1.
Rembrandt van Rijn
–
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was a Dutch draughtsman, painter, and printmaker. A prolific and versatile master across three media, he is considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art. Having achieved youthful success as a painter, Rembrandts later years were marked by personal tragedy. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, Rembrandts portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible are regarded as his greatest creative triumphs. His self-portraits form a unique and intimate biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and his reputation as the greatest etcher in the history of the medium was established in his lifetime, and never questioned since. Few of his paintings left the Dutch Republic whilst he lived, but his prints were circulated throughout Europe, because of his empathy for the human condition, he has been called one of the great prophets of civilization. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on 15 July 1606 in Leiden, in the Dutch Republic and he was the ninth child born to Harmen Gerritszoon van Rijn and Neeltgen Willemsdochter van Zuijtbrouck. His family was quite well-to-do, his father was a miller, religion is a central theme in Rembrandts paintings and the religiously fraught period in which he lived makes his faith a matter of interest. His mother was Roman Catholic, and his father belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, unlike many of his contemporaries who traveled to Italy as part of their artistic training, Rembrandt never left the Dutch Republic during his lifetime. He opened a studio in Leiden in 1624 or 1625, which he shared with friend, in 1627, Rembrandt began to accept students, among them Gerrit Dou in 1628. In 1629, Rembrandt was discovered by the statesman Constantijn Huygens, as a result of this connection, Prince Frederik Hendrik continued to purchase paintings from Rembrandt until 1646. He initially stayed with an art dealer, Hendrick van Uylenburgh, Saskia came from a good family, her father had been a lawyer and the burgemeester of Leeuwarden. When Saskia, as the youngest daughter, became an orphan, Rembrandt and Saskia were married in the local church of St. Annaparochie without the presence of Rembrandts relatives. In the same year, Rembrandt became a burgess of Amsterdam and he also acquired a number of students, among them Ferdinand Bol and Govert Flinck. In 1635 Rembrandt and Saskia moved into their own house, renting in fashionable Nieuwe Doelenstraat, in 1639 they moved to a prominent newly built house in the upscale Breestraat, today known as Jodenbreestraat in what was becoming the Jewish quarter, then a young upcoming neighborhood. The mortgage to finance the 13,000 guilder purchase would be a cause for later financial difficulties. Rembrandt should easily have been able to pay the house off with his income, but it appears his spending always kept pace with his income. It was there that Rembrandt frequently sought his Jewish neighbors to model for his Old Testament scenes, in 1640, they had a second daughter, also named Cornelia, who died after living barely over a month
Rembrandt van Rijn
–
Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar (1659),
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Rembrandt van Rijn
–
The Prodigal Son in the Tavern, a self-portrait with Saskia, c. 1635
Rembrandt van Rijn
–
Portrait of
Saskia van Uylenburgh, ca. 1635
Rembrandt van Rijn
–
Rembrandt Memorial Marker Westerkerk Amsterdam
2.
Rembrandt House Museum
–
The Rembrandt House Museum is a historic house and art museum in Amsterdam in the Netherlands. Painter Rembrandt lived and worked in the house between 1639 and 1656, the 17th-century interior has been reconstructed. The collection contains Rembrandts etchings and paintings of his contemporaries, the museum had 237,383 visitors in 2014. The house is located in the Jodenbreestraat in Amsterdam, where Rembrandt lived and painted for a number of years, Rembrandt purchased the house in 1639 and lived there until he went bankrupt in 1656, when all his belongings went on auction. The auction list enabled the reconstructions of all his belongings which are also on display in the house, a few years ago the house was thoroughly reconstructed on the inside to show how the house would have looked in Rembrandts days. Adjoining the house is a building where work of Rembrandt is on display, mainly etchings. Michael Huijser is the director and David de Witt is the curator. Since 2008, the museum had around 200,000 visitors per year, with a record number of 237,383 visitors in 2014
Rembrandt House Museum
–
Rembrandt House Museum in 2006
Rembrandt House Museum
–
Bed-sitting room. The 17th-century bed did not belong to Rembrandt, but it is similar to the original.
3.
Windmill
–
A windmill is a mill that converts the energy of wind into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades. Centuries ago, windmills usually were used to mill grain, pump water, thus they often were gristmills, windpumps, or both. The majority of modern windmills take the form of wind turbines used to generate electricity, the windwheel of the Greek engineer Heron of Alexandria in the first century is the earliest known instance of using a wind-driven wheel to power a machine. Another early example of a wheel was the prayer wheel. It has been claimed that the Babylonian emperor Hammurabi planned to use wind power for his ambitious project in the seventeenth century BCE. The first practical windmills had sails that rotated in a horizontal plane, according to Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, these panemone windmills were invented in eastern Persia as recorded by the Persian geographer Estakhri in the ninth century. The authenticity of an anecdote of a windmill involving the second caliph Umar is questioned on the grounds that it appears in a tenth-century document. Made of six to 12 sails covered in reed matting or cloth material, these windmills were used to grind grain or draw up water, Windmills were in widespread use across the Middle East and Central Asia, and later spread to China and India from there. A similar type of windmill with rectangular blades, used for irrigation, can also be found in thirteenth-century China. Horizontal windmills were built, in numbers, in Europe during the 18th and nineteenth centuries, for example Fowlers Mill at Battersea in London. Due to a lack of evidence, debate occurs among historians as to whether or not Middle Eastern horizontal windmills triggered the development of European windmills. In northwestern Europe, the horizontal-axis or vertical windmill is believed to date from the last quarter of the century in the triangle of northern France, eastern England. The earliest certain reference to a windmill in Europe dates from 1185, a number of earlier, but less certainly dated, twelfth-century European sources referring to windmills have also been found. These earliest mills were used to grind cereals, the evidence at present is that the earliest type of European windmill was the post mill, so named because of the large upright post on which the mills main structure is balanced. The body contains all the milling machinery, the first post mills were of the sunken type, where the post was buried in an earth mound to support it. Later, a wooden support was developed called the trestle and this was often covered over or surrounded by a roundhouse to protect the trestle from the weather and to provide storage space. This type of windmill was the most common in Europe until the nineteenth century, in a hollow-post mill, the post on which the body is mounted is hollowed out, to accommodate the drive shaft. This makes it possible to drive machinery below or outside the body still being able to rotate the body into the wind
Windmill
–
The
smock mill Goliath in front of the
wind farm Growind in
Eemshaven in the
Netherlands
Windmill
–
A
tower mill in
Dalian, China
Windmill
–
Heron 's wind-powered
organ
Windmill
–
Hooper's Mill, Margate, Kent, an eighteenth-century European horizontal windmill
4.
Sloten, Amsterdam
–
Sloten is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Amsterdam, and lies about 6 km west of the city centre, Sloten was a separate municipality until 1921. During the 1928 Summer Olympics, it hosted the rowing events, andreas Peter Cornelius Sol J. Kuyper, Gemeente Atlas van Nederland, 1865-1870, Sloten. Map of the municipality, around 1868
Sloten, Amsterdam
–
Molen van Sloten or Sloten mill, February 2008
Sloten, Amsterdam
–
Old border post in Sloten, 5 June 2006.
5.
Rembrandt
–
Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was a Dutch draughtsman, painter, and printmaker. A prolific and versatile master across three media, he is considered one of the greatest visual artists in the history of art. Having achieved youthful success as a painter, Rembrandts later years were marked by personal tragedy. Yet his etchings and paintings were popular throughout his lifetime, his reputation as an artist remained high, Rembrandts portraits of his contemporaries, self-portraits and illustrations of scenes from the Bible are regarded as his greatest creative triumphs. His self-portraits form a unique and intimate biography, in which the artist surveyed himself without vanity and his reputation as the greatest etcher in the history of the medium was established in his lifetime, and never questioned since. Few of his paintings left the Dutch Republic whilst he lived, but his prints were circulated throughout Europe, because of his empathy for the human condition, he has been called one of the great prophets of civilization. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn was born on 15 July 1606 in Leiden, in the Dutch Republic and he was the ninth child born to Harmen Gerritszoon van Rijn and Neeltgen Willemsdochter van Zuijtbrouck. His family was quite well-to-do, his father was a miller, religion is a central theme in Rembrandts paintings and the religiously fraught period in which he lived makes his faith a matter of interest. His mother was Roman Catholic, and his father belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, unlike many of his contemporaries who traveled to Italy as part of their artistic training, Rembrandt never left the Dutch Republic during his lifetime. He opened a studio in Leiden in 1624 or 1625, which he shared with friend, in 1627, Rembrandt began to accept students, among them Gerrit Dou in 1628. In 1629, Rembrandt was discovered by the statesman Constantijn Huygens, as a result of this connection, Prince Frederik Hendrik continued to purchase paintings from Rembrandt until 1646. He initially stayed with an art dealer, Hendrick van Uylenburgh, Saskia came from a good family, her father had been a lawyer and the burgemeester of Leeuwarden. When Saskia, as the youngest daughter, became an orphan, Rembrandt and Saskia were married in the local church of St. Annaparochie without the presence of Rembrandts relatives. In the same year, Rembrandt became a burgess of Amsterdam and he also acquired a number of students, among them Ferdinand Bol and Govert Flinck. In 1635 Rembrandt and Saskia moved into their own house, renting in fashionable Nieuwe Doelenstraat, in 1639 they moved to a prominent newly built house in the upscale Breestraat, today known as Jodenbreestraat in what was becoming the Jewish quarter, then a young upcoming neighborhood. The mortgage to finance the 13,000 guilder purchase would be a cause for later financial difficulties. Rembrandt should easily have been able to pay the house off with his income, but it appears his spending always kept pace with his income. It was there that Rembrandt frequently sought his Jewish neighbors to model for his Old Testament scenes, in 1640, they had a second daughter, also named Cornelia, who died after living barely over a month
Rembrandt
–
Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar (1659),
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Rembrandt
–
The Prodigal Son in the Tavern, a self-portrait with Saskia, c. 1635
Rembrandt
–
Portrait of
Saskia van Uylenburgh, ca. 1635
Rembrandt
–
Rembrandt Memorial Marker Westerkerk Amsterdam
6.
Etching
–
Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material, as a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number of variants such as microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much modern technology. In traditional pure etching, a plate is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with an etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece. The échoppe, a tool with an oval section, is also used for swelling lines. The plate is dipped in a bath of acid, technically called the mordant or etchant. The acid bites into the metal where it is exposed, leaving behind lines sunk into the plate, the remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate. The plate is inked all over, and then the ink wiped off the surface, the plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper. The paper picks up the ink from the lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times, typically several hundred impressions could be printed before the shows much sign of wear. The work on the plate can also be added to by repeating the whole process, Etching has often been combined with other intaglio techniques such as engraving or aquatint. The process as applied to printmaking is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer of Augsburg, Hopfer was a craftsman who decorated armour in this way, and applied the method to printmaking, using iron plates. Apart from his prints, there are two examples of his work on armour, a shield from 1536 now in the Real Armeria of Madrid. The switch to copper plates was made in Italy. On the other hand, the handling of the ground and acid need skill and experience, prior to 1100 AD, the New World Hohokam independently utilized the technique of acid etching in marine shell designs. Jacques Callot from Nancy in Lorraine made important technical advances in etching technique and he developed the échoppe, a type of etching-needle with a slanting oval section at the end, which enabled etchers to create a swelling line, as engravers were able to do. Callot also appears to have responsible for an improved, harder, recipe for the etching ground
Etching
–
The Soldier and his Wife. Etching by
Daniel Hopfer, who is believed to have been the first to apply the technique to printmaking
Etching
–
Portrait of
Luca Giordano, 18th century
Etching
–
Rembrandt,
The Virgin and Child with a Cat, 1654. Original copper etching plate above, example of the print below, with composition reversed.
Etching
–
Christ Preaching, known as The
Hundred Guilder Print; etching c1648 by
Rembrandt.
7.
Frisians
–
The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal parts of the Netherlands, Germany and the southern tip of Southern Jutland in Denmark. They inhabit an area known as Frisia and are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, East Frisia and North Frisia. The Frisian languages are spoken by more than 500,000 people. The ancient Frisii enter recorded history in the Roman account of Drususs 12 BC war against the Rhine Germans and they occasionally appear in the accounts of Roman wars against the Germanic tribes of the region, up to and including the Revolt of the Batavi around 70 AD. Frisian mercenaries were hired to assist the Roman invasion of Britain in the capacity of cavalry and they are not mentioned again until c. 296, when they were deported into Roman territory as laeti, from the 3rd through the 5th centuries Frisia suffered marine transgressions that made most of the land uninhabitable, aggravated by a change to a cooler and wetter climate. Whatever population may have remained dropped dramatically, and the lands remained largely unpopulated for the next two centuries. When conditions improved, Frisia received an influx of new settlers, mostly Angles and these people would eventually be referred to as Frisians, though they were not necessarily descended from the ancient Frisii. It is these new Frisians who are largely the ancestors of the medieval, by the end of the 6th century, Frisian territory had expanded westward to the North Sea coast and, in the 7th century, southward down to Dorestad. This farthest extent of Frisian territory is referred to as Frisia Magna. Early Frisia was ruled by a High King, with the earliest reference to a Frisian King being dated 678 and these wars benefited attempts by Anglo-Irish missionaries to convert the Frisian populace to Christianity, in which Saint Willibrord largely succeeded. The eastern periphery of Frisia would become part of various German states, an old tradition existed in the region of exploitation of peatlands. As both the Anglo-Saxons of England and the early Frisians were formed from largely identical tribal confederacies, Old Frisian is the most closely related language to Old English and the modern Frisian dialects are in turn the closest related languages to contemporary English. Of these three languages both Saterland Frisian and North Frisian are endangered, West Frisian is spoken by around 354,000 native speakers and is not threatened. Today there exists a division of the Frisians, into North Frisians, East Frisians and West Frisians. The West Frisians in general do not see themselves as part of a group of Frisians. Therefore, the term Frisian, when applied to the speakers of all three Frisian languages, is a linguistic and to some extent cultural concept, not a political one. Because of centuries of cohabitation and active participation in Dutch society, as well as being bilingual, talking ethnicity on the middle ground, Ton Derks, Nico Roymans, Ethnic Constructs in Antiquity, The Role of Power and Tradition, 207-218
Frisians
–
Menno Simons
Frisians
–
Epke Zonderland
8.
Asteroid
–
Asteroids are minor planets, especially those of the inner Solar System. The larger ones have also been called planetoids and these terms have historically been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not show the disc of a planet and was not observed to have the characteristics of an active comet. As minor planets in the outer Solar System were discovered and found to have volatile-based surfaces that resemble those of comets, in this article, the term asteroid refers to the minor planets of the inner Solar System including those co-orbital with Jupiter. There are millions of asteroids, many thought to be the remnants of planetesimals. The large majority of known asteroids orbit in the belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, or are co-orbital with Jupiter. However, other orbital families exist with significant populations, including the near-Earth objects, individual asteroids are classified by their characteristic spectra, with the majority falling into three main groups, C-type, M-type, and S-type. These were named after and are identified with carbon-rich, metallic. The size of asteroids varies greatly, some reaching as much as 1000 km across, asteroids are differentiated from comets and meteoroids. In the case of comets, the difference is one of composition, while asteroids are composed of mineral and rock, comets are composed of dust. In addition, asteroids formed closer to the sun, preventing the development of the aforementioned cometary ice, the difference between asteroids and meteoroids is mainly one of size, meteoroids have a diameter of less than one meter, whereas asteroids have a diameter of greater than one meter. Finally, meteoroids can be composed of either cometary or asteroidal materials, only one asteroid,4 Vesta, which has a relatively reflective surface, is normally visible to the naked eye, and this only in very dark skies when it is favorably positioned. Rarely, small asteroids passing close to Earth may be visible to the eye for a short time. As of March 2016, the Minor Planet Center had data on more than 1.3 million objects in the inner and outer Solar System, the United Nations declared June 30 as International Asteroid Day to educate the public about asteroids. The date of International Asteroid Day commemorates the anniversary of the Tunguska asteroid impact over Siberia, the first asteroid to be discovered, Ceres, was found in 1801 by Giuseppe Piazzi, and was originally considered to be a new planet. In the early half of the nineteenth century, the terms asteroid. Asteroid discovery methods have improved over the past two centuries. This task required that hand-drawn sky charts be prepared for all stars in the band down to an agreed-upon limit of faintness. On subsequent nights, the sky would be charted again and any moving object would, hopefully, the expected motion of the missing planet was about 30 seconds of arc per hour, readily discernible by observers
Asteroid
–
253 Mathilde, a
C-type asteroid measuring about 50 kilometres (30 mi) across, covered in craters half that size. Photograph taken in 1997 by the
NEAR Shoemaker probe.
Asteroid
–
2013 EC, shown here in radar images, has a provisional designation
Asteroid
–
⚵
Asteroid
–
243 Ida and its moon Dactyl. Dactyl is the first satellite of an asteroid to be discovered.
9.
Leeuwarden
–
Leeuwarden is a city and municipality with a population of 108,249 in Friesland in the Netherlands. It is the capital and seat of the States of Friesland. The oldest remains of houses in the city back to the 2nd century AD. Leeuwarden has been inhabited since the 10th century. It was granted city privileges in 1435, the city was liberated from German occupation in World War II by The Royal Canadian Dragoons in 1945. It is the hub of the province of Friesland, situated in a green and water-rich environment, with lakes, villages. Leeuwarden is a royal residence and has a historic centre, many listed buildings. Leeuwarden has been awarded the title European Capital of Culture 2018, one important cultural and historical event is the Elfstedentocht, an ice skating-tour of eleven cities in Friesland, starting and finishing in Leeuwarden. Besides the city of Leeuwarden, population centres in the municipality with a population of 1,000 or more are Grou, Goutum, Wergea, Jirnsum, Reduzum, and Wirdum. The municipality is governed by the mayor Ferd Crone and a coalition of the Labour Party, Christian Democratic Appeal, and PAL-GroenLinks. The name Leeuwarden first came into use for Nijehove, the most important of the three villages that merged into one, namely Oldehove and Hoek in the early 9th century. There is much uncertainty about the origin of the citys name, historian and archivist Wopke Eekhoff summed up a total of over 200 different spelling variants, of which Leeuwarden, Liwwadden, and Ljouwert are still in use. The second syllable is easily explained, Warden, Frisian/Dutch for an artificial dwelling hill, is a designation of terps, the first part of the name, leeuw, means lion in modern standard Dutch. This interpretation corresponds with the coat of arms adopted by the city, however, modern standard Dutch was not used in this region in the Middle Ages, when the city was called Lintarwrde. Some scholars argue that the name of the city is derived from leeu-, the last one suits the watery province of Friesland. The name is similar to that of the French commune Lewarde, located in the Nord Department, the oldest remains of houses date back to the 2nd century AD in the Roman era and were discovered during an excavation near the Oldehove. The area has been inhabited since the 10th century, and was mentioned as a city in German sources in 1285. Situated along the Middelzee, it was a trade centre until the waterway silted up in the 15th century
Leeuwarden
–
Former
weigh house in Leeuwarden
Leeuwarden
–
Historical map of Leeuwarden 1664
Leeuwarden
–
Leeuwarden (municipality) in 1866
Leeuwarden
–
Citizens of Leeuwarden welcoming units of the
Canadian Army, 16 April 1945
10.
Friesland
–
Friesland or Frisia is a province in the northwest of the Netherlands. It is situated west of Groningen, northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel, north of Flevoland, northeast of North Holland, in 2010, the province had a population of 646,000 and a total area of 5,749 km2. The capital and seat of the government is the city of Leeuwarden. Since 2017, Arno Brok is the Kings Commissioner in the province, a coalition of the Labour Party, the Christian Democratic Appeal, and the Frisian National Party forms the executive branch. The province is divided into 24 municipalities, the area of the province was once part of the ancient, larger region of Frisia. The official languages of Friesland are West Lauwers Frisian and Dutch, a proto-Frisian culture slowly began to emerge around 400–200 BC known for its artificial dwelling hills as a defence against the sea. The Roman claim on Frisia began in 12 BC with the campaign of Nero Claudius Drusus in Germania, after a series of costly battles against the Frisians, the Romans were suddenly sworn fealty. The de facto independence they later enjoyed as a Roman vassal shows that this might have been a mostly diplomatic decision based on the temporary favourable bargaining position. Together with other Germanic tribes such as the Salians and the Batavii they managed to keep the north of the Lower Rhine mostly free from Roman influence. The early eighth-century AD is known for the Frisian Kingdom, king Redbad, after incorporation into the Frankish empire, Friesland was divided into three parts. The westernmost part developed at the start of the second millennium into the County of Holland, while the remainder of Frisia had no feudal overlord and that ended when Charles V added Frisia to the Habsburg Netherlands as Lordship of Frisia. Under Napoleon, the department was named Frise, after Napoleon was defeated in 1813, the department became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands as the province of Friesland. Friesland is the largest province of the Netherlands if one includes areas of water, in terms of land area only, the provinces highest point is at 45 metres above sea level, on the island of Vlieland. There are four parks, Schiermonnikoog, De Alde Feanen, Lauwersmeer. The ten urban areas in Friesland with the largest population are, The province is divided into 24 municipalities, the province of Friesland has an oceanic climate. In 2010, Friesland had a population of 646,305, the years 1880–1900 show slower population growth due to a farm crisis in which 20,000 Frisians emigrated to the United States of America. Since the late Middle Ages, Friesland has been renowned for the height of its inhabitants. Friesland is mainly an agricultural province, the black and white Frisian cattle, black and white Stabyhoun and the black Frisian horse originated here
Friesland
–
Satellite image of Friesland
Friesland
Friesland
–
Map of Friesland (2012)
Friesland
–
View of the
Wadden Sea to the north of Friesland
11.
Burgomaster
–
The name in English was derived from the Dutch burgemeester. In some cases, Burgomaster was the title of the head of state and head of government of a sovereign city-state, contemporary titles are commonly translated into English as mayor. Bürgermeister, in German, in Germany, Austria, and formerly in Switzerland, in Switzerland, the title was abolished mid-19th century, various current titles for roughly equivalent offices include Gemeindepräsident, Stadtpräsident, Gemeindeamtmann, and Stadtamtmann. Oberbürgermeister is the most common version for a mayor in a big city in Germany, the Ober- prefix is used in many ranking systems for the next level up including military designations. The mayors of cities, which comprise one of Germanys 112 urban districts usually bear this title. Urban districts are comparable to independent cities in the English-speaking world, however, also the mayors of some cities, which do not comprise an urban district, but often used to comprise one until the territorial reforms in the 1970s, bear the title Oberbürgermeister. In the Netherlands nominated by the council but appointed by the crown. In theory above the parties, in practice a high-profile party-political post, bourgmestre in Belgium, Luxembourg and the Democratic Republic of the Congo Bürgermeister Burmistras, derived from German. Burmistrz, a title, derived from German. The German form Oberbürgermeister is often translated as Nadburmistrz, the German-derived terminology reflects the involvement of German settlers in the early history of many Polish towns. Borgmästare, kommunalborgmästare, the title is not used in Sweden in present times, boargemaster Pormestari In history in many free imperial cities the function of burgomaster was usually held simultaneously by three persons, serving as an executive college. One of the three being burgomaster in chief for a year, the second being the prior burgomaster in chief, präsidierender Bürgermeister is now an obsolete formulation sometimes found in historic texts
Burgomaster
–
The Burgomaster's Family, possibly painted by
Gerard Donck c. 1640
Burgomaster
–
Arnold von Brauweiler, a German burgomaster, known in German as Bürgermeister
12.
University of Franeker
–
The University of Franeker was a university in Franeker, Friesland, now part of the Netherlands. It was the second oldest university of the Netherlands, founded shortly after Leiden University and it consisted of departments of Theology, Law, Medicine, Philosophy, Mathematics and Physics. Initially the university had an excellent reputation, attracting students from far and wide, the university was disbanded by Napoleon in 1811, along with the Universities of Harderwijk and Utrecht. After the end of the French régime, the university was not restored, instead, an Athenaeum illustre was founded, which did not have the right to issue doctoral degrees. In 1843, the Athenaeum itself was disbanded because of a lack of students
University of Franeker
–
De academia van Vrieslant (Friesland Academy), 1622
13.
Hendrick van Uylenburgh
–
Hendrick Gerritsz van Uylenburgh was an influential Dutch Golden Age art dealer who helped launch the careers of Rembrandt, Govert Flinck, Ferdinand Bol and other painters. Van Uylenburgh came from a Frisian family and emigrated with family to Kraków when he was a boy. He was trained as a painter and also worked as an art buyer for the Polish king, around 1612 he moved to Danzig and in 1625 returned to the Netherlands, settling in the bustling capital of Amsterdam. Van Uylenburgh took over the business of Cornelis van der Voort and became an art dealer, in 1631 Rembrandt moved into van Uylenburghs house to work in Van Uylenburghs studio. Rembrandt became chief painter of the studio and in 1634 married Van Uylenburghs niece Saskia van Uylenburgh, in 1647 Van Uylenburgh had to move to a new location on Dam square, because Nicolaes Eliaszoon Pickenoy sold the house. When his house on Dam square was appropriated to build a new city hall and his son Gerrit van Uylenburgh took over the family business after Van Uylenburghs death and burial in the Westerkerk church in 1661. Gerrit went bankrupt in 1675 following accusations that he had sold forged art to Frederick William, in 2006 the Rembrandt House Museum presented an exhibition around Hendrick van Uylenburgh and his son Gerrit. The exhibition was shown at the Dulwich Picture Gallery in London. Telegraph. co. uk, A very modern 17th-century art dealer
Hendrick van Uylenburgh
–
The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (1632), painted by
Rembrandt while at Hendrick van Uylenburgh's studio
14.
Dutch Republic
–
It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Seven Provinces, Federated Dutch Provinces, most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. This was the start of the Eighty Years War, in 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them, but after an attempt to take Antwerp in 1583. After the assassination of William of Orange, both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty, however, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England, and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy, the Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. During the Anglo-French war, the territory was divided into groups, the Patriots, who were pro-French and pro-American and the Orangists. The Republic of the United Provinces faced a series of revolutions in 1783–1787. During this period, republican forces occupied several major Dutch cities, initially on the defence, the Orangist forces received aid from Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands in 1787. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland, the Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names United Provinces of the Netherlands, on 16 March 1815, the son of stadtholder William V crowned himself King William I of the Netherlands. Between 1815 and 1890 the King of the Netherlands was also in a union the Grand Duke of the sovereign Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. After Belgium gained its independence in 1830, the state became known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world, the free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company, while Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the worlds first stock exchange, that of the Dutch East-India Company, went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a city so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles
Dutch Republic
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Dutch East-India trading ship 1600
Dutch Republic
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Flag
Dutch Republic
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Onrust Island near
Batavia, 1699
Dutch Republic
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Courtyard of the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, 1653
15.
Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
–
Maurice of Orange was stadtholder of all the provinces of the Dutch Republic except for Friesland from 1585 at earliest until his death in 1625. Before he became Prince of Orange upon the death of his eldest half-brother Philip William in 1618, Maurice spent his youth in Dillenburg in Nassau, and studied in Heidelberg and Leiden. He succeeded his father William the Silent as stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland in 1585, and became stadtholder of Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel in 1590, and of Groningen in 1620. As Captain-General and Admiral of the Union, Maurice organised the Dutch rebellion against Spain into a coherent, successful revolt, Maurice set out to revive and revise the classical doctrines of Vegetius and pioneered the new European forms of armament and drill. During the Twelve Years Truce, a dispute broke out in the Republic. After the Truce, Maurice failed to achieve more military victories and he died without legitimate children in The Hague in 1625, and was succeeded by his younger half-brother Frederick Henry. Maurice was a son of William the Silent and Princess Anna of Saxony and was born at the castle of Dillenburg and he was named after his maternal grandfather, the Elector Maurice of Saxony, who was also a noted general. Maurice never married but was the father of children by Margaretha van Mechelen. He was raised in Dillenburg by his uncle Johan of Nassau, together with his cousin Willem Lodewijk he studied in Heidelberg and later in Leiden where he met Simon Stevin. The States of Holland and Zeeland paid for his studies, as their father had run into problems after spending his entire fortune in the early stages of the Dutch revolt. Only 16 when his father was murdered in Delft in 1584, he took over as stadtholder. The monarchs of England and France had been requested to accept sovereignty and this had left Maurice as the only acceptable candidate for the position of Stadtholder. He became stadtholder of Holland and Zeeland in 1585, of Guelders, Overijssel and Utrecht in 1590 and of Groningen, protestant Maurice was preceded as Prince of Orange by his Roman Catholic eldest half-brother Philip William, Prince of Orange, deceased 1618. However, Philip William was in the custody of Spain, remaining so until 1596 and he was appointed captain-general of the army in 1587, bypassing the Earl of Leicester, who returned to England on hearing this news. Maurice organised the rebellion against Spain into a coherent, successful revolt, the Eighty Years War was a challenge to his style, so he could prove himself a good leader by taking several Spanish Outposts. In 1597 he went on an offensive and took Rheinberg, Meurs, Groenlo, Bredevoort, Enschede, Ootmarsum, Oldenzaal. These victories rounded out the borders to the Dutch Republic, solidifying the revolt and they also established Maurice as the foremost general of his time. Many of the generals of the succeeding generation, including his brother Frederick Henry
Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
–
Portrait by
Michiel Jansz. van Mierevelt
Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
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Maurice as a child
Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
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The
Cavalcade of princes of the House of Orange and Nassau, 1. Front Row: Maurice (1567–1625), Philip William (1558–1618), Frederick Henry (1584–1647), 2. Second Row: William Louis (1560- 1632), Ernst Casimir (1573–1632) und Johann Ernst. after a print by W. J. Delff (1621) after a painting from A. P. van de Venne
Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
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Maurice and his followers on the Vijverberg, The Hague.
Adam van Breen, 1618.
16.
Het Bildt
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Het Bildt is a municipality in the province of Friesland in the northern Netherlands, its capital is Sint Annaparochie. The population was 10,657 in 2014, Het Bildt has 15.4 km of coastline. Its soil is fertile and agriculture is a major part of its economy, crops grown include onions, potatoes. All three languages - Bildts, Dutch, and Frisian - are spoken in the area, only in Minnertsga is Frisian the predominant language. Signage in Het Bildt is generally bilingual, with names given in both Dutch and Bildts, the name Het Bildt is formed out of the word opbilden which means the silting up of land. The Middlesee once separated the western lands from the rest of the Frisian mainland, the western part was called Westergoa and the city of Franeker was in its center. The eastern part was called Eastergoa, the city Leeuwarden was located along Eastergoas western coast. The Middelsee stretched all the way from the north to the west of Bolsward, earlier it extended still further, all the way to the Zuiderzee and Westergoa was an Island only accessible by boat. Around 1300 the sea began to become accessible to boats. Eventually a dike was raised between the villages Beetgumermolen and Britsum to stop the continuous overflooding, as a result, the area south of this dike was no longer subject to the effects of tides and the parts that werent already dry became solid land. The Swette has been kept as a river between Leeuwarden and Sneek. After the dike was raised, the part of the Middelsee also gradually silted. In 1398 the newly reclaimed dry lands were given by the Duke Albert I of Bavaria to Arnold I, Lord of Egmond, in 1498, even more land became dry. This trend, caused by the Waddenzees tide, has continued to the present, the new dry land consisted of two regions, called Het Grote Bildt and Het Kleine Bildt, and both came under the ownership of the Saxon duke Albert of Saxony-Meissen. He seriously considered converting the region into solid dry land but he was out of funds. The Saxon control of Friesland was by no means secure and was threatened by revolts in that province. The brothers started the project in 1505 but in the years followed the dykes they had laid could still not prevent the tides from flooding the land. After receiving money from George of Saxony and hiring the help of two nobles, misters Davelaer and Bontemantel, they accomplished the task of dyking the area properly
Het Bildt
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Church and water tower of
Sint Jacobiparochie
Het Bildt
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Not to be confused with
De Bilt.
Het Bildt
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map from 1834 of the middelzee.
17.
Johannes Maccovius
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Johannes Maccovius, also known as Jan Makowski, was a Polish Reformed theologian. Makowski was born in Lobzenica, Poland, after visiting various universities and as the tutor of young Polish nobles, holding disputations with Jesuits and Socinians, Maccovius entered the University of Franeker in the Netherlands, in 1613. There he became privat-docent in 1614 and professor of theology in 1615, in later years, the fame of Maccovius attracted many students to Franeker, where he spent the rest of his life. The synod, while neither approving or condemning his supralapsarianism, acquitted Maccovius of the charges of heresy brought against him, Maccovius theory of Scripture was very free, and he distinguished sharply between scholarship and beliefs essential to salvation. Maccovius redivivus sive manuscripta euis typis exscripta, distinctiones et regulae theologicae ac philosophicae. W. J. van Asselt, M. D. Bell, scholastic Discourse, Johannes Maccovius on Theological and Philosophical Distinctions and Rules. Publications of the Institute for Reformation Research, a. Kuyper, Jr. Johannes Maccovius, Leyden,1899. E. L. Briemoet, Athenarum Frisiacarum libri, pp. 151–160, J. Heringa Ez, in Archief voor Kerkelijke Geschiedenis,1831, iii. M. D. Bell, Propter potestatem, scientiam, ac beneplacitum Dei, M. D. Bell, Maccovius on the Son of God as αυτοϑεος in Church History and Religious Culture 91, 105-119. W. B. S. Boeles, Frieslands Hoogeschool en het Rijks Athenarum te Franeker, W. J. van Asselt, On the Maccovius Affair in Revisiting the Synod of Dort. Aza Goudriaan and Fred van Lieburg, eds. pp. 217–241, W. J. van Asselt, The Theologians Toolkit, Johannes Maccovius and the Development of Reformed Theological Distinctions in Westminster Theological Journal 68, 23-40. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Jackson, Samuel Macauley. New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, london and New York, Funk and Wagnalls
Johannes Maccovius
–
Johannes Macovius
18.
Mennonite
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The Mennonites are Christian groups belonging to the church communities of Anabaptist denominations named after Menno Simons of Friesland. Through his writings, Simons articulated and formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders, rather than fight, the majority of these followers survived by fleeing to neighboring states where ruling families were tolerant of their radical belief in believers baptism. Over the years, Mennonites have become known as one of the peace churches because of their commitment to pacifism. There is controversy among Mennonites about this issue, with some insisting that they are simply a group while others argue that they form a distinct ethnic group. Historians and sociologists have increasingly started to treat Mennonites as an ethno-religious group, there is also a discussion about the term ethnic Mennonite. There are about 2.1 million Anabaptists worldwide as of 2015, Mennonite congregations worldwide embody the full scope of Mennonite practice from plain people to those who are indistinguishable in dress and appearance from the general population. Mennonites can be found in communities in at least 87 countries on six continents, the largest populations of Mennonites are to be found in Canada, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India and the United States. Today, less than 500 Mennonites remain in Ukraine, a relatively small Mennonite presence, known as the Algemene Doopsgezinde Societeit, still continues in the Netherlands, where Simons was born. The early history of the Mennonites starts with the Anabaptists in the German, the German term is Täufer or Wiedertäufer. The Greek word palin is the single most used term translated as again throughout the Greek MSS translated into the English KJV Bible, when the Greek prepositional prefix ana is used, it is always translated separately, and not transliterated. The English transliteration of anbaptizmo demands a transliterated rendering as an-other baptism, hence ANA-baptism and these forerunners of modern Mennonites were part of the Protestant Reformation, a broad reaction against the practices and theology of the Roman Catholic Church. Other significant theological views of the Mennonites developed in opposition to Roman Catholic views or to the views of other Protestant reformers such as Martin Luther, some of the followers of Zwinglis Reformed church thought that requiring church membership beginning at birth was inconsistent with the New Testament example. At a small meeting in Zurich on January 21,1525, Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz and this meeting marks the beginning of the Anabaptist movement. In the spirit of the times, many groups followed, preaching about reducing hierarchy, relations with the state, eschatology and these movements are together referred to as the Radical Reformation. They joined forces to fight the movement, using such as banishment, torture. Despite strong repressive efforts of the churches, the movement spread slowly around western Europe. Officials killed many of the earliest Anabaptist leaders in an attempt to purge Europe of the new sect, by 1530, most of the founding leaders had been killed for refusing to renounce their beliefs. Many believed that God did not condone killing or the use of force for any reason and were unwilling to fight for their lives
Mennonite
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Menno Simons
Mennonite
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Spread of the early Anabaptists, 1525–1550
Mennonite
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Mennonite churches blended into city architecture to avoid offending the religious sensibilities of the majority. Doopsgezinde Gemeente, Amsterdam.
Mennonite
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Germantown
Mennonite Meetinghouse, built 1770
19.
Govert Flinck
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Govert Teuniszoon Flinck was a Dutch painter of the Dutch Golden Age. Here Flinck was joined by Jacob Backer, and the companionship of a youth determined like himself to be an artist only confirmed his passion for painting. Amongst the neighbours of Jacobszon at Leeuwarden were the sons and relations of Rombertus van Uylenburgh, other members of the same family lived at Amsterdam, cultivating the arts either professionally or as amateurs. The pupils of Lambert probably gained some knowledge of Rembrandt by intercourse with the Ulenburgs, for many years Flinck laboured on the lines of Rembrandt, following that masters style in all the works which he executed between 1636 and 1648. With aspirations as a painter, however, he looked to the swelling forms and grand action of Peter Paul Rubens. Flincks relations with Cleves became in time very important and he was introduced to the court of the Great Elector, Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg, who possessed the Duchy and who married in 1646 Louisa of Orange. He obtained the patronage of John Maurice of Nassau, who was stadtholder of Cleves in 1649. In 1652 a citizen of Amsterdam, Flinck married in 1656 an heiress, Sophie van der Houven, Flinck died in Amsterdam on 2 February 1660. The earliest of Flincks authentic pieces is a portrait of a lady, dated 1636 and his first subject picture is the Blessing of Jacob, in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. Both are thoroughly Rembrandtesque in effect as well as in vigour of touch, the four civic guards of 1642, and the twelve musketeers with their president in an arm-chair, in the Stadhuis, Amsterdam, are fine specimens of composed portrait groups. Flinck here painted his own likeness to the left in a doorway, the mannered period of Flinck is amply illustrated in the Manius Curius Dentatus eating Turnips before the Samnite Envoys, and Solomon receiving Wisdom, in the Palace on the Dam at Amsterdam. Here it is that Flinck shows most defects, being faulty in arrangement, gaudy in tint, flat and shallow in execution, Flinck was unable to finish more than the sketches. After his death Rembrandt was asked to one of the commissions, and produced his last great history picture, the Conspriracy of Claudius Civilis. In the same year he received an acknowledgment from the town council of Cleves. Of several pictures which were painted for the Great Elector, none are preserved except the Expulsion of Hagar in the Berlin museum. Flinck at WGA Works and literature on Govert Flinck at PubHist This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh
Govert Flinck
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Self-portrait, circa 1640, Oil on panel, 66 × 51.4 cm,
Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow,
Scotland
Govert Flinck
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Blessing of Jacob (1638)
Govert Flinck
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Portrait of Margaretha Tulp, 1655
Govert Flinck
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Rembrandt as shepherd with staff and flute
20.
Jacob Adriaensz Backer
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Jacob Adriaensz Backer was a Dutch Golden Age painter. He produced about 140 paintings in twenty years, including portraits, religious subjects, in his style he was influenced by Wybrand de Geest, Rubens and Abraham Bloemaert. He is also noted for his drawings of male and female nudes, Backer was born in Harlingen, Netherlands, but his father moved in 1611 to Amsterdam, after his wife died. The family lived on Nieuwendijk near the harbour, in 1633 Backer returned to Amsterdam, and probably worked for Hendrick Uylenburgh. Backer never married, never bought a house, and might have lived with his brother or nephew Adriaen Backer and he died in Amsterdam, in his early forties. Besides being an important portrait painter—some 70 portraits can be attributed to him with certainty—Backer was an excellent painter of religious and mythological paintings. He was especially interested in subjects, themes from contemporary history, like Granida and Daifilo. The painting with the schutterij, Company of Cornelis de Graeff, the artist excelled in painting hands and feet. He never painted a town or landscape and he was a leading artist in Amsterdam until his premature death in 1651. He was buried in the Noorderkerk, a major exhibition of Jacob Backers work was displayed at the Rembrandthuis from 29 November 2008 to 22 February 2009. 1633, National Museum, Warsaw Granida and Daifilo, c,1635, Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg Portrait of a Young Woman, c. Petersburg Portrait of A Lady, Nelson-Atkins Art Museum, Kansas City, Missouri The Angel Appearing to the Centurion Cornelius, c. 1630, Indiana University Art Museum, Bloomington, Indiana Portrait of Young Women, Regional gallery of Liberec, walter Liedtke Dutch paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. A New General Biographical Dictionary, London, B
Jacob Adriaensz Backer
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The Hearing by Jacob Backer (1635), oil painting, Magyar Szépmüvészeti Múzeum, Budapest
Jacob Adriaensz Backer
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Perhaps this portrait of a woman in an armchair by Backer seemed more attractive to the sitter mentioned by Sandrart than the portraits by Frans Hals of her Haarlem contemporaries, the
Voogt sisters, and that is why she travelled to Amsterdam for her portrait to be done.
21.
Wybrand de Geest
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Wybrand Simonsz. de Geest was a Dutch Golden Age portrait painter from Friesland. Wybrand de Geest was born and died at Leeuwarden and he learned painting from his father, Simon Juckesz, a stained glass worker. He studied later with Abraham Bloemaert, from 1614 to 1618 he travelled in France and Italy on a Grand Tour. In 1616 he met up with Leonard Bramer in Aix-en-Provence, while in Rome he became a member of the painters circle known as the Bentvueghels. He earned the nickname De Friesche Adelaar, or the Frisian Eagle, De Geest married Hendrickje Fransdr Uylenburgh in 1622, a niece of Saskia van Uylenburgh, the wife of Rembrandt. In 1634, just before his own marriage, Rembrandt visited De Geests studio, in 1636 the Frenchman Charles Ogier, secretary to Cardinal Richelieu visited De Geest, to view his large collection of curiosities and coins. De Geest was the most important portrait painter of Friesland and painted portraits of the well-to-do citizens of his day. Perhaps the most intimate portraits he painted were those of his family, De Geest influenced Jacob Adriaensz Backer, and his students were Jan Jansz. de Stomme. His sons Julius and Frank also became painters and his grandson Wybrand wrote plays, a travel guide to Rome, and published Het Kabinet der Statuen. Wybrand de Geest at PubHist Where Wybrand lived
Wybrand de Geest
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Wybrand de Geest, self-portrait 1629
Wybrand de Geest
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Adam Pynacker, his son-in-law
Wybrand de Geest
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Eva de Geest, his daughter
22.
Sint Annaparochie
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Sint Annaparochie is the principal and largest settlement of the municipality of Het Bildt in Friesland, the Netherlands. It lies approximately 15 km northwest of Leeuwarden and has approximately 4000 inhabitants, the village is named after Saint Anne, the mother of Mary. St. Annaparochie was founded in the 16th century, though it is located in the province of Friesland, the principal language spoken in the town is Bildts or Dutch, not West Frisian. Rembrandt was married in the church in St. Annaparochie in 1634. There was a station on the North Friesland Railway which opened in 1902 and it reopened to passengers in May 1940 and closed to passengers again in October 1942. Its final closure took place in May 1966
Sint Annaparochie
–
Sint Annaparochie
23.
Schepen
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A schepen is a municipal office in Dutch-speaking countries. It has been replaced by the wethouder in the Netherlands itself, depending on the context, it may be roughly translated as an alderman, councillor, or magistrate. The Dutch word schepen has its origins in the Old Saxon word scepino and is related to the German word Schöffe, the word made its way into early Medieval Latin as scabinus in France. Originally, the referred to member of a council of deciders – literally. Their judgments originally required ratification by a majority of the people present, later, mandatory attendance and ratification were no longer required. In Flanders, the term schepen is the Dutch term used for an alderman who serves on the executive board in the municipal government. Though there is no direct English cognate, the Dutch term schepen is generally translated into English as alderman, schepen has a slightly different meaning depending on whether the term is used in a historic context or in a modern political context. Later the name of the institute of the council of Aldermen became the Schepenbank, the Schepenen both legislated, ratified treaties and acted as judges. Each Flemish municipality has a town council. During the first meeting of an elected town council, council members vote by secret ballot to elect the schepenen. An absolute majority is required for a schepen to be voted in, once elected, the schepenen serve with the mayor on an executive board charged with the day-to-day management of town and city affairs. The executive board is referred to in Dutch as the college van burgemeester en schepenen, Schepenen are often assigned portfolio areas such as culture, education or city planning. They have several executive responsibilities relating to their portfolios and thus assist the mayor in governing the town or city, the total number of schepenen in a town depends on its population. A city like Antwerp has ten, whereas Herstappe, the smallest community in Belgium, has only two, since a schepen is also an ordinary alderman or town councillor, he or she must be re-elected to remain in the office of schepen. Since 2006, Belgian citizenship has not been a requirement for the position, in the Netherlands, the term schepen has been discontinued and replaced by wethouder. Historically, schepenen had administrative and judicial duties in a Dutch seigneury, when acting in an administrative capacity, a schepen was similar to an alderman or town councillor, and is usually referred to in that way in English. When acting in a capacity, the schepenen were often referred to as the schepenbank. One of the functions of the schepenbank was to pass judgment on criminals, as a result, the word schepen is often translated into English as magistrate in this Dutch historical context
Schepen
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Image of "schout and scheepenen van Alkemade" as written in 1806 Dutch marriage document
24.
Amstel
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The Amstel is a river in the Netherlands which runs through the city of Amsterdam. The rivers name is derived from Aeme-stelle, old Dutch for water-area, namely, the well-known bridge Magere Brug in Amsterdam crosses the river, as do the bridges Blauwbrug, Hoge Sluis and Berlagebrug. The Stopera city hall and opera house and Carré theatre are located on the banks of the river. A nationally televised concert is held on the every year on Bevrijdingsdag. The rowing races Head of the River Amstel and Heineken Roeivierkamp are held on the river annually, the river also forms part of the route of the Canal Parade, Amsterdams annual floating gay pride parade. Amstel beer is named after the river, the Amstel brewery, as many other breweries, was situated close to the Amstel river because river water was used to produce the beer. The river originally began where two rivers, the Drecht and Kromme Mijdrecht, joined together, a little south of Uithoorn. After the construction of a canal, the Amstel-Drecht Kanaal, the river now begins where the Drecht and another canal, tributary rivers are the Kromme Mijdrecht, Bullewijk and Waver. The rivers outlet is in Amsterdam, where it meets the IJ bay, however, during 1936 the last part of the river was filled in, so the river now ends near Muntplein square, although it remains connected to the bay through subterranean pipes. The river contains one island, Amsteleiland, at 52°17′15″N 4°53′15″E. The only road leading to it belongs to the village of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel and it has an area of about 0.05 km². Amsterdam took its name from the river, the city developed from a small fishing village named Amstelredam, built during the 13th century alongside a dam at the mouth of the river. The town was granted city rights about 1300, the hamlet developed into the small town Amsteldam, which later became Amsterdam. The area through which the river passes is known as the Amstelland, the city and municipality of Amstelveen, the municipality of Ouder-Amstel, the towns of Ouderkerk aan de Amstel and Nes aan de Amstel are all named for the river as well. Amsterdam has a street named Amstel, a square named Amstelveld, in the former Dutch colonies in North America, a town was captured from the Swedes in 1655 and renamed Nieuw-Amstel. It is now known as New Castle, Delaware, the river has been depicted by many artists, including, Aert van der Neer Rembrandt Willem Witsen George Hendrik Breitner Piet Mondrian Media related to Amstel at Wikimedia Commons
Amstel
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The river Amstel flowing through the centre of Amsterdam.
Amstel
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The Amstel river in
Amsterdam, view of the
Magere Brug bridge.
Amstel
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The Amstel river in
Amsterdam, view of the
Blauwbrug bridge.
Amstel
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The Amstel, with a view of the
Rembrandt Tower, the tallest building in Amsterdam.
25.
Jodenbreestraat
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The Jodenbreestraat is a street in the centre of Amsterdam, which connects the Sint Antoniesluis sluice gates to the Mr. Visserplein traffic circle. North of the gates, the street continues on to Nieuwmarkt square as the Sint Antoniesbreestraat. The Mozes en Aäronkerk church stands at the end of the street. Directly behind the Jodenbreestraat is Waterlooplein square with its daily flea market, philosopher Baruch Spinoza was born in a house that stood on the spot where the Mozes en Aäronkerk church now stands. The painter Rembrandt lived in what is now the Rembrandthuis museum from 1639 to 1656, across from the museum is a sculpture bearing a poem by Jacob Israël de Haan. The street was part of the Sint Antoniesbreestraat. The street served as a marketplace until the late 19th century, in 1893, the city government ordered the merchants to move their stalls to nearby Waterlooplein square. Rembrandt lived in this street from 1631 to 1635, at the home of art dealer Hendrick van Uylenburgh and it now houses the Rembrandthuis museum. The street was popular with other artists, such as the painter Esaias Boursse. During the German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II, after the war, the neighbourhood was left deserted and many of the houses began to fall apart and were eventually torn down. In the 1960s, the city government unveiled plans to build a highway through the Jodenbreestraat, to prepare for construction, Jodenbreestraat was significantly widened by tearing down the remaining houses along the north side of the street. However, following riots in 1975, the highway plans were abandoned. Along the empty north side of the street, a new building arose in 1971, stretching the entire length of the street
Jodenbreestraat
–
The
Rembrandthuis museum, home to the painter
Rembrandt from 1639 to 1656
Jodenbreestraat
–
Jodenbreestraat 1
26.
Zuiderkerk
–
The Zuiderkerk is a 17th-century Protestant church in the Nieuwmarkt area of Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. The church played an important part in the life of Rembrandt and was the subject of a painting by Claude Monet, the Zuiderkerk was the citys first church built specifically for Protestant services. It was constructed between 1603 and 1611 and stands on the Zuiderkerkhof square near the Sint Antoniesbreestraat, the design of the church in Amsterdam Renaissance style is by Hendrick de Keyser, who was also buried in the church in 1621. A memorial stone was placed on top of his tomb in 1921, De Keyser designed the church as a pseudo-basilica in Gothic style, with a central nave and two lower side aisles, six bays long, with Tuscan columns, timber barrel vaults and dormers. The stained glass in the windows was replaced by transparent glass in the 17th Century. The richly detailed tower is a square stone substructure, on which an octagonal sandstone section stands with free-standing columns on the corners, on top of this is a wooden, lead-covered spire. French Impressionist painter Claude Monet painted the church during a visit to the Netherlands, there is some confusion about the date of this painting, but it was probably one of 12 paintings made by Monet in 1874 during a visit to Amsterdam. The composition is centred on the spire, with the Groenburgwal canal leading up to it in the foreground. The reflections of the buildings on the water are represented by yellow brushstrokes only, the painting now hangs in the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Three of Rembrandts children were buried in the Zuiderkerk, which is very near to Rembrandts house in the Jodenbreestraat, ferdinand Bol, one of Rembrandts most famous pupils, was buried in the Zuiderkerk in 1680. According to local legend, Rembrandt painted the Night Watch at the church because his own studio was too small, however, the story is highly disputed and most likely untrue. The Zuiderkerk was used for services until 1929. The church was closed in 1970 because it was at the point of collapse, since June 2006, the church also houses the Wall of Fame, a homage to Dutch celebrities who have made a positive contribution to society, such as charitable work. The honourees include Amsterdam mayor Job Cohen, renowned former soccer player Johan Cruijff, the church is open to the public and currently serves as a municipal information center with exhibitions on housing and the environment. Richard Clyfton Hendrick de Keyser Amsterdam Heritage Informatiecentrum De Zuiderkerk Archimon
Zuiderkerk
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View of the Zuiderkerk from the same angle as
Monet 's painting
Zuiderkerk
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Zuiderkerk
Zuiderkerk
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The church and the surrounding Zuiderkerkhof ("Southern Graveyard") square seen from
Sint Antoniesbreestraat
27.
Titus van Rijn
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Titus van Rijn was the fourth and only surviving child of Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn and Saskia van Uylenburgh. Titus is best known as a figure or model in his fathers paintings, Titus van Rijn was born in Amsterdam on September 22,1641, the fourth child of the famed artist Rembrandt van Rijn and his wife Saskia van Uylenburgh. After Rembrandts bankruptcy in 1656, Titus and his stepmother, Hendrickje Stoffels, were named in charge of Rembrandts affairs and began an art-dealership, at age 15, Titus made a will at his fathers insistence, making his father sole heir. In 1668, Titus married Magdalena van Loo and her father was Jan van Loo, silversmith, whose brother was Gerrit van Loo, a lawyer in Het Bildt. The couple lived at Magdalenas mothers house on the Singel and they had one daughter, Titia, who married François van Bijler in 1686. Titus van Rijn died in 1668 and was buried in the Westerkerk in Amsterdam and his wife, mother-in-law, and father all died a year later. Media related to Titus van Rijn at Wikimedia Commons Amsterdam City Archive
Titus van Rijn
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Portrait of Titus (
Kunsthistorisches Museum,
Vienna)
28.
Amsterdam
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Amsterdam is the capital and most populous municipality of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Its status as the capital is mandated by the Constitution of the Netherlands, although it is not the seat of the government, which is The Hague. Amsterdam has a population of 851,373 within the city proper,1,351,587 in the urban area, the city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. The metropolitan area comprises much of the part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe. Amsterdams name derives from Amstelredamme, indicative of the citys origin around a dam in the river Amstel, during that time, the city was the leading centre for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned, the 17th-century canals of Amsterdam and the 19–20th century Defence Line of Amsterdam are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top financial centres in Europe, Amsterdam is considered a world city by the Globalization. The city is also the capital of the Netherlands. Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters there, and seven of the worlds 500 largest companies, including Philips and ING, are based in the city. In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the Economist Intelligence Unit and 12th globally on quality of living for environment, the city was ranked 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009. The Amsterdam seaport to this day remains the second in the country, famous Amsterdam residents include the diarist Anne Frank, artists Rembrandt van Rijn and Vincent van Gogh, and philosopher Baruch Spinoza. The Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the oldest stock exchange in the world, is located in the city center. After the floods of 1170 and 1173, locals near the river Amstel built a bridge over the river, the earliest recorded use of that name is in a document dated October 27,1275, which exempted inhabitants of the village from paying bridge tolls to Count Floris V. This allowed the inhabitants of the village of Aemstelredamme to travel freely through the County of Holland, paying no tolls at bridges, locks, the certificate describes the inhabitants as homines manentes apud Amestelledamme. By 1327, the name had developed into Aemsterdam, Amsterdam is much younger than Dutch cities such as Nijmegen, Rotterdam, and Utrecht. In October 2008, historical geographer Chris de Bont suggested that the land around Amsterdam was being reclaimed as early as the late 10th century. This does not necessarily mean there was already a settlement then, since reclamation of land may not have been for farming—it may have been for peat. Amsterdam was granted city rights in either 1300 or 1306, from the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the Hanseatic League
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
Amsterdam
29.
Oude Kerk (Amsterdam)
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The 800-year-old Oude Kerk is Amsterdam’s oldest building and oldest parish church, founded ca.1213 and consecrated in 1306 by the bishop of Utrecht with Saint Nicolas as its patron saint. After the Reformation in 1578 it became a Calvinist church, which it remains today and it stands in De Wallen, now Amsterdams main red-light district. The square surrounding the church is the Oudekerksplein, by around 1213, a wooden chapel had been erected at the location of todays Oude Kerk. Over time, this structure was replaced by a church that was consecrated in 1306. The church has seen a number of performed by 15 generations of Amsterdam citizens. The church stood for only a half-century before the first alterations were made, not long after the turn of the 15th century, north and south transepts were added to the church creating a cross formation. Work on these renovations was completed in 1460, though it is likely that progress was interrupted by the great fires that besieged the city in 1421 and 1452. Before the Alteratie, or Reformation in Amsterdam of 1578, the Oude Kerk was Roman Catholic, following William the Silent’s defeat of the Spanish in the Dutch Revolt, the church was taken over by the Calvinist Dutch Reformed Church. Only the paintings on the ceiling, which were unreachable, were spared, locals would gather in the church to gossip, peddlers sold their goods, and beggars sought shelter. This was not tolerated by the Calvinists, however, and the homeless were expelled, in 1681, the choir was closed-off with screen of oak. Above the screen is the text, The prolonged misuse of Gods church, were here undone again in the year seventy-eight, in that same year, the Oude Kerk became home to the registry of marriages. It was also used as the city archives, the most important documents were locked in a chest covered with iron plates, the chest was kept safe in the iron chapel. The bust of famous organist and composer Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck celebrates the lifetime he spent playing in the church and his early career began at the age of fifteen when he succeeded his deceased father Pieter Swybertszoon as the Oude Kerk’s organist. He went on to music for all 150 Psalms and secured an international reputation as a leading Dutch composer. His music would also be played over the city from the bell tower. He is buried in the church, Rembrandt was a frequent visitor to the Oude Kerk and his children were all christened here. It is the building in Amsterdam that remains in its original state since Rembrandt walked its halls. In the Holy Sepulchre is a small Rembrandt exhibition, a shrine to his wife Saskia van Uylenburgh who was buried here in 1642, each year on 9 March, at 8,39 am, the early morning sun briefly illuminates her tomb
Oude Kerk (Amsterdam)
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Oude Kerk, viewed from across the Oudezijds Voorburgwal
Oude Kerk (Amsterdam)
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Oude Kerk, a church with a wooden roof
Oude Kerk (Amsterdam)
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Church Window, Oude Kerk
Oude Kerk (Amsterdam)
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Bronze relief in the cobblestone of Oudekerksplein
30.
Geertje Dircx
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Geertje Dircx was the lover of Rembrandt van Rijn after the death of his wife Saskia. She was hired as a wetnurse to the painters son Titus, the relationship broke up acrimoniously, leading to a lengthy court-case for breach of promise, in which she claimed maintenance from Rembrandt. She was eventually imprisoned after displaying increasingly unstable behaviour, after her release she tried to sue Rembrandt for wrongful imprisonment. She may be the model for a number of Rembrandts works, between 1630 and 1640, she worked in an inn in Hoorn. At some point she was married to Abraham Claesz, a trumpeter, after that she lodged with her brother Pieter, a ships carpenter in Waterland. It was possibly through him that she got to know Rembrandt and she entered Rembrandts service in around 1643, as a childless widow. She lived with Rembrandt for six years in the Sint Antoniesbreestraat and nursed his son Titus and he gave her a number of rings that had belonged to his deceased wife, Saskia van Uylenburgh, a gesture not much appreciated by Saskias family. A few years later Geertje would expect Rembrandt to marry her, in May 1649 she and Rembrandt quarreled, probably as a consequence of Rembrandts new relationship with his housekeeper Hendrickje Stoffels. In June, Geertje rented a room above a seamens bar, in October Geertje complained that she had to pawn jewellery in order to survive. Rembrandt paid her 200 guilders to redeem the jewellery and agreed to increase her stipend to 160 guilders a year, Geertje, however, refused to accept this settlement, claiming that it would not cover her expenses if she became seriously ill or infirm. When Geertje came to sign the agreement with Rembrandt, she kicked up a scene and she would not listen to the notary reading out the contract, and refused to sign to the agreement. She summoned Rembrandt before the Commissioners of Marital Affairs on a charge of breach of promise, the commissioners raised the annual sum to 200 guilders. The court particularly stated that Rembrandt had to pay an allowance, provided that Titus remained her only heir. However, Geertje continued to demand money from Rembrandt, possibly to the point of blackmail and her demands and accusations led Rembrandt to request that she be locked up in the spinhuis in Gouda, a womens house of correction, sometimes referred to as an insane asylum. Historian Patrick Hunt describes it as prison for destitute and diseased prostitutes as well as an asylum for the mentally unhinged. Geertje probably lived up to the latter requisite by ranting and raving most vehemently, historians have had differing views about the facts behind this dispute. It seems that her brother and nephew, along with a number of Geertjes neighbours and she was condemned to twelve years confinement. In 1652 she petitoned for her release, but was refused, a friend of hers named Trijn Jacobs eventually managed to persuade the council to intervene on her behalf and Geertje was freed from prison, having been confined for five years
Geertje Dircx
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This drawing by Rembrandt is believed to depict Geertje Dircx.
Geertje Dircx
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Sarah waiting for
Tobias (1647?).
National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh. According to Gary Schwartz, the woman in the picture could be Dircx or Hendrickje Stoffels.
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