1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
California Memorial Stadium
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California Memorial Stadium is an outdoor football stadium on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, California. Commonly known as Memorial Stadium, it is the field for the University of California Golden Bears of the Pac-12 Conference. The venue opened in 1923 and currently seats around 63,000 fans for football, the playing field runs NW-SE, at an elevation of 410 feet above sea level, and was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 27,2006. The stadium is located on the Hayward Fault, which passes directly under the playing field, Memorial Stadium was funded from public contributions, as a memorial to Californians who lost their lives in World War I. The chair of the committee was John Galen Howard, the universitys chief architect. This has earned it a reputation as one of the most scenic venues in college football, on February 14,1885, the first football game was played on the University of California campus between the hometown Bears and a football club from San Francisco known as the Merions. The field was located where the Valley Life Sciences Building currently stands, in subsequent years, the field was officially named West Field and was expanded to hold around 5,000 spectators. However, by 1904, Californias football team had become so popular that West Field became too small, therefore, California Field opened its doors in 1904 to replace the antiquated West Field and the boosted capacity allowed California to host important games for the first time. The new stadium was located closer to the center of campus and was able to draw unprecedented crowds for the time. California Field is also notable because it is many of Californias longstanding traditions began to take form. In 1910, the first card stunt was performed at the Big Game and after victories, California Field is also where the Golden Bears gained national prominence under head coach Andrew Latham Smith. Four of the Bears five consecutive undefeated seasons were played at California Field, because of this success, it became evident that California needed an even larger venue to host its football team, therefore, the team and its fans began pushing for a new stadium. The early 1920s saw four major collegiate venues open in the State of California, Stanford Stadium, the Rose Bowl, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, and California Memorial Stadium. One of the first proposals for a new stadium was on the corner of the campus where Edwards Stadium. This proposal was rejected and the regents settled on a site at the mouth of Strawberry Canyon. The location caused controversy, but the popularity of Andy Smiths Wonder Teams prevailed. WIth the funding secured, the university broke ground in January 1923 hoping to open the new stadium in time for the 1923 Big Game. Both teams were having a season in 1923 with California going undefeated up to that point
3.
Berkeley, California
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Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley and it borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills, the 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world and it is one of the most politically liberal cities in the United States. The site of todays City of Berkeley was the territory of the Chochenyo/Huchiun band of the Ohlone people when the first Europeans arrived, other artifacts were discovered in the 1950s in the downtown area during remodeling of a commercial building, near the upper course of the creek. The first people of European descent arrived with the De Anza Expedition in 1776, today, this is noted by signage on Interstate 80, which runs along the San Francisco Bay shoreline of Berkeley. The De Anza Expedition led to establishment of the Spanish Presidio of San Francisco at the entrance to San Francisco Bay, luis Peralta was among the soldiers at the Presidio. For his services to the King of Spain, he was granted a vast stretch of land on the east shore of San Francisco Bay for a ranch, luis Peralta named his holding Rancho San Antonio. The primary activity of the ranch was raising cattle for meat and hides, eventually, Peralta gave portions of the ranch to each of his four sons. What is now Berkeley lies mostly in the portion that went to Peraltas son Domingo, with a little in the portion that went to another son, no artifact survives of the Domingo or Vicente ranches, but their names survive in Berkeley street names. However, legal title to all land in the City of Berkeley remains based on the original Peralta land grant, the Peraltas Rancho San Antonio continued after Alta California passed from Spanish to Mexican sovereignty after the Mexican War of Independence. The lands of the brothers Domingo and Vicente were quickly reduced to reservations close to their respective ranch homes, the rest of the land was surveyed and parceled out to various American claimants. Politically, the area that became Berkeley was initially part of a vast Contra Costa County, on March 25,1853, Alameda County was created from a division within Contra Costa County, as well as from a small portion of Santa Clara County. The area of Berkeley was at this period mostly a mix of land, farms and ranches. It was not yet Berkeley, but merely the part of the Oakland Township subdivision of Alameda County. In 1866, Oaklands private College of California looked for a new site, according to the Centennial Record of the University of California, In 1866…at Founders Rock, a group of College of California men watched two ships standing out to sea through the Golden Gate. Although the philosophers name is pronounced bark-lee, the pronunciation of the name has evolved to suit American English as burk-lee. The College of Californias College Homestead Association planned to raise funds for the new campus by selling off adjacent parcels of land, to this end, they laid out a plat and street grid that became the basis of Berkeleys modern street plan
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
John Galen Howard
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John Galen Howard was an American architect who began his career in New York before moving to San Francisco, California. He was the architect at Howard, Cauldwell & Morgan. Howard was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the École des Beaux-Arts and he was an apprentice with H. H. Richardson and then a draftsman with Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge. Howard completed many projects and was elected a Fellow in the American Institute of Architects in 1901. Among his most famous buildings are the Campanile, California Memorial Stadium, Sather Gate, some of his works are listed on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places. In 1910 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician, john Galen Howard born May 8,1864 in Chelmsford, MA. Howard was son of physician, Dr. Levi Howard and Lydia Jane Hapgood and he married Mary Robertson Bradbury on August 1,1893. California Hall, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed California Memorial Stadium, University of California campus, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed Durant Hall, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed Electric Tower, Buffalo, NY, Destroyed shortly after the Pan-American Exposition. First Congregational Church, Oakland, CA Haviland Hall, University of California Campus, Berkeley, CA, NRHP-listed Hearst Greek Theatre, Gayley Road. C
6.
Gothic Revival architecture
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Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
7.
Bell tower
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A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Church bell towers often incorporate clocks, and secular towers usually do, the Italian term campanile, deriving from the word campana meaning bell, is synonymous with bell tower, though in English usage Campanile tends to be used to refer to a free standing bell tower. A bell tower may also in some traditions be called a belfry, though this term may refer specifically to the substructure that houses the bells. The tallest free-standing bell tower in the world, approximately 110 m high, is the Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower, located at the University of Birmingham, bells are rung from a tower to enable them to be heard at a distance. Church bells can signify the time for worshippers to go to church for a communal service and they are also rung on special occasions such as a wedding, or a funeral service. In some religious traditions they are used within the liturgy of the service to signify to people that a particular part of the service has been reached. A bell tower may have a bell, or a collection of bells which are tuned to a common scale. They may be stationary and chimed, rung randomly by swinging through a small arc and they may house a carillon or chimes, in which the bells are sounded by hammers connected via cables to a keyboard. These can be found in churches and secular buildings in Europe and America including college. A variety of electronic devices exist to simulate the sound of bells, some churches have an exconjuratory in the bell tower, a space where ceremonies were conducted to ward off weather-related calamities, like storms and excessive rain. The main bell tower of the Cathedral of Murcia has four, in addition, most Christian denominations ring church bells to call the faithful to worship, signalling the start of a mass or service of worship. The Christian tradition of the ringing of bells from a belltower is analogous to Islamic tradition of the adhan from a minaret. In AD400, Paulinus of Nola introduced church bells into the Christian Church, by the 11th century, bells housed in belltowers became commonplace. Historic bell towers exist throughout Europe, the Irish round towers are thought to have functioned in part as bell towers. Famous medieval European examples include Bruges, Ypres, Ghent, perhaps the most famous European free-standing bell tower, however, is the so-called Leaning Tower of Pisa, which is the campanile of the Duomo di Pisa in Pisa, Italy. In 1999 thirty-two Belgian belfries were added to the UNESCOs list of World Heritage Sites, in 2005 this list was extended with one Belgian and twenty-three Northern French belfries and is since known as Belfries of Belgium and France. In the Middle Ages, cities sometimes kept their important documents in belfries, not all are on a large scale, the bell tower of Katúň, in Slovakia, is typical of the many more modest structures that were once common in country areas. Archaic wooden bell towers survive adjoining churches in Lithuania and as well as in parts of Poland
8.
University of California, Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
9.
St Mark's Campanile
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St Marks Campanile is the bell tower of St Marks Basilica in Venice, Italy, located in the Piazza San Marco. It is one of the most recognizable symbols of the city, the tower is 98.6 metres tall, and stands alone in a corner of St Marks Square, near the front of the basilica. It has a form, the bulk of which is a fluted brick square shaft,12 metres wide on each side and 50 metres tall, above which is a loggia surrounding the belfry. The belfry is topped by a cube, alternate faces of which show the Lion of St. Mark, the tower is capped by a pyramidal spire, at the top of which sits a golden weathervane in the form of the archangel Gabriel. The campanile reached its present form in 1514, the current tower was reconstructed in its present form in 1912 after the collapse of 1902. Construction was finished in the century, during the reign of Domenico Morosini. Adjoining the base of the campanile is the built by Sansovino, completed in 1549. One of the models for the tower was the St. Mercuriales Campanile, the campanile suffered damage by lightning on many occasions. It was severely damaged in 1388, set on fire and destroyed in 1417, the campanile assumed its definitive shape in the sixteenth century thanks to the restorations made to repair further damage caused by the earthquake of March 1511. The work was completed on 6 July 1513, with the placement of the wooden statue of the Archangel Gabriel in the course of a ceremony recorded by Marin Sanudo. In the following centuries numerous other interventions were made to repair the damage from fires caused by lightning and it was damaged in 1548 and 1565. In 1653, Baldassarre Longhena took up the restorations, the campanile was damaged by lightning again in 1658. More work was done after a fire caused by a strike on April 13,1745, which caused some of the masonry to crack. The campanile was damaged by lightning again in 1761 and 1762, finally, in 1776, it was equipped with a lightning rod. In 1820, the statue of the angel was replaced with a new one by Luigi Zandomeneghi, in July 1902, the north wall of the tower began to show signs of a dangerous crack that in the following days continued to grow. Finally, on Monday, July 14, around 9,45 am, remarkably, no one was killed, except for the caretakers cat. Because of the position, the resulting damage was relatively limited. Apart from the logetta, only a corner of the Biblioteca Marciana was destroyed, the pietra del bando, a large porphyry column from which laws used to be read, protected the basilica itself
10.
Venice
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Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II
11.
Peder Sather
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Peder Sather was a prominent Norwegian-born American banker who is best known for his legacy to the University of California, Berkeley. His widow, Jane K. Sather, donated money in his memory for two of the schools most famous landmarks and his parents were Peder Larsen and Mari Kristoffersdatter. Sæther was a fisherman before emigrating to New York City in about 1832 and he entered the banking house of Drexel & Co. in Philadelphia and remained there until 1850. Philadelphia banker Francis Martin Drexel offered to assist Peder Sather and his business partner Edward W. Church in establishing a bank in San Francisco, in 1850, Sather and Church moved to San Francisco and established the banking firm of Drexel, Sather & Church. From 1863, Peder Sather became the owner of the bank. He went on to one of California’s richest men. Upon his death, the Sather and Church banking firm was absorbed by the Bank of California, Peder Sather was a trustee of the College of California, which would later become the University of California, Berkeley. Sathers first wife Sarah Thompson was born in 1808 in Connecticut and they had 4 children, Caroline E. Sather, born about 1838, Josephine Frederikke Sather, born about 1843, died when the White Star Line passenger liner RMS Arabic was torpedoed on August 19,1915. Mary Emma Sather, born about 1845 and Peder B, Peder Sather was the maternal grandfather of photographer, Francis Bruguière. Peder Sather married secondly, in 1882, the widow Jane Krohm Read, four years later, after her husbands death she donated money for the construction of Sather Gate and Sather Tower at UC Berkeley, both of which are named in his honor. She also created an endowment for the Sather Professorship of Classical Literature at the University, the Peder Sather Symposium is a biennial event organized as a collaboration between the government of Norway and Sweden and UC Berkeley. The stated goal of the symposium is to promote the understanding of political, economic and it is designed to foster interdisciplinary discussion among scholars and policymakers on global and national issues of mutual concern. The Sather Classical Lectures are a presentation by a selected scholar on topics from the Greek. The lectures are usually about six in number, and are reprinted in book form. Among the distinguished appointees have been Lily Ross Taylor, Ronald Syme, William Bedell Stanford, John Myres, Brian Stock, Peder Sather and Gold Rush California ISBN9780520276482 Alexander, William Hardy The Sather Classical Lectures Thomas I. Benson. Peder Sathers birth in Norwegian churchbook, the New York Times about Josephine Bruguières death. The farmers son from Odalen in Norway who became one of the richest in Californias
12.
Carillon
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A carillon is a musical instrument that is typically housed in the bell tower of a church or municipal building. The instrument consists of at least 23 cast bronze, cup-shaped bells, a traditional manual carillon is played by striking a keyboard – the stick-like keys of which are called batons – with the fists, and by pressing the keys of a pedal keyboard with the feet. Although unusual, real carillons have occasionally been fitted to theatre organs, such as the Christie organ installed at the Regal Cinema, Marble Arch, a carillon-like instrument with fewer than 23 bells is called a chime. The carillon is the second heaviest of all extant musical instruments, the heaviest carillon in the world weighs over 100 tons, whereas the Wanamaker organ in Philadelphia weighs 287 tons. The word carillon is from the French quadrillon, meaning four bells, in German, a carillon is also called a Glockenspiel, while the percussion instrument called a glockenspiel by English speakers is often called a carillon in French. In medieval times, swinging bells were first used as a way of notifying people of imminent church services, however, the use of bells to play melodic musical compositions originated in the 16th century in the Low Countries. The first carillon was in Flanders, where a fool performed music on the bells of Oudenaarde Town Hall in 1510 by using a baton keyboard, major figures in the evolution of the modern carillon were Pieter and François Hemony working in the 17th century. They are credited as being the greatest carillon bell founders in the history of the Low Countries, since each separate note is produced by an individual bell, a carillons musical range is determined by the number of bells it has. Different names are assigned to instruments based on the number of bells they comprise, players of these instruments often use music arranged specifically for their limited range of notes. A concert carillon has a range of at least four octaves and this is sometimes referred to as the standard-sized carillon. The Riverside Carillon in New York City has the largest tuned bell in the world. Travelling or mobile carillons are not placed in a tower, some of them can even be played indoors—in a concert hall or church—like the mobile carillon of Frank Steijns. The World Carillon Federation defines a carillon as A musical instrument composed of tuned bronze bells which are played from a baton keyboard, only those carillons having at least 23 bells may be taken into consideration. The carillonneur or carillonist is the title of the musician who plays the carillon, the carillonneur/carillonist usually sits in a cabin beneath the bells and presses down, with a loosely closed fist, on a series of baton-like keys arranged in the same pattern as a piano keyboard. The batons are almost never played with the fingers as one does a piano, though this is sometimes used as a special carillon playing technique. The keys activate levers and wires that directly to the bells clappers, thus, as with a piano. In addition to the keys, the heavier bells are also played with a pedal keyboard. These notes can either be played with the hands or the feet, poorly tuned bells often give an out of tune impression and also can be out of tune with themselves
13.
Campanology
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Campanology is the study of bells. It encompasses the technology of bells – how they are cast, tuned, rung, and sounded – as well as the history, methods and it is common to collect together a set of tuned bells and treat the whole as one musical instrument. In this sense, however, the word campanology is most often used in reference to relatively large bells and it is not usually applied to assemblages of smaller bells, such as a glockenspiel, a collection of tubular bells, or an Indonesian gamelan. A campanologist is one who studies campanology, though it is popularly mis-used to refer to a bell ringer, the carillon is a collection of tuned bells for playing conventional melodic music. The bells are stationary and struck by hammers linked to a clavier keyboard. The carillon of Kirk in the Hills, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, United States, along with the one at Hyechon College in Daejoen, modern large carillon edifices have been erected as stand-alone instruments across the world, for instance the Netherlands Carillon at Arlington National Cemetery. The carillon in the Church of St Peter, Aberdyfi, Gwynedd, a carillon-like instrument with fewer than 23 bells is called a chime. American chimes usually have one to one and a half diatonic octaves, many chimes play an automated piece of music, such as clock chimes. Chime bells generally used to lack dynamic variation and inner tuning, or the balance of a bells complex sound. Since the 20th century, in Belgium and The Netherlands, clock chime bells have inner tuning and these chimes should not be confused with another musical instrument also called chimes nor with a wind chime. The bells in Russian tradition are sounded by their clappers, attached to ropes, all the ropes are gathered in one place, where the bell-ringer stands. The ropes are not pulled, but rather pressed with hands or legs, since one end of every rope is fixed, and the ropes are kept in tension, a press or even a punch on a rope makes a clapper move. The Russian Tsar Bell is the largest extant bell in the world, in English style full circle ringing the bells in a church tower are hung so that on each stroke the bell swings through a complete circle, actually a little more than 360 degrees. Each alternate pull or stroke is identified as either handstroke or backstroke - handstroke where the sally is pulled followed by a pull on the plain tail. At East Bergholt in the English county of Suffolk, there is a set of bells that are not in a tower and are rung full circle by hand. They are the heaviest ring of five listed in Doves Guide for Church Bell Ringers at 4.25 tons in total. These rings of bells have relatively few bells, compared with a carillon, six or eight-bell towers are common, to swing the heavy bells requires a ringer for each bell. Furthermore, the great inertias involved mean that a ringer has only a limited ability to retard or accelerate his/her bells cycle, along with the relatively limited palette of notes available, the upshot is that such rings of bells do not easily lend themselves to ringing melodies
14.
La Brea Tar Pits
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The La Brea Tar Pits are a group of tar pits around which Hancock Park was formed in urban Los Angeles. Natural asphalt has seeped up from the ground in this area for tens of thousands of years, the tar is often covered with dust, leaves, or water. Over many centuries, the bones of animals that were trapped in the tar were preserved, Page Museum is dedicated to researching the tar pits and displaying specimens from the animals that died there. The La Brea Tar Pits is a registered National Natural Landmark, the modern name is an example of a tautological place name, the La Brea Tar Pits literally means the the tar tar pits. The tar pits visible today are actually from human excavation, the lake pit was originally an asphalt mine. The other pits visible today were produced between 1913 and 1915, when over 100 pits were excavated in search of large mammal bones, various combinations of asphaltum and waggler have since filled in these holes. Normally, the asphalt appears in vents, hardening as it oozes out and these can be seen in several areas of the park. Tar pits are composed of heavy oil fractions called gilsonite, which seeped from the Earth as oil, in Hancock Park, crude oil seeps up along the 6th Street Fault from the Salt Lake Oil Field, which underlies much of the Fairfax District north of the park. The oil reaches the surface and forms pools at several locations in the park and this seepage has been happening for tens of thousands of years. From time to time, the asphalt would form a thick enough to trap animals. Animals would wander in, become trapped, and eventually die, predators would enter to eat the trapped animals and also become stuck. As the bones of dead animals sink into the asphalt, it soaks into them, lighter fractions of petroleum evaporate from the asphalt, leaving a more solid substance, which encases the bones. Examples of some of these are on display in the George C, radiometric dating of preserved wood and bones has given an age of 38,000 years for the oldest known material from the La Brea seeps. The pits still ensnare organisms today, so most of the pits are fenced to protect humans, the Native American Chumash and Tongva people living in the area built boats unlike any others in North America prior to contact by settlers. This innovative form of transportation allowed access up and down the coastline, the Portolá expedition, a group of Spanish explorers led by Gaspar de Portolá, made the first written record of the tar pits in 1769. The scouts reported that they had come across many of these springs and had seen large swamps of them, enough, they said, to caulk many vessels. We were not so lucky ourselves as to see these tar geysers, much though we wished it, as it was some distance out of the way we were to take and we christened them Los Volcanes de Brea. The original Rancho La Brea land grant stipulated that the tar pits be open to the public for the use of the local Pueblo, initially, they mistook the bones in the pits for the remains of pronghorn antelope or cattle that had become mired
15.
UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design
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The College of Environmental Design, also known as the Berkeley CED, or simply CED, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley. The school is located in Wurster Hall on the southeast corner of the main UC Berkeley campus. S. the Graduate Program in Architecture is currently ranked No.4 in the world through QS World University Rankings subject rankings. The Architecture program has also recognized as the top public program by the journal DesignIntelligence and is currently ranked No.6 in the United States. The Urban Planning program is currently ranked No.2 by Planetizen, the School of Architecture at Berkeley was developed by John Galen Howard in 1894 followed by the School of Landscape Architecture which began instruction in 1913 and City Planning in 1948. Originally, the school was located in North Gate Hall, Wurster Hall, the building which currently houses the college was built in 1964 and was designed by Joseph Esherick, Vernon DeMars, and Donald Olsen, members of the CED faculty. In March 2015, the college unveiled a 9 high 3D printed sculpture, entitled Bloom and this was the first printed structure of its type. Center for the Built Environment UrbanSim Official website
16.
Beaux-Arts architecture
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Beaux-Arts architecture expresses the academic neoclassical architectural style taught at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920, in contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, for the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, site considerations tended toward social and urbane contexts. In the façade shown to the right, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in an action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. The prestige of the École gave the style Beaux-Arts a second wind in combining the new manner with the traditional training and they were followed by an entire generation. Henry Hobson Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning and his Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a personal style freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism. The White City of the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement, the Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, bosworth, Carnegie Mellon University, designed by Henry Hornbostel, and the University of Texas, designed by Paul Philippe Cret. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to the railroad, two of the best American examples of the Beaux-Arts tradition stand within a few blocks of each other, Grand Central Terminal and the New York Public Library. Another prominent U. S. example of the style is the largest academic dormitory in the world, in the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this back to America. Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century, notably all three prairie provinces legislative buildings are in this style. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s, national Theatre, Melbourne General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth Argus Building. Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York, A Photographic Guide United States, sixteenth Street Architecture – profiles of Beaux-Arts architecture in Washington D. C
17.
Danny Deever
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Danny Deever is an 1890 poem by Rudyard Kipling, one of the first of the Barrack-Room Ballads. It received wide critical and popular acclaim, and is regarded as one of the most significant pieces of Kiplings early verse. The poem, a ballad, describes the execution of a British soldier in India for murder and his execution is viewed by his regiment, paraded to watch it, and the poem is composed of the comments they exchange as they see him hanged. The poem was first published on 22 February 1890 in the Scots Observer, in America later in the year and it is generally read as being set in India, though it gives no details of the actual situation. Some research has suggested that the poem was written with an incident in mind. A number of details of this execution correspond to the described by Kipling in the poem. Kipling apparently wrote the various Barrack-Room Ballads in early 1890, about a year since he had last been in India, though he wrote large amounts of occasional verse, he usually added a note beneath the title giving the context of the poem. Danny Deever does not have any notes, but Cleared, written in the same month as Danny Deever. This suggests that it was not thought by Kipling to be inspired by a specific incident, the form is a dialogue, between a young and inexperienced soldier and a more experienced and older NCO. This procedure strengthened discipline in the unit, by a process of deterrence and he presses the Sergeant further, in the second verse – why are people breathing so hard. These signs of the effect that watching the hanging has upon the men of the regiment are explained away by the Sergeant as being due to the weather or the bright sun. The voice is reassuring, keeping the young soldier calm in the sight of death, the poem is composed of four eight-line verses, containing a dialogue between two voices, What are the bugles blowin for. To turn you out, to turn you out, the Colour-Sergeant said, what makes you look so white, so white. Im dreadin what Ive got to watch, the Colour-Sergeant said and it is immediately noticeable that the poem is written in a vernacular English. The speech is not a representation of any single dialect. The four verses each consist of two questions asked by Files and answered by the Sergeant- a call-and-response form – and then another four lines of the Sergeant explaining, in some interpretations, the second four lines are taken to be spoken by a third voice, another file-on-parade. The first four lines end with the same word. Danny Deever is often seen as one of Kiplings most powerful early works, david Masson, a professor of literature at the University of Edinburgh, is often reported to have waved the magazine in which it appeared at his students, crying Heres literature
18.
Final examination
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A final examination, annual, exam, final interview or final is a test given to students at the end of a course of study or training. Although the term can be used in the context of physical training, most high schools, colleges, and universities run final exams at the end of a particular academic term, typically a quarter or semester, or more traditionally at the end of a complete degree course. The purpose of the test is to make a review of the topics covered. A final is technically just a form of a unit test. They have the purpose, finals are simply larger. Not all courses or curricula culminate in an exam, instructors may assign a term paper or final project in some courses. The weighting of the exam also varies. It may be the largest -— or only -— factor in the course grade, in other cases, it may carry the same weight as a midterm exam. Not all finals need be cumulative, however, as some simply cover the material presented since the last exam, prior to the examination period most students in the Commonwealth have a week or so of intense revision and study known as swotvac. In the UK, most universities hold a set of “Finals” at the end of the entire degree course. Some institutions designate a study week or reading period between the end of instruction and the beginning of finals, during which no examinations may be administered, students at many institutions know the week before finals as dead week. Most final exam incorporate the material that has been assigned throughout the term. Though common in French tertiary institutions, final exams are not often assigned in French high schools, however, French high school students hoping to continue their studies at university level will sit a national exam, known as the Baccalauréat. In some countries and locales that hold standardised exams, it is customary for schools to administer mock examinations, students from different schools are often seen exchanging mock papers as a means of test preparation. A take-home final is an examination at the end of a term that is usually too long or complex to be completed in a single session as an in-class final. There is usually a deadline for completion, such as one or two weeks of the end of the semester. A take-home final differs from a paper, often involving research, extended texts. In some cases, schools run on a modified schedule for final exams to allow students more time to do their exams
19.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
20.
Golden Gate
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The Golden Gate is a strait on the west coast of North America that connects San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. It is defined by the headlands of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Peninsula, the strait is well known today for its depth and powerful tidal currents from the Pacific Ocean. Many small whirlpools and eddies can form in its waters, with its strong currents, rocky reefs and fog, the Golden Gate is the site of over 100 shipwrecks. The Golden Gate is often shrouded in fog, especially during the summer, heat generated in the California Central Valley causes air there to rise, creating a low pressure area that pulls in cool, moist air from over the Pacific Ocean. The Golden Gate forms the largest break in the hills of the California Coast Range, allowing a persistent, dense stream of fog to enter the bay there. Before the Europeans arrived in the 18th century, the area around the strait, descendants of both tribes remain in the area. The strait was surprisingly elusive for early European explorers, presumably due to this persistent summer fog. The strait is not recorded in the voyages of Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo nor Francis Drake, the strait is also unrecorded in observations by Spanish galleons returning from the Philippines that laid up in nearby Drakes Bay to the north. These galleons rarely passed east of the Farallon Islands, fearing the possibility of rocks between the islands and the mainland, the first recorded observation of the strait occurred nearly two hundred years later than the earliest European explorations of the coast. Until the 1840s, the strait was called the Boca del Puerto de San Francisco, on 1 July 1846, before the discovery of gold in California, the entrance acquired a new name. Frémont wrote, To this Gate I gave the name of Chrysopylae, or Golden Gate, for the reasons that the harbor of Byzantium was called Chrysoceras. In the 1920s, no bridge spanned the watery expanse between San Francisco and Marin in California—so when the U. S, post Office issued a postage stamp on 1 May 1923, celebrating The Golden Gate, the issue naturally portrayed the scene without a bridge. The Golden Gate Bridge is a bridge spanning the Golden Gate. As part of both US Highway 101 and California Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County. The Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension span in the world when completed in 1937. Since its completion, the length has been surpassed by eight other bridges. It still has the second longest suspension bridge span in the United States. In 2007, it was ranked fifth on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects, Golden Gate Park, located in San Francisco, California, is a large urban park consisting of 1,017 acres of public grounds
21.
Slacklining
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Slacklining refers to the act of walking or balancing along a suspended length of flat webbing that is tensioned between two anchors. Slacklining is similar to slack rope walking and tightrope walking, slacklines differ from tightwires and tightropes in the type of material used and the amount of tension applied during use. Slacklines are tensioned significantly less than tightropes or tightwires in order to create a line which will stretch and bounce like a long. Tension can be adjusted to suit the user, and different webbing may be used in various circumstances, Slacklining is popular because of its simplicity and versatility, it can be used in various environments with few components. A basic slackline is generally anchored between two trees, for beginners, a length of 15–30 feet is ideal, with the line anchored 2–3 feet from the ground and tensioned so that it does not touch the ground when walked on. These trees should be at least 12 inches in diameter, healthy, tree protection can be any material which can absorb some pressure and protect the bark. Common materials include felt wraps, yoga mats, towels, many slackline companies sell tree protection products that are specifically designed to attach to trees and have clips to hold the sling in place. The sling, the used to wrap around the tree as the anchor, is generally a simple piece of webbing for basic slacklines. More advanced slacklines are commonly rigged using industrial round slings to wrap the trees for increased strength, care should be taken when using man-made fixtures as anchors as objects such as light posts, fence posts, and decorative columns are not designed for lateral force. Beginner slacklines are generally of two varieties, primitive slackline or ratchet slackline, a primitive slackline uses carabiners to form a simple pulley system and friction lock to tension the slackline. A ratchet slackline uses a comealong or ratchet to tension the slackline, the most common anchors for slacklines are trees. Trees should always be at least 12 inches, there are several very effective methods of tree protection that function on two principles, eliminating abrasion, and redistributing the load over a wider area. One of the most effective means of protection is a wrap of vertical blocks strung together by drilling a small-diameter hole through the center. The addition of a square between the block wrap and the outer bark is considered ideal among the founding community of slackliners. Many other ways to protect the tree are used, such as towels, mats, cardboard, carpet. Using carpet squares or cardboard even, by themselves, addresses only abrasion and these methods are adequate for occasional use, but with the high tension of longlines, one who slacklines regularly should take every precaution to protect the life of the tree. A special characteristic of slacklining is the ease with which the dynamics of the practice can be altered, using narrow webbing will result in a stretchier slackline. This allows for more sway in the line and can make a short line feel substantially longer, wider webbing is much more rigid, often creating a bouncier slackline optimal for aerial tricks
22.
John Taylor & Co
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John Taylor & Co, commonly known as Taylors Bell Foundry, Taylors of Loughborough, or simply Taylors, is the worlds largest working bell foundry. It is in Loughborough, in the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire, the business originated in the 14th century and became Taylors after the Taylor family took over in 1784. In 2009 Taylors went bankrupt but was out of administration by a consortium called UK Bellfoundries Ltd which successfully re-financed and re-established the business. Since then the company has re-established its presence both in the UK and in the North American Carillon and other export markets, the company manufactures bells for use in clock towers, change ringing peals, chimes, and carillons. In 2005 John Taylors had merged with Eayre & Smith Ltd, the Foundry has a museum of bells and bellfounding which is the only one of its kind in the UK. The restoration of the buildings began with the re-opening in 2012 of the foundrys own Campanile which contains the most-pealed bells in the World. It is one of the few Victorian purpose-built manufacturing sites still being used for its original purpose, the present company is part of a line of bellfounders dating back to Johannes de Stafford in the 14th century who was also a mayor of Leicester. The Taylor family became involved in 1784 and a foundry was established on the current site in 1839, the Taylors also had foundries in Oxford and St Neots between 1786 and 1854. Taylors were the first bellfounder to adopt true-harmonic tuning in the late 19th century, the foundry is based in buildings on Freehold Street which are Grade II* listed. In 1963, Paul Taylor, last of the Taylor family in the business, challenging the panel with his occupation as a bell maker. On 18 September 2009 the company went into administration, mazars, who had previously been acting as advisors to the company during attempts to secure extra funding were appointed Administrators. On 2 October 2009 it was reported that the administrators were optimistic about its future, before September 2009 the foundry was employing 26 people, and since then the new company employs 21 including 4 apprentices. The National Twelve Bell Contest is competed for annually by the teams in England for The Taylor Trophy. In 1881 Taylors cast at Loughborough, Great Paul, which is the largest British cast bell in Britain, for St Pauls Cathedral London, weighing 17,002 kilograms or more than 17 metric tons. Rock band AC/DC used a 2000-pound cast bronze bell for the song, Hells Bells, liverpool Cathedral bourdon bell Great George, at 14,900 kg or more than 14 long tons 13 cwt, it is the second largest bell in Britain. A60 bell carillon Yale Memorial Carillon,54 bell carillon Kibbey Carillon,53 bell carillon, Washington National Cathedral, Washington, designed by Michael Sandle and erected in 1992
23.
Loughborough
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Loughborough is a town with the Charnwood borough of Leicestershire, England. It is the seat of Charnwood Borough Council and home to Loughborough University, the town had a population of 57,600 in 2004, making it the second largest settlement in Leicestershire. The town is close to the Nottinghamshire border and is within a distance of locations such as Nottingham. The first mention of Loughborough is in the 1086 Domesday Book, Loughboroughs local weekly newspaper is the Loughborough Echo. The town is served by Leicestershires daily newspaper, the Leicester Mercury. Loughboroughs earliest historical reference was as Lucteburne in the 1086 Domesday Book, Heathcoat, in partnership with the Nottingham manufacturer Charles Lacy, moved his business from there to the village of Hathern, outside Loughborough. The product of this Loughborough machine came to be known as English net or bobbinet, however, the factory was attacked in 1816 by Luddites thought to be in the pay of Nottingham competitors and 55 frames were destroyed. This prompted Heathcoat to move his business to a woollen mill in Tiverton, Devon. In 1888 a charter of incorporation was obtained, allowing a mayor, the population increased from 11,000 to 25,000 in the following ten years. In 1897, Herbert Morris set up a factory in the Empress Works in Moor Lane which become one of the foremost crane manufacturers by the mid-20th century. There was also strong municipal investment, a new works in 1895, then a waterworks in Blackbrook. The corporation took over Loughborough Gas Company in 1900, in 1841, Loughborough was the destination for the first package tour, organised by Thomas Cook for a temperance group from Leicester. Loughborough railway station is the national station serving the town. Network Rail has recently redeveloped the station, increasing the length of platforms, the local council has made concurrent improvements to the surrounding area. The station has services from London St. Pancras International, to which its twice-hourly London service goes, East Midlands Trains is the primary long-distance operator, running services between London and northern England, and provides local services throughout the East Midlands. These rail routes run north–south through Loughborough along the Midland Main Line, going south to Bedford, Luton and London, junctions at Leicester and Derby stations link with CrossCountry trains route, serving the far north-east of Scotland and the south-west of England. Today, the Great Central Railway line is in operation as the Great Central Steam Railway heritage railway and is the terminus of the section of the railway. It has an active Great Central station running services daily, the station was opened by the Great Central Railway on 15 March 1899, closed in 1969 and re-opened again in March 1974
24.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
25.
Sather Gate
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Sather Gate is a prominent landmark separating Sproul Plaza from the bridge over Strawberry Creek, leading to the center of the University of California, Berkeley campus. It is California Historical Landmark No.946 and No.82004649 in the National Register of Historic Places, designed by John Galen Howard and built by Giovanni John Meneghetti in the Classical Revival Beaux-Arts style, Sather Gate was completed in 1910. They were sculpted by Professor Earl Cummins, originally, the gate served as the terminus of Telegraph Avenue, and marked the Universitys south entrance. The University later expanded south of Strawberry Creek, and the gate is now well separated from Berkeleys city streets by Sproul Plaza. Sather Gate has undergone restoration beginning in October 2008 that focused on its bronze and steel metal work, during its restoration it remained open to pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Restoration of Sather Gate was completed in April 2009, wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. coordinated the restoration of Sather Gate, a 2010 Design Award recipient from the California Preservation Foundation
26.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
27.
US Customs Service
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The United States Customs Service was an agency of the U. S. federal government that collected import tariffs and performed other selected border security duties. Border Patrol and former INS inspectors, together with border agriculture inspectors, to form U. S. Customs and Border Protection, a single, unified border agency for the U. S. The United States Customs Service had three missions, collecting tariff revenue, protecting the U. S. economy from smuggling and illegal goods. Four weeks later, on July 31, the act of Congress established the United States Customs Service. As part of new government agency, a new role was created for government officials which was known as Customs Collector. In this role, one person would have responsibility to supervise the collection of duties in a particular city or region. For over 100 years after its birth, the U. S. Customs Service was the source of funds for the entire government. Purchases include the Louisiana and Oregon territories, Florida and Alaska, funding the National Road and the Transcontinental Railroad, building many of the nations lighthouses, military and Naval academies, and Washington, D. C. The original design had the Customs Service seal that was an eagle with three arrows in his left talon, a branch in his right and surrounded by an arc of 13 stars. In 1951, this was changed to the eagle depicted on the Great Seal of the United States and its actual name is the Revenue Ensign, as it was flown by ships of the Revenue Cutter Service, later the Coast Guard, and at customs houses. In 1910, President William Howard Taft issued an order to add an emblem to the flag flown by ships from the one flown on land at customs houses, the version with the badge continues to be flown by Coast Guard vessels. Until 2003, the version was flown at all United States ports of entry. The U. S. Customs Service employed a number of law enforcement officers throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Customs Special Agents investigated smuggling and other violations of customs, narcotics, Customs Inspectors were uniformed officers at airports, seaports and land border ports of entry who inspected people and vehicles entering the U. S. for contraband and dutiable merchandise. Customs Patrol Officers conducted uniformed and plainclothes patrol of the borders on land, sea and air to deter smuggling, in the 20th century, as international trade and travel increased dramatically, the Customs Service transitioned from an administrative bureau to a federal law enforcement agency. S. Postal Inspection Service, U. S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, Border Patrol—to investigate cases often far from international airports, bridges and land crossings. With the passage of the Homeland Security Act, the U. S. Customs Service passed from under jurisdiction of the Treasury Department to the Department of Homeland Security, on March 1,2003, parts of the U. S. S. The Federal Protective Service, along with the arms of the U. S. Customs Service
28.
Relief
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Relief is a sculptural technique where the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term relief is from the Latin verb relevo, to raise, to create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the sculpted material has been raised above the background plane. What is actually performed when a relief is cut in from a surface of stone or wood is a lowering of the field. The technique involves considerable chiselling away of the background, which is a time-consuming exercise. In other materials such as metal, clay, plaster stucco, ceramics or papier-mâché the form can be just added to or raised up from the background, and monumental bronze reliefs are made by casting. There are different degrees of relief depending on the degree of projection of the form from the field. There is also sunk relief, which was restricted to Ancient Egypt. However the distinction between high relief and low relief is the clearest and most important, and these two are generally the only used to discuss most work. Hyphens may or may not be used in all these terms, works in the technique are described as in relief, and, especially in monumental sculpture, the work itself is a relief. Reliefs are common throughout the world on the walls of buildings and a variety of settings. Relief is more suitable for depicting complicated subjects with figures and very active poses, such as battles. Most ancient architectural reliefs were painted, which helped to define forms in low relief. Rock reliefs are carved into solid rock in the open air. This type is found in cultures, in particular those of the Ancient Near East and Buddhist countries. A stele is a standing stone, many of these carry reliefs. The distinction between high and low relief is somewhat subjective, and the two are often combined in a single work. In particular, most later high reliefs contain sections in low relief, a low relief or bas-relief is a projecting image with a shallow overall depth, for example used on coins, on which all images are in low relief. Other versions distort depth much less and it is a technique which requires less work, and is therefore cheaper to produce, as less of the background needs to be removed in a carving, or less modelling is required
29.
Ursa Major
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Ursa Major is a constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. One of the 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy, it one of the 88 modern constellations. It can be throughout the year in most of the northern hemisphere. The Big Dipper and the constellation as a whole have mythological significance in world cultures. Ursa Major occupies an area in the northern celestial hemisphere. Its also the namesake of its family, which includes all the constellations it borders except for Leo. The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the IAU in 1922, is UMa, the Big Dipper is an asterism within Ursa Major composed of seven bright stars that together comprise one of the best-known patterns in the sky. β Ursae Majoris, called Merak, with a magnitude of 2.37, γ Ursae Majoris, known as either Phecda or Phad, with a magnitude of 2.44. δ Ursae Majoris, or Megrez, meaning root of the tail, Alioth is the brightest star of Ursa Major and the 33rd-brightest in the sky, with a magnitude of 1.76. It is also the brightest of the peculiar A stars, magnetic stars whose chemical elements are either depleted or enhanced, ζ Ursae Majoris, Mizar, the second star in from the end of the handle of the Big Dipper, and the constellations fourth-brightest star. Mizar, which means girdle, forms a double star, with its optical companion Alcor. The ability to resolve the two stars with the eye is often quoted as a test of eyesight, although even people with quite poor eyesight can see the two stars. η Ursae Majoris, known as either Alkaid or Benetnash, both meaning the end of the tail, with a magnitude of 1.85, Alkaid is the third-brightest star of Ursa Major. Except for Dubhe and Alkaid, the stars of the Big Dipper all have proper motions heading toward a point in Sagittarius. A few other such stars have been identified, and together they are called the Ursa Major Moving Group, the stars Merak and Dubhe are known as the pointer stars because they are helpful for finding Polaris, also known as the North Star or Pole Star. By visually tracing a line from Merak through Dubhe and continuing, ones eye will land on Polaris, W Ursae Majoris is the prototype of a class of contact binary variable stars, and ranges between 7. 75m and 8. 48m. 47 Ursae Majoris is a Sun-like star with a three-planet system,47 Ursae Majoris b, discovered in 1996, orbits every 1078 days and is 2.53 times the mass of Jupiter. 47 Ursae Majoris c, discovered in 2001, orbits every 2391 days and is 0.54 times the mass of Jupiter
30.
The Star-Spangled Banner
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The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States of America. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, the poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a mens social club in London. To Anacreon in Heaven, with lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Keys poem and renamed The Star-Spangled Banner, it became a well-known American patriotic song. With a range of one octave and one fifth, it is known for being difficult to sing, although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today. Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom, hail, Columbia served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. My Country, Tis of Thee, whose melody is identical to God Save the Queen, following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them The Star-Spangled Banner, as well as America the Beautiful. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers, because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden. On the morning of September 14, the flag had been lowered. During the bombardment, HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the bombs bursting in air, Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimores Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known as the Star-Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History and it was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program. Aboard the ship the day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore and he completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it Defence of Fort MHenry. Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from a song by Key. The song, known as When the Warrior Returns, was written in honor of Stephen Decatur, absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843, some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses. Professor Mark Clague has stated that the two verses of Keys lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 and in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery. Clague asserts that the used to refer to British professional soldiers but also the Corps of Colonial Marines which Key viewed as scoundrels
31.
Fonderie Paccard
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Fonderie Paccard is a French foundry in Annecy. Founded in 1796, the foundry has cast more than 120,000 bells located throughout the world, the foundry has been continuously operated by seven generations of the Paccard family. The largest bell cast by Paccard is the World Peace Bell, Paccard is best known in the United States for its participation in the Liberty Bell Savings Bond Project. As part of the Marshall Plan, the foundry cast 57 replicas of the Liberty Bell in 1950 and 1951, most of the bells were distributed, one each, to the then-48 U. S. states as tributes to their citizens respective services in World War II. Most of the Liberty Bell Project bells survive and are on public display
32.
Annecy
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Annecy is the largest city of Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France. It lies on the tip of Lake Annecy,35 kilometers south of Geneva. Nicknamed the Pearl of French Alps in Raoul Blanchards monograph describing its location between lake and mountains, the city controls the northern entrance to the lake gorge. Due to the lack of land, its resident population has remained stagnant. However, its area, with 221,000 inhabitants, is on the 5th regional position, just behind the Geneva-Annemasse urban area. Its role increased in 1536, during the Calvinist Reformation of Geneva, st Francis de Sales gave Annecy its role of advanced citadel of the Catholic Counter-Reformation. The annexation of Savoy will link the city to France in 1860, the city experienced an industrial development in the 19th century with silk manufacturing. Some of its legacy remains today within the head offices of NTN-SNR bearings, Salomon, Entremont. The municipal environmental policy managed to keep 40. 3% of green spaces, since 1960 Annecy has been the organiser of the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, hosted at the Bonlieu Cultural Centre. It has also been an educational center since the establishment of the University of Savoy in 1973. The Fier forms part of the northwestern border. The mountains around the town of Annecy are Mont Veyrier, Le Semnoz, La Tournette, nearby Annecy le Vieux was a settlement from the time of the Romans. Annecy was the court of the counts of Geneva or Genevois from the 10th century and it passed to the counts of Savoy in 1401. In 1444, it became the capital of the provinces of Genevois, Faucigny. With the advance of Calvinism, Annecy became a center for the Counter-Reformation, Francis of Sales was born in Sales, France in 1567 and served as bishop of Annecy from 1602 to 1622, his relics are preserved in the cathedral. During the French Revolution, the Savoy region was conquered by France, Annecy became attached to the department of Mont Blanc, whose capital was Chambéry. The Catholic diocese was suppressed in 1801, after the Bourbon Restoration in 1815, Annecy was returned to the King of Sardinia and the Catholic diocese restored in 1822. When Savoy was sold to France in 1860, it became the capital of the new department of Haute-Savoie, Annecy was the site of the second round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade talks in 1949
33.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
35.
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry
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The UC Berkeley College of Chemistry is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley. It houses the departments of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, as of 2012-13, it has 815 undergraduates,526 graduate students, and 187 postdoctoral fellows. The Department of Chemistry is one of the largest and most productive in the world and it hosts 6 of the top 100 chemists worldwide by citation impact for 2000–2010, tied with MIT for the most of any institution. First established in 1872, the college awarded its first Ph. D. in 1885 to John Stillman, a Division of Chemical Engineering was established in 1946, becoming a department in 1957. The Department of Chemical Engineering changed its name to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering in 2010 to reflect the focus of its faculty in the 21st century. The College offers three degrees, chemical engineering, chemistry, and chemical biology. Chemistry undergrads in the College of Chemistry also have the option to earn a B. A. in chemistry from the College of Letters, two double major programs with the College of Engineering exist, chemical engineering and materials science and engineering, and chemical engineering and nuclear engineering. Popular undergraduate courses such as Chem 4A and Chem 112A are taught by College of Chemistry faculty, graduate programs include the M. S. and Ph. D. in chemical engineering and Ph. D. in chemistry. 3 members of the faculty have been awarded the National Medal of Science, the College of Chemistry is located on the east side of the UC Berkeley campus. It includes Gilman Hall, a National Historic Landmark, where plutonium was first identified in 1941, pimentel Hall is one of the largest lecture halls on campus, and features a revolving stage to allow for setup of chemistry demos. The buildings of the College are linked by a network of underground hallways, tsien - Professor, Nobel laureate Harold C. Urey - Nobel laureate Henry Eyring - - National Medal of Science Willis Lamb - Nobel laureate in Physics Henry Taube - Nobel laureate Gordon Moore - cofounder of Intel Robert F. Curl, Jr
36.
UC Berkeley College of Engineering
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The College of Engineering is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley. Ranked third in the world, after the programs at MIT and Stanford, according to U. S. News & World Report. The college was established in 1931 from a merger of the Colleges of Mechanics, the College of Mining was integrated into the college in 1942. The college is situated in 14 buildings on the northeast side of the central campus. There are over 57,000 living graduates of the College of Engineering, living in all 50 states and nearly 100 countries, berkeleys chemical engineering department is under the College of Chemistry. There are approximately 3,200 undergraduates in the College of Engineering, representing all departments, undergraduate admissions to the College of Engineering is the most selective in the university as a whole. For the 2016-2017 application cycle, the rate has continued to stay at a low 8. 4%. The campus as a whole had a 17. 5% acceptance rate that year, applicants apply directly to one of the departments and enter as declared majors within their department. It is also possible to apply as Engineering Undeclared and enter the college, once within the college, it is possible to change majors with the approval of Engineering Student Services. It is extremely difficult for undergraduates in colleges at UC Berkeley to change college into Engineering. The College of Engineering accepts junior transfer applications for those who have completed at least 60 semester units at another college or university, preference is given to students at California Community Colleges. Only 9. 2% of the over 2,300 junior transfer applicants were admitted for the 2015-16 academic year. Dean Shankar Sastry has stated that the disparity between the colleges and the universitys acceptance rates is due to the failure to respond to the rise in demand for engineering degrees. 85% of undergraduates admitted to the college graduate from the college, the college has a 4-year graduation policy, with extra semesters approved only in certain cases. Engineering Student Services provides academic advising, peer tutoring, and career services to engineering students, various student organizations are run in conjunction with the college, including Pioneers in Engineering, Hackers @ Berkeley, Berkeley Engineers and Mentors, and the Open Computing Facility. Many students belong to the student chapters of their corresponding professional organizations, graduate admissions in the College of Engineering is administered by department. In Fall 2015, there were 492.5 masters and 1,337 doctorate students in the college, the colleges enrollment is approximately 26% women. Although the proportion of women has increased over time, issues of gender disparity in the college remain, according to a 2011 survey, female engineers reported a high number of instances of passive harassment, discrimination, and judgment
37.
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science
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The College of Letters and Science is the largest of the 14 colleges at the University of California, Berkeley and encompasses the liberal arts. The college was established in its present state in 1915 with the merger of the College of Letters, the College of Social Science, as of the 2013-14 academic year, there were about 19,000 undergraduates and 2,763 graduate students enrolled in the college. L&S is organized into five divisions, Arts and Humanities, Biological Science, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Social Sciences, of the graduate divisions, Social Sciences is the most popular, followed by Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Arts and Humanities, and Biological Science. The Undergraduate Division serves the 19,000 undergraduate students in L&S, each division has its own administration, including a dean, associate dean, and assistant deans. Mark Richards, dean of the Division of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, serves as the Colleges executive dean, L&S has about 800 faculty members, including 13 Nobel laureates,3 Pulitzer Prize winners, and 12 MacArthur Fellows. The majority of undergraduates at the University are enrolled in the College of Letters, although freshman applicants indicate an area of interest on their applications, all freshmen in L&S enter as undeclared majors. This contrasts with other colleges at UC Berkeley, such as the College of Engineering. L&S undergraduates must declare a major before they begin their junior year, capped majors are impacted and have more stringent declaration policies. All undergraduates in L&S must complete classes in reading & composition, quantitative reasoning, foreign language, L&S offers a wide variety of graduate programs, including masters and doctorate programs. Many of these programs are ranked within the top five in their field by U. S. News, two programs, Jewish Studies and Near Eastern Religions, are joint programs with the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley. One program, Medical Anthropology, is a joint program with UCSF, the L&S graduate division serves 87 masters/first professional students and 2,676 doctoral students as of Fall 2013
38.
UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources
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The College of Natural Resources is the oldest college in the UC system. D. Programs and in International Trade, #1 by the National Research Council in Agricultural & Resource Economics, QS World Rankings recognizes the University of California, Berkeley, as the worlds leading university in Environmental Studies with 100 points in Academic Reputation. U. S. News also ranks it as the best global university for environment, a study of AJAE authors and their university affiliations found it to have the highest number of pages per research faculty member. Established in 1868 as the College of Agriculture under the federal Morrill Land-Grant Acts, missionaries sent west by the Home Mission Society of New York, however, created the College of California and eventually transferred its ownership to the State in 1855. By 1862, the State had secured the necessary to establish a college as a result of the Morrill Act. This college was known as the Agricultural Mining and Mechanical Arts College, on March 23,1868, Governor H. H. Haight combined the resources of this college with the College of California to create the first University of California. The Board of Regents began admitting women to the University of California in 1871, the College of Natural Resources is located on the northwest end of the UC Berkeley campus, and is composed of six buildings. It includes the group of Wellman, Hilgrad, and Giannini halls that composed the original college. This trio, known as the Agriculture Complex, is the most unified grouping of buildings on campus and they are on the National Register of Historic Places, and are visually unified by a Mediterranean landscape of olive and stone pine trees. Hilgrad was constructed six years later by the architect, and named after Eugene W. Hilgrad, professor of Agricultural Chemistry. Its neo-classical design is inscribed with the phrase To Rescue for Human Society the Native Values of Rural Life, Giannini Hall was designed by Howards co-worker, William Charles Hays, through an endowment from the Bancitaly Corporation in memory of their founder, Amadeo Giannini. Admissions to AREs graduate program are competitive, with an acceptance rate of 8. 8%. ARE offers one major, Bachelor of Science in Environmental Economics. Admissions to ESPMs graduate program are competitive, with an acceptance rate of 8. 75%. ESPM graduates may earn a Ph. D. in Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, ESPM also offers five undergraduate majors, Conservation and Resource Studies, Environmental Sciences, Forestry and Natural Resources, Molecular Environmental Biology, and Society and Environment. NST offers doctoral degrees in Molecular and Biochemical Nutrition, as well as in Molecular Toxicology, the department oversees one undergraduate major program in Nutritional Sciences, with specialized tracks in Physiology & Metabolism, Dietetics, and Molecular Toxicology. Plant and Microbial Biology encompasses theoretical and applied research in ecology, computational biology, genomics, host-microbe interactions, physiology and it offers a Ph. D. in Plant or Microbial Biology, and oversees two similarly named undergraduate major programs
39.
Goldman School of Public Policy
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The Richard and Rhoda Goldman School of Public Policy is a public policy school and one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley. Originally named the Graduate School of Public Policy, it was founded in 1969 as one of the first public institutions in the United States. In 2016, the Goldman School was ranked as the #1 public policy program in the country by US News. The Graduate School was renamed after the Richard and Rhoda Goldman Fund donated $10 million in 1997, as of August 2016, the dean is Henry Brady. The first dean was political scientist Aaron Wildavsky, the building was originally designed by Ernest Coxhead in 1893 as the Beta Theta Pi fraternity house. It is located on the north side of the Berkeley campus. The building underwent seismic strengthening and received a Preservation Award from the Berkeley Architectural Heritage Association, the main component of the schools graduate curriculum is the two-year Master of Public Policy program. The curriculum also includes five electives, taken either at GSPP or elsewhere at Berkeley, students work at a summer policy internship between their first and second years and complete an analysis, in groups and individually, during the spring semester of each year. Locally- and nationally-known policy professionals, provide perspective and guidance to students, GSPP not only offers the Master of Public Policy degree but also a Ph. D. for those interested in furthering research in public policy methods. Though it does not award degrees, it offers a minor program for undergraduates. The Goldman School of Public Policy also offers a Master of Public Affairs, Goldman Environmental Prize Cloyne Court Hotel Official website
40.
Haas School of Business
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The Walter A. Haas School of Business, also known as the Haas School of Business or simply Haas, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley. The school is situated in three connected buildings surrounding a courtyard on the southeastern corner of the Berkeley campus. The final design of architect Charles Moore, the mini-campus was completed in 1995, the school is planning to expand its facilities with a new commons building shared with the Berkeley School of Law. It consistently ranks as one of the top ten schools in worldwide rankings published by The Economist, Financial Times, US News & World Report. The Haas School of Business was first established as the College of Commerce of the University of California in 1898, the University of California charter, adopted in 1868, included among its goals the study of commerce. Hallidie and George T. Marye Jr. later proposed the establishment of a College of Commerce, the new college was founded on September 13,1898, when Cora Jane Flood, daughter of industrialist and University of California Regent James C. Flood, donated land to the University specifically to support the study of commerce, the school was the third collegiate business school in the United States and the first at a public university. The college’s first faculty included some American pioneers in the field of business. Simon Litman taught the first course in marketing between 1902 and 1908, adolph Miller, who was the Flood Professor of the Political Economy and Commerce from 1903 to 1915, later served on the first Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Wesley Clair Mitchell, who taught at Berkeley from 1905 to 1913, is known as the father of the business cycle analysis, Charles Staehling taught accounting at the college from 1921–51 and was known for adding a theoretical framework to the praxis-oriented teaching of accounting principles. Henry Mowbray, who taught from 1910 to 1948, wrote the first college textbook on insurance, the College of Commerce was founded in the liberal arts tradition, drawing on faculty from other disciplines on campus. Plehn was appointed the first Dean of the new college in 1898, plehn, a finance professor educated in Germany, drafted the colleges first curriculum for a Bachelor of Science degree. Plehn proposed changes to the curriculum in 1915 to give it a professional focus. Henry Rand Hatfield, a pioneer in accounting and an early entrant in the Accounting Hall of Fame, became the second Dean of the college in 1916, Hatfield had been hired by the University of California in 1904 as the first full-time accounting professor in the country. Hatfield played a role in the founding of the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. He also published the first paper in the United States on accounting theory, as Dean, Hatfield sought to increase the reputation of the College of Commerce by bringing scholars from the East Coast to teach during summer sessions. In 1925, the colleges third Dean, Stuart Daggett, instituted a two-year Master of Science degree, the schools fourth Dean, Henry Francis Grady, was appointed in 1928. Grady went on leave from 1934 to 1936 to become an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the fifth Dean, Robert Calkins, succeeded Grady, but left within a few years to become the Dean of the Columbia Business School
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UC Berkeley Graduate School of Education
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The Graduate School of Education specializes in teacher training and education research. The Graduate School of Education occupies the east wing of Tolman Hall, located in the northwest area of the UC Berkeley campus. ”In 1913, UC Regents would establish the School of Education, with educator Alexis F. Lange presiding as the schools first dean. Over the next few decades, Doctoral, Masters, and Credential programs would develop, along with an outgrowth of other notable research initiatives, programs, fellowships, and institutes. Among these programs and institutes, came the establishment of the National Writing Project, the school has Masters Degree and Ph. D. programs which are contained within three Areas of Study and grouped by Degree and Credential objectives. All four Credential programs include an M. A. degree, all graduate programs stress the integration of theory with practical application. Researchers and classroom professionals work together to develop solutions to the challenges in education that require collaborative efforts across disciplines. For California resident graduate students, the fees for the 2012-2013 academic year are $7,589.75 per semester, for nonresidents and international students and these fees include a health insurance fee of $1,153 per semester. Health insurance fees may be waived if resident and nonresident graduate students provide verification that they have health insurance coverage. Fees for the Summer Sessions vary according to the number of units taken and are the same for resident, nonresident, all fees are subject to change. The U. S. News & World Report ranked UC Berkeleys Graduate School of Education 7th among top schools of education in the United States in 2008, the 2011 rankings placed the school at 12th place. The recent drop in rankings may be attributed to substantial program cuts that the Graduate School of Education has sustained over the past few years. W. Norton Grubb III - American author, educational economist, isiah Thomas, NBA Hall of Famer, philanthropist, and broadcaster Official website
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UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism
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The UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism is a graduate professional school on the campus of University of California, Berkeley. It is among the top journalism schools in the United States. The program is located in UC Berkeleys North Gate Hall, near the intersection of Euclid and Hearst Avenues in Berkeley, as of January 1,2013, it is being served by dean Edward Wasserman, a former Knight professor of journalism ethics at Washington and Lee University. Wasserman replaced professor Neil Henry, who stepped down from his position in August 2011 for medical reasons. Most courses offered by the school are on the graduate level, the school enrolls approximately 100 students,50 first-year and 50 second-year students, and is one of the smallest academic units on the campus of UC Berkeley. The school serves host to, or sponsors, a number of events, notable speakers from around the world have shared their insights on current events in the media. Recent speakers have included Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Robert McNamara, Hans Blix, George Soros, Cokie Roberts, Paul Krugman, Dan Rather, Bob Woodruff, Ira Glass, the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism focuses on thirteen areas of journalism. The school has stated a clear mission of providing students a hands-on approach to journalism, print, or written journalism, is often considered the foundation of all news media, and teaches students the fundamentals in news gathering and production for a mass audience. Stories written by students are published in one of three hyperlocal news websites that are run by the school, MissionLocal, OaklandNorth and RichmondConfidential, michael Pollan, John S. and James L. China expert and author Orville Schell served as dean of the school from 1996 to the summer of 2007, before Schell, Thomas Goldstein served as dean from 1988 until he left to become the dean of Columbia Universitys Graduate School of Journalism. He stepped down from position after five years, despite being credited for increasing endowments for that school from $54 million to $84 million over his short stint there. He is currently teaching a writing class at UC Berkeleys Graduate School of Journalism. Pulitzer Prize-winning American media critic Ben Bagdikian also served as a past dean of the UC Berkeleys Graduate School of Journalism. In 1981, actress Carol Burnett won a $1.6 million libel award from The National Enquirer over an article that she said implied she had been intoxicated in a Washington restaurant. She donated a portion of that to the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism saying she hoped the suit would teach aspiring journalists the dangers of defaming individuals in articles, the money was used to fund law and ethics courses. The UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism is housed in North Gate Hall and it is located immediately southeast of the intersection of Euclid and Hearst avenues in Berkeley, Calif. on the campus of UC Berkeley. The name is derived from the area in front of the school called North Gate. It serves as the northern most entrance of the primary University compound, and is opposite to Sather Gate, North Gate Hall was built in 1904 as a 1, 800-square-foot building known at the time as the Ark to house the architectural department
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UC Berkeley School of Optometry
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The University of California, Berkeley, School of Optometry is an optometry school in the United States. Berkeley Optometry offers a graduate-level, four-year professional program leading to the Doctor of Optometry degree, the School also offers a one-year, ACOE-accredited residency program in clinical optometry specialties. The curriculum at Berkeley Optometry is designed to provide clinical training as well as instruction in the science of vision. Students are trained to be primary eye and vision care providers, which includes comprehensive eye examinations and the diagnosis, treatment, applicants to Berkeley Optometry must have a bachelors degree and complete undergraduate general science courses. Berkeley Optometry operates its teaching clinics on a twelve-month basis, students begin their training full-time in the first year with vision science and optometry courses. They are also enrolled in preclinical laboratories in years 1-2, beginning their training on the first day of the first year, students have their initial clinic supervision in direct patient care in the summer following their second year. Third-year students continue to take didactic instruction but spend more than half their time in clinical training, fourth-year students train full-time in clinical rotations locally and throughout the United States. Berkeley Optometrys Meredith Morgan University Eye Center is a health care center that provides vision services to over 80,000 patients per year. These patients are divided across the age spectrum, on average, each student has more than 2,500 individual patient encounters by the time of graduation, covering every eye care specialty. Berkeley Optometry established its first off-campus Residency Program in 1978 when it affiliated with the Kansas City Veterans Administration Medical Center, the inaugural on-campus residency training program began in 1983. The program provides each resident with mentored postgraduate education and clinical training in one or two specialty areas of optometric practice, on-campus residents are expected to treat patients and teach or supervise in general or specialty clinics. They also have teaching responsibilities and must give case presentations, as well as submit publishable-quality clinical case or research papers, in 2010 Berkeley Optometry established its first Joint Residency/MS Program by offering a two-year masters degree. Designed for optometry residents, the Joint Residency/MS in Vision Science Program prepares clinicians for careers in teaching, academic and industry research, postdoctoral students complete an Optometry Residency and a Master’s research thesis. In the first year, OD residents focus on advanced clinical education, during the second year, residents move from patient care to the laboratory to continue their research project under the supervision of Vision Science faculty. Upon completion, residents receive an Optometry Residency Certificate and an MS in Vision Science, the Physiological Optics Graduate Program began in 1946, granting its first MS and PhD degrees in 1950. Advances in understanding the brain and the system, along with substantial improvements in instrumentation. Berkeley Optometry is funded by the National Eye Institute in support of training in clinical research. Thus trainees in the Berkeley Clinical Scientist Development Program have professional clinical degrees, the University of California Clinical Research Center in the School of Optometry works with industry, foundations, and government to design and evaluate innovations in patient vision care
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UC Berkeley School of Public Health
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The University of California, Berkeley School of Public Health, commonly called the UC Berkeley School of Public Health, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley. Established in 1943, it was the first school of public health west of the Mississippi River, the school is currently accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health. The School of Public Health has its origins in the Department of Hygiene and it was Karl F. Meyer, however, whose compelling 1930s Public Health curriculum demonstrated a pressing need for a school devoted to the study and practice of public health. The result was AB515, signed into law by Governor Earl Warren in 1943, shortly thereafter, in 1944, the UC Berkeley School of Public Health held its first commencement. It was accredited by the American Public Health Association two years later, becoming the only accredited school of public health west of the Mississippi River. In 1955, the school was relocated to be closer to the health department. The baccalaureate degree program continued, but the school began to devote much of its resources to graduate training, at this point, graduate enrollment hovered near 100 students. It soon trebled to 335 students in the mid-1960s, with an annual conferment of around 150 degrees, in 2011, the school enrolled 410 students and graduated 207. Among those graduated,160 received a Master of Public Health,8 received a Master of Arts, Berkeley also offers a joint MD/MPH with the Stanford University School of Medicine. US News and World Report ranks UC Berkeleys Master of Public Health program 8th in the nation, gordon Belcourt, former Executive Director of the Montana-Wyoming Tribal Leaders Council, named a Public Health Hero by the Berkeley School of Public Health in 2003. Susan Desmond-Hellmann, Chancellor of the University of California, San Francisco and incoming chief executive officer of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
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UC Berkeley School of Social Welfare
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The School of Social Welfare of the University of California, Berkeley, is located in Haviland Hall on the UC Berkeley campus. Its focus is preparing social work professionals for the public and nonprofit sectors and it offers an Undergraduate Group Major in Social Welfare along with the College of Letters and Science, the M. S. W. and the Ph. D. The school has its own library, founded in 1957, which contains approximately 34,400 volumes and 200 active serial titles, undergraduates majoring in social welfare belong to the College of Letters and Science, while the major is administered by the School of Social Welfare. Social welfare as a major in L&S is capped at 130 students. As of fall 2013, there are 30 doctoral and 177 masters/first professional students in the School, students have the opportunity to participate in field education, in which they complete an internship for an agency related to their career goals. The School maintains 9 research units, whose focuses include child services, family welfare, and social conflict
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UC Berkeley School of Law
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The University of California, Berkeley, School of Law, commonly referred to as Berkeley Law and Boalt Hall, is one of 14 schools and colleges at the University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley Law is consistently ranked as one of the top law schools in the nation, with rates lower than every school except Yale. William Miller, Solicitor General of the United States Theodore Olson, the Department of Jurisprudence was founded at Berkeley in 1894. In 1912, the department was renamed the School of Jurisprudence, in 1951, the School moved to its current location in the new Boalt Hall, at the southeast corner of the campus, and the old Boalt Hall was renamed Durant Hall. In April 2008, the law school rebranded itself, through a change of name from Boalt Hall to Berkeley Law to tie the law schools more closely with the campus upon which it resides. The administration hopes that this will improve the law schools name recognition since people know of UC Berkeley. Boalt Hall has approximately 850 J. D. students,200 students in the LL. M. and J. S. D, programs, and 45 students in the Ph. D. program in Jurisprudence and Social Policy. The JD programs admissions process is highly selective, Berkeley Law is known to value high undergraduate GPAs. Consequently, Berkeley has the 9th highest 75th percentile GPA, according to U. S. News and World Report, Berkeley has the 12th lowest acceptance rate among U. S. law schools, with about 25% of applicants admitted. For the class entering in the fall of 2016,1,328 out of 5,336 applicants were offered admission, the 25th and 75th LSAT percentiles for the 2016 entering class were 163 and 169, respectively, with a median of 166. The 25th and 75th undergraduate GPA percentiles were 3.65 and 3.89, respectively, boalts grading system for the JD program is unusual among law schools. Students are graded on a High Honors, Honors, and Pass scale, the top student in each class or section receives the Jurisprudence Award, while the second-place student receives the Prosser Prize. For a typical class in the JD program, the age of admitted students is 24 years old. Berkeley Laws tuition has increased in recent years, currently, tuition and fees are $48,703 per year and $52,654 per year. Most out-of-state students may claim in-state status in their year of study. The faculty of Berkeley Law also provide direction and the bulk of the instruction for the undergraduate program in Legal Studies. The Legal Studies program is not intended as a pre-law program and it is an American Bar Association approved law school since 1923. It joined the Association of American Law Schools in 1912, Boalt Hall offers combined degree programs with other schools at the University of California, as well as MA degrees from Tufts University and Harvard University
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California Golden Bears
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The California Golden Bears are the athletic teams that represent the University of California, Berkeley. Over the course of the history, California has won team national titles in 13 mens and 3 womens sports and 104 team titles overall. Cal athletes have competed in the Olympics for a host of different countries. Notable facilities used by the Bears include California Memorial Stadium and Haas Pavilion, Cal finished the 2010–11 athletic season with 1,219.50 points, earning third place in the Directors Cup standings, the Golden Bears highest finish ever. Cal did not receive any points for its national championships in rugby, Cal finished 12th in the 2014-15 standings. In 2014, Cal instituted a strict standard for an athletes admission to the university. Cal Berkeley sponsors varsity teams in 14 mens and 16 womens sports, Notes As of December 4,2016, the program has also produced numerous NFL stars, including Aaron Rodgers, Ryan Longwell, Marshawn Lynch, DeSean Jackson, Desmond Bishop, and Jahvid Best. Tony Gonzalez, the NFLs all-time receptions leader among tight ends, head coach Justin Wilcox began his tenure in 2017. The California mens basketball team has represented the University of California intercollegiately since 1907, Cal basketballs home court is Haas Pavilion, which was constructed atop of the old Harmon Gymnasium using money donated in the late 1990s in part by the owners of Levi-Strauss. The program has seen throughout the years culminating in a national championship in 1959 under legendary coach Pete Newell and have reached the final four two other times in 1946 and 1960. The 1926–27 team finished the season with a 17–0 record and was named the national champion by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. The current head coach of the California mens basketball program is Cuonzo Martin, some notable NBA players that spent time playing in Berkeley include Jason Kidd, Kevin Johnson, and Darrall Imhoff. The Cal baseball team plays at Evans Diamond, located between Haas Pavilion, the Recreational Sports Facility, and Edwards Track Stadium. Cal has appeared in the post-season a total of nine times, including five times in the College World Series, shortstop Geoff Blum of Cals 1992 College World Series team hit the game-winning home run in the 14th inning of a 2005 World Series game for the Chicago White Sox. In September 2010, the university announced that baseball would be one of five sports cut as a cost-cutting measure, however, in April 2011, after receiving more than $9 million in pledges from supporters of the program, the program was reinstated. Mens bowling was an intercollegiate sport at the University of California in the 1970s and won a national championship in 1979. The first significant coach in Cal mens crew was Carroll Ky Ebright, during his tenure, Cal crew became known for success on both the collegiate and the international levels. Cal would represent the United States at two other Olympic games and winning the gold each time, the 1932 and 1948 Summer Games
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California Golden Bears baseball
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The California Golden Bears baseball team represents the University of California in NCAA Division I college baseball. Along with most other California athletic teams, the team participates in the Pac-12 Conference. The Bears play their games at Evans Diamond, and they are currently coached by David Esquer. The Bears have appeared in the NCAA Division I Baseball Tournament 13 times and they have won two National Championships, at the first College World Series in 1947 and again in 1957. In 2010, the university announced that baseball would be one of five sports cut as a cost-cutting measure, however, in April 2011, after receiving more than $9 million in pledges from supporters of the program, the program was reinstated. Even donors from Stanford University, Californias biggest rival, pitched in to save the Golden Bears baseball team
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California Golden Bears men's basketball
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The California Golden Bears basketball team is the college basketball team of the University of California, Berkeley. The program has seen throughout the years, culminating in a national championship in 1959 under coach Pete Newell. The current head coach is Cuonzo Martin, who began his tenure in 2014, the team plays its home games at Haas Pavilion, which was built on top of the old Harmon Gymnasium using money donated in part by the owners of Levi-Strauss. The arena was known as Mens Gymnasium and then later Harmon Gymnasium until the late 1990s when it went through renovations which displaced the team for two seasons. The Golden Bears first played basketball intercollegiately in 1907 and began conference play in 1915. The 1920s was the dominant decade for Cal basketball, as the Bears won 6 conference titles under coaches E. H. Wright, Cal was retroactively recognized as the pre-NCAA Tournament national champion for the 1926–27 season by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. Cal reached the pinnacle of the sport during the tenure of Pete Newell, the Golden Bears earned the conference title four out of his five years and in 1959, won the NCAA title. In Newells last year, Cal came close to another NCAA title, the fortunes of Cal mens basketball would never be the same after Newell. The next quarter-century would mostly be a one for the program, despite having players such as Butch Hays. From 1960 to 1985, the Bears tallied only two winning seasons in conference play, lou Campanelli served as head coach from 1986 -1993. The highlight of this era was a 75–67 victory over UCLA in 1986 that ended a 25-year,52 game losing streak to the Bruins. Campanelli in his first season took the Golden Bears to the 1986 National Invitation Tournament, in 1990, Campanelli led the Golden Bears to their first NCAA Tournament in 30 years. Cal also won the 1999 National Invitation Tournament, with a thrilling 61-60 victory over Clemson in the title game, in 2006, the Golden Bears reached their first Pacific Life Pac-10 Mens Basketball Tournament championship game. Despite Californias 71-52 loss to UCLA in the game, Powe was named Most Valuable Player for the tournament. From 1996–2008, under Ben Braun, Cal qualified for the NCAA tournament three times in the 2000s and six times overall. However, after finishing near the bottom of the Pac-10 for the second straight year, the former coach of rival Stanford, Mike Montgomery, succeeded Braun. In his first year the Bears finished tied for third in the Pac-10 and made it to the NCAA Tournament, in Montgomerys second season, the Bears won their first conference title in 50 years. They were able to one-up their previous season by winning their first round matchup against the Louisville Cardinals but fell to the national champions, Duke
