Sark

Sark Sèr / Cerq  (Norman) Sercq  (French)
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: God Save the Queen  (official) Sarnia Cherie a
Location of  Sark  (circled) in the Bailiwick of Guernsey  (red)
Location of Sark in the Bailiwick of Guernsey
Status	Jurisdiction
Official languages	English
Recognised regional languages	Sercquiais[citation needed]
Part of	Bailiwick of Guernsey
Leaders
• Seigneur	Christopher Beaumont
Establishment
• Fief granted to Hellier de Carteret by Elizabeth I	1565
Area
• Total	5.45 km2 (2.10 sq mi)
Population
• Estimate	492[1]
• Density	110.09/km2 (285.1/sq mi)
Currency	Guernsey Poundb (GGP)
Time zone	UTC⁠ (Greenwich Mean Time)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (British Summer Time)
Calling code	+44 1481 83
Internet TLD	.ggc
Official for occasions when distinguishing anthem required. Guernsey pound notes and coins not legal tender outside Guernsey, pegged at 1:1 with GBP. Sark currently has no official top-level domain; .gg is the TLD for Guernsey.

Sark (French: Sercq; Sercquiais: Sèr or Cerq) is an island in the Channel Islands in the southwestern English Channel, off the coast of Normandy, France. It is a royal fief, which forms part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, with its own set of laws based on Norman law and its own parliament. It has a population of about 500.^[1] Sark (including the nearby island of Brecqhou) has an area of 2.10 square miles (5.44 km²).^[2]

Sark is one of the few remaining places in the world where cars are banned from roads and only tractors and horse-drawn vehicles are allowed;^[3] in 2011, Sark was designated as a Dark Sky Community and the first Dark Sky Island in the world.

Geography and geology[edit]

Sark consists of two main parts, Greater Sark, located at about 49°25′N 2°22′W / 49.417°N 2.367°W / 49.417; -2.367, and Little Sark to the south. They are connected by a narrow isthmus called La Coupée which is 300 feet (91 m) long and has a drop of 330 feet (100 m) on each side.^[4] Protective railings were erected in 1900; before then, children would crawl across on their hands and knees to avoid being blown over the edge. There is a narrow concrete road covering the entirety of the isthmus that was built in 1945 by German prisoners of war under the direction of the Royal Engineers. Due to its isolation, the inhabitants of Little Sark had their own distinct form of Sercquiais, the native Norman dialect of the island.^[5]

The highest point on Sark is 374 feet (114 m) above sea level.^[4] A windmill, dated 1571, is found there, the sails of which were removed during World War 2, this high point is named Le Moulin, after the windmill. The location is also the highest point in the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Little Sark had a number of mines accessing a source of galena,^[6] at Port Gorey, the ruins of silver mines^[7] may be seen. Off the south end of Little Sark are the Venus Pool and the Adonis Pool, both natural swimming pools whose waters are refreshed at high tide.

The whole island is extensively penetrated at sea level by natural cave formations that provide unique habitats for many marine creatures, notably sea anemones, some of which are only safely accessible at low tide.

Sark is made up mainly of amphibolite and granite gneiss rocks, intruded by igneous magma sheets called quartz diorite. Recent (1990–2000)^[8] geological studies and rock age dating by geologists from Oxford Brookes University shows that the gneisses probably formed around 620–600 million years ago during the Late Pre-Cambrian Age Cadomian Orogeny. The quartz diorite sheets were intruded during this Cadomian deformation and metamorphic event.

All the Sark rocks (and those of the nearby Channel Islands of Guernsey and Alderney) formed during geological activity in the continental crust above an ancient subduction zone. This geological setting would have been analogous to the modern-day subduction zone of the Pacific Ocean plate colliding and subducting beneath the North and South American continental plate.

Sark also exercises jurisdiction over the island of Brecqhou, only a few hundred feet west of Greater Sark, it is a private island, but it has recently been opened to some visitors. Since 1993, Brecqhou has been owned by David Barclay, one of the Barclay brothers who are co-owners of The Daily Telegraph, they contest Sark's control over the island. However, the candidates endorsed by their various business interests on the Island failed to win any seats in the elections held in 2008^[9] and 2010.^[10]

History[edit]

Etymology[edit]

The etymology of Sark is unknown.^[11] However, Richard Coates has suggested that in the absence of a Proto-Indo-European etymology it may be worthwhile looking for a Proto-Semitic source for the name.^[12] This is because the British Isles were likely repopulated from the Iberian Peninsula following the last Ice Age, he proposes a comparison between the probable root of Sark, *Sarg-, and Proto-Semitic *śrq "redden; rise (as of the sun); east", noting Sark's position as the easternmost island of the Guernsey group.^[13]

Early history[edit]

In ancient times, Sark was almost certainly occupied by the Veneti.^{[dubious – discuss]} These people were subdued by the Roman Empire about 56 BC and the island annexed. After the Roman retreat during the fifth century AD, Sark was probably an outpost of one or other Breton-speaking^{[dubious – discuss]} kingdoms until 933, when it became part of the Duchy of Normandy. Following the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the island was united with the Crown of England; in the thirteenth century, the French pirate Eustace the Monk, having served King John, used Sark as a base of operations.

During the Middle Ages, the island was populated by monastic communities. By the 16th century, however, the island was uninhabited and used by pirates as a refuge and base; in 1565, Helier de Carteret, Seigneur of St. Ouen in Jersey, received letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I granting him Sark as a fief in perpetuity on condition that he kept the island free of pirates and occupied by at least forty men who were of her English subjects or swore allegiance to the Crown.^[14] This he duly did, leasing 40 parcels of land (known as "Tenements") at a low rent to forty families, mostly from St. Ouen, on condition that a house was built and maintained on each parcel and that "the Tenant" provided one man, armed with a musket, for the defence of the island. The 40 tenements survive to this day, albeit with minor boundary changes. A subsequent attempt by the families to endow a constitution under a bailiff, as in Jersey, was stopped by the Guernsey authorities who resented any attempt to wrest Sark from their bailiwick.^{[citation needed]}

Recent history[edit]

In 1844, desperate for funds to continue the operation of the silver mine on the island, the incumbent Seigneur, Ernest le Pelley, obtained Crown permission to mortgage Sark's fief to local privateer John Allaire. After the company running the mine went bankrupt, le Pelley was unable to keep up the mortgage payments and, in 1849, his son Pierre Carey le Pelley, the new Seigneur, was forced to sell the fief to Marie Collings for a total of £1,383^[15] (£6,000 less the sum borrowed and an accumulated interest of £616.13s).^[16]

During World War II, the island, along with the other Channel Islands, was occupied by German forces between 1940 and 1945. German military rule on Sark began on 4 July 1940, the day after the Guernsey Kommandant Major Albrecht Lanz and his interpreter and chief of staff Major Maas visited the island to inform the Dame and Seigneur (Sibyl and Robert Hathaway) of the new regime. British Commandos raided the island several times. Operation Basalt, during the night of 3–4 October 1942, captured a prisoner, and Hardtack 7 was a failed British landing in December 1943. Sark was finally liberated on 10 May 1945, a full day after Guernsey.

Sark Invasion
Date August 1990 (1 day) Location Sark Island Result Capture and arrest of André Gardes Territorial changes None
Belligerents
Sark Volunteer Constable Forces	André Gardes
Strength
1 constable	1 man
Casualties and losses
None	1 captured

Invasion attempt[edit]

In August 1990, an unemployed French nuclear physicist named André Gardes armed with a semi-automatic weapon attempted an invasion of Sark, the night Gardes arrived, he put up two posters declaring his intention to take over the island the following day at noon. The following day he started a solo foot patrol in front of the manor in battle-dress with weapon in hand. While Gardes was sitting on a bench waiting for noon to arrive, the island's volunteer connétable approached the Frenchman and complimented him on the quality of his weapon.^[17] Gardes then proceeded to change the gun's magazine, at which point he was tackled to the ground, arrested, and given a seven-day sentence which he served in Guernsey.^{[17][18][19][20]} Gardes attempted a comeback the following year, but was intercepted in Guernsey.

Transition to new system of government[edit]

Until 2008, Sark's parliament (Chief Pleas) was a single chamber consisting of 54 members, comprising the Seigneur, the Seneschal, 40 owners of the Tenements and 12 elected deputies. A change to the system was advocated largely by the Barclay brothers, who had purchased an island within Sark's territorial waters in 1993^[17] along with the hotels on the island.^[21] Their premise was that a change was necessary to comply with the European Convention on Human Rights though it was suggested that their objection was more likely at odds with certain property tax requirements and primogeniture laws affecting their holdings.^[21][22] The old system was described as feudal and undemocratic because the Tenants were entitled to sit in Chief Pleas as of right.^[23]

On 16 January 2008 and 21 February 2008, the Chief Pleas approved a law to reform Chief Pleas as a 30-member chamber, with 28 members elected in island-wide elections, one hereditary member (the Seigneur) and one member (the Seneschal) appointed for life,^[24][25] the Privy Council of the United Kingdom approved the Sark law reforms on 9 April 2008.^[26] The first elections under the new law were held in December 2008 and the new chamber first convened in January 2009.^[27][28]

Some Sark residents have complained that the new system is not democratic and have described the powers the new law granted to the Seneschal, an unelected member whose term the new law extended to the duration of his natural life, as imperial or dictatorial, the Court of Appeal has indeed ruled his powers to be in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights and his powers are subject to further legal challenges on these grounds.^[29]

In 2012 the BBC Today programme reported on local disquiet about the influence on the island of David and Frederick Barclay, the billionaire brothers who own The Daily Telegraph.^[30] The New Yorker magazine further illustrated the ongoing and escalating tensions between the Barclays and some of the longer-term residents.^[31] In 2017 Private Eye also reported on the situation, following the Barclays' decision to close their vineyard and a number of hotels and shops they own on Sark.^[32]

Dark Sky Community status[edit]

In January 2011, the International Dark-Sky Association designated Sark as Europe's first Dark Sky Community^[33] and the first Dark Sky Island in the world.^[34] This designation recognises that Sark is sufficiently clear of light pollution to allow naked-eye astronomy, although Sark was aided in its achievement by its location, its historic ban on cars and the fact that there is no public lighting, it was also necessary for local residents to make adjustments, such as re-siting lights, to cut the light pollution.

Following an audit in 2010 by the IDA the designation was made in January 2011, the award is significant in that Sark is the first island community to have achieved this; other Dark-Sky Places have, up to now, been mainly uninhabited areas, and IDA chairman Martin Morgan-Taylor commended Sark residents for their effort.^[35] After the designation in 2011, Sark Astronomy Society worked to secure funds for an astronomical observatory on the island; in October 2015 Sark's observatory was officially opened by Dr Marek Kukula, public astronomer from the Royal Observatory Greenwich.^[36][37]

Politics[edit]

Sark was considered the last feudal state in Europe. Together with the other Channel Islands, it is the last remnant of the former Duchy of Normandy still belonging to the Crown. Sark belongs to the Crown in its own right and has an independent relationship with the Crown through the Lieutenant Governor in Guernsey.^[38] Formally, the Seigneur holds it as a fief from the Crown, reenfeoffing the landowners on the island with their respective parcels, the political consequences of this construction were abolished in recent years, particularly in the reform of the legislative body, Chief Pleas, which took place in 2008.

Although geographically located within the Bailiwick of Guernsey, Sark is fiscally entirely separate from it and has been granted its own UN country code (680) to assist in identifying this fact to the world at large. Together with the islands of Alderney and Guernsey, Sark from time to time approves Bailiwick of Guernsey legislation, which, subject to the approval of all three legislatures, applies in the entire Bailiwick.

Legislation cannot be made which applies on Sark without the approval of the Chief Pleas, although recently Chief Pleas has been delegating a number of Ordinance making powers to the States of Guernsey, such powers are, however, in each case subject to dis-application, or repeal, by the Chief Pleas. By long standing custom, Sark's criminal law has been made by the States of Guernsey, and this custom was put on a statutory basis in Section 4 of the Reform (Sark) Law, 2008, by which Sark delegates criminal law making power to the States of Guernsey.

Seigneur[edit]

Christopher Beaumont is the current and twenty-third Seigneur of Sark, inheriting the Seigneurie in 2016.

The Seigneur of Sark was, before the constitutional reforms of 2008, the head of the feudal government of the Isle of Sark (in the case of a woman, the title was Dame). Many of the laws, particularly those related to inheritance and the rule of the Seigneur, had changed little since they were enacted in 1565 under Queen Elizabeth I, the Seigneur retained the sole right on the island to keep pigeons and was the only person allowed to keep an unspayed dog.^[18]

Seneschal[edit]

Until 2013, the Seneschal of Sark was the head of the Chief Pleas, since 1675, he has also been the judge of the island (between 1583 and 1675, judicial functions were exercised by five elected jurats and a juge). The seneschal is appointed by the Seigneur; or, nowadays, formally, by an Appointment Committee, consisting of the Seigneur and two other members appointed by the Seigneur.^[25] In 2010, following the decision of the English Court of Appeal, the Chief Pleas decided to split the dual role of the Seneschal.^[39] Thus, from 2013, the Chief Pleas elects its own President, who presides in almost all cases, the Seneschal now only presides in Chief Pleas during the election of the president.

The complete list of all the Seneschal of Sark from 1675 is as follows:^[40]

Tenants[edit]

Pursuant to the royal letters patent, the Seigneur was to keep the island inhabited by at least 40 armed men.^[14] Therefore, from his lands, 39 parcels or tenements, each sufficient for one family, were subdivided and granted to settlers, the Tenants. Later, some of these parcels were dismembered, and parts of the Seigneurial land were sold, creating more parcels.

Originally each head of a parcel-holding family had the right to vote in Chief Pleas, but in 1604 this right was restricted to the 39 original tenements required by the letters patent, the so-called 'Quarantaine Tenements' (French: quarantaine: a group of forty). The newer parcels mostly did not have the obligation to bear arms; in 1611 the dismemberment of tenements was forbidden, but the order was not immediately followed.

In Sark, the word tenant is used (and often pronounced as in French) in the sense of feudal landholder rather than the common English meaning of lessee. Originally, the word referred to any landowner, but today it is mostly used for a holder of one of the Quarantaine Tenements.

Chief Pleas[edit]

Chief Pleas (French: Chefs Plaids; Sercquiais: Cheurs Pliaids) is the parliament of Sark. It consists of eighteen members (conseillers), elected for a period of office of four years; in addition, the Seigneur and a speaker (who is elected by the conseillers) are counted as members; but they have no right to vote. The periods of office are shifted, with the period of half the conseillers starting in the middle of the periods of the other half. Thus, every second year, nine conseillers are elected for the coming four years, the elections are held on the basis of a single multi-member Sark-wide constituency, with the nine candidates receiving most votes being elected. The Prévôt, the Greffier and the treasurer also attend but are not members; the treasurer may address Chief Pleas on matters of taxation and finance.

However, if there are not more willing candidates than the numbers of positions to fill (including any casual vacancies), then all candidates are declared elected, without any actual election necessary, this happened both in the 2014 and the 2016 elections to the Chief Pleas.

Until 2008, the Chief Pleas consisted of the tenants, and twelve deputies of the people as the only representation of the majority, an office introduced in 1922, the Seigneur and the Seneschal (who presided) were also members of Chief Pleas.

Since 2000, Chief Pleas was working on its own reform, responding to internal and international pressures, on 8 March 2006 by a vote of 25–15 Chief Pleas voted for a new legislature of the Seigneur, the Seneschal, fourteen elected landowners and fourteen elected non-landowners.^[41][42] But it was made plain by the British Lord Chancellor Jack Straw that this option was not on the table.^{[citation needed]}

Offered two options for reform involving an elected legislature, one fully elected, one with a number of seats reserved for elected tenants, 56% of the inhabitants expressed a preference for a totally elected legislature.^[43] Following the poll, Chief Pleas voted on 4 October 2006 to replace the twelve deputies and forty tenants in Chief Pleas by 28 conseillers elected by universal adult suffrage,^[44] this decision was suspended in January 2007 when it was pointed out to Chief Pleas that the 56% versus 44% majority achieved in the opinion poll did not achieve the 60% majority required for the constitutional change.^{[citation needed]} The decision was replaced by the proposal that Chief Pleas should consist of sixteen tenants and twelve conseillers both elected by universal adult suffrage from 2008 to 2012 and that a binding referendum should then decide whether this composition should be kept or replaced by 28 conseillers.^[45] This proposal was rejected by the Privy Council and the 28 conseiller option was reinstated in February 2008 and accepted by Privy Council in April 2008.^[46]

In 2003, Chief Pleas voted to vary the long-standing ban on divorce in the island by extending to the Royal Court of Guernsey power to grant divorces.^[47]

In 2017, due to a lack of candidates standing for elections, the number of conseillers was reduced from 28 to 18, with nine elected every two years.

Bailiwick of Guernsey laws and United Kingdom Acts of Parliament can (the latter as in the case of all the other Channel Islands) be extended to Sark. Normally the consent of Chief Pleas is obtained for this, but the Supreme Court ruled in R v Secretary of State for Justice [2014] UKSC 54 that it need not be.^[48] Sark does not make its own criminal laws;^[49] the responsibility for making criminal law was assigned to the States of Guernsey by Section 4(3) of the Reform (Sark) Law 2008.^[50]

Officers[edit]

The executive officers on the island are:

• The Seneschal (Chief Judge, formerly also President of Chief Pleas) and Deputy
• The Prevôt (Sheriff of the Court and of Chief Pleas) and Deputy
• The Greffier (Clerk) and Deputy
• The Treasurer (Finances) and Deputy
• The Connétable (or Constable) is the senior of two police officers and police administrator and the Vingtenier is the junior police officer.

The Seneschal, Prevôt, and Greffier are chosen by the Seigneur, while the Treasurer, Constable and Vingtenier are elected by Chief Pleas.^[51][25]

The list of current Officers of the Island of Sark:

• Seneschal – Jeremy la Trobe-Bateman^[52]
  • Deputy Seneschal – Ewan de Carteret^[52]
• Prevôt – Kevin Adams^[53]
  • Deputy Prevôt – Joanne Godwin^[54]
• Greffier – Trevor John Hamon^[54]
  • Deputy Greffier – Gary Hamon^{[citation needed]}
• Treasurer – Wendy Kiernan^{[citation needed]}
• Constable – Mike Fawson^[55]
• Vingtenier – April-Rose Diaper^[55]
• President of Chief Pleas – Arthur Rolfe^[53]

Clameur de Haro[edit]

Among the old laws of the Channel Islands is the old Norman custom of the Clameur de haro. Using this legal device, a person can obtain immediate cessation of any action he considers to be an infringement of his rights, at the scene, he must, in front of witnesses, recite the Lord's Prayer in French and cry out "Haro, Haro, Haro! À mon aide mon Prince, on me fait tort!" ("Haro, Haro, Haro! To my aid, my Prince! I am being wronged!"). It should then be registered with the Greffe Office within 24 hours. All actions against the person must then cease until the matter is heard by the Court, the last Clameur recorded on Sark was raised in June 1970 to prevent the construction of a garden wall.^[18]

Periodicals[edit]

Since 2009 a resident of Sark has operated a weekly online newspaper called The Sark Newspaper (earlier: The Sark Newsletter),^[56] the publisher is a former longtime employee of the wealthy Barclay brothers, who own the small neighbouring island of Brecqhou.^[57] The publication has compared the local government of Sark "to fascist Germany in the 1930s"; in 2014 over 50 residents of Sark filed complaints with the police about accusations made by the paper.^[58]

Since 2011 a quarterly magazine called Sark Life, which promotes a positive view of the island and welcomes contributions, is published by the Sark-based publishing company Small Island Publishing.^[59]

Sercquiais[edit]

Sercquiais (Sarkese, or sometimes called Sark-French) is a dialect of the Norman language still spoken in 1998 by a few older inhabitants of the island.^[5] Its decline has been linked with the arrival of English-speaking miners in 1835, and increased tourism in more recent years.^[60]

Economy[edit]

Tourism[edit]

Sark's economy depends primarily on tourism and financial services. Sark has no company registry and relies on Guernsey's financial services commission.^[61]

Taxation[edit]

Sark is fiscally autonomous from Guernsey, and consequently has control over how it raises taxes. There are no taxes on income, capital gains or inheritances. There is also no VAT charged on goods and services, but import duties (Impôts) are charged on some goods brought onto the island at around 70–75% of Guernsey rates. However, the island does levy a Personal Capital Tax, a Property Tax, a Poll Tax ("Landing Tax") on visitors coming to the island, and a Property Transfer Tax (PTT) on residential properties when they are sold.

The island has its own tax assessor (in 2016, this remained Simon de Carteret),^[62] who collects the Property Tax, PTT, and the Personal Capital Tax (direct tax).^[63] Currently, the Personal Capital Tax ranges from a minimum of £300, to a maximum of £6,400 or 0.3% per annum (whichever is the lower). ^[64] In 2014, there were 5 taxpayers who paid the maximum amount of £6,400 (PCT and Property Tax combined), and 6 who paid zero tax. Residents over the age of 69 do not pay the PCT. If a resident chooses not to declare the value of their personal assets, they can elect to pay a flat-rate under the Forfait method.

In 2006, Property Transfer Tax replaced the feudal Treizième,^[65] this used to be calculated by dividing the purchase price of any of the 30 tenements or 40 freehold properties on Sark by 13. The proceeds from doing this were then paid directly to the Seigneur. When the Treizième was abolished, the Chief Pleas introduced an indexed-linked pension of £28,000 per year, payable to the Seigneur.

An individual is considered to be a resident for tax purposes if they have remained on the island for at least 90 days in any tax year.^[66]

Sark Company Registry[edit]

Sark has no company registry, and no company law; in January 2017, a private organisation called the "Sark Company Registry" was set up. However the initiative was opposed by the Guernsey Financial Services Commission. ^[67]

Education[edit]

Sark generally follows the education system of England though this is not strictly adhered to.

Sark has one school, the Sark School, which takes residents from the ages of 4 to 15. School is divided into 4 classes. Class 1 takes children from the ages of 4 to 7 (reception to year 2), class 2 caters for 7- to 9-year-olds (year 3 to year 4), class 3 has 9- to 14-year-olds (year 5 to year 9) and the older children attend class 4 (years 10 and 11).^[68] Pupils wishing to obtain a GCSE or A-level qualification often finish their education in Guernsey or in England, since 2006, however, a limited number of GCSEs have been offered to pupils at Sark School.^[69]

Population[edit]

Year	1274	1821	1831	1841	1851	1861	1871	1881	1891	1901	1911	1921	1931	1939	1951	1961	1971	2008	2014
Sark	>400	488	543	785	580	583	546	571	570	504	579	611	571	430	555	550	584	>474	>492
Brechou		0	0	5	0	0	5	7	2	2	0	3	6	0	10	11	6

Notes:

• 1274 data from census taken before black death^[70]
• 1821–1971 data from 1971 Bailwick of Guernsey report.^[71]
• 2008 data represents only eligible voters^[72]
• 2012 data represents only those who signed for electoral roll. Total is estimated.^[73]

Demography[edit]

Population by gender and movements[edit]

Resident population on Sark by gender and residence at one and five-yearly intervals.

Residents (1971)		Residence One Year Prior				Residence Five Years Prior
		Same		Different		Same		Different
M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F	M	F
245	248	230	230	15	18	189	187	56	61

Data from the 1971 Bailwick of Guernsey report.^[71]

Population by birthplace and visitors[edit]

Birthplace	Guernsey			Alderney			Sark
	Persons	Males	Females	Persons	Males	Females	Persons	Males	Females
Resident in Bailiwick
Total	49399	23749	25650	1579	752	827	493	245	248
United Kingdom	47648	22923	24725	1429	689	740	463	233	230
Channel Islands	35820	17401	18419	642	323	319	264	139	125
Bailiwick	35250	17151	18099	607	309	298	247	131	116
Jersey	570	250	320	35	14	21	17	8	9
England	10346	4827	5519	680	320	360	183	87	96
Scotland	734	324	410	70	32	38	7	2	5
Wales	414	194	220	26	10	16	6	3	3
Northern Ireland	334	177	157	11	4	7	3	2	1
Other Country	1751	826	925	150	63	87	30	12	18
Visitors
Total	2059	1043	1016	107	45	62	97	44	53
United Kingdom	1669	838	831	96	39	57	83	37	46
Channel Islands	134	60	74	4	1	3	1	0	1
Bailiwick	98	46	52	4	1	3	1	0	1
Jersey	36	14	22	0	0	0	0	0	0
England	1205	610	595	87	36	51	75	34	41
Scotland	116	55	61	4	2	2	3	2	1
Wales	71	29	42	0	0	0	3	0	3
Northern Ireland	143	84	59	1	0	1	1	1	0
Other Country	390	205	185	11	6	5	14	7	7

Data from the 1971 Bailwick of Guernsey report.^[71]

Transport[edit]

The Isle of Sark Shipping Company operates small ferries from Sark to St Peter Port, Guernsey, the service takes 55 minutes for the 9 miles (14 km) crossing.^[74] A high-speed passenger ferry is operated in summer by the French company Manche Iles Express to Jersey.^[75] A 12-passenger boat, the Lady Maris II, operates regular services to Alderney.^[76]

The island is a car-free zone^[77] where the only vehicles allowed are horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles, tractors, and battery-powered buggies or motorised bicycles for elderly or disabled people. Passengers and goods arriving by ferry from Guernsey are transported from the wharf by tractor-pulled vehicles.

There is no airport on Sark, and flight over Sark below 2400 ft is prohibited by the Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) (Guernsey) Regulations 1985 (Guernsey 1985/21). The closest airports are Guernsey Airport and Jersey Airport. Sark lies directly in line of approach to the runway of Guernsey airport, however, and low-flying^{[citation needed]} aircraft regularly fly over the island.

Religion[edit]

In common with the other Channel Islands, Sark is attached to the Anglican diocese of Winchester.

Sark has an Anglican church (St. Peter's, built 1820) and a Methodist^[78] church. John Wesley first proposed a mission to Sark in 1787. Jean de Quetteville of Jersey subsequently began preaching there, initially in a cottage at Le Clos à Geon and then at various houses around Sark. Preachers from Guernsey visited regularly, and in 1796, land was donated by Jean Vaudin, leader of the Methodist community in Sark, for the construction of a chapel, which Jean de Quetteville dedicated in 1797;^[79] in the mid-1800s there was a small Plymouth Brethren assembly. Its most notable member was the classicist William Kelly (1821–1906). Kelly was then the tutor to the Seigneur's children.

Supported by the evidence of the names of the tenements of La Moinerie and La Moinerie de Haut, it is believed^[80] that the Seigneurie was constructed on the site of the monastery of Saint Magloire. Magloire had been Samson of Dol's successor as bishop of Dol, but retired and founded a monastery in Sark where he died in the late sixth century. According to the vita of Magloire, the monastery housed 62 monks and a school for the instruction of the sons of noble families from the Cotentin. Magloire's relics were venerated at the monastery until the mid-ninth century when Viking raids rendered Sark unsafe, and the monks departed for Jersey, taking the relics with them.

Law enforcement[edit]

Despite having its own legislative assembly, Sark voluntarily submits to Guernsey in matters of criminal law, for matters of extreme law enforcement the island calls upon the States of Guernsey Police Service. Sark has a small police station and jail, with two (rarely used) cells available,^[18] the island has several police officers permanently stationed on it, the constable (senior officer), the vingtenier (deputy constable), two assistant constables (ex constables), two custody officers (special constables) and several special constables.^{[citation needed]} Sark also has access to police services in Guernsey through the designation of a member of the Guernsey Neighbourhood Policing Team as a dedicated point of contact for Sark constables.^{[81][not in citation given]}

Emergency services[edit]

A resident doctor provides healthcare on Sark, and is available to attend accidents and emergencies, the Sark Ambulance Service operates two tractor-drawn ambulances,^[82] and is able to treat casualties and transport them to the harbour for transfer onto the Guernsey marine ambulance launch, Flying Christine III, operated by Guernsey Ambulance and Rescue Service. A small ambulance station houses the two ambulances.

Fire and rescue services are provided by an independent and volunteer service established in 1958. Originally named 'Sark Fire Brigade', it is now known as the Sark Fire and Rescue Service,^[83] the services operates two pump tenders and an all-purpose trailer; all three appliances are drawn by tractors owing to the ban on other motor vehicles on Sark. The original fire station was a large garage. Today the service operates from a large purpose-built fire station on La Chasse Marette.

Lifeboat services are provided by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution from the Guernsey lifeboat station, supported by the RNLI stations on Jersey and Alderney.

Sport[edit]

Participation in sport tends towards individual sports rather than team sports, but the population supports a cricket team, a rugby union team and a football team.^[84] Sark competes in the biennial Island Games in which the Sark football team has participated, the annual Sark to Jersey Rowing Race is contested by teams from both bailiwicks.^[85] Carl Hester, who was born in Sark, won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Individual and Team Dressage events.^[86] A Sark post box was painted gold to celebrate the event.

Sark in media[edit]

There are many examples of media taking Sark as an inspiration or setting.

Norman literature[edit]

Although there is no record of literature about Sark in Sercquiais, Guernésiais and Jèrriais literature has included writing about Sark; for example by such authors as Edwin John Luce,^[87] Thomas Grut,^[88] George F. Le Feuvre,^[89] and Denys Corbet.^[90]

English literature[edit]

• Algernon Swinburne wrote a poem, In Sark, which appears in the collection A Century of Roundels.
• Arthur Conan Doyle's Sir Nigel (1906) includes a sub-plot where Black Simon of Norwich, a man at arms travelling with Sir Nigel Loring to war, obtains permission from Sir Robert Knolles to go ashore to Sark under cover of darkness. He takes his friend the archer Samkin Alward with him and beheads the (so-called) King of Sark in payment of a wager.
• John Oxenham wrote Carette of Sark (1907) and his 1910 novel A Maid of the Silver Sea uses the mines of Little Sark as its setting.
• The novel Mr Pye by Mervyn Peake, best known for the Gormenghast series, is set on Sark. The book has been adapted for radio and television, the TV series, filmed on Sark, starred Derek Jacobi and Judy Parfitt, and featured a number of islanders. Sark may also have been a crucial inspiration for Peake while writing Gormenghast (he lived on the island at some point in his life).
• Dame of Sark, the memoirs of the 21st Seigneur Sibyl Mary Hathaway, who was present during the German occupation, were made into a play and television drama of the same name.^[91] Dame Sibyl also wrote Maid of Sark, an historical romance published in 1939; set in the sixteenth Century, it incorporates events related to the defence of the island against the Bretons.
• The novel Appointment with Venus by Jerrard Tickell is set on the fictional island of Armorel, which is presumed to be based on Sark. The 1951 film of the book used Sark as a principal location.
• Sarah Caudwell's The Sirens Sang of Murder (1989) is partly set in Sark.
• The 2016 novel Iron Chamber of Memory by John C. Wright is set on Sark.

French literature[edit]

Maurice Leblanc's novel L'Île aux Trente Cercueils (translated in English as The Secret of Sarek) features an island called Sarek, off the coast of Brittany, and bears obvious similarities to Sark. In the story, gentleman-thief Arsène Lupin rescues Véronique d'Hergemont from a local superstition requiring the death of thirty women to appease vengeful spirits.

In music[edit]

Irish musician, composer and singer Enya's 2015 album Dark Sky Island was inspired by Sark's designation as the first 'dark sky island'. Certain songs on the album, the title track especially, explore the stars, skies and nature.

Television[edit]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

The 1986 television adaptation of Mr Pye by Mervyn Peake and starring Derek Jacobi was filmed on the island. The original novel is also set on Sark.

Sark featured in the 6th episode of the fourth series of The New Statesman, The Irresistible Rise of Alan B'Stard.

Part of the seventh episode of the second series of World War II television drama Enemy at the Door takes place in Sark. La Coupée features in a number of scenes.

Sark, and in particular the Gouliot Caves, features in episode 8 of series 3 of the BBC television series Coast.

Sark was featured in Episode 3 of the 2009 ITV television series Islands of Britain, presented by Martin Clunes.

Series 7 and 8 of the BBC Two six-episode television series An Island Parish follows the Anglican priest and Methodist minister on Sark, it was first broadcast in 2013^[92] and 2014.^[93]

One of the episodes of Bergerac called "Burnt"^[94], was mostly filmed on Sark. Bergerac was a Jersey-based BBC and Australia's Seven Network detective drama starring John Nettles and was filmed between 1981 to 1991. It featured a fight on and over the edge of La Coupée.

See also[edit]

• List of Seigneurs of Sark
• Archaeology of the Channel Islands

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sark.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sark.

• Government of Sark webpage
• BBC – Feudal island brings in democracy
• St Peter's Sark
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sark". Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 220.

Coordinates: 49°25′59″N 2°21′39″W / 49.43306°N 2.36083°W / 49.43306; -2.36083