1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
Warren County, New York
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Warren County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. As of the 2010 census, the population was 65,707, the county is named in honor of General Joseph Warren, an American Revolutionary War hero of the Battle of Bunker Hill. Warren County is part of the Glens Falls, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area, when counties were established in New York State in 1683, the present Warren County was part of Albany County. The county was enormous, covering the part of New York State, all of the present State of Vermont. It was reduced in size on July 3,1766 by the creation of Cumberland County, on March 12,1772, what was left of Albany County was split into three parts, one remaining under the name Albany County. One of the pieces, Charlotte County, contained the eastern portion. In 1778, the name Charlotte County was changed to Washington County to honor George Washington, in 1788, Washington County was reduced in size by the splitting-off of Clinton County. This was a larger area than the present Clinton County. Washington County was slightly enlarged by the transfer of the Town of Cambridge from Albany County to Washington County in 1791, in 1813, Warren County was split off from Washington County, receiving its name in honor of General Joseph Warren. County officials first met in the Lake George Coffee House in the hamlet of Caldwell, james Caldwell, a patenee of the Town of Caldwell, donated land within the hamlet to serve as the county seat beginning in 1819. Lake George is the site of a YMCA conference center, the Silver Bay YMCA, founded in 1900, the Silver Bay Inn was built in 1904 and is on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1963, the courthouse in Lake George village was closed, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 932 square miles, of which 867 square miles is land and 65 square miles is water. Warren County is situated in the portion of New York state. Being located in the Adirondack Mountains, it is not uncommon for mountain peaks to surpass 2,000 feet, the highest peak in the county is Gore Mountain at an elevation of 3,198 feet. Essex County - north Washington County - east Saratoga County - south Hamilton County - west The climate of Warren County is humid continental, in the winter, bouts of cold, dry air arrive from Canada, and interior sections of North America. In the summer, the Gulf Stream can bring days of hot, moist, extratropical storms often affect the county, in the winter, Noreasters bring heavy snow and rain, and sometimes high wind. Fall and spring are generally mild and pleasant, with fall foliage regarded as some of the most stunning in the country. In the summer and fall, back door cold fronts move in from the north and bring thunderstorms, as of the census of 2000, there were 63,303 people,25,726 households, and 17,056 families residing in the county
Warren County, New York
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Warren County Municipal Center
Warren County, New York
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Glens Falls city hall
Warren County, New York
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View of Route 9N from the North End Trailhead
Warren County, New York
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Lake George
3.
Saratoga County, New York
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Saratoga County is a county in the U. S. state of New York. The county seat is Ballston Spa, Saratoga County is included in the Capital District, encompassing the Albany-Schenectady-Troy, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is home to the internationally renowned Saratoga Race Course. The Fab 8 campus of GlobalFoundries, a company specializing in the industry, is a multibillion-dollar venture being developed in Saratoga County. When counties were established in the Province of New York in 1683 and this was an enormous county, including the northern part of New York State as well as all of the present State of Vermont and, in theory, extending westward to the Pacific Ocean. This large county was reduced in size by the separation of several counties until 1791. The Battles of Saratoga marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, during the nineteenth century, Saratoga County was an important industrial center. Some of the most important industrial employers were paper mills, tanneries, foundries, the county has historically maintained a low county tax rate, according to its official website, Saratoga County levies one of the lowest county tax rates in New York State. Saratoga County is situated in the portion of New York State, north of Albany, northwest of Troy. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 844 square miles. The Hudson River forms the border of the county, while the Mohawk River demarcates its southern border. In 1960, Saratoga County had a population of only 89,000, less than half of its population in 2015, estimated at 226,249. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 219,607 people,88,296 households, the population density was 271 people per square mile. There were 98,656 housing units at a density of 122 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 3% White,1. 8% Asian,1. 5% Black or African American,0. 2% Native American,0. 0% Pacific Islander,0. 5% from other races, and 1. 7% from two or more races. 2. 4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 26. 1% of all households were made up of individuals,31. 5% of households had individuals under 18 years, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.96. 22. 7% of the population was under age 18
Saratoga County, New York
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Downtown Saratoga Springs
Saratoga County, New York
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The historic
Verbeck House in
Ballston Spa.
Saratoga County, New York
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The
Thaddeus Kosciusko Bridge, crossing the
Mohawk River, is the portion of the
toll-free, six-lane
Adirondack Northway that connects
Halfmoon in Saratoga County to
Colonie in
Albany County.
Saratoga County, New York
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A
Saratoga and North Creek Railway train at the
Saratoga Springs Amtrak station. This railway service operates between Saratoga County and the
Adirondack Park.
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
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British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
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Flag
New York (state)
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1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
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The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
5.
Reporting mark
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A reporting mark is an alphabetic code of one to four letters used to identify owners or lessees of rolling stock and other equipment used on certain railroad networks. In North America the mark, which consists of an code of one to four letters, is stenciled on each piece of equipment. The Association of American Railroads assigns marks to all carriers, under authority granted by the U. S, surface Transportation Board, Transport Canada, and Mexican Government. Under current practice, the first letter must match the initial letter of the railroad name, as it also acts as a Standard Carrier Alpha Code, the reporting mark cannot conflict with codes in use by other nonrail carriers. In another example, the mark for state-funded Amtrak services in California is CDTX because the state transportation agency owns the equipment used in these services. This is why the reporting mark for CSX Transportation, which is a railroad, is CSXT instead of CSX. This often resulted in five-letter reporting marks, an option not otherwise allowed by the AAR, the standard ISO6346 covers identifiers for intermodal containers. When the owner of a mark is taken over by another company. For example, when the Union Pacific Railroad acquired the Chicago and North Western Railway in the 1990s, some companies own several marks that are used to identify different classes of cars, such as boxcars or gondolas. If the acquiring company discontinues the name or mark of the acquired company, occasionally, long-disused marks are suddenly revived by the companies which now own them. For example, in recent years, the Union Pacific Railroad has begun to use the mark CMO on newly built covered hoppers, gondolas, CMO originally belonged to a predecessor of the CNW, which passed it on to them, from which the UP inherited it. Some of these still retain their temporary NYC marks. Because of its size, this list has been split into subpages based on the first letter of the reporting mark, railinc, a subsidiary of the AAR, maintains the active reporting marks for the North American rail industry. Railinc offers a free online look-up of reporting marks and other industry reference files through the Railincs Freight Rail 411 website, a railway vehicle must be registered in a national vehicle register using a 12-digit number derived from the old UIC system of vehicle numbering. The number contains the country in the third and fourth digit. The VKM must not contain special signs or digits, the VKM is preceded by the code for the country, where the vehicle is registered and a hyphen. Some examples, When a vehicle is sold it does not normally be transferred to another register, the Czech railways bought large numbers of coaches from ÖBB. The number remained the same but the VKM changed from A-ÖBB to A-ČD, the UIC introduced a uniform numbering system for their members based on a 12-digit number, largely known as UIC number
Reporting mark
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Reporting marks on two
CP covered hopper cars; with the left car marked as CP 388686 and the right car marked as
SOO 115239
Reporting mark
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A
covered hopper with SHPX markings
Reporting mark
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A temporary window sign with
RTDX markings
6.
Delaware and Hudson Railway
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The Delaware and Hudson Railway is a railroad that operates in the northeastern United States. In 1991, after more than 150 years as an independent railroad, CP operates D&H under its subsidiary Soo Line Corporation which also operates Soo Line Railroad. Nicknamed The Bridge Line to New England and Canada, D&H connected New York with Montreal, Quebec, D&H has also been known as North Americas oldest continually operated transportation company. On September 19,2015, Norfolk Southern Railway commenced acquisition of the D&H South Line from CP, the D&H South Line is 282 miles long and connects Schenectady, New York to Sunbury, Pennsylvania. The D&H South Line consists of two lines, the Sunbury Line and the Freight Line. The Nicholson Cutoff is located on the Sunbury Line, by the 1790s, industrializing eastern population centers were having increasing troubles getting charcoal to fuel their growing kilns, smithies, and foundries. As local timber was denuded efforts to find an energy source began. The Delaware and Hudson Gravity Railroad to bring coal to the Delaware and this cable railroad would grow in importance and become the far flung class I railroad, the Delaware and Hudson Railway. Finding coal outcrops, he realized the value of the extensive anthracite deposits. The canal he proposed would also tie the developing industries along the Delaware to the Hudson, in January 1825, following a demonstration of anthracite heating in a Wall Street coffeehouse, its public stock offering raised a million dollars. At the time, the Lehigh Canal had well established a reliable flow of increasing annual tonnages, ground was broken on July 13,1825, and the canal was opened to navigation in October 1828. It began at Rondout Creek at the known as Creeklocks. To get the anthracite from the Wurts mine in the Moosic Mountains near Carbondale to the canal at Honesdale, the state of Pennsylvania authorized its construction on April 8,1826. On August 8,1829, the D&Hs first locomotive, the Stourbridge Lion, westward extensions of the railroad opened to new mines at Archbald in 1843, Valley Junction in 1858, Providence in 1860 and Scranton in 1863. Passenger service began west of Carbondale in 1860, the canal was a successful enterprise for many of its early years, but the companys management realized that railroads were the future of transportation, and began investing in stock and trackage. In 1898 the canal carried its last loads of coal and was drained, the next year the company dropped the Canal from its name. The remaining fragments of the canal were designated a National Historic Landmark in 1968, as railroads grew in popularity, the canal company recognized the importance of replacing the canal with a railroad. The first step of this was the Jefferson Railroad, a line from Carbondale north towards New York, chartered in 1864, built by the Erie Railroad in 1869 and this was a branch of the Erie, running south from the main line at Lanesboro to Carbondale
Delaware and Hudson Railway
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1886 map
Delaware and Hudson Railway
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Delaware and Hudson Railway
Delaware and Hudson Railway
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D&H newspaper ad for travel along the line. Circa 1914
7.
Upper Hudson River Railroad
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The Upper Hudson River Railroad was a heritage railroad that operated from 1999 to 2010 in the upper Hudson River in New York States Adirondack Mountains. Primary motive power consisted of Southwind Rail Travel Limited ex-Delaware & Hudson locomotive No.5019, the Upper Hudson River Railroad uses the Adirondack Railway line built by Thomas C. Durant in 1871 to North Creek. North Creek station is where Theodore Roosevelt learned he was to become president of the United States of America after President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901, during World War II, magnetite, ilmenite, and titanium were shipped by rail from Tahawus by the Delaware and Hudson Railway. The D&H, which acquired the Adirondack Line from William West Durant in 1889, in 1998 the right of way was purchased by Warren County with plans to operate an excursion train to improve tourism and economic development in the area. In 1999, the Upper Hudson River Railroad was formed and introduced a train that ran 8.5 miles south from North Creek to Riverside Station in Riparius. The track from Riverside Station 40 miles south to Hadley was rebuilt by 2007, the Upper Hudson River Railroad celebrated its tenth year with a run, dubbed 40 Miler, that started at the 96-foot high trestle in Hadley and ended at the restored 90-foot turntable in North Creek. The 2007 season included excursions to 1,000 acres Ranch, the 40 miler to Hadley, various actors playing the roles of clowns, hobos, and a musician/storyteller join the excursions. The Upper Hudson River Railroad lost their contract with Warren County on December 31,2010, on April 8,2011, it was announced that Iowa Pacific Holdings would take over operation of the route effective July 1,2011. As part of the agreement, the Iowa Pacific agreed to operate a minimum of 182 tourist-oriented passenger trains over the line, Iowa Pacific began operating trains on July 12,2011 as the Saratoga and North Creek Railroad. S. Sen. Charles Schumer, D-N. Y. announced Monday, the federal Surface Transportation Board on Monday approved a request for common carrier status on the line, which allows Iowa Pacific Holdings, the rail line operator, to reopen the line. This action will result in traffic running over the former UHRR line. North Creek – North Creek, New York Riverside Station – Riparius, New York Upper Hudson River Railroad
Upper Hudson River Railroad
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Upper Hudson River Railroad
8.
Saratoga Springs, New York
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Saratoga Springs is a city in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 26,586 at the 2010 census, the name reflects the presence of mineral springs in the area, which has made Saratoga a popular resort destination for over 200 years. The city is just north of Albany, in the heart of New Yorks Capital Region, Saratoga Springs was ranked tenth in the list of the top 10 places to live in New York State for 2014 according to the national online real estate brokerage Movoto. The picturesque area was occupied by the Algonquian-speaking Mahican Indians before they were pushed out by European settlement and they eventually moved east and became allied with other remnant peoples and became known as the Stockbridge Indians, as they settled near Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The British built Fort Saratoga in 1691 on the west bank of the Hudson River, the current village of Schuylerville was settled about a mile south by British colonists shortly after the fort, it was known as Saratoga until 1831. In 1767, William Johnson, a British soldier who was a hero of the French and they treated his war wounds, as the spring was thought to have medicinal properties. Now known as High Rock Spring, it may still be visited today, in 1756 Johnson had been appointed British Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Northeast region due to his success in building alliances with the Mohawk and other Iroquois tribes. He had learned the language, and created many trading relationships and he achieved great wealth from trading and landholdings, and was knighted for his service to the Crown with the Iroquois. The first permanent European-American settler built a dwelling about 1776, the springs attracted tourists, and Gideon Putnam built the first hotel for travelers. Putnam also laid out the roads and donated land for use as public spaces, the Battle of Saratoga, the turning point of the Revolutionary War, did not take place in Saratoga Springs. Rather, the battlefield is 15 miles to the southeast in the Town of Stillwater, a museum dedicated to the two battles is located on the fields where the battles were fought. The British encampment before the surrender at Saratoga took place 10 miles east of the city, in Schuylerville, the surrender of the sword of battle took place where Fort Saratoga had been, south of Schuylerville. Saratoga Springs was established as a settlement in 1819 from a portion of the Town of Saratoga. Its principal community was incorporated as a village in 1826 and the region became a city in 1915. Tourism was greatly aided after 1832 by the arrival of the Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad, Resort hotels developed to accommodate them. In the 19th century, the noted doctor Simon Baruch encouraged developing European-style spas in the United States as centers for health. With its wealth of waters, Saratoga Springs was developed as a spa, generating the development of many large hotels, including the United States Hotel. The latter was, in its day, the largest hotel in the world, in 1863, Saratoga Race Course opened, moving to its current location the following year
Saratoga Springs, New York
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A view of downtown, looking south along Broadway from its intersection with Caroline Street.
Saratoga Springs, New York
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seal
Saratoga Springs, New York
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Stromatolite fossils west of Saratoga Springs, on east side of Lester Park Road (Petrified Sea Gardens Road), north of Rt. 29
Saratoga Springs, New York
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The Broadway Historic District in Downtown Saratoga Springs.
9.
Tahawus, New York
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Tahawus was a village in the Town of Newcomb, Essex County, New York, United States. It is now a ghost town situated in Adirondack Park, Tahawus is located in Essex County within the unpopulated northern area designated to the town of Newcomb. Tahawus was the site of mining and iron smelting operations in the 19th century. Although standing as recently as 2005, the last mining facilities have since demolished and removed. It was in Tahawus in 1901 that Vice President Theodore Roosevelt learned President William McKinley was dying, the Adirondack Iron and Steel Company was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. In the nineteenth century the area was mined for iron ore, Adirondac, New York was a company town of the Adirondack Iron Works. Iron deposits were first found here in 1826 by Archibald McIntyre, the iron was extracted at what was known as the Upper Works with moderate success between 1827 and 1857. In 1857, after a struggle, the Adirondack Iron Works surrendered to the remoteness of the wilderness, impurities of titanium dioxide were present in the iron, which made it difficult for equipment of that era to properly process the ore. A local flood and an economic crisis were also factors in the closure of the Upper Works. The Village consisted of sixteen dwellings and a building with a cupola, used as school, church, the first bank in the Adirondack Mountains opened in the hamlet of Adirondac. The mine and related works operated from 1827 to 1857, after which residents abandoned the community, the enterprise closed due in part to difficulties in extracting an unknown impurity from the local ore. During the latter nineteenth century the land uses at the Tahawus tract were lumbering. The private and relatively informal Preston Ponds Club was formed in February 1876 by James R. Thompson, prior to this time he had been using the property for his own recreational purposes, inviting family and friends to come for hunting and fishing trips. But with the club, he and his associates were better able to protect the fish and game. The club leased an area around the three Preston Ponds from the Adirondack Iron and Steel Company – a later incorporation of the Adirondack Iron Works. In January 1877, the club was reorganized and incorporated as the “Adirondack Club”, in 1898 the club renamed itself again to the Tahawus Club. Club management continued to lease the Tahawus tract lands from the owners heirs. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was visiting Tahawus in 1901 during the days of President William McKinleys presidency
Tahawus, New York
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Construction being done on top of the old McIntyre Blast Furnace near Tahawus, New York as part of stabilization and brush cleaning for restoration of the structure (July 2007)
Tahawus, New York
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Pile of tailings, 1973
Tahawus, New York
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Former National Lead Industries mine at Tahawus
Tahawus, New York
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Adirondac in 1994
10.
North Creek Railroad Station
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The North Creek Railroad Station is a historic railroad station complex located at North Creek, Warren County, New York. The complex consists of the station, the freight house, round house, turntable. The station was built in 1874 and is a simple, rectangular, gable roofed building with a broad and its exterior is covered with vertical boards. The original station was built in 1871 as the new terminus of the Adirondack Railway. The railroad served the mining and tanning industries in North Creek. In 1889, the line was purchased by the Delaware and Hudson Railway, ski trains ran to the station from 1934 until the outbreak of World War II. It is notable as the place where Theodore Roosevelt learned of the assassination of President William McKinley, the station is currently operated as the northern terminus of the Saratoga and North Creek Railway, which has revived both the ski trains and summer service south to Saratoga Springs. The railway currently occupies the house and engine house while another part of the complex serves as the North Creek Depot Museum. The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, North Creek Depot Museum website Saratoga & North Creek RR website
North Creek Railroad Station
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The station in August 2010
11.
Thurman, New York
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Thurman is a town in the western part of Warren County, New York, United States. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, the town population was 1,199 at the 2000 census. The town is named after John Thurman, an early landowner, the town lies entirely inside the Adirondack Park. John Thurman was one of a group of investors who started the settlement in 1790 at Elm Hill. The town of Thurman was established in 1792, Athol was divided in 1852 to form the town of Thurman and the town of Stony Creek. Besides the town of Thurman, the town of Johnsburg is also named after John Thurman. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 92.8 square miles. The Hudson River defines the edge of the town. The west town line is the border of Hamilton County, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,199 people,466 households, and 338 families residing in the town. The population density was 13.1 people per square mile, there were 642 housing units at an average density of 7.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 66% White,0. 50% African American,0. 25% Native American,0. 50% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 58% of the population. 21. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.96. In the town, the population was out with 25. 9% under the age of 18,6. 0% from 18 to 24,28. 1% from 25 to 44,25. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males, the median income for a household in the town was $36,382, and the median income for a family was $38,523. Males had an income of $31,111 versus $22,829 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,278, about 10. 0% of families and 11. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 5% of those under age 18 and 11. 4% of those age 65 or over. Athol – A hamlet in the southeast part of the town and this hamlet has ZIP code 12810
Thurman, New York
–
Location of Thurman in Warren County
12.
Stony Creek, New York
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Stony Creek is a town in the southwest part of Warren County, New York, United States. It is northwest of the city of Glens Falls and is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 743 at the 2000 census. The town is named for a stream flows through it. Stony Creek is within the Adirondack Park, the town was first settled around 1795. Stony Creek was established as a town in 1852 from a remainder of the Town of Warrensburg called Athol. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, when a tannery existed at the confluence of Roaring Branch and Stony Creek near the center of town, during that time extensive logging was done in western Stony Creek. Once many of the trees were taken out, and tanning practices changed. The center of town – referred to by residents as the four corners – includes the main business, the Stony Creek Inn, the Creek Center Mercantile and the Post Office now occupy three of the four corners and a small park adjacent at Roaring Branch occupies the fourth. Tavern 16 is a recent addition to the four corners, just a few doors down from the Mercantile. The Creek Center Mercantile, formerly Winslows Store and Floyds Mall named after Floyd Winslow, its now deceased, the Mercantile is closed but owned by Floyds daughters family, the Harringtons. Both the Winslows and Harringtons have lived in Stony Creek for many generations, prior to the Post Office, the third corner of the four corners was occupied by the Stony Creek Lodge, the counterpart of the Stony Creek Inn. Like the Inn, the Lodge included a bar, a stage for music, and was a destination for locals, hunters, the Lodge burned down in July 1990. Tavern 16 is a bar built, owned and operated since the early 1990s by Henry. Tavern 16 features impressive handcrafted woodwork, a collection of art. Hank is lead guitarist in the Stony Creek Band, in addition to the four corners, the other main area of activity in Stony Creek is the John T. ONeill Green Meadows Park which is situated just west of the four corners and along Stony Creek itself. The rec field is also the site of the long-running annual Mountain Festival, in the past, the original Mountain Days celebrated the 100th anniversary of the town and paid homage to the areas rich logging tradition, attracting thousands of attendees. It included competitions such as the pole climb, chainsaw and bandsaw speed competitions, wood chopping competitions, axe throwing competitions. The festival continues to grow with added attractions each year, the Methodist Episcopal Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010
Stony Creek, New York
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Location of Stony Creek in Warren County
13.
Corinth (village), New York
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Corinth is a village in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 2,474 at the 2000 census, the village gets its name from the Greek city of Corinth. The Village of Corinth is by the east town line of the Town of Corinth, the community asserts that it is the Snowshoe capital of the world. Waterfalls, a source of power, attracted settlers to the area at the end of the 18th Century, the village was incorporated in 1888. During that period, the village was the site of many paper mills, Corinth is located at 43°14′37″N 73°49′44″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has an area of 1.1 square miles. The village is next to the Hudson River, New York State Route 9N intersects Palmer Avenue in the village. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,474 people,1,024 households, the population density was 2,318.6 people per square mile. There were 1,144 housing units at a density of 1,072.2 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 17% of the population,30. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the family size was 2.97. In the village, the population was out with 26. 1% under the age of 18,7. 8% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males, the median income for a household in the village was $30,539, and the median income for a family was $39,205. Males had an income of $31,481 versus $26,163 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,134, about 6. 6% of families and 11. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 3% of those under age 18 and 8. 8% of those age 65 or over. Village of Corinth Town of Corinth
Corinth (village), New York
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Corinth
14.
Amtrak
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Founded in 1971 to take over most of the remaining U. S. passenger rail services, it is partially government funded yet operated and managed as a for-profit corporation. Amtrak serves more than 500 destinations in 46 states and three Canadian provinces, operating more than 300 trains each day over 21,300 miles of track, some track sections allow trains to run as fast as 150 mph. In fiscal year 2015, Amtrak served 30.8 million passengers and had $2.185 billion in revenue, nearly two-thirds of passengers come from the 10 largest metropolitan areas, 83% of passengers travel on routes shorter than 400 miles. Its headquarters is at Union Station in Washington, D. C, the name Amtrak is a portmanteau of the words America and trak, the latter itself a sensational spelling of track. From the mid-19th century until about 1920, nearly all intercity travelers in the United States moved by rail, historically, U. S. passenger trains were owned and operated by the same privately owned companies that operated freight trains. About 65,000 railroad passenger cars operated in 1929, from 1920 into the later 20th century, passenger rails popularity diminished and there was a series of pullbacks and tentative recoveries. Rail passenger revenues declined dramatically between 1920 and 1934 because of the rise of the automobile, in the same period, many travelers were lost to interstate bus companies such as Greyhound Lines. However, in the mid-1930s, railroads reignited popular imagination with service improvements and new, diesel-powered streamliners, such as the gleaming silver Pioneer Zephyr and Flying Yankee. Even with the improvements, on a basis, traffic continued to decline. World War II broke the malaise, passenger traffic soared sixfold thanks to troop movements, in 1946, there remained 45 percent fewer passenger trains than in 1929, and the decline quickened despite railroad optimism. Passengers disappeared and so did trains, few trains generated profits, most produced losses. Broad-based passenger rail deficits appeared as early as 1948, and by the mid-1950s, by 1965, only 10,000 rail passenger cars were in operation,85 percent fewer than in 1929. Passenger service was provided on only 75,000 miles of track, the 1960s also saw the end of railway post office revenues, which had helped some of the remaining trains break even. The causes of the decline of rail in the United States were complex. Until 1920, rail was the practical form of intercity transport. By 1930, the companies had constructed, with private funding. In 1916, the amount of track in the United States peaked at 254,251 miles, some rail routes had been built primarily to facilitate the sale of stock in the railroad companies, they were redundant from the beginning. These were the first to be abandoned as the financial positions deteriorated
Amtrak
–
The
Illinois Central Railroad 's
Panama Limited long-distance diesel
streamliner train
Amtrak
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Geographic map of the Amtrak system
Amtrak
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The
Boston and Maine Railroad 's
Speed Merchant Talgo train
Amtrak
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The
Gulf, Mobile and Northern Railroad Rebel streamliner train
15.
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
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Pennsylvania Station, also known as New York Penn Station or Penn Station, is the main intercity railroad station in New York City. Serving more than 600,000 commuter rail and Amtrak passengers a day, Penn Station is in the midtown area of Manhattan, close to Herald Square, the Empire State Building, Koreatown, and the Macys department store. Entirely underground, it sits beneath Madison Square Garden, between Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue and between 31st and 34th Streets, Penn Station has 21 tracks fed by seven tunnels. It is at the center of the Northeast Corridor, a rail line that connects New York City with Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, D. C. Intercity trains are operated by Amtrak, which owns the station, while rail services are operated by the Long Island Rail Road. Connections are available within the complex to the New York City Subway, additionally, if reopened, the old Hilton Corridor would recreate an indoor connection with Port Authority Trans-Hudson trains. The original Pennsylvania Station was built from 1901-1910 by the Pennsylvania Railroad, after a decline in passenger usage during the 1950s, the original station was demolished and reconstructed from 1963 to 1969, resulting in the current station. Pennsylvania Station is named for the Pennsylvania Railroad, its builder and original tenant, the current facility is the substantially remodeled underground remnant of a significantly more ornate station building designed by McKim, Mead, and White and completed in 1910. The original Pennsylvania Station was considered a masterpiece of the Beaux-Arts style, the station was moved fully underground, beneath the newly constructed Pennsylvania Plaza complex and Madison Square Garden arena completed in 1968. Until the early 20th century, the PRRs rail network terminated on the side of the Hudson River at Exchange Place in Jersey City. Manhattan-bound passengers boarded ferries to cross the Hudson River for the stretch of their journey. The rival New York Central Railroads line ran down Manhattan from the north under Park Avenue, the development of the electric locomotive at the turn of the 20th century made a tunnel feasible. The station would sit in Manhattans Tenderloin district, a historical district known for its corruption and prostitution. Beginning in June 1903, the two single-track North River Tunnels were bored from the west under the Hudson River. Electrification was initially 600 volts DC–third rail, and later changed to 11,000 volts AC–overhead catenary when electrification of PRRs mainline was extended to Washington, D. C. in the early 1930s. The same tube, with an inscription indicating that it had displayed at the Exposition, was later installed under water. Construction was completed on the Hudson River tunnels on October 9,1906, meanwhile, ground was broken for Pennsylvania Station on May 1,1904. Along with Long Island Rail Road trains, Penn Station saw trains of the New Haven and the Lehigh Valley Railroads
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
–
Entrance on Seventh Avenue, with Madison Square Garden and Penn Plaza in the background.
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
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Penn Station in 1911, shortly after opening
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
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Penn Station, Interior, 1935-1938
16.
Heritage railway
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A heritage railway is a railway kept to carry living history rail traffic in order to re-create or preserve railway scenes of the past. Often heritage railways are old railway lines preserved in a state which depicts a certain period, or periods, Heritage railway lines contain historic rail infrastructure that has been substituted or made obsolete in modern railway transit systems. Historical installations, such as hand operated points, water cranes, due to the lack of modern technology, or to a desire for historical accuracy, railway operations can be handled with traditional practices, such as the use of physical tokens. Use of heritage infrastructure and operations often calls for assigning roles based on historical occupations to the railway staff, station masters and signalmen, sometimes wearing period-appropriate attire, can be seen on some heritage railways. Most heritage railways carry heritage rolling stock, but modern rail vehicles can be used to showcase railway scenes with historical line infrastructure, still other heritage railways offer a viable public transit option and can therefore sustain operations with a sufficient amount of revenue from regular riders or government subsidies. Childrens railways are extracurricular educational institutions, where children and teenagers learn railway professions, often they are fully functional, passenger-carrying narrow gauge rail lines. This phenomenon originated in the USSR and was developed in Soviet times. Many sites were called pioneer railways, after the communist youth organisation, the first childrens railway was opened Moscow in 1932, and at the breakup of the USSR,52 childrens railways existed in the country. Even though the fall of communist governments has led to closures of these railways, many preserved childrens railways are still functioning in post-Soviet states, many childrens railways were built on parklands in urban areas. Unlike many industrial areas, typically served by a gauge railway. Child volunteers and socialist fiscal policy enabled stagnant existence for many of these railways, the old childrens railways, which still carry traffic, have often retained their original infrastructure and rolling stock, including vintage steam locomotives. Some have also acquired heritage vehicles from other railways, creating passages for trains up steep hills and through mountain regions offers many obstacles which call for special technical solutions. Special steep grade railway -technologies and extensive tunneling may be employed, the use of narrow gauge allows tighter curves in the track and offers a smaller structure gauge and tunnel size. Pit railways have been an important part of operating an underground mine all over the world, small rail vehicles offer effective transportation of ore and waste rock, as well as workers, through narrow tunnels. Sometimes the trains were the mode of transport in the passages between the work sites and the mine entrance. Often the loading gauge of the railway dictated the cross-section of the passages to be dug, and the tunnel, on many mining sites, pit railways have been abandoned due to mine closure or adoption of new kinds of transportation equipment. Nowadays some show mines exhibit a vintage pit railway and offer a chance to experience a mantrip into the mine, Millennium Underground Railway or M1, built from 1894 to 1896, is the oldest line of the Budapest Metro system and the second oldest underground railway in the world. In the 1980s and 1990s, M1 underwent major reconstruction, the original appearance of the old stations has been preserved
Heritage railway
–
Scene on a heritage railway: A
tank engine takes on water through a
water crane at
Bishops Lydeard station on the
West Somerset Railway,
Somerset,
England
Heritage railway
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Train passing a
deck truss bridge on
Šargan Eight,
Serbia
Heritage railway
–
Token passed at a children's railway,
Zaporizhia,
Ukraine
Heritage railway
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Entrance of King’s Mine,
Kongsberg,
Norway
17.
Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, tidal waters influence the Hudsons flow from as far north as Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canadas Hudson Bay is also named. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River –, during the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, the Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. From that point on, the stream is known as the Hudson River. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source, South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson, the Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties, in the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake, shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls, at this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet, further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties, the river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts, shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River
Hudson River
–
The
Bear Mountain Bridge across the Hudson River as seen from
Bear Mountain
Hudson River
–
The river from the
Poughkeepsie Bridge
Hudson River
–
The river between
Midtown Manhattan (foreground) and
Weehawken, New Jersey (background)
Hudson River
–
The bulk carrier Nord Angel breaking ice on the Hudson
18.
Adirondack Mountains
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The Adirondack Mountains /ædᵻˈrɒndæk/ form a massif in the northeast of Upstate New York in the United States. Its boundaries correspond to the boundaries of Adirondack Park, the mountains form a roughly circular dome, about 160 miles in diameter and about 1 mile high. The current relief owes much to glaciation, the earliest written use of the name, spelled Rontaks, was in 1724 by the French missionary Joseph-François Lafitau. He defined it as tree eaters, in the Mohawk language, Adirondack means porcupine, an animal that may eat bark. The Mohawks had no written language at the time so Europeans have used various phonetic spellings, an English map from 1761 labels it simply Deer Hunting Country and the mountains were named Adirondacks in 1837 by Ebenezer Emmons. People first arrived in the following the settlement of the Americas around 10,000 BC. The Algonquian peoples and the Mohawk nation used the Adirondacks for hunting and travel, european colonisation of the area began with Samuel de Champlain visiting what is now Ticonderoga in 1609, and Jesuit missionary Isaac Jogues visited the region in 1642. In 1664 the land came under the control of the English when New Netherland was ceded to The Crown, after the American Revolutionary War, the lands passed to the people of New York State. Needing money to war debts, the new government sold nearly all the original public acreage about 7 million acres for pennies an acre. Lumbermen were welcomed to the interior, with few restraints, resulting in massive deforestation, for the history of the area since industrialization, see The History of Adirondack Park. In 1989, part of the Adirondack region was designated by UNESCO as the Champlain-Adirondack Biosphere Reserve, the rocks of the mountains originated about two billion years ago as 50,000 feet deep sediments at the bottom of a sea near the equator. Because of continental drift these collided with Laurentia in a mountain building episode known as the Grenville orogeny, during this time the sedimentary rock was changed into metamorphic rock. It is these Proterozoic minerals and lithologies that make up the core of the massif, such minerals of interest include, wollastonite, mined near Harrisville magnetite and hematite, formerly mined at the Benson Mines, Lyon Mountain, Mineville, Tawahus, and Witherbee. Graphite, mined near Hague and Ticonderoga, garnet, mined at the Barton Mine, north of Gore Mountain. Anorthosite, visible in road cuts on the New York State Route 3 between Saranac Lake and Tupper Lake, marble zinc, The Balmat-Edwards district on the northwest flank of the massif also in St. Lawrence County was a major zinc ore deposit titanium was mined at Tawahus. Around 600 million years ago the area began to be pulled apart, as Laurentia drifted away from Baltica, faults developed, running north to north east which formed valleys and deep lakes. Examples visible today include the grabens Lake George and Schroon Lake, by this time the Grenville mountains had been eroded away and the area was covered by a shallow sea. Several thousand feet of sediment accumulated on the sea bed, trilobites were the principal life-form of the sea bed, and fossil tracks can be seen in the Potsdam sandstone floor of the Paul Smiths Visitor Interpretive Center
Adirondack Mountains
–
The Adirondack Mountains from the top of
Whiteface Mountain
Adirondack Mountains
Adirondack Mountains
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1876 map of the Adirondacks, showing many of the now obsolete names for many of the peaks, lakes, and communities
Adirondack Mountains
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Whiteface Mountain
19.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
U.S. state
–
U.S. states
20.
North Creek, New York
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North Creek is a census-designated place and hamlet in the Adirondack Park, in the town of Johnsburg, in Warren County, New York, United States. It is a known for skiing, hiking and other outdoor recreational activities. It is located at 43°41′52″N 73°59′11″W, the town hall, library, and Johnsburg Central School are all located in North Creek. The Saratoga and North Creek Railroad is a railway that operates between North Creek and Saratoga Springs over the tracks of the historic Adirondack Railway. The North Creek Depot Museum is in the town, documenting the cultural and industrial history of the Adirondacks area, North Creek was the original northern terminus of the Adirondack Railway, the first railroad into the Adirondacks, built by Dr. Thomas C. It was to the station at North Creek that then Vice President Theodore Roosevelt rode from Mount Marcy upon learning of the death of William McKinley in 1901, the North Creek Railroad Station Complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. The Gore Mountain ski area has expanded greatly over the past five years, with new trails, gondola, and quad chairlift. The center is owned by New York State and operated by ORDA, there are several new housing developments under way as well
North Creek, New York
–
Main Street in North Creek Business District.
21.
Ethan Allen Express
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The Ethan Allen Express is a 241-mile passenger train service operated by Amtrak between New York City and Rutland, Vermont, via Albany, New York. The scheduled total trip time is 5.5 hours, operations are subsidized by the state of Vermont, and the train is popular among vacationers travelling to the ski resort area of Killington, Vermont. The Ethan Allen Express is named for the American Revolutionary War hero Ethan Allen, between Penn Station and Rensselaer, it operates along the Empire Corridor. In April 1995, the Montrealer was shifted to daytime operation and cut back to St. Albans as the Vermonter, providing service to eastern. The western part of the state then advocated for rail service to Rutland as well, $4.7 million in federal funds was secured to upgrade the former Delaware and Hudson Railway line between Whitehall and Rutland for passenger speeds. Service was initiated in December 2,1996 and this was the first passenger service between Fort Edward and Whitehall since 1953, and the first between Whitehall and Rutland since 1936. A stop at Fair Haven was added in November 1997, until May 2002, the train included a baggage car for skis and unboxed bicycles as well as checked baggage. In October 2008, the Vermont Agency of Transportation proposed eliminating the Ethan Allen Express, the proposal was rejected by the appropriate legislative committee. VTrans again proposed ending service in January 2009, two hundred people rallied at Rutland station against the proposed cut. Rail advocates, led by the Vermont Rail Action Network and local political leaders organized to fight the cut, on January 2,2010, the Ethan Allen Express began stopping at Castleton station. Service to Fair Haven ended on January 9, Amtrak evaluated the line as the worst in the nation. The project was funded by both the railroad and the state of New York at a cost of $3.25 million, plans have existed to extend the Ethan Allen to Burlington from at least 2000. Advocates, led by Chambers of Commerce and the Vermont Rail Action Network renewed the push for an extension to Burlington and they believed that service to Burlington would secure the long-term sustainability of the service by generating much more ridership than Rutland is capable of. The Vermont Agency of Transportation applied for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 funds to rebuild the tracks to passenger standards which would enable the extension. While the initial application was not approved, the state entered a second US$70 million application for similar grants. In 2013, the extension received additional funding via a $9 million TIGER V grant, the money will pay for the replacement of jointed rail with continuously welded rail. These improvements will result in increased speeds of up to 40 miles per hour for freight and 60 miles per hour for passenger trains between Rutland and Burlington, service to Burlington is to begin in 2018 or 2019 – the first passenger service between the cities since 1953. Amtrak - Ethan Allen Express Vermont Rail Action Network
Ethan Allen Express
–
Rutland-bound train #291 entering Croton Harmon Station, August 12, 2008
22.
Adirondack (Amtrak)
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The Adirondack is a passenger train operated daily along the Empire Corridor by Amtrak between New York City and Montreal. The trip takes approximately 11 hours to cover a distance of 381 miles, traveling through the scenic Hudson Valley. The Adirondack operates as train 68 towards New York, and as 69 from New York to Montreal, the Adirondack service is financed by the New York State Department of Transportation. The Adirondack service suffers from numerous delays along the route because almost none of the trackage is owned by Amtrak, the on-time performance of the route averaged 64. 8% for the year ending June 2016. According to Amtrak,28. 8% of the delay was due to track- and signal-related problems. During fiscal year 2015, the Adirondack carried over 132,345 passengers, the train had a total revenue of $7,453,664 during FY2015. At the inception of Amtrak in 1971 the Delaware & Hudson operated two trains between Albany, New York and Montreal, the Montreal Limited and the Laurentian, both trains were discontinued, and for three years the D&H line saw no service. The Adirondack began running on August 5,1974, from Grand Central Terminal in New York to Albany, from the outset the train operated with financial support from the state of New York. Until the Empire Connection was built in 1991, the train served Grand Central Terminal instead of Penn Station in New York City, there is a short distance of track between Albany and Schenectady that allows for 110 MPH operations. The Adirondack debuted in 1974 with D&H equipment, much of it ex-Laurentian and these were supplemented by a pair of Skyline dome cars leased from the Canadian Pacific Railway. Four D&H ALCO PA diesel locomotives hauled the train, on March 1,1977, new Turboliner gas turbine trainsets took over from the D&H cars. Conventional Amtrak equipment would eventually displace the Turboliners, the Adirondack operates year-round with General Electric P42DC and P32AC-DM units and Amfleet passenger cars. A typical consist will include,1 P42DC/P32AC-DM locomotive, the P32AC-DM operates between New York and Albany, the P42DC handles the remainder. 1 Amfleet I cafe car 2-4 Amfleet I coach cars 2 Amfleet II coach cars 1 Full-length Dome car, the Adirondack, unlike other Empire Service trains and the Maple Leaf, does not offer business class seating. There is a proposal for a Montreal—New York City high-speed train, the song Anna-Lisa by Prozzak plays an announcement of the trains Montreal-bound stops in the background. Laurentian Montrealer Maple Leaf Amtrak – Adirondack
Adirondack (Amtrak)
–
Adirondack train #69 at
Saratoga Springs station.
Adirondack (Amtrak)
–
D&H ALCO PAs in 1975.
Adirondack (Amtrak)
–
Exchange of cars at the
Albany-Rensselaer train station.
23.
Thomas C. Durant
–
Thomas Clark Durant was an American financier and railroad promoter. He was vice-president of the Union Pacific Railroad in 1869 when it met with the Central Pacific railroad at Promontory Summit in Utah Territory and he created the financial structure which led to the Crédit Mobilier scandal. He was successful in building railroads in the Midwest, and, after the UP was organized in 1862 by an act of Congress, John A. Dix was elected president and Durant vice president of the company. He organized and at first controlled the Crédit Mobilier of America, Durant, however, continued on the directorate of the Union Pacific and furiously pushed construction of the railroad until it met the Central Pacific RR on May 10,1869. The Ames group then procured his discharge, Durant was born February 6,1820 in Lee, Massachusetts. He studied medicine at Albany Medical College where, in 1840, he graduated cum laude, after he retired from this field, he became a director of his uncle’s grain exporting company, Durant, Lathrop and Company in New York City. While working with the wheat trade, Durant discovered the need for improved inland transportation. Durant got his start in the industry working as a broker for the Chicago. It was during this time that Durant became professionally acquainted with Henry Farnam, the two men created a new contracting company under the name of Farnam and Durant. In 1853 they were given the commission of raising capital and managing construction for the newly chartered Mississippi, the M&M Railroad acquired major land grants to build Iowa’s first railroad. The centerpiece of the M&M was a railroad bridge, which. The bridge linked the M&M to the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad, after a steamboat hit the bridge, boat operators sued to have the bridge dismantled. Durant and the Rock Island hired private attorney Abraham Lincoln to defend the bridge, like Samson he would not hesitate to pull down the temple even if it meant burying himself along with his enemies. Durant had a reputation for squeezing friend and foe for personal gain. As general agent for the UP Eastern Division, Durant was also charged with the tasks of raising money, acquiring resources, persuading various politicians to invest as limited stockholders, amongst others, Durant successfully issued $2.18 million of UP stock to subscribers. At the same time, Durant manipulated the market, running up the value of his M&M stock by saying he was going to connect the Transcontinental Railroad to it. He was secretly buying competing rail line stock, and then said the Transcontinental Railroad was going to go to that line, since the government paid for each mile of track laid, Durant overrode his engineers and ordered extra track to be laid in large oxbows. In the first two-and-a-half-years the Union Pacific did not extend further than 40 miles from Council Bluffs, as the federal government was waging the Civil War, Durant avoided its oversight on railroad construction
Thomas C. Durant
–
Thomas Clark Durant, M.D.
24.
North Creek Railroad Station Complex
–
The North Creek Railroad Station is a historic railroad station complex located at North Creek, Warren County, New York. The complex consists of the station, the freight house, round house, turntable. The station was built in 1874 and is a simple, rectangular, gable roofed building with a broad and its exterior is covered with vertical boards. The original station was built in 1871 as the new terminus of the Adirondack Railway. The railroad served the mining and tanning industries in North Creek. In 1889, the line was purchased by the Delaware and Hudson Railway, ski trains ran to the station from 1934 until the outbreak of World War II. It is notable as the place where Theodore Roosevelt learned of the assassination of President William McKinley, the station is currently operated as the northern terminus of the Saratoga and North Creek Railway, which has revived both the ski trains and summer service south to Saratoga Springs. The railway currently occupies the house and engine house while another part of the complex serves as the North Creek Depot Museum. The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, North Creek Depot Museum website Saratoga & North Creek RR website
North Creek Railroad Station Complex
–
The station in August 2010
25.
Theodore Roosevelt
–
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was an American statesman, author, explorer, soldier, naturalist, and reformer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. As a leader of the Republican Party during this time, he became a force for the Progressive Era in the United States in the early 20th century. Born a sickly child with debilitating asthma, Roosevelt successfully overcame his health problems by embracing a strenuous lifestyle and he integrated his exuberant personality, vast range of interests, and world-famous achievements into a cowboy persona defined by robust masculinity. Home-schooled, he began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending Harvard College and his first of many books, The Naval War of 1812, established his reputation as both a learned historian and as a popular writer. Upon entering politics, he became the leader of the faction of Republicans in New Yorks state legislature. Returning a war hero, he was elected governor of New York in 1898, the state party leadership distrusted him, so they took the lead in moving him to the prestigious but powerless role of vice presidential candidate as McKinleys running mate in the election of 1900. Roosevelt campaigned vigorously across the country, helping McKinleys re-election in a victory based on a platform of peace, prosperity. Following the assassination of President McKinley in September 1901, Roosevelt succeeded to the office at age 42, making conservation a top priority, he established a myriad of new national parks, forests, and monuments intended to preserve the nations natural resources. In foreign policy, he focused on Central America, where he began construction of the Panama Canal and he greatly expanded the United States Navy and sent the Great White Fleet on a world tour to project the United States naval power around the globe. His successful efforts to end the Russo-Japanese War won him the 1906 Nobel Peace Prize, elected in 1904 to a full term, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive policies, but many of his efforts and much of his legislative agenda were eventually blocked in Congress. Roosevelt successfully groomed his close friend, William Howard Taft, to succeed him in the presidency, after leaving office, Roosevelt went on safari in Africa and toured Europe. Returning to the United States, he became frustrated with Tafts approach, failing to win the Republican presidential nomination in 1912, Roosevelt founded his own party, the Progressive, so-called Bull Moose Party, and called for wide-ranging progressive reforms. The split among Republicans enabled the Democrats to win both the White House and a majority in the Congress in 1912, Republicans aligned with Taft nationally would control the Republican Party for decades. Frustrated at home, Roosevelt led an expedition to the Amazon basin. During World War I, he opposed President Woodrow Wilson for keeping the country out of the war, and offered his military services, although planning to run again for president in 1920, Roosevelt suffered deteriorating health and died in early 1919. Roosevelt has consistently ranked by scholars as one of the greatest American presidents. Historians admire Roosevelt for rooting out corruption in his administration, but are critical of his 1909 libel lawsuits against the World and his face was carved into Mount Rushmore, alongside those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln. Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27,1858, at East 20th Street in New York City and he was the second of four children born to socialite Martha Stewart Mittie Bulloch and glass businessman and philanthropist Theodore Roosevelt Sr
Theodore Roosevelt
–
Theodore Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt
–
Theodore Roosevelt at age 11
Theodore Roosevelt
–
Roosevelt's taxidermy kit
Theodore Roosevelt
–
Roosevelt as NY State Assemblyman, 1883
26.
Assassination of William McKinley
–
William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, was assassinated on September 6,1901 inside the Temple of Music on the grounds of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He was shaking hands with the public when Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, McKinley died eight days later on September 14 of gangrene caused by the gunshot wounds. He was the third American president to have been assassinated, following Abraham Lincoln in 1865, McKinley had been elected for a second term in 1900. He enjoyed meeting the public, and was reluctant to accept the security available to his office, Secretary to the President George B. Cortelyou feared that an attempt would take place during a visit to the Temple of Music. Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism, regarding McKinley as a symbol of oppression, Czolgosz was convinced that it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him. Unable to get near the President during the presidential visit earlier, one bullet grazed McKinley, the other entered his abdomen and was never found. In September 1901, William McKinley was at the height of his power as president, elected in 1896, during the serious economic depression resulting from the Panic of 1893, he had defeated his Democratic rival, William Jennings Bryan. McKinley led the nation both to a return to prosperity and to victory in the Spanish–American War in 1898, taking possession of such Spanish colonies as Puerto Rico and the Philippines. McKinleys original vice president, Garret Hobart, had died in 1899, in advance of the convention, New Yorks Republican political boss, Senator Thomas C. Platt, saw an opportunity to politically sideline his states governor, former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, Roosevelt accepted the nomination and was elected on McKinleys ticket. Leon Czolgosz was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1873, the Czolgosz family moved a number of times as Paul Czolgosz, Leons father, sought work throughout the Midwest. As an adult, Leon Czolgosz worked in a Cleveland factory until he lost his job in a dispute in 1893. Thereafter, he worked irregularly and attended political and religious meetings, in so doing, he became interested in anarchism. By 1901, this movement was feared in the United States—New Yorks highest court had ruled that the act of identifying oneself as an anarchist in front of an audience was a breach of the peace. Two American presidents had been assassinated in the 19th century—Abraham Lincoln in 1865, although two presidents had been struck down by assassins, McKinley did not like security personnel to come between him and the people. When in his hometown, Canton, Ohio, he walked to church or the business district without protection. McKinley gave a speech at his second inauguration on March 4,1901
Assassination of William McKinley
–
Leon Czolgosz shoots
President McKinley with a concealed revolver. Clipping of a wash drawing by T. Dart Walker.
Assassination of William McKinley
–
Leon Czolgosz
Assassination of William McKinley
–
William McKinley (to the left of center, with white shirtfront) delivers his final speech.
Assassination of William McKinley
–
The "last posed photograph" of President McKinley, in the Government Building on 5 September 1901. Left to right: Mrs. John Miller Horton, Chairwoman of the Entertainment Committee of the Woman's Board of Managers; John G. Milburn; Senor Asperoz, the Mexican Ambassador; the President; George B. Courtelyou, the President's secretary; Col. John H. Bingham of the Government Board.
27.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
28.
Magnetite
–
Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores. With the chemical formula Fe3O4, it is one of the oxides of iron, Magnetite is ferrimagnetic, it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. It is the most magnetic of all the minerals on Earth. Naturally-magnetized pieces of magnetite, called lodestone, will attract small pieces of iron, today it is mined as iron ore. Small grains of magnetite occur in almost all igneous and metamorphic rocks, Magnetite is black or brownish-black with a metallic luster, has a Mohs hardness of 5–6 and leaves a black streak. The chemical IUPAC name is iron oxide and the chemical name is ferrous-ferric oxide. In addition to rocks, magnetite also occurs in sedimentary rocks, including banded iron formations and in lake. Magnetite nanoparticles are also thought to form in soils, where they probably oxidize rapidly to maghemite, Magnetite has an inverse spinel crystal structure. As a member of the group, it can form solid solutions with similarly structured minerals, including ulvospinel. Titanomagnetite, also known as titaniferous magnetite, is a solution between magnetite and ulvospinel that crystallizes in many mafic igneous rocks. Titanomagnetite may undergo oxyexsolution during cooling, resulting in ingrowths of magnetite and ilmenite, Magnetite has been important in understanding the conditions under which rocks form. Magnetite reacts with oxygen to produce hematite, and the pair forms a buffer that can control oxygen fugacity. Commonly, igneous rocks contain solid solutions of both titanomagnetite and hemoilmenite or titanohematite, Magnetite also is produced from peridotites and dunites by serpentinization. Lodestones were used as a form of magnetic compass. At low temperatures, magnetite undergoes a crystal structure phase transition from a structure to a cubic structure known as the Verwey transition. The Verwey transition occurs around 121 K and is dependent on size, domain state. An isotropic point also occurs near the Verwey transition around 130 K, the Curie temperature of magnetite is 858 K. Magnetite is sometimes found in large quantities in beach sand. Such black sands are found in places, such as Lung Kwu Tan of Hong Kong, California of the United States
Magnetite
–
Magnetite and pyrite from Piedmont, Italy
Magnetite
–
Magnetite and other heavy minerals (dark) in a quartz
beach sand (
Chennai,
India).
Magnetite
–
Red gem-like crystals of
chondrodite with magnetite, Tilly Foster mine,
Brewster, New York (size 2.8 x 2.6 x 2.1 cm)
29.
Ilmenite
–
Ilmenite is the titanium-iron oxide mineral with the idealized formula FeTiO3. It is a weakly magnetic black or steel-gray solid, from the commercial perspective, ilmenite is the most important ore of titanium. Ilmenite is the source of titanium dioxide, which is used in paints, fabrics, plastics, paper, sunscreen, food. Ilmenite crystallizes in the trigonal system, containing high spin ferrous centers, ilmenite is paramagnetic. Ilmenite is commonly recognized in altered igneous rocks by the presence of an alteration product. Often ilmenites are rimmed with leucoxene, which allows ilmenite to be distinguished from magnetite, the example shown in the image at right is typical of leucoxene-rimmed ilmenite. In reflected light it may be distinguished from magnetite by more pronounced reflection pleochroism, samples of ilmenite exhibit a weak response to a hand magnet. Ilmenite most often contains appreciable quantities of magnesium and manganese and the chemical formula can be expressed as O3. Ilmenite forms a solution with geikielite and pyrophanite which are magnesian. At higher temperatures it has been demonstrated there is a solid solution between ilmenite and hematite. There is a miscibility gap at lower temperatures, resulting in a coexistence of two minerals in rocks but no solid solution. This coexistence may result in exsolution lamellae in cooled ilmenites with more iron in the system than can be accommodated in the crystal lattice. Altered ilmenite forms the mineral leucoxene, an important source of titanium in heavy mineral sands ore deposits, leucoxene is a typical component of altered gabbro and diorite and is generally indicative of ilmenite in the unaltered rock. Ilmenite is an accessory mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. It is found in large concentrations in layered intrusions where it forms as part of a layer within the silicate stratigraphy of the intrusion. Ilmenite generally occurs within the portion of such intrusions. Magnesian ilmenite is indicative of kimberlitic paragenesis and forms part of the MARID association of minerals assemblage of glimmerite xenoliths, manganiferous ilmenite is found in granitic rocks and also in carbonatite intrusions where it may also contain anomalous niobium. Many mafic igneous rocks contain grains of magnetite and ilmenite
Ilmenite
–
Ilmenite from Miass, Ilmen Mts, Chelyabinsk Oblast', Southern Urals, Urals Region, Russia. 4.5 x 4.3 x 1.5 cm
Ilmenite
–
Tellnes opencast ilmenite mine,
Sokndal, Norway
30.
Titanium
–
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It is a transition metal with a silver color, low density. Titanium is resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, titanium was discovered in Cornwall, Great Britain, by William Gregor in 1791, and it is named by Martin Heinrich Klaproth for the Titans of Greek mythology. The metal is extracted from its principal mineral ores by the Kroll, the most common compound, titanium dioxide, is a popular photocatalyst and is used in the manufacture of white pigments. Other compounds include titanium tetrachloride, a component of smoke screens and catalysts, and titanium trichloride, the two most useful properties of the metal are corrosion resistance and strength-to-density ratio, the highest of any metallic element. In its unalloyed condition, titanium is as strong as some steels, there are two allotropic forms and five naturally occurring isotopes of this element, 46Ti through 50Ti, with 48Ti being the most abundant. Although they have the number of valence electrons and are in the same group in the periodic table. As a metal, titanium is recognized for its high strength-to-weight ratio and it is a strong metal with low density that is quite ductile, lustrous, and metallic-white in color. The relatively high melting point makes it useful as a refractory metal and it is paramagnetic and has fairly low electrical and thermal conductivity. Commercial grades of titanium have ultimate tensile strength of about 434 MPa, equal to that of common, low-grade steel alloys, titanium is 60% denser than aluminium, but more than twice as strong as the most commonly used 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Certain titanium alloys achieve tensile strengths of over 1400 MPa, however, titanium loses strength when heated above 430 °C. Titanium is not as hard as some grades of heat-treated steel, it is non-magnetic, machining requires precautions, because the material might gall unless sharp tools and proper cooling methods are used. Like steel structures, those made from titanium have a limit that guarantees longevity in some applications. The metal is an allotrope of an hexagonal α form that changes into a body-centered cubic β form at 882 °C. The specific heat of the α form increases dramatically as it is heated to this transition temperature but then falls, similar to zirconium and hafnium, an additional omega phase exists, which is thermodynamically stable at high pressures, but metastable at ambient pressures. This phase is usually hexagonal or trigonal and can be considered to be due to a soft longitudinal acoustic phonon of the β phase causing collapse of planes of atoms, like aluminium and magnesium, titanium metal and its alloys oxidize immediately upon exposure to air. Titanium readily reacts with oxygen at 1,200 °C in air and it is, however, slow to react with water and air at ambient temperatures because it forms a passive oxide coating that protects the bulk metal from further oxidation. When it first forms, this layer is only 1–2 nm thick but continues to grow slowly
Titanium
–
Titanium, 22 Ti
Titanium
–
Titanium(III) compounds are characteristically violet, illustrated by this aqueous solution of
titanium trichloride.
Titanium
–
Martin Heinrich Klaproth named titanium for the
Titans of
Greek mythology.
Titanium
–
Titanium sponge, made by the
Kroll process
31.
William West Durant
–
William West Durant was a designer and developer of camps in the Adirondack Great Camp style, including Camp Uncas, Camp Pine Knot and Sagamore Camp which are National Historic Landmarks. He was the son of Thomas C, Durant, the financier and railroad promoter who was behind the Crédit Mobilier scandal. William West Durant was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1850 and he attended Twickenham School in England and Bonn University in Germany, and traveled extensively as a youth in Europe and Africa. At 24, his father summoned him home from Egypt to help develop the central Adirondacks for tourism and his goal was to cross the Adirondacks to Canada and the Saint Lawrence River. By 1871, tracks had been laid from Saratoga to North Creek, New York, at which point, financial problems caused the project to stall. In 1876, Durant built a rustic compound on Long Point in Raquette Lake in the center of the Adirondacks to entertain potential investors in the railroad, William had first seen Raquette Lake the summer before, and spent the following winter living there in a tent. This group of cabins would become Camp Pine Knot, which would be hugely influential in the development of the Great Camp style. William had a hand in its development from the start, but especially after 1879 and he also arranged for the construction of the Church of the Good Shepherd on St. Huberts Isle, and created a telegraph company to provide service through to Raquette Lake. They settled in Saratoga Springs, conveniently located between Raquette Lake and Albany where many of Williams dealings took him, dr. Durant became ill in 1883, and died, intestate, in 1885. William took control of the finances, although not without discord with his elder sister. William promptly set out to capital by selling land and timber. He also started work on a new camp, Camp Uncas, at about this time, William befriended industrialist Collis P. Huntington, who would prove instrumental in advancing Williams fortunes. In 1895, William and his wife initiated divorce proceedings against one another, William sold Pine Knot to Huntington and J. P. Morgan bought Uncas. William started work on a new complex on Shedd Lake. It was to be the largest and most expensive of Durants camps, centered on a three-story, 27-by-62-foot main lodge, with a stone cellar adding to the height. No sooner was the work completed on Sagamore Camp than he was forced sell it, along with 1,526 acres, to Alfred G. Vanderbilt, as with each of Williams great camps, there was little or no profit. In 1890, William had granted his sister a monthly $200 allowance and she had doubts about whether she was receiving her fair share of their fathers estate, especially when, in 1890, William bought a $200,000, 191-foot ocean-going luxury yacht, Utowana. In 1893, Ella brought suit to attempt to force her brother to render an accounting of the estate
William West Durant
–
William West Durant at
Camp Pine Knot
32.
Riverside Train Station (Riparius, New York)
–
Riverside Train Station is a historic railroad station located at Riparius, Warren County, New York. It was built in 1913 and is a one story, rectangular, a baggage room was added between 1915 and 1924. It was built by the Delaware and Hudson Railroad and embodies a Prairie School style design and it is currently operated as a station for the Upper Hudson River Railroad scenic railway. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997
Riverside Train Station (Riparius, New York)
–
Riverside Train Station
33.
Iowa Pacific Holdings
–
The company was founded in 2001 with headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, the current CEO is Edwin E. Ellis, Jr. In addition to operations, Iowa Pacific operates several passenger train operations through North America. The Saratoga and North Creek Railroad began operations in the summer of 2011, offering scheduled passenger rail service, as opposed to excursion trains. In 2012 Iowa Pacific acquired three railroad operations during the year, In April it acquired the Texas State Railroad, a train operating between Palestine, Texas and Rusk, Texas. In May it acquired operating rights on the Santa Cruz Branch Line between Watsonville and Davenport, the company established the Santa Cruz and Monterey Bay Railroad to run freight and passenger services on the line, supplementing the existing Santa Cruz, Big Trees and Pacific Railway operations. In November–December 2012, SCMB ran The Train to Christmas Town, in October it purchased Cape Rail Inc. a company that runs Massachusetts Coastal Railroad and Cape Cod Central Railroad. In February,2014, Iowa Pacific began test commercial runs of the Eastern Flyer, indiana announced on January 30,2017, that Amtrak would resume providing rolling stock for the Hoosier State on March 1, as Iowa Pacific was no longer able to fulfill the contract. In May 2015, Watco Companies announced that it would purchase two Iowa Pacific subsidiaries, the Texas New Mexico Railroad and the West Texas and Lubbock Railroad, in September 2015, Iowa Pacific took over operations of the Grenada Railway in Mississippi. It should be noted that despite its name, the Iowa Pacific Railroad does not serve, and has never served, trouble is brewing, however, as Iowa Pacific is undergoing serious financial difficulties
Iowa Pacific Holdings
–
Iowa Pacific Holdings
34.
Surface Transportation Board
–
The Surface Transportation Board of the United States is a bipartisan, decisionally-independent adjudicatory body organizationally housed within the U. S. Department of Transportation. The STB was established in 1996 to assume some of the functions that had been administered by the Interstate Commerce Commission when the ICC was abolished. Other ICC regulatory functions were eliminated or transferred to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration or to the Bureau of Transportation Statistics within DOT. The Board has wide discretion, through its authority from federal, state and local laws. The Board provides a forum for the resolution of surface-transportation disputes and it has the authority to limit or remove regulatory requirements where appropriate. The Board is composed of three members nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate for five-year terms, the Board’s chairman is designated by the President from among the members. As its chief executive, the coordinates and organizes the agency’s work and acts as its representative in legislative matters. Chairman Elliott is in his term at the Board, having previously served as the agency’s chairman from August 13,2009 until December 31,2014. The vice chairman represents the Board and assumes the duties as appropriate. Additionally, the vice chairman oversees matters involving the admission, discipline and she was designated vice chairman, served as acting chairman, and was again designated vice chairman on January 7,2016, in the agency’s annual rotation of the vice chairmanship. Ann D. Begeman was sworn in May 2,2011, as a member of the Board, assisting the Board in carrying out its responsibilities is a staff of 150 with experience in economics, law, accounting, transportation analysis, finance and administration. The Office of Economics analyzes rate cases, conducts economic and financial analyses of the railroad industry, the Office of the Managing Director handles administrative matters such as personnel, budget and information technology. The Office of Proceedings is an office, consisting almost entirely of attorneys and paralegal specialists. The office applies the Interstate Commerce Act, as amended by the ICC Termination Act of 1995, the Office of the General Counsel responds to questions on a variety of legal issues. However, its mission is two-fold, to defend the STBs decisions in court. Unlike most Federal agencies, the STB has independent litigating authority, STB and DOJ attorneys, in most cases, jointly defend the agencys decisions, with the STBs attorneys preparing written briefs and presenting oral arguments on behalf of the Federal Government. In performing defensibility assessments, OGC attorneys meet with other STB staff to discuss cases before draft decisions are prepared, defensibility assessments are key to issuing sound decisions that are less likely to be challenged and, if challenged, are more likely to be upheld
Surface Transportation Board
–
Seal of the Surface Transportation Board
35.
Newcomb, New York
–
Newcomb is a town in Essex County, New York, United States. The population was 436 at the 2010 census, the town is on the west border of the county. The town is inside the Adirondack Park and contains the Lake Harris Campground, the town is the largest in area in Essex County. The town lies in an area claimed by both Iroquois and Algonquian tribes. The town was settled around 1816, most of the early industry was devoted to harvesting lumber until the discovery of large iron ore deposits. The town of Newcomb was established in 1828 from parts of the towns of Minerva and it includes the hamlet of Newcomb, but does not contain an incorporated village. By the end of the 19th century, the town was becoming famous as a sportsmans paradise, theodore Roosevelt was informed of the impending death of President William McKinley in September 1901 while hunting and hiking in the town. Camp Santanoni and the Mount Adams Fire Observation Station, located atop Mount Adams, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 233.2 square miles, of which 226.3 square miles is land and 6.9 square miles. The Hudson River officially starts at Henderson Lake in the northeast part of town, the northern part of the west town line is the border of Hamilton County. The western part of the town line is the border of Franklin County. New York State Route 28N, an east-west road, is a highway in Newcomb. As of the census of 2000, there were 481 people,211 households, the population density was 2.1 people per square mile. There were 655 housing units at a density of 2.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 95. 22% White,0. 62% Native American,0. 62% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 42% of the population. 30. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.81. In the town, the population was out with 19. 5% under the age of 18,3. 7% from 18 to 24,18. 9% from 25 to 44,31. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 51 years, for every 100 females there were 96.3 males
Newcomb, New York
–
The Hudson River, near Newcomb, NY, a few miles south of its source
Newcomb, New York
–
Lake Harris in Newcomb.
Newcomb, New York
–
SUNY-ESF Newcomb Campus
36.
Railbike
–
A draisine is a light auxiliary rail vehicle, driven by service personnel, equipped to transport crew and material necessary for the maintenance of railway infrastructure. The eponymous term is derived from German Baron Karl Christian Ludwig Drais von Sauerbronn, who invented his Laufmaschine in 1817, later, the name draisine came to be applied only to versions used on rails and was extended to similar vehicles, even when not human-powered. Because of their low weight and small size, they can be put on and taken off the rails at any place, in the United States, motor-powered draisines are known as speeders while human-powered ones are referred as handcars. Vehicles that can be driven on both the highway and the line are called road-rail vehicles, or Hy-Rails. Several companies rent draisines in Sweden, in the United States, railbike tours have operated in several states nationwide, Maine, Oregon, the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York, and Delaware. In Finland, an annual competition Resiina-ralli involves several draisine teams travelling many days on the railways from one corner of the country to another, the rally is televised and is popular with TV viewers. The military usage of draisines concerned, first of all, armoured draisines and they were light armoured rail motor vehicles, intended for reconnaissance, scouting, track patrolling, and other auxiliary combat tasks, usually belonging to armoured trains. Early vehicles of this kind were built in Russia during World War I, later, often armoured cars were used as armoured draisines, after exchanging their wheels to railroad ones, or fitting them with additional retractable railroad rollers. Some countries, however, manufactured purpose-built armoured draisines between the wars, such as the USSR and Czechoslovakia. Peculiar vehicles were Polish armoured draisines - they were tanks or tankettes fitted with special rail chassis, able to be used on rails or on the ground, some countries developed railtrack armoured draisines, with retractable tracks railroad wheels, they were not widely used, however. Different armoured draisines were used during the Second World War, starting from the invasion of Poland carried out by Nazi Germany. Prior to World War II, the Japanese Empire had already made use of draisines such as the Sumida M.2593 in Manchuria. People have been putting bicycles on railroad tracks ever since there have been both bicycles and railroads, from time to time, factory-built models have been available, beginning with a device marketed in 1908 through the Sears catalogue for just $5.45. Even such a system is not without its complications, as tracks that are no longer perfectly parallel — common on sections of abandoned track — can result in derailment. Additional guide rollers can help alleviate this problem at the expense of greater weight, balance bicycle History of the bicycle Norry, improvised draisines used in Cambodia In the film Frog Dreaming, the young protagonist builds and uses a railbike. Railriders Video produced by Oregon Field Guide
Railbike
–
Two-person rail-cycle draisine with four wheels
Railbike
–
Drais'
Laufmaschine 1817
Railbike
–
Three-wheeled draisine at the
Saskatchewan Railway Museum
Railbike
–
Hand-lever draisine handcar
37.
Trestle
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A trestle is a rigid frame used as a support, historically a tripod used both as stools and to support tables at banquets. A trestle bridge is a composed of a number of short spans supported by such frames. Since this type of bridge is called a trestle for short. Timber and iron trestles were used in the 19th century. In the 21st century, steel and sometimes concrete trestles are commonly used to bridge particularly deep valleys while timber trestles remain common in certain areas, many timber trestles were built in the 19th and early 20th centuries with the expectation that they would be temporary. Timber trestles were used to get the railroad to its destination, in the later 20th century, tools such as the earthmover made it cheaper to construct a high fill directly instead of first constructing a trestle from which to dump the fill. Timber trestles remain common in applications, most notably for bridge approaches crossing floodways. For the purposes of discharging material below, a coal trestle carried a dead-end track, one of the longest trestle spans created was for railroad traffic crossing the Great Salt Lake on the Lucin Cutoff in Utah. It was replaced by a causeway in the 1960s, and is now being salvaged for its timber. Many wooden roller coasters are built using design details similar to trestle bridges because it is so easy to make the roller coaster very high, since loads are well distributed through large portions of the structure it is also resilient to the stresses imposed. The structure also naturally leads to a certain redundancy, such wooden coasters, while limited in their path, possess a certain ride character that is appreciated by fans of the type. The Camas Prairie Railroad in northern Idaho utilized many timber trestles across the rolling Camas Prairie and in the major grade, the 1, 490-foot viaduct across Lawyers Canyon was the exception, constructed of steel and 287 feet in height. The floodway of the Bonnet Carré Spillway in St. Charles Parish, the trestles are owned by the Canadian National Railway and the Kansas City Southern Railroad. The trestles were completed in 1936, after construction of the Spillway, the trestles may be the longest wooden railroad trestles remaining in regular use in North America. These were all replaced by masonry viaducts, few timber trestles survived into the 20th century. Two that did, and which are still in use, cross the Afon Mawddach on the coast of Wales only a few miles apart, at Barmouth. The former, built in 1867, carries trains on the heavy rail Cambrian Coast Line travelling from England via Shrewsbury to the small towns on Cardigan Bay. It also carries a toll-path for pedestrians, trestles in cast- or wrought-iron were used during the 19th Century on the developing railway network in the United Kingdom
Trestle
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Trestles are useful as approaches to bridges over marshes and shallows
Trestle
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A classic wood trestle using logs and beams
Trestle
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Kinzua Creek,
Pennsylvania.
Trestle
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Interurban train completed trestle after
1915 Galveston Hurricane
