1.
Municipalities of the Philippines
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A municipality is a local government unit in the Philippines. Municipalities are also usually called towns and they are distinct from cities, which are a different category of local government unit. Provinces of the Philippines are divided into cities and municipalities, which in turn, are divided into barangays, as of June 2015, there are 1,490 municipalities across the country. A municipal district is a local government unit, previously certain areas were created first as municipal districts before they were converted into municipalities. Municipalities have some autonomy from the National Government of the Republic of the Philippines under the Local Government Code of 1991 and they have been granted corporate personality enabling them to enact local policies and laws, enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions. They can enter into contracts and other transactions through their elected and appointed officials and they are tasked with enforcing all laws, whether local or national. The National Government assists and supervises the local government to make sure that they do not violate national law, the Judicial Branch of the Republic of the Philippines also caters to the needs of local government units. Local governments, such as a municipalities, do not have their own judicial branch and these responsibilities shall be under approval of the Sangguniang Bayan. The vice mayor shall sign all warrants drawn on the municipal treasury, in circumstances where the mayor permanently or temporarily vacates the position, he shall assume executive duties and functions. While vice mayor presides over the legislature, he cannot vote unless the necessity of tie-breaking arises, laws or ordinances proposed by the Sangguniang Bayan, however, may be approved or vetoed by the mayor. If approved, they become local ordinances, if the mayor neither vetoes nor approves the proposal of the Sangguniang Bayan for ten days from the time of receipt, the proposal becomes law as if it had been signed. If vetoed, the draft is sent back to the Sangguniang Bayan, the latter may override the mayor by a vote of at least two-thirds of all its members, in which case, the proposal becomes law. A municipality, upon reaching a certain requirements – minimum population size, first, a bill must be passed in Congress, then signed into law by the President and then the residents would vote in the succeeding plebiscite to accept or reject cityhood. One benefit in being a city is that the city government gets more budget, but taxes are much higher than in municipalities
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
4.
Regions of the Philippines
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In the Philippines, regions, ISO 3166-2, PH) are administrative divisions that serve primarily to organize the provinces of the country for administrative convenience. Currently, the republic of the Philippines is divided into 18 regions. Most government offices are established by region instead of individual provincial offices, the regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which has an elected regional assembly and governor. The Cordillera Administrative Region was originally intended to be autonomous, since that time, other regions have been created and some provinces have been transferred from one region to another. June 22,1973, Pangasinan was transferred from Region III to Region I, july 7,1975, Region XII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. July 25,1975, Regions IX and XII declared as Autonomous Regions in Western, august 21,1975, Region IX divided into Sub-Region IX-A and Sub-Region IX-B. Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions, november 7,1975, Metropolitan Manila created. June 2,1978, Metropolitan Manila declared as the National Capital Region, july 15,1987, Cordillera Administrative Region created. August 1,1989, Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao created, Region XII reverted to an administrative region. October 23,1989, First creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. October 12,1990, Executive Order 429 issued by President Corazon Aquino to reorganize the Mindanao regions, february 23,1995, Region XIII created and minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. Sultan Kudarat transferred to Region XI,1997, Minor reorganization of some Mindanao regions. December 22,1997, Second creation of Cordillera Autonomous Region, ratification rejected by residents in a plebiscite. December 18,1998, Sultan Kudarat returned to Region XII, september 19,2001, Most Mindanao regions reorganized and some renamed. May 17,2002, Region IV-A and Region IV-B created from the former Region IV region, may 23,2005, Palawan transferred from Region IV-B to Region VI, Mimaropa renamed to Mimaro. August 19,2005, Transfer of Palawan to Region VI held in abeyance, may 29,2015, Negros Island Region created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI and Negros Oriental from Region VII transferred to form new region, july 17,2016, Republic Act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region from the former Region IV-B. As of May 2015, the Philippines comprises 18 administrative regions and these regions are geographically organized into the three island groups of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
5.
Central Visayas
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Central Visayas is a region of the Philippines, designated as Region VII. It is located in the part of the Visayas island group. Cebu City is the regional center, the region is dominated by the native speakers of Cebuano. The land area of the region is 10,102 square kilometres, on May 29,2015, the region was redefined, when Region VII lost the province of Negros Oriental to the newly formed Negros Island Region. By virtue of Executive Order No.183 issued on May 29,2015 by President Benigno Aquino III, in the 2013 electoral roll, it had 4,114,046 registered voters, meaning that 68% of the population are aged 18 and over. According to the 2015 census, it had a population of 6,041,903, the 2015 census showed an average annual population growth rate of 1. 76% from 2010 to 2015, slightly higher than the national average of 1. 72%. Cebuano is the dominant language of the region, the Central Visayas region consists of 3 provinces and 3 independent cities, Negros Oriental was formerly a part of Region VII. President Benigno Aquino III signed the Executive Order No.183, Cebu City is the main media hub for both the region. Most of these stations broadcast local news and public affairs as well as entertainment, aside from the 24 national daily newspapers available, Cebu City also has 20 local newspapers. Among the widely read are the Sun Star Cebu, the countrys main Islamic news journal, The Voice of Islam, was founded in 1961 and published in this city. The Port of Cebu is the main gateway. There are also ports in Tagbilaran in Bohol and Larena in Siquijor, inter-island shipping is served by numerous shipping lines, two of them fastcraft companies which serve all the provinces in the region. The Mactan-Cebu International Airport, located in Lapu-Lapu City, is the second busiest airport. It is the airline hub of Cebu Pacific, and secondary hub for Philippine Airlines and its subsidiaries. It also serves international flights to other Asian and intercontinental destinations, other airports in the region are Tagbilaran Airport, serves Tagbilaran and Bohol with flights to Manila. Media related to Central Visayas at Wikimedia Commons Central Visayas travel guide from Wikivoyage
6.
Provinces of the Philippines
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The provinces of the Philippines are the primary political and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 81 provinces at present, further subdivided into component cities and municipalities, the National Capital Region, as well as independent cities, are independent of any provincial government. Each province is governed by a legislature called the Sangguniang Panlalawigan. The provinces are grouped into 18 regions based on geographical, cultural, fifteen of these regions are designated with numbers corresponding to their geographic location in order from north to south. The Cordillera Administrative Region, National Capital Region, Negros Island Region, each province is a member of the League of Provinces of the Philippines, an organization which aims to address issues affecting provincial and metropolitan government administrations. A provincial government is autonomous of other provinces within the Republic, each province is governed by two main elected branches of the government, executive and legislative. Judicial affairs are separated from provincial governance and are administered by the Supreme Court of the Philippines, the provincial governor is chief executive and head of each province. The vice governor acts as the president for each Sangguniáng Panlalawigan, every SP is composed of regularly elected members from provincial districts, as well as ex officio members. The number of regularly elected SP members allotted to each province is determined by its income class, first- and second-class provinces are provided ten regular SP members, third- and fourth-class provinces have eight, while fifth- and sixth-class provinces have six. Exceptions are provinces with more than five congressional districts, such as Cavite with 14 regularly elected SP members, every SP has designated seats for ex officio members, given to the respective local presidents of the Association of Barangay Captains, Philippine Councilors League, and Sangguniáng Kabataan. The vice governor and regular members of an SP are elected by the voters within the province, ex officio members are elected by members of their respective organisations. National intrusion into the affairs of each provincial government is limited by the Philippine Constitution, the President of the Philippines however coordinates with provincial administrators through the Department of the Interior and Local Government. For purposes of representation, each province is guaranteed its own congressional district. One congressional representative represents each district in the House of Representatives, senatorial representation is elected at an at-large basis and not apportioned through territory-based districts. Those classified as highly urbanized or independent component cities are independent from the province. Local government units classified as component cities and municipalities are under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, the provincial government does not have direct relations with individual barangays. Supervision over a government is the mandate of the mayor. Provinces are classified according to annual income based on the previous 4 calendar years
7.
Cebu
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Cebu is a 1st provincial income class island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, and consisting of the main island itself and 167 surrounding islands and islets. Its capital is Cebu City, the oldest city and first capital of the Philippines, Cebu City forms part of the Cebu Metropolitan Area together with four neighboring cities and eight other local government units. Mactan-Cebu International Airport, located in Mactan Island, is the second busiest airport in the Philippines, Cebu is one of the most developed provinces in the Philippines, with Cebu City as the main center of commerce, trade, education and industry in the Visayas. In a decade it has transformed into a hub for shipping, furniture-making, tourism, business processing services. The name Cebu came from the old Cebuano word sibu or sibo and it was originally applied to the harbors of the town of Sugbu, the ancient name for Cebu City. Alternate renditions of the name by traders between the 13th to 16th centuries include Sebu, Sibuy, Zubu, or Zebu, among others, Sugbu, in turn, was derived from the Old Cebuano term for scorched earth or great fire. The Rajahnate of Cebu was a native kingdom which existed in Cebu prior to the arrival of the Spaniards. It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as Rajamuda Lumaya and he was sent by the Maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces to subdue the local kingdoms, but he rebelled and established his own independent Rajahnate instead. The arrival of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 established a period of Spanish exploration and colonization, losing favor for his plan of reaching the Spice Islands from king Manuel I of Portugal, by sailing west from Europe, Magellan offered his services to king Charles I of Spain. On 20 September 1519, Magellan led five ships with a crew of 250 people from the Spanish fort of Sanlúcar de Barrameda en route to southeast Asia via the Americas and they reached the Philippines on 16 March 1521. Rajah Kolambu the king of Mazaua told them to sail for Cebu, arriving in Cebu City, Magellan, with Enrique of Malacca as translator, befriended Rajah Humabon the Rajah or King of Cebu and persuaded the natives of allegiance to Charles I of Spain. Humabon and his wife were given Christian names and baptized as Carlos, the Santo Niño was presented to the native queen of Cebu, as a symbol of peace and friendship between the Spaniards and the Cebuanos. On 14 April Magellan erected a wooden cross on the shores of Cebu. Afterwards, about 700 islanders were baptized, Magellan soon heard of datu Lapu-Lapu, a native king in nearby Mactan Island, a rival of the Rajahs of Cebu. It was thought that Humabon and Lapu–Lapu had been fighting for control of the trade in the area. On 27 April the Battle of Mactan occurred where the Spaniards were defeated, according to Italian historian and chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta, Magellans body was never recovered despite efforts to trade for it with spice and jewels. Magellans second-in-command, Juan Sebastián Elcano took his place as captain of the expedition and sailed their fleet back to Spain, survivors of the Magellan expedition brought tales of a savage island in the East Indies with them when they returned to Spain. Consequently, several Spanish expeditions were sent to the islands but all ended in failure, in 1564, Spanish explorers led by Miguel López de Legazpi, sailing from Mexico, arrived in 1565, and established a colony
8.
House of Representatives of the Philippines
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The House of Representatives of the Philippines, is the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines. It is often informally called Congress, Members of the House are officially styled as Representative and sometimes informally called Congressmen/Congresswomen and are elected to a three-year term. They can be re-elected, but cannot serve more than three consecutive terms, around eighty percent of congressmen are district representatives, representing a particular geographical area. There are 234 legislative districts in the country, each composed of about 250,000 people, there are also party-list representatives elected through the party-list system who constitute not more than twenty percent of the total number of representatives. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker, currently Pantaleon Alvarez of Davao del Norte, the official headquarters of the House of Representatives is at the Batasang Pambansa located in the Batasan Hills in Quezon City in Metro Manila. The building is simply called Batasan and the word has also become a metonym to refer to the House of Representatives. At the beginning of American colonial rule, from March 16,1900, william Howard Taft was chosen to be the first American civilian Governor-General and the first leader of this Philippine Commission, which subsequently became known as the Taft Commission. This bicameral legislature was inaugurated in October 1907, under the leadership of Speaker Sergio Osmeña and Floor Leader Manuel L. Quezon, the Rules of the 59th United States Congress was substantially adopted as the Rules of the Philippine Legislature. It is this body, founded as the Philippine Assembly, that would continue in one form or another, in 1916, the Jones Act, officially the Philippine Autonomy Act, changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished and a new fully elected, bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives, the legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution established a unicameral National Assembly, but in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was adopted. The Liberal bloc of the Nacionalistas permanently split from their ranks and these two will contest all of the elections in what appeared to be a two-party system. This set up continued until President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law, the 1987 Constitution restored the presidential system of government together with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. Corazon Aquino who nominally had no party, supported the Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino, with the victory of Fidel V. This also meant the restoration of Lakas-NUCD as the top party in the chamber, the same would happen when Benigno Aquino won in 2010, which returned the Liberals into power. The presiding officer is the Speaker, the members of the House of Representatives who are also its officers are also ex officio members of all of the committees and has a vote. The Speaker is the head of the House of Representatives, the speaker is elected by majority of all the members of the house, including vacant seats. The speaker is elected at the convening of each Congress
9.
Legislative districts of Cebu
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The Legislative Districts of Cebu are the representations of the province of Cebu in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The highly urbanized cities of Cebu and Lapu-Lapu last formed part of the representation in 1972 and 2010. 17th Congress Cebu was divided into seven districts in 1907. Cebu City, being a city, was represented separately in this short-lived legislative body. Upon the restoration of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1945, the province retained its seven pre-war representative districts, the province was represented in the Interim Batasang Pambansa as part of Region VII from 1978 to 1984. Beginning in 1984 the province elected six representatives, at large, to the Regular Batasang Pambansa, Cebu City,51, began to be represented separately from Cebu at this time. Cebu, including the cities of Mandaue and Lapu-Lapu, was reapportioned into six districts under the new Constitution which was proclaimed on February 11,1987. The six districts elected members to the restored House of Representatives starting that same year, the passage of Republic Act No.9726 on October 22,2009 separated the highly urbanized city of Lapu-Lapu from the sixth district to form its own congressional district starting in the 2010 elections. 10684, approved on September 18,2015, split the second district and created a seventh district which first elected its own representative in the 2016 elections
10.
Barangay
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A barangay, formerly referred to as barrio, is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district or ward. In colloquial usage, the term refers to an inner city neighbourhood. The word barangay originated from balangay, a kind of boat used by a group of Austronesian peoples when they migrated to the Philippines, as of June 2015, there were 42,029 barangays throughout the Philippines. When the first Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, the name barangay originated from balangay, a Malay word meaning sailboat. The first barangays started as small communities of around 50 to 100 families. By the time of contact with Spaniards, many barangays have developed into large communities, some of these barangays had large populations. In Panay, some barangays had 20,000 inhabitants, in Leyte,15,000 inhabitants, in Cebu,3,500 residents, in Vitis,7,000 inhabitants, there were smaller barangays with less number of people. But these were generally inland communities, or if they were coastal and these smaller barangays had around thirty to one hundred houses only, and the population varies from one hundred to five hundred persons. According to Legazpi, he found communities with twenty to thirty people only, traditionally, the original “barangays” were coastal settlements of the migration of these Malayo-Polynesian people from other places in Southeast Asia. Most of the ancient barangays were coastal or riverine in nature and this is because most of the people were relying on fishing for supply of protein and for their livelihood. They also travelled mostly by water up and down rivers, trails always followed river systems, which were also a major source of water for bathing, washing, and drinking. The coastal barangays were more accessible to trade with foreigners and these were ideal places for economic activity to develop. Business with traders from other countries also meant contact with cultures and civilizations, such as those of Japan, Han Chinese, Indian people. These coastal communities acquired more cosmopolitan cultures, with developed social structures, during the Spanish rule, through a resettlement policy called the Reducción, smaller scattered barangays were consolidated to form compact towns. Each barangay was headed by the cabeza de barangay, who formed part of the Principalía - the elite ruling class of the municipalities of the Spanish Philippines and this position was inherited from the first datus, and came to be known as such during the Spanish regime. The Spanish Monarch ruled each barangay through the Cabeza, who collected taxes from the residents for the Spanish Crown. When the Americans arrived, slight changes in the structure of government was effected. Later, Rural Councils with four councilors were created to assist, now renamed Barrio Lieutenant, it was later renamed Barrio Council, the Spanish term barrio was used for much of the 20th century until 1974, when President Ferdinand Marcos ordered their renaming to barangays
11.
Sangguniang Bayan
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The Sangguniáng Bayan is the local legislative branch of the municipal governments in the Philippines. It is responsible for passing ordinances and resolutions for the administration of a municipality and its powers are defined by the Local Government Code, passed by the Congress in 1991. The municipal vice mayor is the ex officio presiding officer of the Sangguniáng Bayan, in the absence of the vice mayor, a temporary presiding officer is elected by the Sangguniáng Bayan councilors present at the session. All municipalities in the Philippines, with the exception of Pateros in Metro Manila, have eight members or councilors elected at-large. In the case of Pateros, its Sangguniang Bayan is composed of elected councilors. Elected or regular members of the Sangguniang Bayan must at least be 18 years old on election day and they are elected for a three-year term and may serve up to three consecutive terms. Elections are held simultaneously with the elections held every three years since 1992. The term begins at noon of June 30 following election day, a permanent vacancy among the regular Sagguniang Bayan members is filled in by an appointment of the governor of the province the municipality is a part of. Appointees are also limited to only the unexpired term. In the case of vacancies among ex officio members the next ranking official of the Liga ng mga Barangay or Pederasyon ng Sangguniang Kabataan assumes the vacancy, an ordinance passed by the Sangguniang Bayan is sent to the municipal mayor for approval. Once approved, it is transmitted to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan of the province to which the municipality belongs, since Pateros is not part of any province, any ordinance or measure it adopts is not subjected to any Sangguniang Panlalawigan review. Any veto action must be communicated with the Sangguniang Bayan within ten days otherwise the ordinance is considered approved, but if no action is taken by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan within 30 days, it is presumed to be compliant and deemed valid. Municipalities of the Philippines The Local Government Code of the Philippines
12.
Liberal Party (Philippines)
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It was the ruling party after the election victory of Benigno Aquino III as the President of the Philippines. Abad, Jr. Franklin Drilon, Mar Roxas, and Benigno Aquino III, the Liberal Party was founded on January 19,1946 by Manuel Roxas, the first President of the Third Philippine Republic. It was formed by Roxas from what was once the Liberal Wing of the old Nacionalista Party, two more Presidents of the Philippines elected into office came from the LP, Elpidio Quirino and the redoubtable Diosdado Macapagal. Two other presidents came from the ranks of the LP, as members of the party who later chose to follow a different path by joining the Nacionalistas, Ramon Magsaysay. During the days leading to his declaration of martial law, Marcos would find his old party as a potent roadblock to his quest for one-man rule. Led by Ninoy Aquino, Gerry Roxas and Jovito Salonga, the LP would time and again hound the would-be dictator on issues like human rights, not even Marcos declaration of martial law silenced the LP, and the party continued to fight the dictatorship despite the costs. Many of its leaders and members would be prosecuted and even killed during this time and this ironically cost the party dearly, losing for it the elections of 1992. Franklin Drilon at a party meeting at the Manila Hotel. Days later, the Supreme Court proclaimed Drilon the true president of the party, during the fierce campaign battle that followed, the party was able to field new members breaking away from the then-ruling party Lakas Kampi CMD to become the largest minority party in Congress. The party ranges from the centre-left to the absolute Left-wing politics of the political spectrum, the partys ideology is known for its pro-liberalism, pro-democracy and social justice and it has its stances against populism or any right-wing aspects. Generally, the party strictly opposes conservatism especially based on socio-politics, economy, libertarianism was one of prominent ideologies of the party
13.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
14.
Philippine Standard Time
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Philippine Standard Time, also known as Philippine Time and informally Juan Time, is the official name for the time in the Philippines. The country only uses one time zone, and for a short period, geographically, the Philippines lies within 116°40′ and 126°34′ east of the Prime Meridian, and is physically located within the UTC+08,00 time zone. Philippine Standard Time is maintained by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, the Philippines shares the same time zone with Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, most parts of China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Brunei, central Indonesia, and Western Australia. Philippine Standard Time was instituted through Batas Pambansa Blg,8, approved on 2 December 1978 and implemented on 1 January 1983. The Philippines is one of the few countries to officially and almost exclusively use the 12-hour clock in non-military situations. From 1521 to 1844, the Philippines had the date as Mexico. Monday,30 December 1844 was immediately followed by Wednesday,1 January 1845 and this meant that International Date Line moved from going west of the Philippines to go on the east side of the country. At the time, local time was used to set clocks, meaning that every place used its own local time based on its longitude. Television and radio stations in the Philippines display the time, in September 2011, the Department of Science and Technology proposed to synchronise time nationwide in an effort to discourage tardiness. On May 15,2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed Republic Act No,10535, better known as the The Philippine Standard Time Act of 2013 as a last step to finally implement the Juan Time. Effective June 1,2013, all government offices and media networks will be required to use Philippine Standard Time as a basis to set their timepieces, in addition, the first week of January will be regularly observed as the National Time Consciousness Week. The IANA time zone database contains one zone for the Philippines in the file zone. tab, hapon starts at 1,00 PM and ends 5,59 PM. Gabí starts at 6,00 PM and ends 12,00 AM which is Hatinggabi, madalíng Araw starts at 12,01 AM and ends 4,59 AM. Except in very formal situations, Filipinos rarely use the numbers in telling time. - Alas otso kwarenta y uno ng gabí or Apatnapút-isá makalipas ng ikawaló ng gabí5,30 A. M, - Alas singko y medya ng umaga or Tatlumpûng minuto makalipas ng ikalimá ng umaga or ikalimá at kalaháti ng umaga 3,00 P. M. - Alas tres ng hapon o Ikatló ng hapon 12,00 P. M, - Alas dose ng tanghalì o Ikalabíndalawá ng tanghalì12,00 A. M. - Alas dose ng hatinggabi o Ikalabíndalawá ng hatinggabí2,00 A. M
15.
Telephone numbers in the Philippines
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Telephone numbers in the Philippines follow an open telephone numbering plan and an open dial plan. Both plans are regulated by the National Telecommunications Commission, an agency under the Department of Information. The Philippines is assigned an international dialling code of 63 by ITU-T, telephone numbers are fixed at seven digits, with area codes fixed at one, two, or three digits. Mobile phone numbers are always 10 digits, when making long-distance calls in the Philippines, the prefix 0 for domestic calls and 00 for international calls are used. Some smaller carriers concentrated within a geographic area may issue four- or five-digit area codes. Occasionally, an area may change area codes. For example, the City of Bacoor in Cavite has been included in the coverage area of area code 2 per the National Telecommunications Commissions Memorandum Order No. 08-09-2011, although almost all fixed-lines in the city use the old 46 area code due to the poor compliance of PLDT. Sometimes area codes are shared by a number of government entities to maximise their use. In extreme cases, area codes are shared across an island like in Leyte and Samar, or even entire regions, in order to identify the calls point of origin, the three-digit telephone exchange prefix is checked. Since the Philippines employs an open plan, telephone numbers dialled within a given area code do not require the area code. When dialling other area codes, the long distance access prefix 0 is added, but when dialling from overseas. However, the code indicates the service provider and not necessarily a geographic region. Unlike fixed-line telephones, the telephone dialling format is always observed when using a mobile phone. Therefore, mobile phone numbers always have the format +63 xxx-xxxx for international callers and 0 xxx-xxxx for domestic callers. Some of the first area codes to be assigned for mobile phones were 912 for Mobiline/Piltel,915 for Islacom,917 for Globe Telecom,918 for Smart Communications, and 973 for Express Telecom. As service began growing rapidly since the 1990s, new codes have been added to meet demand as existing codes have since been exhausted, newer codes often come immediately after the last code exhausted, but this might not be the case if the next code is already in use. 955/956 are the latest codes and are used for Globe & TM, areas codes are grouped by provider with no single contiguous block of codes for a single provider
16.
Sibulan
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Sibulan, officially the Municipality of Sibulan is a second-class municipality in the province of Negros Oriental in Negros Island Region, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 59,455 people, Sibulan is bordered to the south by the provincial capital of Dumaguete City. It is the location of the Dumaguete Airport, the airport for Negros Oriental. Sibulan is also the location of the Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park, composed of Lake Balinsasayao, the site, managed by the provincial government, is located 1,047 metres above sea level on Mount Talinis. Sibulan is politically subdivided into 15 barangays, Sibulan has six coastal barangays, from north to south they are Ajong, Looc, Poblacion, Cangmating, Maslog, Agan-an and Boloc-boloc. The provincial airport, known as the Dumaguete Airport, is actually in Agan-an, Sibulan, there is a growing number of guest houses and beach resorts from Cangmating southward to Dumaguete and the coral reefs of Ajong are attracting more dive boats. The municipal seat is in barangay Poblacion, approximately midway along the coast of the town, the main municipal port facility is in Poblacion, where a fast ferry runs every hour to Santander on the tip of Cebu island. There is also a fishing and freight port in barangay Looc, Sibulan has two small Marine Protected Areas, which are coral reef areas that prohibit fishing, swimming and diving. One is in Agan-an, just north of the airport, the other is in Cangmating and these were established to improve the sustainability of the local fishery. The inland barangays are primarily agricultural and residential with minimal business, most commercial development is along the national highway, which runs the length of the town from Dumaguete in the south to San Jose at the north. Most business and light industry is along the highway in Boloc-Boloc, Maslog, Agan-an and this is largely urban sprawl from Dumaguete seeking the advantageous tax rates in Sibulan. Sibulan also boasts a golf resort, perched on the foothills in barangay San Antonio. Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Local Governance Performance Management System
17.
Roll-on/roll-off
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This is in contrast to lift-on/lift-off vessels, which use a crane to load and unload cargo. RORO vessels have either built-in or shore-based ramps that allow the cargo to be rolled on. While smaller ferries that operate across rivers and other short distances often have built-in ramps, the ramps and doors may be located in stern, bow or sides, or any combination thereof. At first, wheeled vehicles carried as cargo on oceangoing ships were treated like any other cargo, automobiles had their fuel tanks emptied and their batteries disconnected before being hoisted into the ship’s hold, where they were chocked and secured. This process was tedious and difficult, and vehicles were subject to damage, an early roll-on/roll-off service was a train ferry, started in 1833 by the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, which operated a wagon ferry on the Forth and Clyde Canal in Scotland. The first modern train ferry was Leviathan, built in 1849, the Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway was formed in 1842 and the company wished to extend the East Coast Main Line further north to Dundee and Aberdeen. The company hired the civil engineer Thomas Bouch who argued for a train ferry with an efficient roll-on/roll-off mechanism to maximise the efficiency of the system. Custom-built ferries were to be built, with lines and matching harbour facilities at both ends to allow the rolling stock to easily drive on and off the boat. To compensate for the tides, adjustable ramps were positioned at the harbours. The wagons were loaded on and off with the use of steam engines. ”The company was persuaded to install this train ferry service for the transportation of goods wagons across the Firth of Forth from Burntisland in Fife to Granton. The ferry itself was built by Thomas Grainger, a partner of the firm Grainger and Miller, the service commenced on 3 February 1850. Train-ferry services were used extensively during World War I and this involved three train-ferries to be built, each with four sets of railway line on the main deck to allow for up to 54 railway wagons to be shunted directly on and off the ferry. These train-ferries could also be used to transport vehicles along with railway rolling stock. Later that month a second train-ferry was established from the Port of Southampton on the South East Coast, in the first month of operations at Richborough,5,000 tons were transported across the Channel, by the end of 1918 it was nearly 261,000 tons. There were many advantages of the use of train-ferries over conventional shipping in World War I and it was much easier to move the large, heavy artillery and tanks that this kind of modern warfare required using train-ferries as opposed to repeated loading and unloading of cargo. The increase of traffic because of the war effort meant that economies. After the signing of the Armistice on 11 November 1918, train ferries were used extensively for the return of material from the Front, indeed, according to war office statistics, a greater tonnage of material was transported by train ferry from Richborough in 1919 than in 1918. As the train ferries had space for motor transport as well as rolling stock, thousands of lorries, motor cars
18.
Larena
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Larena is a 5th municipal income class municipality in the province of Siquijor, Philippines and serves as its provincial capital. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 13,847, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 10,393 registered voters. Larenas port is the gateway to and largest port on Siquijor Island, can‑oan, which was how Larena was known during the Spanish period, had long been a flourishing township. It was mainly due to fact that the Spanish authorities developed it into a headtown or cabecera for the whole island of Siquijor. In the same year, the authorities in Manila, acting on the recommendation of local authorities officially declared Canoan as a capital town, from then on until the declaration of martial law in 1972, several people shared the mayoral seat after every four years. Albito was followed by Restituto Calibo, in the following election, he was replaced by Herbert Calibo, who in turn was followed by Soledado Lumosad. Juanito Calibo followed and stayed for most of the martial law era, the post‑EDSA Revolution saw Remedios Albito mayor until the present, having beat others in three elections since then. All through the years, spanning the time before and after the war, the small but safe port of Larena is a strategic port of call for merchant ships from major cities in Central Visayas and Northern Mindanao. It is home to two banks and a rural bank. Nationally known commercial establishments usually set their shops here, Larena comprises 23 barangays, In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 10,393 registered voters, meaning that 75% of the population are aged 18 and over. One of the bright spots of the town of Larena is the continuous evolution of one of its educational institutions. On 3 March 1995, LNVC was converted into a college now known as Siquijor State College. In 2006, a campus was named SSC-Lazi campus in the town of Lazi
19.
Santander, Spain
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The port city of Santander is the capital of the autonomous community and historical region of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain. Located east of Gijón and west of Bilbao, the city has a population of 178,465, Santander houses the headquarters of multinational bank Banco Santander, and is the location of the founding of the namesake company. The origin of the earliest human settlements in the current Santander is not easy to establish because there are few written, in Roman times the first written mention appeared, the port being known as Portus Victoriae Iuliobrigensium to Pliny the Elder. Roman archaeological remains found in the Peninsula Magdalena include the remains of a building with mosaic floors, on July 11,1187 King Alfonso VIII of Castile was appointed abbot of San Emeterio and lord and master of the town. His jurisdiction tended to facilitate traffic, fishing and trade. Other local economic activities included wine growing and making pickles, during the 12th and 13th centuries the population was contained within the walls of two different pueblas. La Puebla, the oldest, on the hill overlooking the city facing the bay, included the old castle, the Abbey of the Holy Bodies and the cloister. It had three rows of houses, separated by Rua Carnicerias and Rua Mayor, where the homes of prominent people of the town were, the villa was required to give the monarchy a ship per year. The city owes its existence to the excellent harbour of the Bay of Santander, Santander was an important port for Castile in the later Middle Ages, and also for trade with the New World. It officially became a city in 1755, see also, Incendio de Santander Santander fell victim to a great fire in 1941. Fanned by a south wind, the fire burned for two days. The fire started in Cádiz Street, next to the harbour, the Cathedral, the fire destroyed the Old Town Hall, Jesús de Monasterio and Vargas streets and Atarazanas square buildings. It led to a change in the architecture of Santander, away from the older small stone. There was only one casualty of the fire, a firefighter from Madrid killed in the line of duty, but thousands of families were left homeless, the fire destroyed the greater part of the medieval town centre and gutted the citys Romanesque cathedral. In the early 20th century Santander became the summer residence of King Alfonso XIII. The city gained popularity from this and from the 19th century enthusiasm for sea bathing. During this period, Santander was an important economic centre. It had one of the biggest harbours and was connected by rail to the rest of Spain, currently the city of Santander is working to adapt the municipality to the law of large cities and thus decentralise power in several districts
20.
Philippine Statistics Authority
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The Philippine Statistics Authority was created on September 12,2013 when the Philippine Statistical Act of 2013 was signed by President Benigno S. Aquino III. It collects, compiles, analyzes and publishes information on economic, social, demographic, political affairs. Likewise, it enforces the civil functions in the Philippines. The organization assumed its responsibilities when Commonwealth Act No.591 was approved on August 19,1940 and it was then known as the Bureau of the Census and Statistics. It became the National Census and Statistics Office in 1974 until was renamed to be the National Statistics Office, the emergence of the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics was spurred by government efforts to improve the agricultural data base in the country. In the past, the data system suffered from significant gaps, some duplications. The BAS has assumed most of the functions of its predecessor and this law designates BAS as the central information source and server of the National Information Network of the Department of Agriculture. Census in the Philippines Demographics of the Philippines Official website, old URL Philippine Statistics Act of 2013 Implementing rules and regulations of the Philippine Statistics Act of 2013
21.
Elections in the Philippines
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Philippine Elections are of several types. The Congress or Kongreso has two chambers and these party list seats are only accessible to marginalized and under-represented groups and parties, local parties, and sectoral wings of major parties that represent the marginalized. The Constitution of the Philippines allows the House of Representatives to have more than 250 members by statute without a need for a constitutional amendment, the Senate or Senado has 24 members which are elected on a nationwide at-large basis, they do not represent any geographical district. Half of the Senate is renewed every three years, the Philippines has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form a coalition government. The Commission on Elections is responsible for running the elections, all elected officials, except those at the barangay level, start their terms of office on June 30 of the election year. In order to vote, a citizen has to register. The COMELEC has a period for several months prior to the election. Those who are not registered will not appear on the voters list and are ineligible to vote despite being qualified to do so, people aged 15 to 18 may vote in Sangguniang Kabataan elections. Same with their counterparts, the COMELEC has a registration period a few months prior to the election. Absentee voters are divided into two types, the absentee voters and the overseas absentee voters. Local absentee voters include people who are working during Election Day and these include soldiers, policemen, government employees and the like. Overseas absentee voters are Filipinos residing abroad and they are eligible to vote on national positions only. Overseas absentee voters may vote in Philippine embassies and consulates, the voting can be as long as 6 months in a very few situations. Once a registered voter finds his/her name in the voters list and locates the correct precinct, prior to the 2010 elections, voters have to write the names of the candidates next to the positions in which they are running. COMELEC-approved nicknames maybe used by the voters in writing the names, after the polling period ends, the Board of Election Inspectors counts the ballots by hand. Once all the ballots are counted, the returns will now be sent to the city or municipal Board of Canvassers, political parties. If the city or municipal Board of Canvassers jurisdiction is an independent city with its own district, they will send their SOV. If it is otherwise, they send their SOV and COC to the provincial Board of Canvassers where the votes as stated from the city or municipal COC will be canvassed
22.
Muroami
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The muro-ami fishing technique, employed on coral reefs in Southeast Asia, uses an encircling net together with pounding devices. These devices usually comprise large stones fitted on ropes that are pounded into the coral reefs and they can also consist of large heavy blocks of cement that are suspended above the sea by a crane fitted to the vessel. The crushing effect of the process on the coral heads has been described as having long-lasting. Muro Ami Environmental issues with coral reefs
23.
Apo Island
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The name Apo was derived from a Filipino word for grandchild. The marine habitat around the island is a reserve, protected by the National Integrated Protected Area Act. It has become a popular site and snorkeling destination with tourists. There are two resorts on Apo Island, each with a center, Apo Island Beach Resort. There is also a station and a lighthouse. The island is under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Dauin, Negros Oriental, as of the 2010 census, the island has a population of 918. Apo Island is located off the tip of Negros Island,7 kilometers from the town of Zamboanguita. It can be reached by a 30-minute motorized boat ride from the village of Malatapay, Zamboanguita, Apo Island was a community-organized marine sanctuaries, and as such it has been well documented by the global science community. Initially, there was hesitation on the part of the locals, assisted by the staff of the SU Marine Laboratory in 1982, the local fishermen selected an area along 450 meters of shoreline and extending 500 meters from shore as the sanctuary site. Since then, the project initiated on the led to the creation of hundreds of other marine sanctuaries in the Philippines. At present, the island is home to over 650 documented species of fish, most of the Philippines 450 species of coral can be found here, from tiny bubble corals to huge gorgonian sea fans and brain corals. Visitors and tourists pay a fee to enter Apo Island and to snorkel or dive in the sanctuary there. These fees are used to keep the clean and in good condition. In 2003, Chicagos Shedd Aquarium opened a Wild Reef exhibit based on Apo Islands surrounding reef, in 2008, Sport Diver Magazine listed Apo Island as one of the top 100 diving spots in the world. As of 2017, the sanctuary, at the southeastern part of the island was closed temporarily since 2014 for the reason of super typhoon Haiyan that has destroyed the shallow coral reef. This beach is indeed facing the ocean and is now banned from snorkelling, though the island is not a marine reserve, only the local population have the right to catch fish. So you can find nets, traps and harpoons, in the north part of the island, currents offer exceptionally clear waters even during the planktonic season with a school of jacks,13 barracudas, few groupers located near Coconut diving spot. List of protected areas of the Philippines
24.
Pescador Island
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Pescador Island is an island located in the Tañon Strait, a few kilometres from the western coast of the island of Cebu in the Philippines. It is part of the municipality of Moalboal, the island derives its name from the Philippines Spanish colonial heritage and the abundance of fish living on the surrounding coral reef, and the many fishermen that fish them. The rich marine life also attracts recreational divers from the many operations in nearby Panagsama. The underwater composition of the Pescador island reef is a slope covered with soft coral from 5–10 metres. On the west side of the island, an underwater cave nicknamed the Cathedral can be found. Most recreational dive tours start at the south end. Visibility conditions vary, but the current in the Tañon Strait pushes in clear water that often allows visibility up to 40 metres, the island itself has a lighthouse and access steps on the north and east sides. A rather more unusual part of the Pescador island biodiversity is the school of sardines that have made the relative sanctuary of the reef its home. After an earthquake in February 2012, the left the island. However, in May 2013 the school returned and so did the bigger fish, sightings of sharks have also been reported. As Pescador Island is a park, dive shops are required to pay a fee for each diver they bring to the island. Proceeds from entrance fees are managed by the Municipality of Moalboal and Moalboal Dive Center Association towards the finance of a number of programs in the municipality
25.
Siquijor
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Siquijor /sɪkɪˈhɔː/ is a 5th provincial income class island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region. Its capital is the municipality also named Siquijor, to the north of Siquijor is Cebu, west to Negros, northeast is Bohol, and to the south, across the Bohol Sea, is Mindanao. Siquijor is the third smallest province in the country, in terms of population as well as land area, for a time it was a subprovince of Negros Oriental. During the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, the Spaniards called the island Isla delos Fuego, Siquijor is commonly associated with mystic traditions that the islands growing tourism industry capitalizes on. Siquijor became an independent province on 17 September 1971, by virtue of Republic Act 6398, the capital, formerly Larena, was transferred to the municipality of Siquijor in 1972 by Proclamation No.1075. Prior to colonization, the kingdom or polity was called ´Katagusan´, from tugas, the molave trees that cover the hills. During this time, the people of the kingdom was already in contact with Chinese traders, as seen through archaeological evidences which includes Chinese ceramics, the art of traditional healing and traditional witchcraft belief systems also developed within this period. During the arrival of the Spanish, the ruler of the island was King Kihod, out of natural hospitality, the Spaniards were greeted by King Kihod, who presented himself with the words ‘si Kihod’. The Spaniards mistakenly thinking that he was talking about the island, adopted the name Sikihod which later changed to Siquijor, the island was first sighted by the Spaniards in 1565 during Miguel López de Legazpis expedition. Esteban Rodríguez of the Legazpi expedition led the first Spaniards to discover the island and he was captain of a small party that left Legazpis camp in Bohol to explore the nearby islands which are now called Pamilican, Siquijor, and Negros. The island, along with the rest of the archipelago, was annexed to the Spanish Empire. Founded in 1783 under the administration of secular clergymen, Siquijor became the first municipality as well as the first parish to be established on the island, Siquijor was, from the beginning, administered by the Diocese of Cebu. As for civil administration, Siquijor was under Bohol since the province had its own governor, the first Augustinian Recollect priest arrived in Siquijor in 1794. Several years later, a priest of the order founded the parishes of Larena, Lazi, San Juan. With the exception of Enrique Villanueva, the five municipalities were established as parishes in 1877. From 1854 to 1892, Siquijor was part of the province of Negros Oriental, at the turn of the century, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States of America with the Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish–American War. Siquijor island felt the presence of American rule when a unit of the American Cavalry Division came, Governor Fugate stayed for 16 years as lieutenant governor of Siquijor. While it was not at the center of action, Siquijor was not spared by World War II
26.
Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines
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Water supply is the process of providing water in a systematic way through installed pumps and pipe lines. Before water is provided to an area, it undegoes a process called sanitation to ensure that the quality of water received is safe for human consumption. The Philippines’ water supply system dates back to 1946 after the country achieved its independence, the Philippines’ main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and groundwater reservoirs. The longest and largest river, Cagayan River, discharges approximately 53,943 million cubic meters of water annually and its groundwater reserves are 47,895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish cultivation, the four major groundwater reservoirs are in Cagayan, Central Luzon, Agusan, and Cotabato. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams, dams and reservoirs are mainly used for, water storage, water supply, irrigation, regulation of flood, and hydropower. Agricultural water management in the Philippines primarily focuses on the subject of irrigation, the country has 3.126 million hectares of irrigable land, 50% of which already has irrigation facilities. 50% of irrigated areas are developed and operated by the government through the National Irrigation System, the use of water for industrial purposes include the utilization of water in factories, industrial plants and mines, and the use of water as an ingredient of a finished product. Industries that are found to be water-intensive are involved in the manufacturing of food and dairy, pulp and chemical products and these industries are usually found in the National Capital Region, CALABARZON, and Region III. In a study by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization in 1999, thousands of tons solvent wastes, heavy metals, lubricants, and intractable wastes are improperly disposed of annually in Metro Manila. According to a study by David and Inocencio, the medium of water provision is dependent on the class of a certain household. Higher income brackets usually rely on private waterworks as a source of water, lower income households pay much higher water prices than higher income households because of their lack of access to water service providers. In 2000, the water production was 175 liters per day per capita. According to the National Water Resources Board, the consumption of water was 118 l/d/c in 2004. The highest consumption was recorded in the East Zone of Metro Manila with 232 l/d/c, according to a 2005 World Bank study, approximately 5,000 service providers exist in the Philippines. Most of them only provide water, while sanitation is still expected to be a private responsibility, the water infrastructure provided is classified into three levels. According to the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation of UNICEF and WHO, most households in the Philippines are provided water by their Local Government Units, either directly through a city or municipal engineering department or through community-based organizations. CBOs involved in water supply include 200 cooperatives,3,100 Barangay Water, cBOs usually operate Level I or Level II water supply systems with support from the national government or non-governmental organizations
27.
Samboan, Cebu
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Samboan is a 5th municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines,150 kilometres south of Cebu City. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 20,884, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 12,577 registered voters. Samboan is an abbreviation of the word sinamboang, which was a dance performed by the people of the village. Samboan is a town on a hill. But it used to be a bigger town, with Oslob. In fact, people of Alegria were made to render forced labor for the construction of the Samboan church and it was only some time during the middle of the 1880s that those two towns were separated from Samboan. Samboan comprises 15 barangays, In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 12,577 registered voters, meaning that 60% of the population are aged 18, one aspect of interest is that of Samboans cultural heritage left by the Spanish conquerors. St. Michael Archangel Church is one of the oldest Spanish-built churches in Cebu, the Watch Tower is another Spanish structure, also made up of blocks of coral stones. It was built on the side of the hill to watch out for Moro invaders approaching the island and it is the tallest watch tower in the entire island of Cebu, and best preserved. Connecting the beach area with the Spanish Watch Tower is St. Jacobs Ladder and it is a flight of 147 stone steps built in 1878, which leads to the old watchtower on a plateau 65 metres above the town. From here, one can get a view of the Tañon Strait, the Samboan WWII Volunteers Monument, at the center of Poblacion on the National Highway, was built in honor of the many volunteers who fought for the freedom of the Philippines. The San Sebastian Stone Walls are old stone structures near San Sebastian Parish Church and this may be why this barangay is popularly known as Bato. Another Spanish structure is an old coral stone believed to be a Spanish Boundary Post and it stands along the highway in Tangbo beside the Tangbo—Bonbon River Bridge. It was believed that it used to mark the limit of old poblacion. Samboan is known for its crystal clear waters with a rich marine ecosystem along its coastal barangays. Aguinid Waterfalls in Tangbo comprises five different tiers along Tangbo river, each tier has a unique waterfall. One can never reach the peak or last waterfall without climbing the walls of each waterfall from the lowest to highest. Bonbon Hidden Falls to the south of Poblacion which some visitors call the Triple Drop Falls
28.
Oslob, Cebu
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Oslob is a 4th municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 27,893, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 18,886 registered voters. Generally, topography of the area is hilly and rolling, dominated by open grasslands, there are fairly level and rolling plateaus and valleys spread throughout the interior. These are some of the most suitable areas for upland agriculture, the highest mountain peak is 800 metres above sea level. The municipality of Oslob belongs to Coronas climate type III with a dry season from February to September and the wet season from October. Faraon clay steep phase, Medellin clay Lugo clay Oslob comprises 21 barangays, In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 18,886 registered voters, meaning that 68% of the population are aged 18 and over. National Road,20.00 kilometres Provincial Road,22.00 kilometres Municipal Road,5.75 kilometres Barangay Road,32, the official was originally named Sadsad Festival and then was renamed to Sadsadayon Festival, but was changed again to Toslob Festival. The Baluarte of Oslob was built in 1788 and its main purpose was to provide a safe place wherein guards could observe the surrounding area. It was a part of the system in dispelling the Moro raiders of the past. Just near the cuartel, are the ruins of an ancient watchtower, so effective was this system that in 1815, the townspeople of Oslob were able to repel one such attack and remain at peace ever since. This prompted them to relocate the town to its present site from their settlement in Daanglungsod. Oslob was established as a visita of Boljoon in 1690 and became an independent parish in 1848 with the Immaculate Conception as its patroness, the present-day church of cut coral stone was started in 1830 and finished 18 years later. The buttresses that were added between 1848 and 1850, the adjacent bell tower was built in 1858. The church was burned down during the Second World War liberating Philippine Commonwealth troops and Cebuano guerillas against the Japanese in Oslob in 1945, outside the walls are the remains of a watchtower, one of the many that line the southeastern coast of the Cebu. The church is connected to the house or convento that still has its original clay-tiled roof. Across the road from the church is the mortuary chapel with a pediment decorated with a relief of a human skeleton. North of the complex is a road that leads to the old cemetery. This was intended to be the cuartel, barracks for Spanish soldiers or guardia civil and it was started about 1860, but remained unfinished at the end of Spanish occupation in 1898
29.
Amlan, Negros Oriental
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Amlan is a fourth class municipality in the province of Negros Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 23,624 people, Amlan was formerly known as New Ayuquitan. Nineteenth-century chronicler Licinio Ruiz mentions Amblan, a settlement said to have named after a superior kind of guava. The town was made an independent of Tanjay in 1848, was renamed New Ayuquitan in 1912. Amlan is a leisurely 15-minute cruise from Dumaguete City and its Church of St. Andrew the Apostle, completed in 1853 is the centerpiece of the town’s tourism picture while providing photo-opportunists with a colonial period backdrop. For nature attractions, there is the serene Tambojangin River for freshwater swims, amlan’s economy is anchored on fishing, copra and sugar cane, and its bustling Tandayag wharf, which is the seaport-of-call for Tañon Strait crossers from Cebu. The Province’s fuel and LPG supply is stored in depots nearby, cottage industries produce mats, baskets, bamboo furniture, and buricraft
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Bohol Sea
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The Bohol Sea, also called the Mindanao Sea, is located between Visayas and Mindanao in the Philippines. It lies south of Bohol and Leyte and north of Mindanao, siquijor and Camiguin are its two major islands. The major cities on the sea are Cagayan de Oro, Iligan, Butuan, Dumaguete, Ozamiz, the Bohol Sea is home to a large variety of premier scuba diving locations, dive charter boats, and hotels that cater to divers. Around the area of Tagbilaran and Balicasag Island there are numerous wall dives that range from 30 to 100 feet, water temperatures are very warm and most divers use a standard 3/2 shorty wetsuit to dive the location. Sea life is abundant and includes such attractions as clownfish, lionfish, barracuda, dolphins, huge coral formations, rorquals have been confirmed to return into Bohol Sea which is a rare trend in any Asian waters, and most notably Bohol regions host even blue whales. Media related to Bohol Sea at Wikimedia Commons
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San Jose, Negros Oriental
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San Jose is a fifth class municipality in the province of Negros Oriental, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 20,413 people, San Jose is the Regional Pineapple Capital. The story was one day a group of Spaniards searching for flourishing communities came upon a group of natives harvesting rice. The Spaniards approached the natives and asked the name of the place while pointing to the ground filled with piles of rice chaffs, the natives thought they were asked for the name of the pile and answered Inoquitan. From then on, the Spaniards called the place Inoquitan, in time, the name Ayuquitan was adapted from the phrase may inoquitan. In 1902 Governor Demetrio Larena considered the place as a pueblo, San Jose is the home of the old Spanish families settled since 1871 like the Patero, Amiscaray, Larena, Pareja, Siglos, Remollo, Renacia, Remata, Araco and Remoto. (Side comments, Only Patero, Amiscaray, Pareja and Remoto has Spanish roots, larenas in San Jose are Chinese, while the Siglos, Remollo, Renacia, Araco are natives of the place. The town is the gateway to the Balinsasayao Twin Lakes Natural Park in Enrique Villanueva, the Ayuquitan Festival is held every May 7, one of the highlights of the town fiesta which is celebrated on May 10. Street dancing and showdown are the features of the festival. The St. Paul University Farm in Barangay Sra, acion Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Local Governance Performance Management System
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Cebu City
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Cebu City, officially the City of Cebu, is the capital city of the province of Cebu in Central Visayas and is the second city of the Philippines after Manila. In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 630,003 registered voters, Cebu City is a significant center of commerce, trade and education in the Visayas. The city is located on the side of Cebu island. It is the first Spanish settlement, the countrys oldest city, and it is considered as the Fount of Christianity in the Far East. Cebu is the Philippines main domestic shipping port and is home to about 80% of the countrys shipping companies. Across Mactan Strait to the east is Mactan Island, Metro Cebu has a total population of 2,849,213 as of 2015, making it the second most-populous metropolitan area of the nation after Metro Manila in Luzon. The name Cebu came from the old Cebuano word sibu or sibo and it was originally applied to the harbors of the town of Sugbu, the ancient name for Cebu City. Sugbu, in turn, was derived from the Old Cebuano term for scorched earth or great fire, before the arrival of the Spaniards, Cebu city was part of the island-rajahnate and trade center of Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya, now better known as the Rajahnate of Cebu. It was founded by a prince of the Hindu Chola dynasty of Sumatra, the name Sugbu refers to Sri Lumays scorched earth tactics against Muslim Moro raiders. On 7 April 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan landed in Cebu and he was welcomed by Rajah Humabon, the grandson of Sri Lumay, together with his wife and about 700 native islanders. Magellan, however, was killed in the Battle of Mactan, the last ruler of Sugbu, prior to Spanish colonization, was Rajah Humabons nephew, Rajah Tupas. They Christianized some natives and Spanish remnants in Cebu, the Spanish arrived in Cebu on 15 April 1565. They then attempted to parley with the ruler, Rajah Tupas, but found that he. Rajah Tupas presented himself at their camp on 8 May, feast of the Apparition of Saint Michael the Archangel, the Treaty of Cebu was formalized on 3 July 1565. López de Legazpis party named the new city Villa de San Miguel de Cebú, in 1567 the Cebu garrison was reinforced with the arrival of 2,100 soldiers from New Spain. The growing colony was then fortified by Fort San Pedro, by 1569 the Spanish settlement in Cebu had become important as a safe port for ships from Mexico and as a jumping-off point for further exploration of the archipelago. Small expeditions led by Juan de Salcedo went to Mindoro and Luzon, one year later, López de Legazpi departed Cebu to discuss a peace pact with the defeated Rajahs. On 14 August 1595, Pope Clement VIII created the diocese of Cebu as a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Manila
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Alcoy, Cebu
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Alcoy is a 5th municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 16,979, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 11,333 registered voters. It is 93 km from Cebu City, and is bounded by the municipalities of Dalaguete to the north, Boljoon to the south, Badian and Alegria to the west and it is named after Alcoy in Spain. Alcoy comprises 8 barangays, Daan-Lungsod, formerly called Mambahi, is the southernmost barangay of Alcoy, tingko Beach is located partly in this small barangay and partly in Guiwang. A fiesta is held in Daan-Lungsod every 3 May in honor of Santa Cruz, there is a reef called Mabad-on which appears during low tide, and is completely submerged during high tide. Mabad-on is listed as Mambahi Reef in the Philippine maritime and navigation map, the elementary school is located in Guiwang. Guiwang celebrates 13 June the feast day of Saint Anthony of Padua, two baluwarti still stand in the two barangays. The watchtowers are the structures in Alcoy and they are reminders of the Spanish occupation of Cebu Island. They were used as to warn the locals of pirates coming, poblacion is the principal barangay of Alcoy. It is where the facilities of the town are located, the municipal government center, police station. In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 11,333 registered voters, meaning that 67% of the population are aged 18, Alcoy is mainly an agricultural town with Nug‑as, a mountain barangay, more than half of commercial crops. The rest of the communities rely on fishing and backyard farming. The countrys largest dolomite quarry is mined in Pugalo, beaches are located in Guiwang and Daanlungsod. Department of Trade and Industry, Cebu, Profile page on Alcoy
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Alegria, Cebu
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Alegria is a 4th municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 23,300, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 15,431 registered voters. Alegria comprises 9 barangays, In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 15,431 registered voters, meaning that 66% of the population are aged 18, the municipality of Alegria launched the Kawayan Festival on 2 December 2006, in time for the annual town fiesta. Local contingents paraded the streets, and locally produced kawayan products were on display, Kawayan Festival has been part of the fiesta celebration in honor of Saint Francis Xavier since then
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Aloguinsan, Cebu
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Aloguinsan is a 4th municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 32,100, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 20,124 registered voters. By road it is 59 km southwest of Cebu City, Aloguinsan public market is held at the top of the beach. Aloguinsan was formerly a barrio of Pinamungajan and it was created a town by the Royal Decree of the Kingdom of Spain in 1886. Bulwarte, a landmark, still stands as mute testimony to the courage of the early inhabitants of Aloguinsan. Because of the frequent Moro attacks, the natives, under the supervision of the Spaniards, from this vantage point, they could see incoming Moro vintas. One night, the Muslim invaders approached the village, with old people, women, and children safe behind the hills, the men began firing their cannons and did not stop until the pirates had been annihilated. It was the end of Moro assaults, the historic hill of Villona between the barrios of Olango and Cawasan was also the site of a battle between the American forces and Filipino revolutionaries. The rebels under the leadership of Anastacio de la Cruz encountered the forces of Lt. Walker on Holy Thursday, Lt. Walker and a number of his men were killed. The following day, Good Friday, Lt. McCoy took over the command of the American troops, the courage and patriotism of the Aloguinsan were again tested in World War II. Cebuano guerillas resisted Japanese invaders, and joined Allied and Filipino troops of the 81st, 82nd, Aloguinsan comprises 15 barangays, In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 20,124 registered voters, meaning that 63% of the population are aged 18 and over. Every June, they celebrate the famous Kinsan Festival, named for a fish that is abundant in months of May to July. The town fiesta is celebrated every 23 and 24 October in honor of St. Raphael the Archangel, jojo Tangkay - A professional basketball player notably played in PBL then PBAs Welcoat Dragons
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Argao
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Argao is a 1st municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 72,366, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 45,139 registered voters. The municipality of Argao is located in the southeast of the province of Cebu,68 km from Cebu City, Argao is exactly midway between Cebu City and the southern tip of Cebu island at. It is approximately 26 km from Carcar, from Alcoy, Argao comprises 45 barangays, In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 45,139 registered voters, meaning that 62% of the population are aged 18 and over. La Torta Festival replaced the Pitlagong Festival in 2011, la Torta Festival happens every 28 –29 September to still a celebration of Argaos cultural heritage from the Spanish period tradition of making the torta, which is a popular cake in Argao. Philippine Science High School Central Visayas Campus
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Asturias, Cebu
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Asturias is a 3rd municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 47,857, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 31,631 registered voters. It is bounded by Tuburan in the north, Balamban in the south, Danao city in the east, the original name of Asturias is Naghalin, perhaps from the word lalin, native Cebuano term for settlers coming from far places. Other authorities say that Naghalin is a mispronunciation of the Cebuano word naghaling which means making fire as preparation for cooking and this assertion is supported by the old name of an adjacent municipality, Bagacawa, which means fiery cauldron from the Cebuano baga and kawa. The first occupants of Asturias came from places and neighboring islands such as Negros. At first, one part of Naghalin was part of Tuburan, over time, the population of Naghalin increased because of immigration and natural population growth. Eventually the inhabitants petitioned Spain to grant them their own local government and this petition was granted in the late 19th century by Spain, thereby creating the pueblo of Asturias. This event was witnessed by the arrival in 1888 of the alférez, Antonio Alonso, uncle of José Rizal. Asturias comprises 27 barangays, of which 7 are coastal and 20 are inland, In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 31,631 registered voters, meaning that 66% of the population are aged 18 and over
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Badian, Cebu
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Badian is a 3rd municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 37,912, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 23,588 registered voters. Badian is 98 km southwest of Cebu City and it is bounded to the north by Moalboal, to the south by Alegria, to the east by Dalaguete and Argao, and to the west by the Tañon Strait. Badian comprises 29 barangays, The main barangay of Badian is Poblacion and it is the only urban barangay, and the most populous of Badian. It contains the hospital and the marketplace where most of the takes place. Many vendors from all over town trade here particularly at weekends, Poblacion is where the local high school is located. Badian National High School is one of two schools in Badian. This is also the largest of the two and many come from neighboring towns to study here. The lower educational facility in Badian is the Badian Central Elementary School where all the children go to school. Poblacion is also the location of the church of Santiago Apostle, together with the feast of Santiago Apostle is the Banig Festival which was started about 3 years ago. In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 23,588 registered voters, meaning that 62% of the population are aged 18, the Kawasan Falls, a three-layered waterfall, is one of the popular tourist destinations in the province. Canyoning tours are offered upstream of the Kawasan Falls, where the Matutinao river flows through a secluded canyon, there is also the Badian mountain range and the popular trekking destination of Osmeña Peak. The towns jurisdiction includes Zaragosa or Badian Island, where there is a white sandy private beach, nearby Pescador Island, Moalboal offers corals and marine life for divers. Other tourist attractions of Badian include, Cebu International Golf and Resort in Lambug the manicured gardens of Terra Manna beach and camping resort Lambug Beach crab hunting in the mangroves
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Bantayan, Cebu
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Bantayan is a 1st municipal income class municipality on Bantayan Island in the province of Cebu, Philippines. It is located 136 kilometres by road and sea from Cebu City, according to the 2015 census, it has a population of 79,084, making it the islands most populous town as well as the largest. In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 39,721 registered voters and it is bordered to the north by Madridejos and to the southeast by Santa Fe. The municipality also includes smaller islands, such as the Don Islands, Hilotongan. Bantayan comprises 25 barangays, Gawad Kalinga has a village in brgy Mojon, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 39,721 registered voters, meaning that 50% of the population are aged 18 and over. For short journeys within population centres, then trisikads are readily available and they can carry two or three adults plus goods, a total load in excess of 250 kg. They are available only where land is flat and level, for longer journeys, such as from the municipal centre to outlying barangays, then motor tricycles are available. Smaller ones are motorcycle-sidecar combinations, and can carry about 4 passengers, larger ones, known as multis, have some sort of saloon behind the driver, and are usually shared between as many as eight passengers, plus some goods stowage. For the longest journeys, such as from Santa Fe ferry pier into downtown Bantayan and onwards, there are larger jeepneys, there is no public bus service as such. Preventive maintenance generally was not practised, so even the best preserved buildings date only to the middle of the 19th century. The main church stands on the principal plaza, since the arrival of the Spanish there have been several buildings on its site, originally it was little more than a bamboo and nipa structure, which was burned down during one of the Moro raids. This was replaced by another structure, which also burned down. Construction of the present building started in 1839, the main driving force was the parish priest Padre Doroteo Andrade del Rosario and the maestro de obras was his nephew Manuel Rubio y del Rosario. The principal building material is coral, sawn to approximately parallelepiped shape, since mid–2012 refurbishment work has been in progress, the belfry has been restored to its former glory, and as at February 2013 there are plans to open it for tourist access. The stairs are very steep and not very well guarded, however it does offer a panoramic view of the waterfront. The church also houses a museum, visiting by appointment. Abello Theater was a Love Offering of Diego Abello and Candelaria Abello y Causing, construction of the theater started in 1948 and was completed in 1952. It took four years before the theater could be fully operation as they had to source out a suitable projector, Diego and Candelaria Abello built this theater to provide entertainment to the people of Bantayan
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Barili, Cebu
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Barili is a 2nd municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 73,862, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 42,831 registered voters. Barili is located 61 km southwest of Cebu City and it borders on Dumanjug to the south, to the north with Aloguinsan, to the east with Carcar and Sibonga, and to the west lies the Tañon Strait. Its main tourist attraction is the Mantayupan Falls, the word barili comes from the name of a local grass called balili. The municipality was founded in 1632, though the parish of Barili was established in 1614, a cross was erected by conquistadores on their arrival at 1602, and still exists today. Barili comprises 42 barangays, The population in 1903 was 31,617 persons, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 42,831 registered voters, meaning that 58% of the population are aged 18 and over. The economic output of Barili is mainly rice, maize, bananas, vegetables, Mantayupan Falls are located close to the eastern end of the Carcar—Barili Road where it connects to the national highway. The falls are approximately 61 metres high but do not have a direct descent, pools at various heights flow into the basin. The waterfall is one of three main tourist attractions in the barangays of Barili. List of Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Barili, Cebu
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Boljoon, Cebu
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Boljoon is a 5th municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 16,344, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 10,216 registered voters. Boljoon has a land area of 117.00 km2. It is bounded to the north by Alcoy, to the west by Malabuyoc, to the south by Oslob, and to the east by Bohol Strait. Boljoon comprises 11 barangays, of six are coastal. Nuestra Señora de Patrocinio Parish Church of Boljoon shows old and intricate carvings and it is in a pseudo-baroque rococo style. It has a nave, a transcript, and twenty-eight pillars which support the walls. The walls are as thick as the pillars which are 2 metres thick and made of mortar, Boljoon became a visita of Carcar founded according to some authors in 1599. It became an independent vicariate on 31 October 1690, and on 5 April 1692, nicolas de la Cuadra was appointed as prior. Because of the lack of priests, the church was turned over to the Jesuits on 27 September 1737, in the year 1747, the General of the Augustinians Order proposed the recovery of the parishes left off in the Visayas. Boljoons earlier building had destroyed in a raid in 1782. Ambrosio Otero started rebuilding the following year, the work was continued by Fr. Manuel Cordero in 1794 but when Fr. Julian arrived, the work was not yet completed. He decided to build a blockhouse 120 by 80 metres on which artillery was mounted, the church and the adjoining convento were restored by Fr. Leandro Moran the last Augustinian friar to be assigned to Boljoon, in 1999 the National Historical Institute declared it a National Historical Landmark. The following year, the National Museum declared it as a National Cultural Treasure, nuestra Señora de Patrocinio Parish Church was lucky enough to withstand the 7.2 magnitude earthquake in 2013 which affected Bohol and Cebu. On February 2008, archaeologists discovered 26 human remains and 16th-century artefacts beneath the parvis of Boljoon Church
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Borbon, Cebu
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Borbon is a 4th municipal income class municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 35,526, in the 2016 electoral roll, it had 22,182 registered voters. According to the Panublion publication, Borbon was established as a parish on 15 September 1862 and had San Sebastian, martyr, today, St. Sebastians fiesta is celebrated every 20 January. Borbon was formerly a visita or a community of the town of Sogod. That is why many of the first settlers of Borbon were families whose roots can be traced back to relatives in Sogod. In addition, Redondo 1886, p.163 describes the Borbon church made of wood and tabique resting on a base of mortar, the church was thatched with grass. The original church is believed to have one of the oldest churches in Cebu prior to its demolition after World War II. Silmugi River is a site in northern Cebu. Located between the barangays of Poblacion and Cadaruhan, the river stretches for about 12 kilometres between barangays Vito and Suba and it is where the rainwater from the many mountain barangays cascades and discharges into the sea. The river played a big part during Borbons formation as a town because in the past the river was known to be so big and wide that many boats traveled it. Borbon comprises 19 barangays, In the 2016 electoral roll, it had 22,182 registered voters, meaning that 62% of the population are aged 18, source of livelihood, Farming Fishing Silmugi Festival is a celebration to honor the patron saint, St. Sebastian Martyr. The highlight of this event is the street dancing which involves a prayer for a bountiful harvest. The river has become the main gateway for locals who lived in the hillsides of Borbon to conduct their business trade with coastal barangays surrounding it
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Santander
Province of Cebu