptor Algardi and painter Poussin. The controversy was however less pitched than some might suggest, Sacchi and Albani, among others, shared dissatisfaction with the artistic depiction of low or genre subjects and themes, such as those preferred by the Bamboccianti and even the Caravaggisti. They felt that art should focus on exalted themes- biblical, mythological. Sacchi, who worked almost always in Rome, left few pictures visible in private galleries and he had a flourishing school, Carlo Maratta was a younger collaborator or pupil. In Marattas large studio, Sacchis preference for a grand manner style would find pre-eminence among Roman circles for decades to follow, but many others worked under him or his influence including Francesco Fiorelli, Luigi Garzi, Francesco Lauri, Andrea Camassei, and Giacinto Gimignani. Sacchis own illegitimate son Giuseppe, died young after high hopes for his future, Sacchi died at Nettuno in 1661. This fresco by Sacchi in the Palazzo Barberini in Rome is considered his masterpiece, the work was inspired by Raphaels Parnasus in the Raphaels Rooms in the Vatican Palace. The eye take in the fresco but also to penetrate beyond to the next door. From the right point of view the sun of Divine Wisdom looks as though it is hovering over the dome of the chapel, is convincing because it is also a political interpretation
Andrea Sacchi
–
Portrait by
Maratta.
Andrea Sacchi
–
Allegory of Divine Wisdom
Andrea Sacchi
–
Vision of St. Romuald
Andrea Sacchi
–
The Three Marys
16.
Aleksander Benedykt Sobieski
–
He was a candidate for election to the Polish throne in 1697, following his fathers death, but was unsuccessful. In 1702, he declined Charles XII of Swedens offer to set him up as a king to Augustus II of Poland. He died in Rome in 1714, having become a Capuchin friar. In childhood he was educated by the most talented scholars and teachers in the country. In 1691 he accompanied his father on an expedition to Moldavia where he learnt military tactics. At the end of his fathers life, due to Sobieskis conflict with the eldest son Jakub, he was a to succeed his father to the throne, however, in October 1696, while in Paris, he requested an audition with Louis XIV as the marquis of Jarosław. On January 19,1698 together with his brother, Konstanty Władysław Sobieski, he organized a ball in Warsaw, Sobieski often accompanied Augustus II on military expeditions, most notably during the September campaign against the Tatars. He later became a friend and supporter of the king. He was also known to be fond of the monarch. In October, the year, Sobieski personally escorted his mother on her trip to Italy. In November, they were received by Emperor Leopold I and Eleonora Magdalena von Pfalz-Neuburg, in March,1700, he arrived in Rome and was made a Knight of the Order of St. Michael. In December, from the hands of the French ambassador he received the Order of the Holy Spirit. In summer of 1702, Charles de Caradas, the Marquis du Heron, aleksander fought at the side of Charles XII during his campaign in Saxony, in 1706. After the release of his brothers under the terms of the Treaty of Altranstädt, in 1710 he settled in Rome. Still in 1709, under the pseudonym Armonte Calidio, he joined the Roman academy Arcadia, during the meetings held in the Arcadian Roman Mansion he often recited his own poetry written in Latin. Aleksander throughout his life was passionate about theater and he created his own version of the Arcadian dramma nobile. In the years 1710-1713 he completed the composition of operas, in collaboration with the composer Domenico Scarlattim. Occasionally, he starred in his plays, a ship from Gdańsk, Printz Alexander von Pohlen, was named after him
Aleksander Benedykt Sobieski
–
Painting by
Hyacinthe Rigaud
Aleksander Benedykt Sobieski
–
Aleksander Benedykt Sobieski
17.
Camillo Rusconi
–
Camillo Rusconi was an Italian sculptor of the late Baroque in Rome. His style displays both features of Baroque and Neoclassicism and he has been described as a Carlo Maratta in marble. Initially trained in his hometown of Milan with Giuseppe Rusnati, by 1685-1686, he had moved to Rome and into the studio of Ercole Ferrata, who died within a year or two of his arrival. Rusconis talent attracted commissions, for example, for plaster allegorical statues depicting four virtues for the Ludovisi chapel in the church of SantIgnazio and he then worked alongside Le Gros in sculpting angels for the tympanum of the altar of Saint Ignatius at the Church of the Gesù. Camillo’s masterpieces are the four larger-than-life apostles completed during 1708-1718 for the niches of the Archbasilica of St. John Lateran and this sculptural program was the major such project in the Rome of his day. The other main sculptors for the project, Le Gros and Pierre-Etienne Monnot, pope Clement XI had established a committee to select the artists, and included Carlo Fontana and Rusconis friend, Carlo Maratta, in the panel. The classical restraint of the figures was to set a trend toward neoclassicism, other works include some of the architectural decoration for San Silvestro in Capite, San Salvatore in Lauro, and for the Chiesa Nuova. He also complete the portrait of Giulia Albani degli Olivieri, the aunt of Clement XI, (presently in the Kunsthistorisches Museum. His tomb for Caesar Fabretti is on the first pillar to the left in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, among his pupils were Pietro Bracci, Giovanni Battista Maini, and Filippo della Valle. In 1727, he was named principe of the Accademia di San Luca
Camillo Rusconi
–
St. Matthew by Camillo Rusconi. Nave of the Basilica of St. John Lateran
18.
Andrea Camassei
–
Andrea Camassei was an Italian Baroque painter and engraver, who was mainly active in Rome under the patronage of the Barberini. He was born in Bevagna in Umbria to parents of modest means, Angelina d Anton Maria Angeli and Lorenzo. He was active in painting in the Palazzo Barberini as well as in Antonio Barberinis favored church, Santa Maria della Concezione and his training was under Domenichino, but he also labored under the direction of Sacchi and Pietro da Cortona. He painted a Triumph of Constantine for the Baptistery of the Lateran Palace and he painted for Taddeo Barberini, two large canvases depicting Massacre of the Niobids and Hunt of Diana. He also painted a Saints Bonaventura, Bernardino & Ludovico da Tolosa for Santa Caterina in Rapecchiano, pelican History of Art, Art and Architecture Italy, 1600-1750. Ralph Nicholson Wornum, ed. Biographical catalogue of the principal Italian painters, woodfall & Kinder, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London, Digitized by Googlebooks from Oxford University copy on Jun 27,2006. Vita ed opere del pittore Andrea Camassei, Andrea Camassei, un pittore del Seicento tra Roma e lUmbria
Andrea Camassei
–
The Massacre of the
Niobids (between 1638 and 1639),
Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
19.
Girolamo Muziano
–
Girolamo Muziano, was one of the most prominent Italian painters, active in the mid-to-late sixteenth century. He was born in Acquafredda, near Brescia, but active mainly in Rome, the accounts from the 16th to 20th centuries regarding Muzianos life said he began work under the tutelage of Romanino, an imitator of Titian. He then spent time in Venice until 1549, but moved permanently to Rome about 1550 and he was known there as Il giovane dei paesi, but although he continued to draw and paint landscapes throughout his career, he aspired instead to grand manner figure painting. He painted historical painting in a style based largely on Michelangelo, giving prominence to the monumental anatomy of his figures. His Resurrection of Lazarus was painted for the Colonna palace in Subiaco and it established his fame, Michelangelo himself pronounced its author one of the first artists of that age. The painting was placed in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore above the artists tomb, it was afterwards transferred to the Quirinal Palace. The painting returns to an organization and narrative composition more typical of the High Renaissance than of Muzianos Mannerist contemporaries. Muziano came to be the leading artist in Rome during the 1570-80s and he worked for Cardinal Ippolito II dEste from 1560–66, and his frescoes for the Cardinals villas in Tivoli could be seen in Villa dEste. This last painting was one of two altarpieces that Muziano painted for St. Peters Basilica during the time when Muziano served as superintendent of works for Pope Gregory XIII. Muziano also designed mosaics for the Gregorian Chapel in the basilica and his works can also be seen Santa Caterina dei Funari, the Galleria Colonna, in Orvieto, and in the church of San Francesco in Frascati. He died in 1592, and was buried in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore, among his pupils was Paolo Rossetti of Cento. Cristo riceve gli ambasciatori del Battista - Museo antico Tesoro- Loreto Landscape with waterfall Three paintings Attribution Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Muziano, freedberg, Sydney J. Pelican History of Art, ed. Italy cyberguide entry Brief bio of Muziano from the Web Gallery of Art This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Muziano
Girolamo Muziano
–
Resurrection of Lazarus, 1556.
Museo dell'Opera del Duomo,
Orvieto
Girolamo Muziano
–
Hercules slaying Nemean Lion – First Labor (1565),
Villa d'Este, Tivoli.
Girolamo Muziano
–
Hercules slaying Lernaean Hydra – Second Labor (1565),
Villa d'Este, Tivoli.
Girolamo Muziano
–
Hercules steals the Apples of the Hesperides – Twelfth Labor (1565),
Villa d'Este, Tivoli.
20.
Alessandro Turchi
–
Alessandro Turchi was an Italian painter of the early Baroque, born and active mainly in Verona, and moving late in life to Rome. He also went by the name Alessandro Veronese or the nickname LOrbetto, Turchi initially trained with Felice Riccio in Verona. By 1603, he was working as independent painter, and in 1606-1609, when Brusasorci died in 1605, Turchi and his fellow painter Pasquale Ottino completed a series of their deceased masters canvases. In 1610, he completed an Assumption altarpiece for the church of San Luca of Verona, in 1612, the Veronese Guild of the Goldsmiths commissioned from Turchi an altarpiece, today lost, of the Madonna and Saints. On leaving the school of Riccio, he went to Venice, in competition with Andrea Sacchi and Pietro da Cortona, he painted some pictures in the church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini. In 1619, he sent an altarpiece of the 40 martyrs for the Chapel of the Innocents in the church of Santo Stefano, Verona, to next to paintings by Pasquale Ottino. He also painted a Flight into Egypt for the church of San Romualdo, Rome, a Holy Family for San Lorenzo in Lucina, and he was much employed on cabinet pictures, representing historical subjects, which he frequently painted on black marble. Among his pupils, Giovanni Ceschini and Giovanni Battista Rossi, practiced in Verona, the former painting copies of his masters works, which were often taken for originals. For the Count Giangiacomo Giusti, in 1620 he paints an Allegory of Fame between Mercury and Pallas Athena and three canvases of Faith, Hope, and Charity. By 1621, he had completed a painting of San Carlo Borromeo, documents from 1629, indicate Turchi was paid 110 scudi for painting St. Anthony of Padua for the Farnese Palace at Caprarola. In 1632, an inventory of the Palazzo Mattei di Giove, records a Saint Marta and Maria Madalena, there is a painting titled Hope by Turchi in the Detroit Institute of Art. In 1623, Turchi married Lucia San Giuliano, in 1637, with the sponsorship of the cardinal Francesco Barberini, he became Principe or director of the Accademia di San Luca. In 1638, he joined the guild of artists, called the Pontifical Academy of Fine Arts. Biography, see Alessandro Turchi 1578-1649 detto lOrbetto, walter Armstrong & Robert Edmund Graves, ed. Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical, york St. #4, Covent Garden, London, Original from Fogg Library, Digitized May 18,2007, George Bell and Sons. Alessandro Turchi en Artcyclopedia Alessandro Turchi en la Enciclopedia online del Museo del Prado
Alessandro Turchi
–
Alessandro Turchi, Bacchus and Ariadne,
Hermitage Museum
Alessandro Turchi
–
Christ and Adulterous Woman
Alessandro Turchi
–
Mystical Marriage of St Catherine (Louvre)
Alessandro Turchi
–
Saint Agatha Attended by Saint Peter and an Angel in Prison.
The Walters Art Museum.
21.
Pietro da Cortona
–
Pietro da Cortona was an Italian Baroque painter and architect. Along with his contemporaries and rivals Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini and he was also an important designer of interior decorations. He was born Pietro Berrettini, but is known by the name of his native town of Cortona in Tuscany. He worked mainly in Rome and Florence, only a limited number of his architectural projects were built but nonetheless they are as distinctive and as inventive as those of his rivals. Berrettini was born into a family of artisans and masons, in Cortona and he trained in painting in Florence under Andrea Commodi, but soon he departed for Rome at around 1612/3, where he joined the studio of Baccio Ciarpi. In Rome, he had encouragement from many prominent patrons, according to Cortonas biographers his gifted copy of Raphaels Galatea fresco brought him to the attention of Marcello Sacchetti, papal treasurer during the Barberini papacy. Such contacts helped him gain a major commission in Rome. In 1633, Pope Urban VIII commissioned from Cortona a large painting for the main salon ceiling of the Barberini family palace. It was completed six years later, following Cortonas influential visit to northern Italy where he would have seen at first hand perspectival works by Paolo Veronese, Cortonas huge Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power marks a watershed in Baroque painting. The ornamented architectural framework essentially forms five compartments, the central and most significant part celebrates the glorification of the reign of Urban VIII in a light filled scene populated with allegorical figures and Barberini family emblems. The illusion of spatial extension through paint, the grandiose theme, the first two represented the ages of silver and gold. In 1641, he was recalled to paint the Bronze Age and he began work on the decoration of the grand-ducal reception rooms on the first floor of the Palazzo Pitti, now part of the Palatine Gallery. These highly ornate ceilings with frescoes and elaborate stucco work essentially celebrate the Medici lineage, Pietro left Florence in 1647, and his pupil and collaborator, Ciro Ferri, completed the cycle by the 1660s. For a number of years, Cortona was involved for decades in the decoration of the frescoes in the Oratorian Chiesa Nuova in Rome. Other frescoes are in Palazzo Pamphilj in Piazza Navona, in 1660, he executed The Stoning of Saint Stephen for the church of San Ambrogio della Massima in Rome. The work currently hangs in the Hermitage, towards the end of his life he devoted much of his time to architecture, but he published a treatise on painting in 1652 under a pseudonym and in collaboration. He refused invitations to both France and Spain and he was elected as director of the Academy of St Luke the painters guild in Rome, in 1634. It was at the Academy in 1636 that Cortona and Andrea Sacchi were involved in controversies regarding the number of figures that were appropriate in a painted work
Pietro da Cortona
–
Self-Portrait
Pietro da Cortona
–
Marcello Sacchetti (sv) by Cortona (1627)
Pietro da Cortona
–
Triumph of
Divine Providence
Pietro da Cortona
–
The
Golden Age by Pietro da Cortona.
22.
Capuchin Crypt
–
The Capuchin Crypt is a small space comprising several tiny chapels located beneath the church of Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini on the Via Veneto near Piazza Barberini in Rome, Italy. It contains the remains of 3,700 bodies believed to be Capuchin friars buried by their order. The Catholic order insists that the display is not meant to be macabre, when the monks arrived at the church in 1631, moving from the old monastery, they brought 300 cartloads of deceased friars. Michael of Bergamo oversaw the arrangement of the bones in the burial crypt, the soil in the crypt was brought from Jerusalem, by order of Pope Urban VIII. Bodies typically spent 30 years decomposing in the soil, before being exhumed, there are six total rooms in the crypt, five featuring a unique display of human bones believed to have been taken from the bodies of friars who had died between 1528 and 1870. Crypt of the Resurrection, featuring a picture of Jesus raising Lazarus from the dead, the Mass Chapel, as an area used to celebrate Mass, does not contain bones. In the altar-piece, Jesus and Mary exhort St. Felix of Cantalice, St. Francis of Assisi, and St. Anthony of Padua to free souls from Purgatory. The chapel contains a plaque with the acronym DOM, which stands for Deo optimo maximo, a term used to refer to the pagan god Jupiter. The plaque contains the heart of Maria Felice Peretti, the grand-niece of Pope Sixtus V. The chapel also contains the tomb of the Papal Zouaves who died defending the Papal States at the battle of Porta Pia. Crypt of the Skulls Crypt of the Pelvises Crypt of the Leg Bones and Thigh Bones Crypt of the Three Skeletons The center skeleton is enclosed in an oval, the symbol of life coming to birth. As of 1851, the crypt was opened to the public, in exchange for an admittance fee. From 1851 to 1852, women were not allowed admittance to the crypt, Capuchin catacombs of Palermo Capela dos Ossos Sedlec Ossuary The Skull Chapel in Czermna Home page of the Capuchins Crypt of the Capuchins tour on YouTube
Capuchin Crypt
–
Capuchin Crypt in
Rome,
Italy
23.
Memento mori
–
It is related to the ars moriendi and related literature. In art, memento mori are artistic or symbolic reminders of mortality, in the European Christian art context, the expression developed with the growth of Christianity, which emphasized Heaven, Hell, and salvation of the soul in the afterlife. In English, the phrase is pronounced /məˈmɛnˌtoʊ ˈmɔːriː/, mə-MEN-toh MOR-ee, memento is the 2nd person singular future active imperative of meminī to remember, to bear in mind, usually serving as a warning, remember. Mori is the present active infinitive of morior, literally to die, in other words, ‘remember death’ or ‘remember that you will die’. Platos Phaedo, where the death of Socrates is recounted, introduces the idea that the practice of philosophy is about nothing else. The Stoics were particularly prominent in their use of this discipline, though in modern times this has become a standard trope, in fact, no ancient authors attest to this, and it seems to be tendentious Christian moralizing rather than an accurate historical report. The thought was then utilized in Christianity, whose emphasis on divine judgment, Heaven, Hell. Many memento mori works are products of Christian art, although there are equivalents in Buddhist art, in the Christian context, the memento mori acquires a moralizing purpose quite opposed to the Nunc est bibendum theme of Classical antiquity. The most obvious places to look for memento mori meditations are in funeral art, perhaps the most striking to contemporary minds is the transi, or cadaver tomb, a tomb that depicts the decayed corpse of the deceased. This became a fashion in the tombs of the wealthy in the fifteenth century, later, Puritan tomb stones in the colonial United States frequently depicted winged skulls, skeletons, or angels snuffing out candles. These are among the themes associated with skull imagery. Another example of memento mori is provided by the chapels of bones and these are chapels where the walls are totally or partially covered by human remains, mostly bones. The entrance to the Capela dos Ossos has the sentence, We bones, lying here bare. The famous danse macabre is another example of the memento mori theme, with its dancing depiction of the Grim Reaper carrying off rich. This and similar depictions of Death decorated many European churches, danse Macabre, Op.40, is a tone poem for orchestra written in 1874 by French composer Camille Saint-Saëns. Timepieces were formerly an apt reminder that time on Earth grows shorter with each passing minute. Public clocks would be decorated with such as ultima forsan or vulnerant omnes. Even today, clocks often carry the motto tempus fugit, time flees, old striking clocks often sported automata who would appear and strike the hour, some of the celebrated automaton clocks from Augsburg, Germany had Death striking the hour
Memento mori
–
Earthly Vanity and Divine Salvation by
Hans Memling. This
triptych contrasts earthly beauty and luxury with the prospect of death and hell.
Memento mori
–
The outer panels of
Rogier van der Weyden 's
Braque Triptych shows the skull of the patron displayed in the inner panels. The bones rest on a brick, a symbol of his former industry and achievement.
Memento mori
–
Unshrouded skeleton on Diana Warburton 's tomb (dated 1693) in
St John's Church,
Chester
Memento mori
–
Prince of Orange René of Châlon died in 1544 at age 25. His widow commissioned sculptor Ligier Richier to represent him offering his heart to God, set against the painted splendour of his former worldly estate. Church of Saint-Étienne,
Bar-le-Duc.
24.
Sedlec ossuary
–
The Sedlec Ossuary is a small Roman Catholic chapel, located beneath the Cemetery Church of All Saints in Sedlec, a suburb of Kutná Hora in the Czech Republic. It is one of twelve World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic, the ossuary is estimated to contain the skeletons of between 40,000 and 70,000 people, whose bones have, in many cases, been artistically arranged to form decorations and furnishings for the chapel. The ossuary is among the most visited tourist attractions of the Czech Republic - attracting over 200,000 visitors annually, four enormous bell-shaped mounds occupy the corners of the chapel. An enormous chandelier of bones, which contains at least one of every bone in the human body, hangs from the center of the nave with garlands of skulls draping the vault. Other works include piers and monstrances flanking the altar, a coat of arms of the House of Schwarzenberg, in 1278, Henry, the abbot of the Cistercian monastery in Sedlec, was sent to the Holy Land by King Otakar II of Bohemia. He returned with him an amount of earth he had removed from Golgotha. The word of this pious act soon spread and the cemetery in Sedlec became a burial site throughout Central Europe. In the mid 14th century, during the Black Death, and after the Hussite Wars in the early 15th century, many thousands were buried in the abbey cemetery, so it had to be greatly enlarged. After 1511, the task of exhuming skeletons and stacking their bones in the chapel was given to a monk of the order. Between 1703 and 1710, a new entrance was constructed to support the front wall, which was leaning outward, and this work, in the Czech Baroque style, was designed by Jan Santini Aichel. In 1870, František Rint, a woodcarver, was employed by the Schwarzenberg family to put the bone heaps into order, in 1970, the centenary of Rints contributions, Czech filmmaker Jan Švankmajer was commissioned to document the ossuary. The result was a 10-minute-long frantic-cut film of skeletal images overdubbed with an actual tour-guides neutral voice narration, since the Velvet Revolution, the original tour guide soundtrack has been made available. In the documentary Long Way Round, Ewan McGregor and Charley Boorman stop to see this church, dan Cruickshank also views the church in his Adventures in Architecture. The ossuary is a plot device in the John Connolly novel The Black Angel. The ossuary is used as a location for the Dungeons & Dragons movie, the ossuary was also featured in Ripleys Believe it or Not and is described by Cara Seymour in the final scene of the film Adaptation. The ossuary was also the influence for Dr. Satans lair in the Rob Zombie film House of 1000 Corpses, the Sedlec Ossuary Capela dos Ossos Capuchin Crypt Skull Chapel in Czermna Skull Tower Official website
Sedlec ossuary
–
Chapel Interior
Sedlec ossuary
–
Chapel Exterior
Sedlec ossuary
–
Entrance
Sedlec ossuary
–
Signature of F. Rint written with bones
25.
Czech Republic
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The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the territories of Bohemia, Moravia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire, after the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, reimposed Roman Catholicism, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, and was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following the 1948 coup détat, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence, in 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed, on 6 March 1990, the Czech Socialistic Republic was renamed to the Czech Republic. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and it is a developed country with an advanced, high income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development, the Czech Republic also ranks as the 6th most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union, the traditional English name Bohemia derives from Latin Boiohaemum, which means home of the Boii. The current name comes from the endonym Čech, spelled Cžech until the reform in 1842. The name comes from the Slavic tribe and, according to legend, their leader Čech, the etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning member of the people, kinsman, thus making it cognate to the Czech word člověk. The country has traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia in the west, Moravia in the southeast, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself without a common single-word geographical name in English, the name Czechia /ˈtʃɛkiə/ was recommended by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Czech Republic
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Přemysl Ottokar II,
King of Bohemia (1253–1278) and
Duke of Austria (1251–1278)
Czech Republic
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Flag
Czech Republic
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The
Crown of Saint Wenceslas is the 4th oldest in Europe
Czech Republic
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The
Defenestration of Prague sparked the
Thirty Years' War
26.
Skull Chapel, Czermna
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The chapel was built in 1776 by the Czech local parish priest Wacław Tomaszek. It is the grave of people who died during the Thirty Years’ War, three Silesian Wars, as well as of people who died because of cholera epidemics, plague, syphilis. Walls of this small, baroque church are filled with three thousand skulls, and there are bones of another 21 thousand people interred in the basement. The skulls of people who built the chapel, including father Tomaszek, were placed in the center of the building, inside are a crucifix and two carvings of angels, one with a Latin inscription that reads Arise from the Dead are among the bones. A recording inside the church available in three languages explains the history of the Chapel and it is the only such monument in Poland, and one of six in Europe
Skull Chapel, Czermna
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Exterior of the chapel
Skull Chapel, Czermna
Skull Chapel, Czermna
Skull Chapel, Czermna
27.
Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
Poland
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Reconstruction of a
Bronze Age,
Lusatian culture settlement in
Biskupin, c. 700 BC
Poland
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Flag
Poland
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Earliest known contemporary depiction of a Polish ruler; King
Mieszko II Lambert of Poland being presented with a
Liturgical book by
Matilda of Swabia, 1025–1031
Poland
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Drawing of the
Battle of Grunwald, which was fought against the
German Order of Teutonic Knights, 15 July 1410
28.
Marquis de Sade
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Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade, was a French aristocrat, revolutionary politician, philosopher, and writer, famous for his libertine sexuality. He was a proponent of freedom, unrestrained by morality, religion. The words sadism and sadist are derived from his name, during the French Revolution, he was an elected delegate to the National Convention. Many of his works were written in prison and he was his parents only surviving child. He was educated by an uncle, the Abbé de Sade, in Sades youth, his father abandoned the family, his mother joined a convent. He was raised with servants who indulged his every whim, which led to him becoming known as a rebellious, later in his childhood, Sade was sent to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, a Jesuit college, for four years. While at the school, he was tutored by Abbé Jacques-François Amblet, later in life, the Abbé testified at one of Sades trials, saying that Sade had a passionate temperament which made him eager in the pursuit of pleasure but had a good heart. At the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, he was subjected to corporal punishment, including flagellation. At age 14, Sade began attending a military academy. At age 15, he was commissioned as a sub-lieutenant on 14 December 1755 after 20 months of training, becoming a soldier. After 13 months as a sub-lieutenant, he was commissioned to the rank of cornet in the Brigade de S. André of the Comte de Provences Carbine Regiment and he eventually became Colonel of a Dragoon regiment and fought in the Seven Years War. In 1766, he had a theatre built in his castle. In January 1767, his father died, the men of the Sade family alternated between using the marquis and comte titles. His grandfather, Gaspard François de Sade, was the first to use marquis, occasionally, he was the Marquis de Sade, but is identified in documents as the Marquis de Mazan. The Sade family were noblesse dépée, claiming at the time the oldest, Frank-descended nobility, so, at Court, precedence was by seniority and royal favor, not title. There is father-and-son correspondence, wherein father addresses son as marquis, for many years, Sades descendants regarded his life and work as a scandal to be suppressed. At that time, the marquis of legend was so unmentionable in his own family that Xavier de Sade only learned of him in the late 1940s when approached by a journalist. He subsequently discovered a store of Sades papers in the family château at Condé-en-Brie and his youngest son, the Marquis Thibault de Sade, has continued the collaboration
Marquis de Sade
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Portrait of Donatien Alphonse François de Sade by
Charles Amédée Philippe van Loo. The drawing dates to 1760, when the Sade was nearly 20 years old. It's the only known authentic portrait of the Marquis.
Marquis de Sade
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The
Château de Lacoste above
Lacoste, a residence of Sade; currently the site of theater festivals.
Marquis de Sade
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Sade's father, Jean-Baptiste François Joseph de Sade.
Marquis de Sade
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Marie Eleonore de Maille de Carman.
29.
Mark Twain
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Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. He served an apprenticeship with a printer and then worked as a typesetter and he later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, the short story brought international attention and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty. He filed for bankruptcy in the wake of financial setbacks. He chose to pay all his creditors in full, even though he had no legal responsibility to do so. Twain was born shortly after an appearance of Halleys Comet, and he predicted that he would go out with it as well and he was lauded as the greatest American humorist of his age, and William Faulkner called him the father of American literature. His parents met when his father moved to Missouri, and they were married in 1823, Twain was of Cornish, English, and Scots-Irish descent. Only three of his siblings survived childhood, Orion, Henry, and Pamela and his sister Margaret died when Twain was three, and his brother Benjamin died three years later. His brother Pleasant died at six months of age, slavery was legal in Missouri at the time, and it became a theme in these writings. His father was an attorney and judge, but he died of pneumonia in 1847, the next year, Twain left school after the fifth grade to become a printers apprentice. In 1851, he working as a typesetter, contributing articles and humorous sketches to the Hannibal Journal. He educated himself in libraries in the evenings, finding wider information than at a conventional school. Twain describes his boyhood in Life on the Mississippi, stating there was but one permanent ambition among his comrades. Pilot was the grandest position of all, the pilot, even in those days of trivial wages, had a princely salary – from a hundred and fifty to two hundred and fifty dollars a month, and no board to pay. As Twain describes it, the pilots prestige exceeded that of the captain, bixby took Twain on as a cub pilot to teach him the river between New Orleans and St. Louis for $500, payable out of Twains first wages after graduating. It was more than two years before he received his pilots license, piloting gave also him his pen name from mark twain, the leadsmans cry for a measured river depth of two fathoms, which was safe water for a steamboat
Mark Twain
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Mark Twain, detail of photo by
Mathew Brady, February 7, 1871
Mark Twain
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Samuel L. Clemens stamp, 1940
Mark Twain
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Samuel Clemens, age 15
Mark Twain
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Library of
Twain House, with hand-stenciled paneling, fireplaces from India, embossed wallpapers, and hand-carved mantel purchased in Scotland
30.
The Innocents Abroad
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It was the best-selling of Twains works during his lifetime, as well as one of the best-selling travel books of all time. Innocents Abroad presents itself as a travel book based on an actual voyage in a retired Civil War ship. In particular, he lampooned William Cowper Primes Tent Life in the Holy Land for its overly sentimental prose, Twain also made light of his fellow travelers and the natives of the countries and regions that he visited, as well as his own expectations and reactions. One example can be found in the sequence during which the boat has stopped at Gibraltar, the narrator reacts here, not only to the exploitation of the past and the unreasoning adherence to old ways, but also to the profanation of religious history. This equivocal reaction to the history the narrator encounters may be magnified by the prejudices of the time. The Catholic Church, in particular, receives an amount of attention from the narrator. In many of the chapters, a uniquely Twainian sentence or word stands out, ch.4 Ship Routine outlines the passengers daily routines and their affectation of sailor language. And lo. in Tangier we have found it, ch.11 The Prado and other Marseille tourist sites. We were troubled a little at dinner to-day, by the conduct of an American and he ordered wine with a royal flourish. Drove the Prado avenue, visited Chateau Borely, the Zoological Gardens, discussed prisoner drawings created during the years Château dIf was used as a prison. Ch.12 Marseilles to Paris by Train Old Travelers, Lyon, Saône, Tonnerre, Sens, Melun, Fontainebleau and scores of other cities, dinner, shopping. The Making of The Innocents Abroad, 1867–1872, the Innocents Abroad, or the New Pilgrims Progress, The Atlantic Monthly, December 1869. Etext. virginia. edu -- Innocents Abroad Homepage Mark Twain Project at the University of California The Innocents Abroad Map Image of Mark Twain, on ship in 1897. For comparison, see 1871 image and 1875 image Fulton, Joen B, the Reverend Mark Twain, Theological Burlesque, Form, and Content. Mark Twain, travel books, and tourism, the tide of a popular movement. American Palestine, Mark Twain and the Touristic Commodification of the Holy Land, American Palestine, Melville, Twain, and the Holy Land mania. American Protestant Pilgrimage, Nineteenth-Century Impressions of Palestine, irreverent Pilgrims, Melville, Browne, and Mark Twain in the Holy Land. Seattle and London, University of Washington Press, etext. virginia. edu -- Innocents Abroad Homepage Mark Twain Project at the University of California The Innocents Abroad at Project Gutenberg The Innocents Abroad, from Internet Archive
The Innocents Abroad
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Innocents Abroad cover
The Innocents Abroad
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Illustration:
Leaning Tower
The Innocents Abroad
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Illustration (1855):
Mount Tabor "stands solitary.. [in a] silent plain.. a desolation.. we never saw a human being on the whole route.. hardly a tree or shrub anywhere. Even the olive tree and the cactus, those fast friends of a worthless soil, had almost deserted the country" ~
Mark Twain, 1867
31.
Sedlec Ossuary
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The Sedlec Ossuary is a small Roman Catholic chapel, located beneath the Cemetery Church of All Saints in Sedlec, a suburb of Kutná Hora in the Czech Republic. It is one of twelve World Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic, the ossuary is estimated to contain the skeletons of between 40,000 and 70,000 people, whose bones have, in many cases, been artistically arranged to form decorations and furnishings for the chapel. The ossuary is among the most visited tourist attractions of the Czech Republic - attracting over 200,000 visitors annually, four enormous bell-shaped mounds occupy the corners of the chapel. An enormous chandelier of bones, which contains at least one of every bone in the human body, hangs from the center of the nave with garlands of skulls draping the vault. Other works include piers and monstrances flanking the altar, a coat of arms of the House of Schwarzenberg, in 1278, Henry, the abbot of the Cistercian monastery in Sedlec, was sent to the Holy Land by King Otakar II of Bohemia. He returned with him an amount of earth he had removed from Golgotha. The word of this pious act soon spread and the cemetery in Sedlec became a burial site throughout Central Europe. In the mid 14th century, during the Black Death, and after the Hussite Wars in the early 15th century, many thousands were buried in the abbey cemetery, so it had to be greatly enlarged. After 1511, the task of exhuming skeletons and stacking their bones in the chapel was given to a monk of the order. Between 1703 and 1710, a new entrance was constructed to support the front wall, which was leaning outward, and this work, in the Czech Baroque style, was designed by Jan Santini Aichel. In 1870, František Rint, a woodcarver, was employed by the Schwarzenberg family to put the bone heaps into order, in 1970, the centenary of Rints contributions, Czech filmmaker Jan Švankmajer was commissioned to document the ossuary. The result was a 10-minute-long frantic-cut film of skeletal images overdubbed with an actual tour-guides neutral voice narration, since the Velvet Revolution, the original tour guide soundtrack has been made available. In the documentary Long Way Round, Ewan McGregor and Charley Boorman stop to see this church, dan Cruickshank also views the church in his Adventures in Architecture. The ossuary is a plot device in the John Connolly novel The Black Angel. The ossuary is used as a location for the Dungeons & Dragons movie, the ossuary was also featured in Ripleys Believe it or Not and is described by Cara Seymour in the final scene of the film Adaptation. The ossuary was also the influence for Dr. Satans lair in the Rob Zombie film House of 1000 Corpses, the Sedlec Ossuary Capela dos Ossos Capuchin Crypt Skull Chapel in Czermna Skull Tower Official website
Sedlec Ossuary
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Chapel Interior
Sedlec Ossuary
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Chapel Exterior
Sedlec Ossuary
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Entrance
Sedlec Ossuary
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Signature of F. Rint written with bones
