1.
Brooklyn Book Festival
–
The Brooklyn Book Festival is an annual book fair held in Brooklyn, New York. It was begun in 2006 by Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz, however, in subsequent years the fair has expanded its scope and hosted many non-Brooklyn writers, including Joan Didion, Dennis Lehane, John Reed, Rosanne Cash and Dave Eggers. Unlike most book fairs, the Brooklyn Book Festival caters to the readership, although they also feature numerous activities. Also in 2009, St. Francis College established a biannual Literary Prize worth US$50,000 to support a mid-career writer, the winner of the prize is announced by a panel of authors during the Brooklyn Book Festival every other year in September. The festival includes themed readings, panel discussions, vendors, official website Brooklyn Book Festival on Twitter Pictures from the 2010 festival at the Los Angeles Times
2.
Brooklyn
–
Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
3.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
4.
Jezebel (website)
–
Jezebel is a blog geared towards women, under the tagline Celebrity, Sex, Fashion for Women. It was launched in 2007 by Gawker Media and is owned by Univision Communications. Jezebel was launched on May 21,2007, as the 14th Gawker blog, according to founding editor Anna Holmes, the site stemmed from the desire to better serve Gawker. coms female readers, who made up 70% of the sites readership at the time. Basically, we wanted to make the sort of womens magazine wed want to read, one of the sites guiding principles, according to Holmes, is to avoid saying misogynist things about womens weight. Tkacik was subsequently laid off in a restructuring the following October. Holmes left the site in June 2010, Jessica Coen replaced her as editor-in-chief, other current staffers include Madeleine Davies, Kelly Faircloth, Hillary Crosley, Kate Dries and Callie Beusman. Jezebel was one of six websites that was purchased by Univision Communications in their acquisition of Gawker Media in August 2016, on its first day of operation, Jezebel offered a $10,000 reward for the best example of a magazine cover photo prior to being retouched for publication. The winning entry, announced in July 2007, was a photo of Faith Hill that was used on the July cover of Redbook, Jezebel pointed out 11 different ways the photo had been drastically altered, including radically distorting Hills left arm. Redbook editor-in-chief Stacy Morrison said that their retouching of Hills photo was in line with industry standards, Media coverage of the controversy included discussion and interviews on NBCs Today show and in several other publications. In December 2007, Jezebel reached 10 million monthly views, the article also cited Ad Ages research showing that womens Internet use is outpacing mens. In 2010, Jezebel received widespread media coverage when it criticized The Daily Show for its treatment of women writers, as a result of this publicity, the site was parodied as JoanOfSnark. com on an episode of 30 Rock, TGS Hates Women. Kashmir Hill of Forbes has been critical of the blog on two occasions, in 2012, Jezebel faced criticism when it published screen shots of a video depicting a rape and some users threatened to boycott the site. Later, in November 2012, Jezebel was criticized for publicizing the names of teenagers who posted racist tweets in response to Barack Obamas re-election. In 2014, Jezebel writers revealed that the company Gawker Media failed to address a series of violent, rape-themed images and personal harassment directed to its staff, throughout the blogs existence it has faced ongoing threats of physical violence and sexual assault, due to its gender equality theme
5.
Warren Wilson College
–
Warren Wilson College is a private four-year liberal arts college near Asheville, North Carolina, in the Swannanoa Valley. The college offers classes in a range of disciplines with Environmental Studies, WWC is known for its curriculum that combines academics, work, and service. The college is notable for its surrounding environment, the campus includes a 275-acre working farm, market garden, and 625 acres of managed forest with 25 miles of hiking trails. Warren Wilson College went through many phases before becoming what it is today, on November 30,1894, the Asheville Farm School officially opened on 420 acres, with 25 students attending. A professional staff of three offering the first three grades of elementary instruction, in 1923, the school graduated its first high school class, and the first post-high school programs offering vocational training began in 1936. Wilsons name is also on a Presbyterian church started at the school in 1925 so students, after World War II, the public education system in North Carolina improved dramatically and the need for the high school diminished, with the last high school class there graduating in 1957. Warren Wilson College was a college until 1967, when it became a four-year college offering six majors. In 1972, the National Board of Missions deeded the WWC property over to the colleges Board of Trustees, Steven L. Solnick, formerly the Ford Foundation representative in Moscow, then in New Delhi, became the Colleges seventh president in 2012. Warren Wilson Colleges seventh president, Steven Solnick, announced his resignation in October 2016, the official reason is that Solnick accepted a position to be the newest leader of The Calhoun School, a day school in New York City. In 1952, the college one of the first in the South to desegregate, when it invited Alma Shippy. Sunderland dorm residents voted 54-1 to allow Shippy to become a student, in contrast to its original student population of underprivileged mountain youth, Warren Wilson now enrolls students of many different geographic and socioeconomic backgrounds. In addition to liberal arts majors such as Biology and English. The Natural Science Seminar is the name for the undergraduate research, a masters program has also been a part of the campus since 1981 in the Warren Wilson College MFA Program for Writers, which awards a Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing. WWC has more than 100 work crews that are supported by students who commit to working 240 hours a semester, helping to cover part of the cost of attendance. Some of them are, 3-D Studio Crew maintains the 3-D Art Studio areas, including stocking ceramic chemicals, mixing glazes and slips, aquatics Crew operates and maintains the college swimming pool. All crew members are responsible for life-guarding, pool member relations, cleaning, archaeology Crew members act as curators of the archaeological artifact collections and maintain the archaeological site on Warren Wilson campus. Crew members also develop educational programs related to the Warren Wilson College Archaeological Field School, usually, students on this crew demonstrate a strong interest in archaeology, cultural studies, or museum work. Auto Shop crew maintains campus vehicles through routine maintenance checks and major repairs, students learn to evaluate the mechanical condition of cars, learn computer analyses of engines, welding, and small-job metal fabrication
6.
Asheville, North Carolina
–
Asheville is a city in and the county seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina, United States. It is the largest city in Western North Carolina, and the 11th largest city in North Carolina, the citys population was 87,236 according to the 2013 estimates. It is the city in the four-county Asheville metropolitan area. Asheville is home to the United States National Climatic Data Center, before the arrival of the Europeans, the land where Asheville now exists lay within the boundaries of the Cherokee Nation. In 1540, Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto came to the area, bringing the first European visitors along with European diseases, the area was used as an open hunting ground until the middle of the 19th century. The history of Asheville, as a town, began in 1784, in that year, Colonel Samuel Davidson and his family settled in the Swannanoa Valley, redeeming a soldiers land grant from the state of North Carolina. Soon after building a log cabin at the bank of Christian Creek, Davidson was lured into the woods by a band of Cherokee hunters, Davidsons wife, child and female slave fled on foot overnight to Davidsons Fort 16 miles away. In response to the killing, Davidsons twin brother Major William Davidson and brother-in-law Colonel Daniel Smith formed an expedition to retrieve Samuel Davidsons body and avenge his murder. Months after the expedition, Major Davidson and other members of his family returned to the area. The United States Census of 1790 counted 1,000 residents of the area, Buncombe County was officially formed in 1792. The county seat, named Morristown in 1793, was established on a plateau where two old Indian trails crossed, in 1797, Morristown was incorporated and renamed Asheville after North Carolina Governor Samuel Ashe. For a time, an Enfield rifle manufacturing facility was located in the town, in late April 1865 troops under the overall command of Union Gen. Stoneman captured Asheville. Hartley, Stonemans Raid, p.362 After a negotiated departure, the years following the war were a time of economic and social hardship in Buncombe County, as throughout most of the defeated South. On October 2,1880, the Western North Carolina Railroad completed its line from Salisbury to Asheville, almost immediately it was sold and resold to the Richmond and Danville Railroad Company, becoming part of the Southern Railway in 1894. With the completion of the first railway, Asheville experienced a slow but steady growth as industrial plants increased in number and size, textile mills were established and plants were set up for the manufacture of wood and mica products, foodstuffs, and other commodities. The 21-mile distance between Hendersonville and Asheville of the former Asheville and Spartanburg Railroad was completed in 1886, by that point, the line was operated as part of the Richmond and Danville Railroad until 1894 and controlled by the Southern Railway afterward. Asheville had the first electric railway lines in the state of North Carolina. These would be replaced by buses in 1934, Asheville prospered in the decades of the 1910s and 1920s and at one point was the third largest city in the state, behind Charlotte and Wilmington
7.
Teachers College, Columbia University
–
Teachers College, Columbia University is the graduate school of education, health and psychology in New York City at Columbia University. Founded in 1887, it has been a Faculty of Columbia University since its affiliation in 1898, Teachers College is also an academic department of the university and its Ph. D degrees are conferred by the Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Consistently achieving top rankings, Teachers College alumni and faculty have held prominent positions in academia, government, music, non-profit, healthcare, in general, Teachers College has over 90,000 alumni in more than 30 countries. Forkner, E. Gordon Gee, and Chester Earl Merrow, Teachers College is the oldest and largest graduate school of education in the United States. Less than one-third of students are preparing to become teachers, although admnistratively independent, Teachers College is represented in Columbias governance structure and appoints two senators to the Columbia University Senate. In 2018, Teachers College was ranked #7 among all schools of education by U. S. News & World Report. However, Teachers College has achieved the #1 ranking in the past, Teachers College was founded in 1880 by the philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge and philosopher Nicholas Murray Butler to provide schooling for the teachers of the poor children of New York City. The curriculum combined a humanitarian concern to others with a scientific approach to human development. Unlike normal schools, after 1893 Teachers College required all students to have a school diploma. Its professional teacher education was considered the equivalent of the junior and senior years of college, many early students who lacked preparation for the advanced coursework first took introductory liberal arts classes, often at Barnard College. The founders early recognized that professional teachers need reliable knowledge about the conditions under which children learn most effectively, as a result, the Colleges program from the start included such fundamental subjects as educational psychology and educational sociology. As the number of children increased during the twentieth century. The college took on the challenge and instituted programs of study in areas of administration, economics, the area of developmental psychology has specially received numerous accolades. Teachers College was also associated with philosopher John Dewey who taught at the facility, from 1932 to 1939, Teachers College was home to the experimental New College for the Education of Teachers, a progressive undergraduate college. The college was closed due to a combination of growing financial deficits, Teachers College has played a role in curriculum reform efforts, such as during the New Math movement of the 1960s with its Secondary School Mathematics Curriculum Improvement Study program. Teachers College also houses a range of applied psychology degrees. It also houses the programs in Anthropology and it was foundational in the development of the field of Anthropology and Education. By the 1930s, Teachers College had begun to offer courses in anthropology as part of the foundations of education, by 1948 Margaret Mead started what would be a long association with Teachers College where she taught until the early 1970s
8.
AmeriCorps
–
The program is often seen as a domestic Peace Corps. It employs more than 75,000 Americans in intensive service each year, AmeriCorps is an initiative of the Corporation for National and Community Service, which also oversees the Senior Corps and the formerly-funded Learn and Serve America. It was created under President Bill Clinton by the National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993, incorporating VISTA, a third division, AmeriCorps State and National, provides grants to hundreds of local community organizations throughout the United States. The program first became operational in 1994 and has expanded over time, members may be provided modest financial compensation in the form of cost-of-living allowances, student loan deferment, Public Service Loan Forgiveness, and the Americorps Education Award. Less tangible benefits include professional skill development and work experience, an internal study found that participation in AmeriCorps strengthened civic attitudes and sentiment, making members more likely to choose careers in public service. AmeriCorps VISTA, or Volunteers in Service to America, was founded in 1965 as a version of the Peace Corps. The program was incorporated into AmeriCorps and renamed AmeriCorps*VISTA with the creation of AmeriCorps in 1993, there are currently over 5,000 VISTA members serving in 1,200 VISTA programs nationwide. AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps is a full-time, residential team-based program for men and women ages 18–24, members serve at one of five regional campuses located throughout the United States. Each campus focuses efforts on states within its region but may travel to areas in response to national crises. Former campuses were located in Washington, DC, Charleston, SC, San Diego, CA, grants assist these groups in recruiting, training and placing AmeriCorps members to meet critical community needs in education, public safety, health, and the environment. Each states Service Commission dispenses funding from the Corporation for National, thousands of organizations across the nation have been awarded AmeriCorps State and National grants since the programs inception. After successfully completing their term of service, AmeriCorps State and National members may receive an Education Award of up to $5,750, the Education Award can pay for additional college or graduate school courses, or it can pay off existing student loans. Full-time members typically complete 1,700 hours of service over 11 months, these members additionally receive an allowance, health benefits. According to the AmeriCorps website, since the creation of AmeriCorps in 1993 more than 250,000 individuals across the United States have served hundreds of communities in every state of the nation. Some of the programs, organizations, and institutions partnering with AmeriCorps include Communities In Schools, Jumpstart for Young Children, Public Allies, Citizen Schools, City Year, YouthBuild. While discussion has occurred about the range and efficacy of evaluating the successes of AmeriCorps, AmeriCorps provided fiscal and personnel to support the start-up of national programs, including Public Allies and Teach For America. It also brought vital resources to established programs, including City Year, Boys and Girls Club, Big Brothers Big Sisters, Justicecorps, AmeriCorps is reported to increase the effectiveness of community service. AmeriCorps members take the same Oath of Service as other government employees
9.
MTV
–
MTV is an American cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Media Networks and headquartered in New York City. Launched on August 1,1981, the originally aired music videos as guided by television personalities known as video jockeys. In its early years, MTVs main target demographic was young adults and it has received criticism towards this change of focus, both by certain segments of its audience and musicians. MTVs influence on its audience, including issues involving censorship and social activism, has also been a subject of debate for several years, in recent years, MTV had struggled with the secular decline of music-related cable media. In April 2016, MTV announced it would start to return to its original music roots with the reintroduction of the classic MTV series MTV Unplugged. It was also reported that the series MTV Cribs would be making a return on Snapchat, MTV has spawned numerous sister channels in the US and affiliated channels internationally, some of which have gone independent. As of July 2015, approximately 92,188,000 US households have received MTV, several earlier concepts for music video-based television programming had been around since the early 1960s. The Beatles had used music videos to promote their records starting in the mid-1960s, CBS rejected the idea, but Williams premiered his own musical composition Classical Gas on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, where he was head writer. The series featured clips from various popular artists, but was canceled by its distributor in 1971. The channel, which featured video disc jockeys, signed a deal with US Cable in 1978 to expand its audience from retail to cable television, the service was no longer active by the time MTV launched in 1981. The QUBE system offered many specialized channels, One of these specialized channels was Sight on Sound, a music channel that featured concert footage and music-oriented television programs. With the interactive QUBE service, viewers could vote for their favorite songs, the original programming format of MTV was created by media executive Robert W. Pittman, who later became president and chief executive officer of MTV Networks. Pittman had test-driven the music format by producing and hosting a 15-minute show, Album Tracks, the inspiration for PopClips came from a similar program on New Zealands TVNZ network named Radio with Pictures, which premiered in 1976. The concept itself had been in the works since 1966, when record companies began supplying the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation with promotional music clips to play on the air at no charge. Few artists made the trip to New Zealand to appear live. A shortened version of the shuttle launch ID ran at the top of hour in various forms. The first music video shown on MTV was The Buggles Video Killed the Radio Star and this was followed by the video for Pat Benatars You Better Run. Sporadically, the screen would go black when an employee at MTV inserted a tape into a VCR, MTVs lower third graphics that appeared near the beginning and end of music videos would eventually use the recognizable Kabel typeface for about 25 years
10.
United States presidential election, 2008
–
The United States presidential election of 2008 was the 56th quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 4,2008, Democratic Party nominees Barack Obama, a U. S. Senator from Illinois, and his running mate Joe Biden, a long-time U. S, Senator from Delaware defeated Republican Party nominees John McCain, a long-time current U. S. Senator from Arizona, and his running mate Sarah Palin, a Governor of Alaska, Obama became the first African American ever to be elected president of the United States, and Joe Biden became the first Roman Catholic ever elected vice president. The incumbent president, George W. Bush, of the Republican Party, was ineligible to be elected to a term due to term limits in the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Early campaigning had focused heavily on the Iraq War and the unpopularity of outgoing Republican President George W. Johnson in 1964, Obamas successes in obtaining a major partys nomination and winning the general election were both firsts for the African American community. She later went on to win the Democratic nomination but lose the election to Donald Trump in 2016. She also was the first woman to be an American presidential candidate in every primary, similarly, Sarah Palin became the first woman to appear on a Republican presidential ticket, and the second woman overall to appear on a major partys presidential ticket. Obamas total vote amount of 69.5 million votes is the highest number won by a presidential candidate. The total of 131 million votes cast in the election represented over 43% of the total U. S. population and this was also the first election in which neither candidate was born in the contiguous United States. Obama was born in Hawaii and McCain was born at Coco Solo Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone. This election also made McCain currently the only Senator who previously served as a nominee and still remains incumbent. As of 2017, this is the last time Nebraska, Indiana and this election also became the first time that Missouri backed the losing candidate since 1956, with both Kentucky & Tennessee failing to do the same since 1960. In 2004, President George W. Bush won reelection, defeating the Democratic nominee, after Republican pickups in the House and Senate in the 2004 elections, Republicans maintained control of the executive and legislative branches of the federal government. Bushs approval ratings had been declining from their high point of almost 90% after the September 11 attacks. By September 2006, Bushs approval rating was below 40%, and in the November United States Congressional elections 2006, Bushs approval ratings dropped for the last two years in office to the 25–37% range. In the United States, there are two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are also several minor parties, usually called third parties, though most media, each major party hosts candidates who go through a nomination process to determine the presidential nominee for that party
11.
Myspace
–
Myspace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. It is headquartered in Beverly Hills, California, Myspace was acquired by News Corporation in July 2005 for $580 million. From 2005 to 2009, Myspace was the largest social networking site in the world, since then, the number of Myspace users has declined steadily in spite of several redesigns. As of March 2017, Myspace was ranked 3,178 by total Web traffic, Myspace had a significant influence on pop culture and music and created a gaming platform that launched the successes of Zynga and RockYou, among others. Despite an overall decline, in 2015 Myspace still had 50.6 million unique visitors and has a pool of nearly 1 billion active and inactive registered users. In June 2009, Myspace employed approximately 1,600 employees, in June 2011, Specific Media Group and Justin Timberlake jointly purchased the company for approximately $35 million. In August 2003, several employees with Friendster accounts saw potential in its social networking features. The group decided to mimic the popular features of the website. Within 10 days, the first version of Myspace was ready for launch, a complete infrastructure of finance, human resources, technical expertise, bandwidth, and server capacity was available for the site. The project was overseen by Brad Greenspan, who managed Chris DeWolfe, Josh Berman, Tom Anderson, the first Myspace users were eUniverse employees. The company held contests to see who could sign up the most users, eUniverse used its 20 million users and e-mail subscribers to breathe life into Myspace, and move it to the head of the pack of social networking websites. A key architect was tech expert Toan Nguyen who helped stabilize the Myspace platform when Brad Greenspan asked him to join the team. Despite over ten times the number of developers, Friendster, which was developed in JavaServer Pages, could not keep up with the speed of development of Myspace and cfm. The MySpace. com domain was owned by YourZ. com, Inc. intended until 2002 for use as an online data storage. By 2004, it was transitioned from a storage service to a social networking site. A friend, who worked in the data storage business. DeWolfe suggested they charge a fee for the basic Myspace service, Brad Greenspan nixed the idea, believing that keeping Myspace free was necessary to make it a successful community. Myspace quickly gained popularity among teenage and young adult social groups, in February 2005, DeWolfe held talks with Mark Zuckerberg over acquiring Facebook but DeWolfe rejected Zuckerbergs $75 million asking price
12.
Reggie Watts
–
Reginald Lucien Frank Roger Reggie Watts is an American musician, singer, beatboxer, actor, and comedian. His improvised musical sets are created using only his voice, a keyboard, Watts refers to himself as a disinformationist, aiming to disorient his audiences. He appeared on the IFC series Comedy Bang, Bang. which began airing in 2012. He currently leads the band for The Late Late Show with James Corden. Watts was born in Stuttgart, the child of Christiane. His mother is French, while his father is African American, Watts also took piano and violin lessons from the age of five until he was 16, and has said his love for music started as a young child when he saw Ray Charles playing the piano on television. Watts moved to Seattle, Washington in 1990 at the age of 18 to study music and he briefly attended the Art Institute of Seattle before studying jazz at Cornish College of the Arts. In 1996, Watts became the front man for soul, rock and he began using the Line 6 in live shows with Maktub, in order to replicate the duplicate harmonies from the recorded material. Then, he experimented with improvising entire songs in solo acts with the Line 6, while trying to sound like Tom Waits, playing gigs at small Seattle venues. While in Seattle, Watts composed musical scores for Northwest dance choreographers, in 2004, after recording five albums over eight years, Watts moved to the Lower East Side, New York City. In 2005, he recorded his first solo single, So Beautiful, inspired by The State and Wet Hot American Summer, he began infusing spontaneous comedic material with the beat-box-driven musical compositions. He shot comedic web shorts for Superdeluxe, Vimeo and CollegeHumor, in 2006, Watts started to branch out into performing for television and film, while continuing to pursue live performance and the creation of new performance technologies. In 2007, Watts appeared on Plum TVs Scott Bateman Presents Scott Bateman Presents, the video became a viral hit. The same year, he wrote and performed the theme song for Penelope Princess of Pets. In 2008, Watts recorded a new special entitled Disinformation, which features his performance at the Under the Radar Festival at the Public Theater, in 2009, Watts recorded his first solo EP, Pot Cookies. He also began appearing on the PBS Kids childrens program, The Electric Company, Watts performed in his first solo short film Watts Does London and made a small appearance on Comedy Centrals Michael and Michael Have Issues. He then did work for an episode of Adult Swims The Venture Bros. as The Delivery Guy, Australias Good News Week. Watts also toured in support of Devo in a fall 2009 tour which featured that bands albums Q
13.
Andy Borowitz
–
Andy Borowitz is an American writer, comedian, satirist, and actor. Borowitz is a New York Times-bestselling author who won the first National Press Club award for humor and he is known for creating The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air and the satirical column The Borowitz Report. In a profile on CBS News Sunday Morning, he was called one of the funniest people in America, Borowitz was born to a barely-observant Reform Jewish family in Shaker Heights, Ohio, where he attended Shaker Heights High School. In 1980, Borowitz graduated magna cum laude from Harvard College and he also wrote for the Hasty Pudding Theatricals. Borowitz studied with playwright William Alfred and wrote his thesis on Restoration comedy. From 1982 through 1983, he wrote for the television series Square Pegs, from 1983 through 1984, he wrote for the television series The Facts of Life. He wrote for television series through the 1980s. In 1990, Borowitz created The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, which ran for six seasons on NBC, Borowitz received an NAACP Image Award for the series. In 1998, Borowitz co-produced the film Pleasantville, starring Reese Witherspoon, Tobey Maguire, William H. Macy, Joan Allen and it was nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Art Direction-Set Decoration, Best Costume Design, and Best Music, Original Dramatic Score. In 2004 Borowitz appeared in Woody Allens Melinda and Melinda, starring Will Ferrell, Marie and Bruce was co-written by Wallace Shawn and director Tom Cairns. In 2007 he appeared in the film Fired, in the late 1990s, Borowitz began e-mailing humorous news parodies to friends. In 2001, he founded The Borowitz Report, a site that posts one 250-word news satire every weekday, the site led to greater fame and widespread attention for Borowitz as a political satirist. The Wall Street Journal devoted a story to him and his site in 2003. It is also one of the features at the Newsweek website. He has served as a commentator on the National Public Radio programs Weekend Edition Sunday, Borowitz is also a regular contributor to humor newspaper Funny Times. In 2007, he started blogging for the Huffington Post and his posts were featured on the home page of the blog and quickly became one of its most popular features. His popularity surged during the 2008 campaign, leading The Daily Beast to call him Americas satire king, in 2009, The Borowitz Report began a Twitter feed, which was voted the number-one Twitter account in the world in a Time magazine poll in 2011. On July 18,2012, Borowitz announced that The New Yorker had acquired the Borowitz Report website, in its first 24 hours as a New Yorker feature, The Borowitz Report garnered the most page views on the entire New Yorker website
14.
Margaret Cho
–
Margaret Moran Cho is an American stand-up comedian, actress, fashion designer, author, and singer-songwriter. Cho is best known for her stand-up routines, through which she critiques social and political problems, especially regarding race and she has created music videos and has her own clothing line of crotchless underwear for men and women. Cho has also frequently supported LGBT rights and has won awards for her efforts on behalf of women, Asians. As an actress, she has acted in roles as Charlene Lee in Its My Party. Cho was part of the cast of the TV series Drop Dead Diva on Lifetime Television, in which she appeared as Teri Lee, Cho was born into a Korean family in San Francisco, California. To say it was a melting pot — thats the least of it and it was a really confusing, enlightening, wonderful time. Chos parents, Young-Hie and Seung-Hoon Cho, ran Paperback Traffic and her father writes joke books and a newspaper column in Seoul, South Korea. Between the ages of five and twelve, Cho was sexually molested by a family friend and she often skipped class and got bad grades in ninth and tenth grades, resulting in her expulsion from Lowell High School. After Cho expressed an interest in performance, she auditioned and was accepted into the San Francisco School of the Arts, while at the school, she became involved with the schools improvisational comedy group alongside actors Sam Rockwell and Aisha Tyler. At age 15, she worked as a phone sex operator, after doing several shows in a club adjacent to her parentss bookstore, Cho launched a stand-up career and spent several years developing her material in clubs. Chos career began to build after appearances on television and university campuses, in 1992, she appeared on the unsuccessful Golden Girls spin-off The Golden Palace in a small role. In 1994, Cho won the American Comedy Award for Best Female Comedian, in 2010, on The View, she discussed her nervousness about doing The Golden Palace and thanked the late Rue McClanahan for her help with rehearsing. She also secured a spot as opening act for Jerry Seinfeld, at this approximate time, she was featured on a Bob Hope special. That same year, ABC developed and aired a sitcom based on Chos stand-up routine and her rapid weight loss, done to modify her appearance by the time the pilot episode was filmed, caused serious kidney failure. The show suffered criticism from within the U. S, east Asian community over its perception of stereotyping. Producers told Cho at different times during production both that she was too Asian and that she was not Asian enough, at one point during the course of the show, producers hired a coach to teach Cho how to be more Asian. Much of the humor was broad and coarse, and at times, stereotypical portrayals of her close Korean relatives, the show was canceled after suffering from poor ratings and the effect of major content changes over the course of its single season. After the shows 1995 cancellation, Cho became addicted to drugs, Cho hosted the New Years Rockin Eve 95 show with Steve Harvey
15.
Donald Glover
–
Donald McKinley Glover is an American actor, writer, producer, director, comedian, rapper, singer, and songwriter. As a recording artist, he performs under the stage name Childish Gambino. He first came to attention for his work with Derrick Comedy and and he later portrayed community college student Troy Barnes on the NBC sitcom Community. He currently stars in the FX series Atlanta, which he also created and he will appear in Spider-Man, Homecoming, and has been cast as the young Lando Calrissian in the upcoming, untitled standalone Han Solo Star Wars movie. He will also provide the voice of Simba in a remake of the Disney film The Lion King, after several self-released albums and mixtapes, Glover signed to Glassnote Records in 2011. He released his first album, Camp, on November 15,2011 to generally positive reviews and his second studio album, Because the Internet, was released on December 10,2013. Glover was nominated for two Grammy Awards in 2015, Best Rap Album for Because the Internet and Best Rap Performance for his single 3005, Glovers third album, Awaken, My Love. was released on December 2,2016. Glover was born at Edwards Air Force Base, California, and raised in Stone Mountain and his mother, Beverly, is a retired daycare provider, and his father, Donald Sr. is a retired postal worker. His parents also served as foster parents for 14 years, Glover was raised as a Jehovahs Witness. He attended DeKalb School of the Arts and was voted Most Likely to Write for The Simpsons in his high school yearbook, Glover graduated from New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts with a degree in dramatic writing in 2006. In 2006, Glover was contacted by David Miner, to whom he sent writing samples including a script that he had written for The Simpsons. Miner and Tina Fey were impressed by Glovers work and invited him to become a writer for the NBC series 30 Rock, Glover was a writer for 30 Rock from 2006 to 2009, where he also had occasional cameo appearances. He was presented the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy Series at the February 2009 ceremony for his work on the third season, Glovers stage name, Childish Gambino, came from the Wu-Tang Clans name generator. On June 5,2008, he released an independent album, the group wrote and starred in a feature-length film, Mystery Team, released in theaters in 2009. On September 17,2009, Childish Gambino released the independent album Poindexter, a pair of mixtapes, titled I Am Just a Rapper and I Am Just A Rapper 2 were released, in close succession in 2010. Robert Scahill added his producing expertise helping with the majority of the tracks, the track listings for those mixtapes consist of the name of the song he raps, followed by the song he raps over. His second album, Culdesac, was set to be released on July 2,2010, the album was made available on July 3. He has disowned his 2005 album, The Younger I Get, Glovers stand-up special aired on Comedy Central on March 19,2010
16.
Neil Gaiman
–
Neil Richard MacKinnon Gaiman is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre, and films. His notable works include the book series The Sandman and novels Stardust, American Gods, Coraline. He has won awards, including the Hugo, Nebula. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the work, The Graveyard Book. In 2013, The Ocean at the End of the Lane was voted Book of the Year in the British National Book Awards and his father, David Bernard Gaiman, worked in the same chain of stores, his mother, Sheila Gaiman, was a pharmacist. He has two sisters, Claire and Lizzy. His other sister, Lizzy Calcioli, has said, Most of our social activities were involved with Scientology or our Jewish family and it would get very confusing when people would ask my religion as a kid. I’d say, I’m a Jewish Scientologist, Gaiman says that he is not a Scientologist, and that like Judaism, Scientology is his familys religion. About his personal views, Gaiman has stated, I think we can say that God exists in the DC Universe, I would not stand up and beat the drum for the existence of God in this universe. I dont know, I think theres probably a 50/50 chance and it doesnt really matter to me. Gaiman was able to read at the age of four, when he was about ten years old, he read his way through the works of Dennis Wheatley, where especially The Ka of Gifford Hillary and The Haunting of Toby Jugg made an impact on him. One work that made an impression on him was J. R. R. Tolkiens The Lord of the Rings from his school library. He consistently took them out and read them and he would later win the school English prize and the school reading prize, enabling him to finally acquire the third volume. For his seventh birthday, Gaiman received C. S. Lewiss The Chronicles of Narnia series and he later recalled that I admired his use of parenthetical statements to the reader, where he would just talk to you. Id think, Oh, my gosh, that is so cool, when I become an author, I want to be able to do things in parentheses. I liked the power of putting things in brackets, Narnia also introduced him to literary awards, specifically the 1956 Carnegie Medal won by the concluding volume. Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland was another favourite. Alice was default reading to the point where I knew it by heart and he also enjoyed Batman comics as a child
17.
Amanda Palmer
–
Amanda MacKinnon Gaiman Palmer, sometimes known as Amanda Fucking Palmer, is an American singer-songwriter who is the lead singer, pianist, and lyricist of the duo The Dresden Dolls. She performs as a solo artist, and was also one-half of the duo Evelyn Evelyn, and the singer and songwriter of Amanda Palmer. Palmer was born Amanda MacKinnon Palmer in New York Citys Mount Sinai Hospital and her parents divorced when she was one year old, and she rarely saw her father as a child. She attended Lexington High School, where she was involved in the drama department and she staged performances based on work by the Legendary Pink Dots, an early influence, and was involved in the Legendary Pink Dots electronic mailing list, Cloud Zero. She then formed the Shadowbox Collective, devoted to street theatre, another early influence is Judy Blume, an author of childrens books. In an effort to expand the experience and interactivity, Palmer began inviting Lexington High School students to perform drama pieces at the Dresden Dolls live shows. This evolved to The Dirty Business Brigade, a troupe of seasoned and new artists, in 2002, after developing a cult following, the band recorded their eponymous debut album, The Dresden Dolls, with producer Martin Bisi. They produced the album before signing with the label Roadrunner Records, in 2006, The Dresden Dolls Companion was published, with words, music & artwork by Amanda Palmer. In it she has written a history of the album The Dresden Dolls and of the duo, as well as a partial autobiography. The book also contains the lyrics, sheet music, and notes on each song in the album, all written by Palmer, as well as a DVD with a 20-minute interview of Amanda about making the book. In June 2007, as part of the Dresden Dolls, she toured with the True Colors Tour 2007, including her debut in New York Citys Radio City Music Hall, and her first review in the New York Times. July 2008 the Dresden Dolls released a book, the Virginia Companion. Albums, produced by Sean Slade and Paul Kolderie, Palmer conceived the musical/production The Onion Cellar, based on a short story from The Tin Drum by Günter Grass. From December 9,2006 through January 13,2007, The Dresden Dolls performed the piece in conjunction with the American Repertory Theater at the Zero Arrow Theatre in Cambridge, while Palmer was openly frustrated with the direction of the show, fan and critical reviews were very positive. Palmer, as part of her career, returned to the A. R. T. in fall 2010 for a two-month run of Cabaret. The Dresden Dolls reunited for a tour in the United States in 2010, starting on Halloween in New York City and they performed two shows in 2011, in Australia and Mexico, and seven shows, in Australia and New Zealand, in 2012. They performed shows in Kingston, New York, Boston, in September 2007, Palmer collaborated with Jason Webley to release Evelyn Evelyns debut EP Elephant Elephant via Jasons Eleven Records. Their full-length album, Evelyn Evelyn was released March 30,2010, in July 2007, Palmer played three sold-out shows in a new with band format
18.
James Urbaniak
–
James Christian Urbaniak is an American actor and voice actor. Urbaniak was born in Bayonne, New Jersey and currently lives in Los Angeles, one of his first noteworthy roles was in the avant-garde playwright/director Richard Foremans The Universe, for which Urbaniak won an Obie. He has also been acclaimed for his acting in the films Henry Fool and American Splendor and he was nominated for a Drama Desk Award for his role in Thom Pain. He provides the voice for main character Dr. Thaddeus Venture on The Venture Bros. as well as the Doctors brother Jonas Venture Junior, Urbaniak played a pizza guy in the famous Whassup. He also portrayed the moderator in Human Centipede Anonymous, a Funny or Die short depicting three men who grapple with their past as a human centipede, Urbaniak appeared on Ken Reids TV Guidance Counselor Podcast on May 13,2015. James Urbaniak at the Internet Movie Database James Urbaniak on Twitter
19.
Sarah Palin
–
Sarah Louise Palin is an American politician, commentator, and author who served as the ninth Governor of Alaska from 2006 until her resignation in 2009. Also, her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies and she was elected to the Wasilla city council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. She was the youngest person and the first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, from 2010 to 2015, she provided political commentary for Fox News. On April 3,2014, Palin premiered her TV show, Amazing America with Sarah Palin, on the Sportsman Channel, on July 27,2014, Palin launched the online news network called the Sarah Palin Channel, which was closed on July 4,2015. Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho, the third of four children of Sarah Sally Heath, a school secretary, Chuck Heath, a science teacher and track-and-field coach. Palins siblings are Chuck Jr. Heather, and Molly, Palin is of English, Irish, and German ancestry. When Palin was a few old, the family moved to Skagway, Alaska. They relocated to Eagle River in 1969 and finally settled in Wasilla in 1972, during her senior year, she was co-captain and point guard of the basketball team that won the 1982 Alaska state championship, earning the nickname Sarah Barracuda for her competitive streak. In 1984, Palin won the Miss Wasilla beauty pageant, then finished third in the Miss Alaska pageant and she played the flute in the talent portion of the contest. One author reports that she received the Miss Congeniality award in the Miss Wasilla contest, after graduating from high school in 1982, Palin enrolled at the University of Hawaii at Hilo. She enrolled at the University of Idaho in Moscow for a year starting in August 1984. Palin returned to the University of Idaho in January 1986 and received her bachelors degree in communications with an emphasis in journalism in May 1987, in June 2008, the Alumni Association of North Idaho College gave Palin its Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award. After graduation, she worked as a sportscaster for KTUU-TV and KTVA-TV in Anchorage and as a reporter for the Mat-Su Valley Frontiersman. In August 1988, she eloped with her school sweetheart. Following the birth of their first child in April 1989, she helped in her husbands commercial fishing business, Palin was elected to the Wasilla City Council in 1992, winning 530 votes to 310. Throughout her tenure on the city council and the rest of her political career, concerned that revenue from a new Wasilla sales tax would not be spent wisely, Palin ran for mayor of Wasilla in 1996, defeating incumbent mayor John Stein 651 to 440 votes. Her biographer described her campaign as targeting wasteful spending and high taxes, her opponent, Stein, said that Palin introduced abortion, gun rights, the election was nonpartisan, though the state Republican Party ran advertisements for Palin. She ran for reelection against Stein in 1999 and won,909 votes to 292, in 2002, she completed the second of the two consecutive three-year terms allowed by the city charter
20.
YouTube
–
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
21.
HuffPost
–
On February 7,2011, AOL acquired the mass market Huffington Post for US$315 million, making Arianna Huffington editor-in-chief of The Huffington Post Media Group. In July 2012, The Huffington Post was ranked #1 on the 15 Most Popular Political Sites list by eBizMBA Rank, Traffic Rank from both Compete and Quantcast. In 2012, The Huffington Post became the first commercially run United States digital media enterprise to win a Pulitzer Prize, the Huffington Post was founded by Arianna Huffington on May 9,2005. It has a community, with over one million comments made on the site each month. Prior to The Huffington Post, Huffington hosted a website called Ariannaonline. com and her first foray into the Internet was a website called Resignation. com, which called for the resignation of President Bill Clinton and was a rallying place for conservatives opposing Clinton. In August 2013, the website banned anonymous comments, in approximately June 2007, the site launched its first local version, HuffPost Chicago. In June 2009, HuffPost New York was launched, followed shortly by HuffPost Denver which launched on September 15,2009, and HuffPost Los Angeles which launched on December 2,2009. In 2011, three new editions were launched, HuffPost San Francisco on July 12, HuffPost Detroit, on November 17. HuffPost Hawaii was launched in collaboration with the investigative reporting. The Huffington Post launched its first international edition, HuffPost Canada, on July 6 of the same year, the Huffington Post UK launched its UK edition. On February 8, another French language edition was launched in the Canadian province of Quebec, on May Day, a U. S. -based Spanish-language edition was launched under the name HuffPost Voces, replacing AOLs Hispanic news platform, AOL Latino. The following month an edition for Spain was announced, as was one for Germany, on September 24, an Italian edition, LHuffington Post, was launched, directed by journalist Lucia Annunziata in collaboration with the media company Gruppo Editoriale LEspresso. On May 6,2013, an edition for Japan was launched with the collaboration of The Asahi Shimbun, with the launch of Al Huffington Post, there is a third francophone edition, this time for the Maghreb area. On October 10, Munich-based Huffington Post Deutschland has been put online in cooperation with the liberal-conservative magazine Focus, in January 2014, Arianna Huffington and Nicolas Berggruen announced the launch of the WorldPost, created in partnership with the Berggruen Institute. Its contributors have included former British prime minister Tony Blair, Google CEO Eric Schmidt, novelist Jonathan Franzen, on January 29,2014, the Brazilian version was launched as Brasil Post, in partnership with Abril Group, the first in Latin America. In September 2014, Huffington Post announced they will launch in Greece, India, and introduce HuffPost Arabi, on August 18,2015, HuffPost Australia was launched. The Huffington Post planned to launch a Chinese version in 2015, due to strict media controls, the content of Chinese version would not include serious news report, only entertainment and lifestyle. In 2011, after its purchase by AOL, The Huffington Post subsumed many of AOLs Voices properties, the Voices brand was expanded in September 2011 with the launch of Gay Voices, a vertical dedicated to LGBT-relevant articles
22.
Comedy 23/6
–
Huffington Post Comedy 23/6 is a satirical news and opinion website developed by Barry Dillers IAC/InterActiveCorp and The Huffington Post, launched on November 9,2007. Published by Arianna Huffington and edited by former Daily Show writer Jason Reich, the site features news coverage, original video. Bloggers for the site include Bill Maher, Tracey Ullman, Mike Birbiglia, Taylor Negron, Greg Fitzsimmons, brian Spinks was the sites Director of Video Content and Development. Dickipedia - A Wiki of Dicks was a collection of satirical biographies about people who are dicks produced by the writers of Comedy 23/6. It is self-described as a monolingual, Web-based, free content encyclopedia project, Wiki Wikipedia Uncyclopedia Huffington Post Comedy 23/6 webpage Dickipedia official website SwiftKidsforTruth The Trent Lott Porch Story
23.
HarperCollins
–
The company is headquartered in New York City and is a subsidiary of News Corp. The worldwide CEO of HarperCollins is Brian Murray, HarperCollins has publishing groups in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and India and China. As of 2017 China provides as the source of manufacturing. The company publishes many different imprints, both former independent publishing houses and new imprints, in 1989, Collins was bought by Rupert Murdochs News Corporation, and the publisher was combined with Harper & Row, which NewsCorp had acquired two years earlier. In 1999, News Corporation purchased the Hearst Book Group, consisting of William Morrow & Company and these imprints are now published under the rubric of HarperCollins. HarperCollins bought educational publisher Letts and Lonsdale in March 2010, in 2011, HarperCollins announced they had agreed to acquire the publisher Thomas Nelson. The purchase was completed on July 11,2012, with an announcement that Thomas Nelson would operate independently given the position it has in Christian book publishing. Both Thomas Nelson and Zondervan were then organized as imprints, or keystone publishing programs, under a new division, key roles in the reorganization were awarded to former Thomas Nelson executives. Brian Murray, the current CEO of HarperCollins, succeeded Jane Friedman who was CEO from 1997 to 2008, notable management figures include Lisa Sharkey, current senior vice president and director of creative development and Barry Winkleman from 1989 to 1994. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, HarperCollins, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market, in violation of antitrust law. The Scranton, PA warehouse closed in September 2013 and a Nashville, TN warehouse, under the name Thomas Nelson, several office positions and departments continued to work for HarperCollins in Scranton, but in a new location. Company officials attribute the closings and mergers to the growing demand for e-book formats. HarperCollins maintains the backlist of many of the originally published by their many merged imprints. Authors published originally by Harper include Mark Twain, the Brontë sisters, authors published originally by Collins include H. G. Wells, Agatha Christie and J. R. R. Tolkien. This is a list of some of the more noted books, N. D. Gone, Clive Barker The Children of Húrin, J. R. R. R. R. They were the home of Maurice Sendak, Shel Silverstein. In 1998, Nordstroms personal correspondence was published as Dear Genius, The Letters of Ursula Nordstrom, Zolotow later became head of the Childrens Books Department, and went on to become the companys first female Vice-President. The Chronicles of Narnia series by C. S. Lewis, HarperCollins has published the following notable childrens books, the I Can Read
24.
Cosmo Radio
–
Cosmo Radio was a channel on Sirius XM Radio. The station launched on March 14,2006 as a collaboration between SIRIUS Satellite Radio and Cosmopolitan magazine, the programs featured everything that Cosmopolitan offered like advice on sex, love, and relationships, beauty and fashion tips, celebrity news and music. Programming on Cosmo Radio included interviews with Cosmopolitans expert editors, including Editor in Chief Kate White, the shows also featured celebrity guests talking about their latest projects as well as readers sharing their own experiences. Originally a Sirius-only channel, the channel was added to XM Satellite Radio on November 12,2008 and it went off the air on October 25,2013. In October,2013, Cosmo Radio elected to no longer continue with its offering on Sirius XM. The last day that Cosmo Radio was broadcast was Friday, October 25, with Taylor from 7am to 10am EST Cocktails with Patrick
25.
Sirius XM Holdings
–
The company also has a major investment in Canada called SiriusXM Canada, an affiliate company that provides Sirius and XM service in Canada. At the end of 2013, Sirius reorganized their corporate structure, the merger brought the combined companies a total of more than 18.5 million subscribers based on current subscriber numbers on the date of merging. The deal was valued at $3.3 billion, not including debt, through Q32016, Sirius XM has 31 million subscribers. The proposed merger was opposed by those who felt a merger would create a monopoly, Sirius and XM argued that a merger was the only way that satellite radio could survive. Sirius Satellite Radio was founded by Martine Rothblatt, David Margolese, in 1990, Rothblatt founded Satellite CD Radio in Washington, DC. The company was the first to petition the FCC to assign unused frequencies for radio broadcast. In April 1992, Rothblatt resigned as chairman and CEO to start a research foundation. Former NASA engineer Briskman, who designed the companys technology, was then appointed chairman. Six months later, in November 1992, Rogers Wireless co-founder Margolese, in 1997, after Margolese had obtained regulatory clearance and effectively created the industry, the FCC also sold a license to XM Satellite Radio, which followed Siriuss example. Joe Clayton, former CEO of Global Crossing, followed as CEO from November 2001 until November 2004, Clayton stayed on as chairman until July 2008. Mel Karmazin, former president of Viacom, became CEO in November 2004, following the Allocation NPRM, the FCC established a December 15,1992 cut-off date for applications proposing satellite DARS to be considered in conjunction with CD Radios application. One such application came from American Mobile Radio Corporation the predecessor company to XM Satellite Radio, XM Satellite Radio was founded by Lon Levin and Gary Parsons. Its planned financing was complete by July 2000, at which point XM had raised $1.26 billion and secured installation agreements with General Motors, Honda and Toyota. Initially scheduled for September 12,2001, XMs service start date was postponed due to the September 11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, XM Satellite Radios first broadcast was on September 25,2001, nearly four months before Sirius. Gary Parsons served as chairman of XM Satellite Radio from its inception through the merger, Hugh Panero served as XMs CEO from 1998 until July 2007, shortly after the merger with Sirius was proposed. Nate Davis was appointed interim CEO until the merger was completed, at which point Sirius CEO Mel Karmazin took over as CEO of the merged company. After years of speculation, and three months of negotiations, the $13 billion merger between Sirius and XM was officially announced on February 19,2007. At the time, the only two satellite radio providers reported nearly 14 million combined subscribers, with neither having turned an annual profit
26.
Podcast
–
The word arose as a portmanteau of iPod and broadcast. Thus, the files distributed are typically in audio or video formats, the distributor of a podcast maintains a central list of the files on a server as a web feed that can be accessed through the Internet. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded automatically, files are stored locally on the users device, ready for offline use. Podcasting contrasts with webcasting or streaming which do not allow for offline listening, many podcast players allow listeners to adjust the playback speed. Podcasts are usually free of charge to listeners and can often be created for little to no cost and it is very much a horizontal media form, producers are consumers, consumers may become producers, and both can engage in conversations with each other. Podcast is a portmanteau, invented by BBC journalist Ben Hammersley in 2004, of the words pod — from iPod, despite the etymology, the content can be accessed using any computer or similar device that can play media files. Use of the term podcast predated Apples addition of support for podcasting to the iPod. Other names for podcasting include net cast, intended as a term without the loose reference to the Apple iPod. The name is used by shows from the TWiT. tv network, some sources have suggested the backronym portable on demand for POD, for similar reasons. Podcasting, once a method of spreading information, has become a recognized medium for distributing audio content. Podcasts are similar to programs, but they are audio files. Listeners can play them at their convenience, using devices that have more common than portable broadcast receivers. The first application to make this process feasible was iPodderX, developed by August Trometer, by 2007, audio podcasts were doing what was historically accomplished via radio broadcasts, which had been the source of radio talk shows and news programs since the 1930s. This shift occurred as a result of the evolution of internet capabilities along with increased access to cheaper hardware and software for audio recording and editing. In August 2004, Adam Curry launched his show Daily Source Code and it was a show focused on chronicling his everyday life, delivering news and discussions about the development of podcasting, as well as promoting new and emerging podcasts. Daily Source Code is believed to be the first podcast produced on a consistent basis, Curry published it in an attempt to gain traction in the development of what would come to be known as podcasting and as a means of testing the software outside of a lab setting. The name Daily Source Code was chosen in the hope that it would attract an audience with an interest in technology, Daily Source Code started at a grassroots level of production and was initially directed at podcast developers. As its audience became interested in the format, these developers were inspired to create and produce their own projects and, as a result, as more people learned how easy it was to produce podcasts, a community of pioneer podcasters quickly appeared
27.
Donald Trump
–
Donald John Trump is the 45th and current President of the United States. Prior to entering politics he was a businessman and television personality, Trump was born and raised in Queens, New York City, and earned an economics degree from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. He then took charge of The Trump Organization, the estate and construction firm founded by his paternal grandmother, which he ran for four. During his real career, Trump has built, renovated, and managed numerous office towers, hotels, casinos. Besides real estate, he started several ventures and has lent the use of his name for the branding of various products. He owned the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants from 1996 to 2015, and he hosted The Apprentice, as of 2017, Forbes listed him as the 544th wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $3.5 billion. Trump first publicly expressed interest in running for office in 1987. He won two Reform Party presidential primaries in 2000, but withdrew his candidacy early on, in June 2015, he launched his campaign for the 2016 presidential election and quickly emerged as the front-runner among 17 candidates in the Republican primaries. His final opponents suspended their campaigns in May 2016, and in July he was nominated at the Republican National Convention along with Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running mate. His campaign received unprecedented media coverage and international attention, many of the statements he made at rallies, in interviews, or on social media were controversial or false. Trump won the election on November 8,2016, in a surprise victory against Democratic opponent Hillary Clinton. His political positions have been described by scholars and commentators as populist, protectionist, Trump was born on June 14,1946 at the Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Queens, New York City. He was the fourth of five born to Frederick Christ Fred Trump. His siblings are Maryanne, Fred Jr. Elizabeth, and Robert, Trumps ancestors originated from the village of Kallstadt, Palatinate, Germany on his fathers side, and from the Outer Hebrides isles of Scotland on his mothers side. All his grandparents, and his mother, were born in Europe and his mothers grandfather was also christened Donald. On a visit to his village, he met Elisabeth Christ. He died from the flu pandemic of 1918 and Elizabeth incorporated the family real estate business, Elizabeth Trump and Son, which would later become The Trump Organization. Trumps father Fred was born in the Bronx, and worked with his mother since he was 15 as a real estate developer, primarily in the New York boroughs of Queens and he eventually built and sold thousands of houses, barracks and apartments
28.
Wakanda (comics)
–
Wakanda is a fictional nation appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. It is the most prominent of several fictional African nations in the Marvel Universe, Wakanda first appeared in Fantastic Four #52, and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. In the Captain America, Civil War movie, Wakanda was shown on a map at the end of Lake Turkhana, at a fictional point bordering Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda. The Wakandan royal line began with Bashenga, an ancient Wakandan whose first, Bashenga was supposedly the first king of unified Wakanda, and the first Black Panther some 10,000 years ago. In the distant past, a meteorite made up of the sound-absorbing mineral vibranium crashed in Wakanda. TChalla, the current Black Panther, is the son of TChaka, the Black Panther before him, knowing that others would attempt to manipulate and dominate Wakanda for this rare and valuable resource, TChaka conceals his country from the outside world. Eventually, however, the explorer Ulysses Klaw finds his way to Wakanda, when exposed, Klaw kills TChaka, only to see his sound blaster turned on him by a grieving teenaged TChalla. Klaws right hand is destroyed, and he and his men flee, Wakanda has an unusually high rate of mutation due to the dangerously mutagenic properties of the Vibranium Mound. A large number of these Wakandan Mutates are working for Erik Killmonger, in the 2008 Secret Invasion storyline, Skrull forces led by Commander Kvvvr invaded Wakanda and engaged Black Panther and his forces. Technological efforts lead to both sides being forced to fight with swords and spears, the Wakandan forces voluntarily wear panther masks, this prevents the Skrulls from focusing attacks on their leader. Despite losses, the Wakandans defeat the Skrulls and they kill every single one, including Kvvvr, and send their ship back, packed with the bodies. A warning against invading Wakanda is left written on the wall of the control center. While under the power of the Phoenix Force, Namor attacks Wakanda for hiding the Avengers. After the attack all mutants are banned from Wakanda as stated by Black Panther, due to its isolation and intentional isolationism, Wakandan technology has, until recently, developed entirely independently of that of the rest of the world. As such, the philosophies and methodologies are different, and often incompatible. In some areas, Wakanda is ahead of the rest of the world, Vibranium was used liberally in Wakandan tech, but the recent destruction of all Vibranium has forced large-scale redesigns. Bast the Panther Goddess is the deity of Wakanda. After the vibranium meteor fell, a number of Wakandans were painfully mutated into demon spirits, the Black Panther is a ceremonial and religious title given to the chief of the Panther Tribe
29.
Marvel Comics
–
Marvel Comics is the common name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, an American publisher of comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwides parent company, Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvels modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. Most of Marvels fictional characters operate in a reality known as the Marvel Universe. Martin Goodman founded the later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. The issue was a success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc, Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. It, too, proved a hit, with sales of one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941, Goodman hired his wifes cousin, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles, Goodmans business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55. As well, some covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12, were labeled A Marvel Magazine many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961. The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion and this globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas also published a plethora of childrens and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlos Homer the Happy Ghost, Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. Atlas did not achieve any hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply. During this time, the Comic Code Authority made its debut in September 1954, Wertham published the book Seduction of the Innocent in order to force people to see that comics were impacting American youth. He believed violent comics were causing children to be reckless and were turning them into delinquents, in September 1954, comic book publishers got together to set up their own self-censorship organization—the Comics Magazine Association of America—in order to appease audiences
30.
Black Panther (film)
–
Black Panther is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. Produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, the film is directed by Ryan Coogler from a screenplay by himself and Joe Robert Cole, and stars Chadwick Boseman as TChalla / Black Panther, alongside Michael B. Jordan, Lupita Nyongo, Danai Gurira, Martin Freeman, Daniel Kaluuya, Angela Bassett, Forest Whitaker, in Black Panther, TChalla returns home as king of Wakanda but finds his sovereignty challenged by a long-time adversary in a conflict that has global consequences. Wesley Snipes first mentioned his intention to work on a Black Panther film in 1992, with that going through multiple iterations over the next decade. Black Panther was officially announced in October 2014, with Boseman appearing first in Captain America, by the end of 2015, Cole and Coogler had both joined the film, and additional cast members came on board beginning in May 2016. Black Panther is set to be released in the United States on February 16,2018, Chadwick Boseman as TChalla / Black Panther, The king of the fictional African nation of Wakanda. Producer Kevin Feige described the character as a bit of a prince, he may become a bit of a king. Boseman, who called TChalla an anti-hero, said that he is very aware of the responsibility and how important his role. He worked with the dialect coach he had during Message from the King for the film. Boseman signed a contract with Marvel. Michael B. Jordan as Erik Killmonger, A Wakandan exile who seeks to overthrow TChalla, corey Calliet once again served as Jordans trainer on the film, after doing so on Creed. Lupita Nyongo as Nakia, TChallas love interest and member of the Dora Milaje, Danai Gurira as Okoye, The head of the Dora Milaje. Gurira said that the skills she learned playing Michonne complemented the skills of Okoye. Okoye is a whole nother thing, Martin Freeman as Everett K. Ross, A member of the Joint Counter Terrorism Center. Daniel Kaluuya as WKabi, A confidant to TChalla, Angela Bassett as Ramonda, TChallas mother. Calliet also served as Bassetts trainer, working with her before she began filming and while she was on set, Forest Whitaker as Zuri, An elder statesman in Wakanda. Andy Serkis as Ulysses Klaue, A black-market arms dealer, smuggler and gangster working out of South Africa, additionally, Florence Kasumba and John Kani reprise their roles as Ayo and TChaka respectively from Captain America, Civil War. Winston Duke is cast as MBaku / Man-Ape, the leader of a rival Wakandan tribe, while Sterling K. Brown is cast as NJobu, a figure from TChallas past, Phylicia Rashad and Atandwa Kani have been cast in undisclosed roles
31.
Twitter
–
Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
32.
Viral phenomenon
–
Viral phenomena are objects or patterns that are able to replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when these objects are exposed to them. They get their name from the way that viruses propagate and this has become a common way to describe how thoughts, information, and trends move into and through a human population. Viral media is a term whose popularity has been fueled by the rapid rise of social network sites alongside declining advertising rates. Memes are possibly the example of informational viral patterns. Richard Dawkins coined the term meme in his 1976 book The Selfish Gene, as conceived by Dawkins, a meme is a unit of cultural meaning, such as an idea or a value, that is passed from one generation to another. A meme is the counterpart to the unit of physical heredity. Dawkins states that the religions are memes, as they are passed from one generation to another. An Internet meme is a phenomenon that spreads from one person to another through the use of the Internet. Through the spread of online, it shows the dispersion of cultural movements, especially when seemingly innocuous or trivial trends spread. Lauren Ancel Meyers, a professor at the University of Texas. Douglas Rushkoff coined the term media virus or viral media and defined it as a type of Trojan horse, the printing press provided an easy way to copy written texts, compared to laborious hand copying of manuscripts. Chain letters spread by postal mail throughout the 1900s, urban legends also began as word-of-mouth memes. Like hoaxes, they are examples of falsehoods that people swallow, the difference is that urban legends are unintentionally deceptive, whereas hoaxes are intentionally so. The creation of the Internet-enabled users to select and share content with each other electronically, providing new, faster, video-sharing websites like YouTube made viral videos possible. A video is viral when it has a large number of views. Viral videos are often amateur uploads but some are professionally produced and it is sometimes difficult to predict which images and videoes will go viral with widespread sharing, sometimes the creation of an Internet celebrity is a sudden surprise. One of the first documented viral videos is Numa Numa, the video of then-19-year-old Gary Brolsma singing and dancing to Romanian pop song Dragostea Din Tei. The sharing of text, images, and videos has been facilitated by social media such as Facebook
33.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
34.
William Morrow and Company
–
William Morrow and Company is an American publishing company founded by William Morrow in 1926. The company was acquired by Scott Foresman in 1967, sold to Hearst Corporation in 1981, the company is now an imprint of HarperCollins. William Morrow has published many renowned fiction and non-fiction authors, including Ray Bradbury, Michael Chabon, Neil Gaiman, Erle Stanley Gardner, liddell Hart, Elmore Leonard, Judith Rossner, and Neal Stephenson. Francis Thayer Hobson was President and later Chairman of the Board of William Morrow and Company
35.
The Phoenix (newspaper)
–
These publications emphasize local arts and entertainment coverage as well as lifestyle and political coverage. The papers are somewhat similar in format and editorial content to the Village Voice, the Phoenix was founded in 1965 by Joe Hanlon, a former editor at MITs student newspaper, The Tech. Since many Boston-area college newspapers were printed at the printing firm, Hanlons idea was to do a four-page single-sheet insert with arts coverage. He began with the Harvard Business Schools newspaper The Harbus News, a student there, James T. Lewis, became Hanlons advertising manager. Boston After Dark began March 2,1966, theater enthusiast Larry Stark began contributing theater reviews with the second issue. When the insert idea did not pan out, the trio continued Boston After Dark as a free paper. A year after the launch, Hanlon sold off his half to Lewis, as the paper expanded, Mindich acquired a half interest. Stark quit in 1972 and began reviewing for the rival Cambridge Phoenix, the first managing editor of the Cambridge Phoenix was April Smith, who later became a novelist and TV writer-producer. Following a two-week writers strike in August 1972, the Cambridge Phoenix was sold to Boston After Dark, in the conflicts between writers and management, ousted writers immediately started another weekly, The Real Paper, while management continued the Boston Phoenix. In 1988, the company owns the Phoenix, Phoenix Media/Communications Group, bought a similar publication in neighboring Rhode Island called the NewPaper. In 1999, PM/CG branched out into Portland, Maine by creating the Portland Phoenix and that same year the nameplate changed from Phoenix B. A. D. to The Boston Phoenix. From 1992 through 2000, there was also a Worcester Phoenix, in 2005, the Phoenix underwent a major redesign, switching from a broadsheet/Berliner format to a tabloid format and introduced a new logo in order to increase its appeal to younger readers. Towards the end of its existence, The Phoenix had a circulation of 253,000. On August 1,2012, it was announced that Stuff Magazine and the Boston Phoenix newspaper would merge, the first issue of the new, glossy-paper Phoenix had a cover date of September 21,2012. On March 14,2013, the announced that the Boston Phoenix would fold effective as of the March 15,2013 print edition, though the Portland. In October 2014, The Phoenix announced that their Providence paper would cease publication. The Boston Phoenix published its last issue on March 14,2013, in November 2014, Mindich sold the Portland Phoenix to the Portland News Club LLC, publishers of The Portland Daily Sun. Although the Daily Sun would cease publication one month later, the Portland Phoenix continues to be published by the new weekly as of 2017
36.
ITunes Store
–
ITunes Store is a software-based online digital media store operated by Apple Inc. It opened on April 28,2003, and has been the largest music vendor in the United States since April 2008, and the largest music vendor in the world since February 2010. It offers over 35 -40 million songs,2.2 million apps,25,000 TV shows, iTunes Stores revenues in the first quarter of 2011 totaled nearly US$1.4 billion, by May 28,2014, the store had sold 35 billion songs worldwide. On January 6,2009, Apple announced that DRM had been removed from 80% of its catalog in the US. As of June 2013, iTunes Store possesses 575 million active user accounts, before iTunes Store, most of the online music was download through websites like Napster. Steve Jobs expressed concern that people were illegally obtaining music because it was the option they had. In 2002, Steve Jobs made an agreement with the five major record labels to offer their content through iTunes, iTunes Store was introduced by Steve Jobs at a Worldwide Developers Conference to give music listeners a legal alternative to peer-to-peer file sharing networks. When it opened, it was the only legal digital catalog of music to songs from all five major record labels. At first, it was available on Mac OS X. Following the introduction of iTunes Store, individual songs were all sold for the same price, Music in the store is in the Advanced Audio Coding format, which is the MPEG-4-specified successor to MP3. Originally, songs were available with DRM and were encoded at 128 kbit/s. At the January 2009 Macworld Expo, Apple announced that all music would be made available without DRM. Previously, this model, known as iTunes Plus, had available only for music from EMI. Users can sample songs by listening to previews, ninety seconds in length, some Apps cost money and some are free. Developers can decide which prices they want to charge for apps, from a pre-set list of pricing tiers, when someone downloads an App,70 percent of the purchase goes to the developer, and 30 percent goes to Apple. At the Macworld 2008 keynote, Steve Jobs, who was Apples CEO at the time, movies are available for rent in iTunes Store on the same day they are released on DVD, though iTunes Store also offers for rental some movies that are still in theaters. Movie rentals are only viewable for 24 hours or 48 hours after users begin viewing them, iTunes Store also offers one low-priced movie rental a week, in the United States, this rental costs 99 cents. Movie rentals are not yet available in all countries but it is available in the United States, Mexico, there is a weekly promotion in which one to three songs are available to download for free to logged-in users
37.
IMDb
–
In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
38.
MusicBrainz
–
MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an open data music database that is similar to the freedb project. MusicBrainz was founded in response to the placed on the Compact Disc Database. MusicBrainz has expanded its goals to reach beyond a compact disc metadata storehouse to become an open online database for music. MusicBrainz captures information about artists, their works, and the relationships between them. Recorded works entries capture at a minimum the album title, track titles, and these entries are maintained by volunteer editors who follow community written style guidelines. Recorded works can also store information about the date and country. As of 26 July 2016, MusicBrainz contained information about roughly 1.1 million artists,1.6 million releases, end-users can use software that communicates with MusicBrainz to add metadata tags to their digital media files, such as MP3, Ogg Vorbis or AAC. As with other contributions, the MusicBrainz community is in charge for maintaining and reviewing the data, besides collecting metadata about music, MusicBrainz also allows looking up recordings by their acoustic fingerprint. A separate application, such as MusicBrainz Picard, must be used for this, in 2000, MusicBrainz started using Relatables patented TRM for acoustic fingerprint matching. This feature attracted many users and allowed the database to grow quickly, however, by 2005 TRM was showing scalability issues as the number of tracks in the database had reached into the millions. This issue was resolved in May 2006 when MusicBrainz partnered with MusicIP, tRMs were phased out and replaced by MusicDNS in November 2008. In October 2009 MusicIP was acquired by AmpliFIND, some time after the acquisition, the MusicDNS service began having intermittent problems. Since the future of the free service was uncertain, a replacement for it was sought. The Chromaprint acoustic fingerprinting algorithm, the basis for AcoustID identification service, was started in February 2010 by a long-time MusicBrainz contributor Lukáš Lalinský, while AcoustID and Chromaprint are not officially MusicBrainz projects, they are closely tied with each other and both are open source. Chromaprint works by analyzing the first two minutes of a track, detecting the strength in each of 12 pitch classes, storing these 8 times per second, additional post-processing is then applied to compress this fingerprint while retaining patterns. The AcoustID search server then searches from the database of fingerprints by similarity, since 2003, MusicBrainzs core data are in the public domain, and additional content, including moderation data, is placed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA-2.0 license. The relational database management system is PostgreSQL, the server software is covered by the GNU General Public License. The MusicBrainz client software library, libmusicbrainz, is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License, in December 2004, the MusicBrainz project was turned over to the MetaBrainz Foundation, a non-profit group, by its creator Robert Kaye
39.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
