Santiago de Compostela

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Santiago de Compostela
City and Municipality
Santiago de Compostela, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

Santiago de Compostela, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Flag of Santiago de Compostela
Flag		Escudo de Santiago de Compostela.svg
Coat of arms
Location of the municipality of Santiago de Compostela within Galicia
Location of the municipality of Santiago de Compostela within Galicia
Santiago de Compostela is located in Province of A Coruña
Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela
Location of Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela is located in Spain
Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela (Spain)
Coordinates: 42°52′40″N 8°32′40″W / 42.87778°N 8.54444°W / 42.87778; -8.54444Coordinates: 42°52′40″N 8°32′40″W / 42.87778°N 8.54444°W / 42.87778; -8.54444
Country Spain
Autonomous Community Galicia
Province A Coruña
Comarca Santiago
Parishes
Government
 • Type Mayor-council
 • Body Council of Santiago
 • Mayor Martiño Noriega Sánchez (Compostela Aberta)
Area
 • Total 220 km2 (80 sq mi)
Elevation 260 m (850 ft)
Population (2012)INE
 • Total 95,671
 • Density 428.81/km2 (1,110.6/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Santiagan
santiagués, -guesa  (gl / es)
compostelán, -á  (gl)
compostelano, -na  (es)
Time zone CET (GMT +1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (GMT +2)
Area code(s) +34
Website santiagodecompostela.gal

Santiago de Compostela[a] is the capital of the autonomous community of Galicia, in northwestern Spain.

The city has its origin in the shrine of Saint James the Great, now the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, as the destination of the Way of St. James, a leading Catholic pilgrimage route since the 9th century.[2] In 1985, the city's Old Town was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Toponym[edit]

Santiago is the local Galician evolution of Vulgar Latin Sanctus Iacobus "Saint James". According to legend, Compostela derives from the Latin Campus Stellae (i.e., "field of the star"); it seems unlikely, however, that this phrase could have yielded the modern Compostela under normal evolution from Latin to Medieval Galician.

Other etymologies derive the name from Latin compositum, local Vulgar Latin Composita Tella, meaning "burial ground", or simply from Latin compositella, meaning "the well-composed one". Other sites in Galicia share this toponym, akin to Compostilla in the province of León.

The city[edit]

The cathedral borders the main plaza of the old and well-preserved city. According to medieval legend, the remains of the apostle James were brought to Galicia for burial; in 813, the light of a bright star guided a shepherd who was watching his flock at night to the burial site in Santiago de Compostela.[3] This site was originally called Mount Libredon and its physical topography leads prevalent sea borne winds to clear the cloud deck immediately overhead.[4][citation needed] The shepherd quickly reported his discovery to the bishop of Iria, Bishop Teodomiro.[5] The bishop declared that the remains were those of the apostle James and immediately notified King Alfonso II in Oviedo.[5] To honour St. James, the cathedral was built on the spot where his remains were said to have been found. The legend, which included numerous miraculous events, enabled the Catholic faithful to bolster support for their stronghold in northern Spain during the Christian crusades against the Moors, but also led to the growth and development of the city.[6]

Along the western side of the Praza do Obradoiro is the elegant 18th century Pazo de Raxoi, now the city hall. Across the square is the Pazo de Raxoi (Raxoi's Palace), the town hall, and on the right from the cathedral steps is the Hostal dos Reis Católicos, founded in 1492 by the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragon, as a pilgrims' hospice (now a parador). The Obradoiro façade of the cathedral, the best known, is depicted on the Spanish euro coins of 1 cent, 2 cents, and 5 cents (€0.01, €0.02, and €0.05).

Santiago is the site of the University of Santiago de Compostela, established in the early 16th century. The main campus can be seen best from an alcove in the large municipal park in the centre of the city.

Within the old town there are many narrow winding streets full of historic buildings. The new town all around it has less character though some of the older parts of the new town have some big flats in them.

Santiago de Compostela has a substantial nightlife. Both in the new town (a zona nova in Galician, la zona nueva in Spanish or ensanche) and the old town (a zona vella in Galician or la zona vieja in Spanish, trade-branded as zona monumental), a mix of middle-aged residents and younger students maintain a lively presence until the early hours of the morning. Radiating from the centre of the city, the historic cathedral is surrounded by paved granite streets, tucked away in the old town, and separated from the newer part of the city by the largest of many parks throughout the city, Parque da Alameda.

Santiago gives its name to one of the four military orders of Spain: Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara and Montesa.

One of the most important economic centres in Galicia, Santiago is the seat for organisations like Association for Equal and Fair Trade Pangaea.

Climate[edit]

Under the Köppen climate classification, Santiago de Compostela has a temperate oceanic (Cfb) climate, with mild to warm and somewhat dry summers and mild, wet winters. The prevailing winds from the Atlantic and the surrounding mountains combine to give Santiago some of Spain's highest rainfall: about 1,550 millimetres (61.0 in) annually. The climate is mild: frosts are common only in December, January and February, with an average of just 8 days per year,[7] while snow is rare; temperatures over 30 °C (86 °F) are exceptional.

Climate data for Santiago de Compostela (1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.3
(68.5) 		23.2
(73.8) 		27.6
(81.7) 		30.2
(86.4) 		34.0
(93.2) 		37.8
(100) 		39.4
(102.9) 		39.0
(102.2) 		39.0
(102.2) 		30.4
(86.7) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.4
(74.1) 		39.4
(102.9)
Average high °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2) 		12.5
(54.5) 		15.0
(59) 		16.1
(61) 		18.6
(65.5) 		22.2
(72) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.7
(76.5) 		22.8
(73) 		18.1
(64.6) 		14.1
(57.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		17.6
(63.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.2
(50.4) 		11.2
(52.2) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		19.0
(66.2) 		17.4
(63.3) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		8.5
(47.3) 		13.0
(55.4)
Average low °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4) 		4.1
(39.4) 		5.4
(41.7) 		6.2
(43.2) 		8.5
(47.3) 		11.3
(52.3) 		13.0
(55.4) 		13.3
(55.9) 		11.9
(53.4) 		9.5
(49.1) 		6.7
(44.1) 		5.0
(41) 		8.3
(46.9)
Record low °C (°F) −7.0
(19.4) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		3.4
(38.1) 		3.4
(38.1) 		1.0
(33.8) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−9.0
(15.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 210
(8.27) 		167
(6.57) 		146
(5.75) 		146
(5.75) 		135
(5.31) 		72
(2.83) 		43
(1.69) 		57
(2.24) 		107
(4.21) 		226
(8.9) 		217
(8.54) 		261
(10.28) 		1,787
(70.35)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 15.2 12.6 12.8 14.4 12.7 7.6 5.7 5.5 8.4 14.0 14.9 15.9 139.5
Average snowy days 1.0 0.7 0.2 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 2.7
Average relative humidity (%) 84 79 75 76 76 74 74 74 75 82 86 85 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 93 114 151 165 187 225 243 237 184 132 95 85 1,911
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[8]
In Compostela, it rarely snows more than once or twice a year
Santiago de Compostela (Old Town)
UNESCO World Heritage site
Basílica de Santiago 02.JPG
The Obradoiro façade of the grand Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Criteria Cultural: i, ii, vi
Reference 347
Inscription 1985 (9th Session)
Area 107.59 ha
Buffer zone 216.88 ha

Administration[edit]

The city is governed by a mayor-council form of government. Following the May 24, 2015 municipal elections the mayor of Santiago is Martiño Noriega Sánchez of Compostela Aberta (CA).[9] No party has a majority in the city council (concello).

2015 city council elections results[edit]

Party Vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Won +/−
Compostela Aberta (CA)[10] 16,327 34.58 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg29.36 10 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg10
People's Party (PP) 15,869 33.61 Red Arrow Down.svg9.61 9 Red Arrow Down.svg4
Socialists' Party of Galicia-Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSdeG-PSOE) 6,919 14.65 Red Arrow Down.svg16.31 4 Red Arrow Down.svg5
Galician Nationalist Bloc-Open Assemblies (BNG) 3,277 6.94 Red Arrow Down.svg6.94 2 Red Arrow Down.svg1
Citizens 2,285 4.84 New 0 ±0
Commitment to Galicia-Transparent Municipalities (CxG-CCTT) 1,112 2.35 New 0 ±0
Solidarity and Internationalist Self-management (SAIn) 301 0.64 Red Arrow Down.svg0.23 0 ±0
Converxencia XXI (C21) 139 0.29 Red Arrow Down.svg0.29 0 ±0
Blank ballots 991 2.10 Red Arrow Down.svg1.73
Total 47,220 100.00 25 ±0
Valid votes 47,220 98.46 Green Arrow Up.svg
Invalid votes 738 1.54 Red Arrow Down.svg
Votes cast / turnout 47,958 61.13 Red Arrow Down.svg1.31
Abstentions 30,492 38.87 Green Arrow Up Darker.svg1.31
Registered voters 78,450
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Population[edit]

The population of the city in 2012 was 95,671 inhabitants, while the metropolitan area reaches 178,695.

In 2010 there were 4,111 foreigners living in the city, representing 4.3% of the total population. The main nationalities are Brazilians (11%), Portuguese (8%) and Colombians (7%).

By language, according to 2008 data, 21.17% of the population always speak in Galician, 15% always speak in Spanish, 31% mostly in Galician and the 32.17% mostly in Spanish.[11] According to a Xunta de Galicia 2010 study the 38.5% of the city primary and secondary education students had Galician as their mother tongue.[12]

History[edit]

Interior of the Cathedral.
Knockers in the city's old quarter
The Library and the Chapter at the Cathedral, Collotype 1889
Calvary of St Franciscus church.
Portico da Groria, old façade of the Romanesque cathedral, 12th century
Sepulcher of king Ferdinand II (d. 1187), in the Royal Pantheon of the cathedral

The area of Santiago de Compostela was a Roman cemetery by the 4th century[13] and was occupied by the Suebi in the early 5th century, when they settled in Galicia and Portugal during the initial collapse of the Roman Empire. The area was later attributed to the bishopric of Iria Flavia in the 6th century, in the partition usually known as Parochiale Suevorum, ordered by King Theodemar. In 585, the settlement was annexed along with the rest of Suebi Kingdom by Leovigild as the sixth province of the Visigothic Kingdom.

Possibly raided from 711 to 739 by the Arabs[14][15], the bishopric of Iria was incorporated into the Kingdom of Asturias c. 750[16][17][18]. At some point between 818 and 842,[19] during the reign of Alfonso II of Asturias[20][21], bishop Theodemar of Iria (d. 847) claimed to have found some remains which were attributed to Saint James the Greater. This discovery was accepted in part because the Leo III[22] and Charlemagne—who had died in 814—had acknowledged Asturias as a kingdom and Alfonso II as king, and had also crafted close political and ecclesiastic ties.[23] Around the place of the discovery a new settlement and centre of pilgrimage emerged, which was known to the author Usuard in 865[24] and which was called Compostella by the 10th century.

The cult of Saint James of Compostela was just one of many arising throughout northern Iberia during the 10th and 11th centuries, as rulers encouraged their own region-specific cults, such as Saint Eulalia in Oviedo and Saint Aemilian in Castile.[25] After the centre of Asturian political power moved from Oviedo to León in 910, Compostela became more politically relevant, and several kings of Galicia and of León were acclaimed by the Galician noblemen and crowned and anointed by the local bishop at the cathedral, among them Ordoño IV in 958,[26] Bermudo II in 982, and Alfonso VII in 1111, by which time Compostela had become capital of the Kingdom of Galicia. Later, 12th-century kings were also sepulchered in the cathedral, namely Fernando II and Alfonso IX, last of the Kings of León and Galicia before both kingdoms were united with the Kingdom of Castile.

During this same 10th century and in the first years of the 11th century Viking raiders tried to assault the town[27]—Galicia is known in the Nordic sagas as Jackobsland or Gallizaland—and bishop Sisenand II, who was killed in battle against them in 968,[28] ordered the construction of a walled fortress to protect the sacred place. In 997 Compostela was assaulted and partially destroyed by Ibn Abi Aamir (known as al-Mansur), Andalusian leader accompanied in his raid by Christian lords, who all received a share of the booty.[29] However, the Andalusian commander showed no interest in the alleged relics of St James. In response to these challenges bishop Cresconio, in the mid-11th century, fortified the entire town, building walls and defensive towers.

According to some authors, by the middle years of the 11th century the site had already become a pan-European place of peregrination,[30] while others maintain that the cult to Saint James was before 11-12th centuries an essentially Galician affair, supported by Asturian and Leonese kings to win over faltering Galician loyalties.[25] Santiago would become in the course of the following century a main Catholic shrine second only to Rome and Jerusalem. In the 12th century, under the impulse of bishop Diego Gelmírez, Compostela became an archbishopric, attracting a large and multinational population. Under the rule of this prelate, the townspeople rebelled, headed by the local council, beginning a secular tradition of confrontation by the people of the city—who fought for self-government—against the local bishop, the secular and jurisdictional lord of the city and of its fief, the semi-independent Terra de Santiago ("land of Saint James"). The culminating moment in this confrontation was reached in the 14th century, when the new prelate, the Frenchman Bérenger de Landore, treacherously executed the counselors of the city in his castle of A Rocha Forte ("the strong rock, castle"), after inviting them for talks.

Santiago de Compostela was captured and sacked by the French during the Napoleonic Wars; as a result, the remains attributed to the apostle were lost for near a century, hidden inside a cist in the crypts of the cathedral of the city.

The excavations conducted in the cathedral during the 19th and 20th centuries uncovered a Roman cella memoriae or martyrium, around which grew a small cemetery in Roman and Suevi times which was later abandoned. This martyrium, which proves the existence of an old Christian holy place, has been sometimes attributed to Priscillian, although without further proof.[31]

Economy[edit]

Santiago's economy, although still heavily dependent on public administration (i.e. being the headquarters of the autonomous government of Galicia), cultural tourism, industry, and higher education through its university, is becoming increasingly diversified. New industries such as timber transformation (FINSA), the automotive industry (UROVESA), and telecommunications and electronics (Blusens and Televés) have been established. Banco Gallego, a banking institution owned by Novacaixagalicia, has its headquarters in downtown rúa do Hórreo.

Tourism is very important thanks to the Way of St. James, particularly in Holy Compostelan Years (when 25 July falls on a Sunday). Following the Xunta's considerable investment and hugely successful advertising campaign for the Holy Year of 1993, the number of pilgrims completing the route has been steadily rising. More than 272,000 pilgrims made the trip during the course of the Holy Year of 2010. Following 2010, the next Holy Year will not be for another 11 years when St James feast day again falls on a Sunday. Outside of Holy Years, the city still receives a remarkable number of pilgrims. In 2013, 215,880 people completed the pilgrimage. In 2014, there were 237,983 persons. In 2015, there were 262,513 persons and in 2016, there were 277,854 persons.[32]

Editorial Compostela owns daily newspaper El Correo Gallego, a local TV, and a radio station. Galician language online news portal Galicia Hoxe is also based in the city. Televisión de Galicia, the public broadcaster corporation of Galicia, has its headquarters in Santiago.

Way of St. James[edit]

Main article: Way of St. James
Way of St. James
A partial view of Santiago de Compostela, with the Pico Sacro in the background
Depiction of Saint James in the 12th century Codex Calixtinus

The legend that St James found his way to the Iberian Peninsula and had preached there is one of a number of early traditions concerning the missionary activities and final resting places of the apostles of Jesus. Although the 1884 Bull of Pope Leo XIII Omnipotens Deus accepted the authenticity of the relics at Compostela, the Vatican remains uncommitted as to whether the relics are those of Saint James the Greater, while continuing to promote the more general benefits of pilgrimage to the site. Pope Benedict XVI undertook a ceremonial pilgrimage to the site on his visit to Spain in 2010.[33]

Legends[edit]

According to a tradition that can be traced back at least to the 12th century, when it was recorded in the Codex Calixtinus, Saint James decided to return to the Holy Land after preaching in Galicia. There he was beheaded, but his disciples got his body to Jaffa, where they found a marvelous stone ship which miraculously conducted them and the apostle's body to Iria Flavia, back in Galicia. There, the disciples asked the local pagan queen Loba ('She-wolf') for permission to bury the body; she, annoyed, decided to deceive them, sending them to pick a pair of oxen she allegedly had by the Pico Sacro, a local sacred mountain where a dragon dwelt, hoping that the dragon would kill the Christians, but as soon as the beast attacked the disciples, at the sight of the cross, the dragon exploded. Then the disciples marched to collect the oxen, which were actually wild bulls which the queen used to punish her enemies; but again, at the sight of the Christian's cross, the bulls calmed down, and after being subjected to a yoke they carried the apostle's body to the place where now Compostela is. The legend was again referred with minor changes by the Czech traveller Jaroslav Lev of Rožmitál, in the 15th century.[34]

The relics were said to have been later rediscovered in the 9th century by a hermit named Pelagius, who after observing strange lights in a local forest went for help after the local bishop, Theodemar of Iria, in the west of Galicia. The legend affirms that Theodemar was then guided to the spot by a star, drawing upon a familiar myth-element, hence "Compostela" was given an etymology as a corruption of Campus Stellae, "Field of Stars."

In the 15th century, the red banner which guided the Galician armies to battle, was still preserved in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, in the centre Saint James riding a white horse and wearing a white cloak, sword in hand:[35] The legend of the miraculous armed intervention of Saint James, disguised as a white knight to help the Christians when battling the Muslims, was a recurrent myth during the High Middle Ages.

Establishment of the shrine[edit]

The Scallop Shell, emblem of St James, worn by pilgrims

The 1,000-year-old pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is known in English as the Way of St. James and in Spanish as the Camino de Santiago. Over 100,000 pilgrims travel to the city each year from points all over Europe and other parts of the world. The pilgrimage has been the subject of many books, television programmes, and films, notably Brian Sewell's The Naked Pilgrim produced for the British television channel Channel 5 and the Martin Sheen/Emilio Estevez collaboration The Way.

Pre-Christian legends[edit]

As the lowest-lying land on that stretch of coast, the city's site took on added significance. Legends supposed of Celtic origin made it the place where the souls of the dead gathered to follow the sun across the sea. Those unworthy of going to the Land of the Dead haunted Galicia as the Santa Compaña or Estadea.

In popular culture[edit]

Santiago de Compostela is featured prominently in the 1988 historical fiction novel Sharpe's Rifles, by Bernard Cornwell, which takes place during the French Invasion of Galicia, January 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars.

The music video for Una Cerveza, by Ráfaga, is set in the historic part of Santiago de Compostela.

A pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela provides the narrative framework of the Luis Buñuel film La Voie lactée (The Milky Way).

A mystic pilgrimage was portrayed in the autobiography and romance The Pilgrimage ("O Diário de um Mago") of Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho, published in 1987.

Main sights[edit]

Transport[edit]

Santiago de Compostela Rail Station

Santiago de Compostela is served by Santiago de Compostela Airport and a rail service. The town is linked to the Spanish High Speed Railway Network. On 24 July 2013 there was a serious rail accident near the city in which 79 people died and at least 130 were injured when a train derailed on a bend as it approached Compostela station.[36]

Sports teams[edit]

Notable people[edit]

Rosalía de Castro
Carmen Babiano
Ana Romero Masiá 2012
Vero Boquete 2013

sport[edit]

International relations[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Twin towns/Sister cities[edit]

Santiago de Compostela is twinned with:

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Pronunciation:

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Santiago de Compostela". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. 
  2. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature. Archibald Constable. 1823. p. 500. 
  3. ^ Marilyn Stokstad,Santiago de Compostela in the Age of the Great Pilgrimages.(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978), 7.
  4. ^ http://www.fundacionxacobea.com/the-route/
  5. ^ a b Stokstad, Santiago de Compostela, 8.
  6. ^ Stokstad, Santiago de Compostela, 6.
  7. ^ In the five years 2006–2010, cf. Meteogalicia Archived 3 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine..
  8. ^ "Guía resumida del clima en España (1981–2010)". 
  9. ^ Martiño Noriega, novo alcalde de Santiago, comprométese a gobernar para a maioría social nunha Compostela que exerza de capital. El Correo Gallego, 13 June 2015.
  10. ^ Results compared with the combined results of United Left and Candidatura do Povo in 2011.
  11. ^ Instituto Galego de Estatística – 2008 – Uso da lingua nos grandes concellos – Santiago de Compostela
  12. ^ [1]
  13. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1984). Saint James's catapult: the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-0-19-822581-2. 
  14. ^ Gallichan, Catherine Gasquoine (1912). The story of Santiago de Compostela;. Robarts – University of Toronto. London, Dent. pp. 36–37. 
  15. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature. Archibald Constable. 1823. p. 496. 
  16. ^ Gallichan, Catherine Gasquoine (1912). The story of Santiago de Compostela;. Robarts – University of Toronto. London, Dent. pp. 26–27. 
  17. ^ Atlas of Medieval History Colin Mc Evedy ( Penguin Books) [ 1961]. p. 46. 
  18. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica; Or A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature. Archibald Constable. 1823. p. 499. 
  19. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1984). Saint James's catapult : the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822581-2. 
  20. ^ Gallichan, Catherine Gasquoine (1912). The story of Santiago de Compostela;. Robarts – University of Toronto. London, Dent. pp. 24–25. 
  21. ^ Almanach de Gotha. Getty Research Institute. Gotha : J. Perthes. 1764. pp. 28–29. OCLC 600124268. 
  22. ^ Gallichan, Catherine Gasquoine (1912). The story of Santiago de Compostela;. Robarts – University of Toronto. London, Dent. pp. 24–25. 
  23. ^ Collins, Roger (1983). Early Medieval Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 232. ISBN 0-312-22464-8. 
  24. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1984). Saint James's catapult: the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-19-822581-2. 
  25. ^ a b Collins, Roger (1983). Early Medieval Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 238. ISBN 0-312-22464-8. 
  26. ^ Portela Silva, Ermelindo (2001). García II de Galicia, el rey y el reino (1065–1090). Burgos: La Olmeda. p. 165. ISBN 84-89915-16-4. 
  27. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1984). Saint James's catapult : the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-19-822581-2. 
  28. ^ Morales Romero, Eduardo (1997). Os viquingos en Galicia. Santiago de Compostela: USC. p. 125. ISBN 84-8121-661-5. 
  29. ^ Collins, Roger (1983). Early Medieval Spain. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 199. ISBN 0-312-22464-8. 
  30. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1984). Saint James's catapult : the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-19-822581-2. 
  31. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (1984). Saint James's catapult: the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-19-822581-2. 
  32. ^ "Camino de Santiago Statistics End 2016 Pilgrim Numbers Walking Camino". caminoadventures.com. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  33. ^ "Apostolic Journey to Santiago de Compostela and Barcelona: Welcoming ceremony at the International Airport of Santiago de Compostela (November 6, 2010) – BENEDICT XVI". w2.vatican.va. 
  34. ^ Garrido Bugarín, Gustavo A. (1994). Aventureiros e curiosos : relatos de viaxeiros estranxeiros por Galicia, séculos XV – XX. Vigo: Ed. Galaxia. pp. 35–37. ISBN 84-7154-909-3. 
  35. ^ Garrido Bugarín, Gustavo A. (1994). Aventureiros e curiosos : relatos de viaxeiros estranxeiros por Galicia, séculos XV – XX. Vigo: Ed. Galaxia. p. 40. ISBN 84-7154-909-3. 
  36. ^ "Spain train crash: Driver formally detained", BBC News, 26 July 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  37. ^ "Pesquisa de Legislação Municipal – No 14471" [Research Municipal Legislation – No 14471]. Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo [Municipality of the City of São Paulo] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2013. 
  38. ^ Lei Municipal de São Paulo 14471 de 2007 WikiSource (in Portuguese)
  39. ^ Hispaniola was under the rule of the Dominican Order and Order of Alcántara, therefore, the name of Santiago as a city in the Dominican Republic could be applied later

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]

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