1.
Auto racing
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Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles, the first organized contest was on April 28,1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne, on July 22,1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Journal organized what is considered to be the worlds first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee, the first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28,1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile, brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km concrete track with high-speed banked corners, One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2. 5-mile -long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21,1948, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held on June 19,1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a seat to GT cars. From 1972 through 2003, NASCARs premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, the changes that resulted from RJRs involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCARs modern era. The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, the European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The best-known variety of racing, Formula One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix. In single-seater, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front, in Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as Formula, with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the Formula terminology is not followed, the sport is usually arranged to follow an international format, a regional format, and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format. In North America, the used in the National Championship have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than F1 cars. The series most famous race is the Indianapolis 500, the other major international single-seater racing series is GP2
2.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
3.
Sauber
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Sauber Motorsport AG, competing as Sauber F1 Team, is a Swiss Formula One team. It was founded in the 1970s by Peter Sauber, who progressed through hillclimbing, Swiss investment firm Longbow Finance S. A. are the current majority owners of Sauber. Having not won a Grand Prix as an independent, the team was sold to BMW in 2005, and competed as BMW Sauber from 2006 to 2009, scoring one victory. At the end of the 2009 season, however, BMW pulled out of Formula One, however, due to issues with the Concorde Agreement, the team remained as BMW Sauber for the 2010 season. In March 2010, Peter Sauber announced plans to change the name during the season. At the beginning of the 2011 Formula One season the team dropped BMW from their name. Peter Sauber sold his controlling 66. 6% stake in the team, with the remainder belonging to CEO Monisha Kaltenborn also being sold, the team was sold during the 2016 season to investment firm Longbow Finance. Pascal Picci took over Peter Saubers role as chairman of the board and president, with Kaltenborn remaining as Team principal, Peter Sauber began building sports cars in the 1970s. After using turbocharged Mercedes V8 engines in the 1980s, his became the official factory team of Mercedes-Benz. They won the 24 hours of Le Mans and the World Sports Prototype Championship, competing against Jaguar, among others, drivers such as Heinz-Harald Frentzen, Michael Schumacher, Karl Wendlinger, Jochen Mass, Jean-Louis Schlesser and Mauro Baldi raced for Sauber. Sauber participated in a number of racing series before its involvement in Formula One, including the Swiss Sportscar Championship. The first Sauber car, C1, was built in 1970, Sauber, in partnership with Mercedes, won the Le Mans 24-hour race in 1989 and the World Sports Prototype Championship in 1989 and 1990 with the Sauber C9 and Mercedes-Benz C11 respectively. Sauber also built a Group 5 version of BMW M1 The first turbo era of Formula One ended with the 1988 Formula One season, the 1. 5-litre turbocharged engines were phased out in favour of normally aspirated 3. 5-litre engines. Other projects never progressed beyond design studies, such as one carried out by Simtek for BMW and it was a turbulent time that led to the withdrawal of many small teams and even more famous marques such as Brabham and Lotus. A planned Mercedes collaboration with Sauber to enter their own Formula One team was shelved, the team was to be powered by V10 Ilmor engines in a chassis dubbed the C12, a continuation of Saubers naming policy from sports car construction. It was to be piloted by JJ Lehto and Karl Wendlinger, the cars racing debut took place in the first race of 1993, in South Africa. The car was soon turning heads not only for its sharp FW14-like lines and striking black livery but its impressive performance, despite this impressive entrance to the grand prix scene, over the remainder of the season the team rarely saw the finish line due to unreliability and racing accidents. However, they proved their form was not a flash in the pan recording a slow stream of points finishes, despite not achieving a podium, they ended the season with twelve points, seventh out of the thirteen original entries
4.
Automotive design
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Automotive design is the profession involved in the development of the appearance, and to some extent the ergonomics, of motor vehicles or more specifically road vehicles. This most commonly refers to automobiles but also refers to motorcycles, trucks, buses, coaches, the functional design and development of a modern motor vehicle is typically done by a large team from many different disciplines included within automotive engineering. Automotive design in context is primarily concerned with developing the visual appearance or aesthetics of the vehicle. Automotive design is practiced by designers who usually have an art background, the task of the design team is usually split into three main aspects, exterior design, interior design, and color and trim design. Graphic design is also an aspect of design, this is generally shared amongst the design team as the lead designer sees fit. Design focuses not only on the outer shape of automobile parts. The aesthetic value will need to correspond to ergonomic functionality and utility features as well, though not all the new vehicular gadgets are to be designated as factory standard items, some of them may be integral to determining the future course of any specific vehicular models. The stylist responsible for the design of the exterior of the vehicle develops the proportions, shape, Exterior design is first done by a series of digital or manual drawings. Progressively, drawings that are more detailed are executed and approved by appropriate layers of management, Clay and or digital models are developed from, and along with the drawings. The data from these models are used to create a full sized mock-up of the final design. With three- and five-axis CNC milling machines, the model is first designed in a computer program and then carved using the machine. Even in times of high-class 3d software and virtual models on power walls, here the emphasis is on ergonomics and the comfort of the passengers. The procedure here is the same as with exterior design, the color and trim designer is responsible for the research, design, and development of all interior and exterior colors and materials used on a vehicle. These include paints, plastics, fabric designs, leather, grains, carpet, headliner, wood trim, Color, contrast, texture, and pattern must be carefully combined to give the vehicle a unique interior environment experience. Designers work closely with the exterior and interior designers, designers draw inspiration from other design disciplines such as, industrial design, fashion, home furnishing, architecture, and sometimes product design. Specific research is done into global trends to design for two to three model years in the future. Trend boards are created from research in order to keep track of design influences as they relate to the automotive industry. The designer then uses this information to develop themes and concepts that are further refined and tested on the vehicle models
5.
Sauber C17
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The Sauber C17 was the car with which the Sauber Formula One team competed in the 1998 Formula One season. It was driven by Jean Alesi, who joined from Benetton, and Johnny Herbert,1998 confirmed Saubers position as a respectable midfield runner unable to make the final breakthrough needed to become a top team. The teams package was quick and reliable, but not quite enough to score points. Indeed, Alesi and Herbert finished just outside the points, in seventh, the highlight of the year was Alesis run to third at the 1998 Belgian Grand Prix to score the teams third podium since their F1 début in 1993. This capped a season for the Frenchman, who was duly kept on for another year. Herbert, despite a points finish in the first race of the season, lost his motivation after a sequence of bad luck and he decided to move to Stewart for 1999, and would be replaced by Pedro Diniz. The team eventually finished sixth in the Constructors Championship with ten points and this was their best WCC position so far, but there was still some way to go to take on the likes of Ferrari and McLaren. It was with this car that the last round steering wheel in Formula 1 was used, all steering wheels have been rectangular since then. AUTOCOURSE 1998-99, Henry, Alan, Hazleton Publishing Ltd
6.
Sauber C19
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The Sauber C19 was the car with which the Sauber Formula One team competed in the 2000 Formula One season. It was driven by the pairing of Mika Salo and Pedro Diniz. The car proved to be competitive, but not enough to escape from the large midfield group. The team finished eighth in the Constructors Championship – same position as in 1999 and this car introduced twin front suspension mounting pylons, a design that would be used enhanced the following year
7.
Chassis
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A chassis consists of an internal vehicle frame that supports an artificial object in its construction and use, can also provide protection for some internal parts. An example of a chassis is the underpart of a motor vehicle, if the running gear such as wheels and transmission, and sometimes even the drivers seat, are included, then the assembly is described as a rolling chassis. In the case of vehicles, the rolling chassis means the frame plus the running gear like engine, transmission, drive shaft, differential. An under body, which is not necessary for integrity of the structure, is built on the chassis to complete the vehicle. For commercial vehicles, a rolling chassis consists of an assembly of all the parts of a truck to be ready for operation on the road. The design of a car chassis will be different than one for commercial vehicles because of the heavier loads. Commercial vehicle manufacturers sell chassis only, cowl and chassis, as well as chassis cab versions that can be outfitted with specialized bodies and these include motor homes, fire engines, ambulances, box trucks, etc. In particular applications, such as buses, a government agency like National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in the U. S. defines the design standards of chassis. An armoured fighting vehicles hull serves as the chassis and comprises the part of the AFV that includes the tracks, engine, drivers seat. This describes the hull, although common usage might include the upper hull to mean the AFV without the turret. The hull serves as a basis for platforms on tanks, armoured carriers, combat engineering vehicles. In an electronic device, the chassis consists of a frame or other supporting structure on which the circuit boards. In the absence of a frame, the chassis refers to the circuit boards and components themselves. The combination of chassis and outer covering is called an enclosure. Vietnam Studies, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C.1978
8.
Internal combustion engine
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An internal combustion engine is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine, the force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1859, firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft. Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline, there is a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for compression ignition engines and bioethanol or methanol for spark ignition engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from fossil fuels or renewable energy. Various scientists and engineers contributed to the development of internal combustion engines, in 1791, John Barber developed a turbine. In 1794 Thomas Mead patented a gas engine, also in 1794 Robert Street patented an internal combustion engine, which was also the first to use liquid fuel, and built an engine around that time. In 1798, John Stevens built the first American internal combustion engine, in 1807, Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an internal combustion engine ignited by electric spark. In 1823, Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially, in 1860, Belgian Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine. In 1864, Nikolaus Otto patented the first atmospheric gas engine, in 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nikolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, in 1879, Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gas engine. In 1892, Rudolf Diesel developed the first compressed charge, compression ignition engine, in 1926, Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket. In 1939, the Heinkel He 178 became the worlds first jet aircraft, at one time, the word engine meant any piece of machinery — a sense that persists in expressions such as siege engine. A motor is any machine that produces mechanical power, traditionally, electric motors are not referred to as Engines, however, combustion engines are often referred to as motors. In boating an internal combustion engine that is installed in the hull is referred to as an engine, reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land and water vehicles, including automobiles, motorcycles, ships and to a lesser extent, locomotives
9.
Scuderia Ferrari
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Scuderia Ferrari S. p. A. competing as Scuderia Ferrari is the official name of the racing division of luxury Italian auto manufacturer, Ferrari, and competes in Formula One racing. It is the oldest surviving and most successful Formula One team, the team was founded by Enzo Ferrari, initially to race cars produced by Alfa Romeo, though by 1947 Ferrari had begun building its own cars. As a constructor, Ferrari has a record 16 Constructors Championships, Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Mike Hawthorn, Phil Hill, John Surtees, Niki Lauda, Jody Scheckter, Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen have won a record 15 Drivers Championships for the team. Since Räikkönens title in 2007 the team narrowly lost out on the 2008 drivers title with Felipe Massa, Schumacher is the teams most successful driver. Joining the team in 1996 and departing in 2006 he won five titles and 72 Grands Prix for the team. His titles came consecutively between 2000 and 2004, including the constructors title of 1999 consecutively being won until the end of 2004, this was the teams most successful period. Currently, World Champions Kimi Räikkönen and Sebastian Vettel are the two race drivers. The team is known for its passionate support base known as the tifosi. The Italian Grand Prix at Monza is regarded as the home race. The Scuderia Ferrari team was founded by Enzo Ferrari on 16 November 1929 and became the team of Alfa Romeo. In 1938, Alfa Romeo management made the decision to enter racing under its own name, establishing the Alfa Corse organisation, Enzo Ferrari disagreed with this change in policy and was finally dismissed by Alfa in 1939. The terms of his leaving forbade him from motorsport under his own name, in 1939 Ferrari started work on a racecar of his own, the Tipo 815. The 815s, designed by Alberto Massimino, were thus the first Ferrari cars, World War II put a temporary end to racing, and Ferrari concentrated on an alternative use for his factory during the war years, doing machine tool work. After the war, Ferrari recruited several of his former Alfa colleagues and established a new Scuderia Ferrari, the team owns and operates a test track on the same site, the Fiorano Circuit built in 1972, which is used for testing road and race cars. The team is named after its founder, Enzo Ferrari, Scuderia is Italian for a stable reserved for racing horses and is also commonly applied to Italian motor racing teams. In 1947 Ferrari constructed the 12-cylinder,1.5 L Tipo 125, a Formula One version of the Tipo 125, the Ferrari 125 F1 was developed in 1948 and entered in several Grand Prix, at the time a World Championship had not yet been established. In 1950, the Formula One World Championship was established, and it is the only team to have competed in every season of the World Championship, from its inception to the current day. The company later switched to the large-displacement naturally aspirated formula for the 275,340, after the 1951 Formula One season the Alfa team withdrew from F1, causing the authorities to adopt the Formula Two regulations due to the lack of suitable F1 cars
10.
V10 engine
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A V10 engine is a V engine with 10 cylinders in two banks of five. It is longer than a V8 engine but shorter than an engine or V12 engine. The V10 is essentially the result of mating two even-firing straight-5 engines together, the straight-5 engine shows first and second order rocking motion. Here it should be assumed that the crankshaft with low second-order vibration is used, by mating the straight-5 banks at 90 degrees and using five throws, the balance shafts balance each other and become null. Using an 18° split journal crankshaft the firing order can be even. A 36° degree bank angle and a 108° flying arm crankshaft would allow even firing without a balance shaft and smaller counterweights, but would be impractical. Until recently, the V10 configuration was not a configuration for road cars. For Audi in their Audi R85 and it discontinued in that application after 2003. However,2003 also saw the introduction of the Dodge Ram SRT-10, the Viper engine has been tweaked through the years, and for the fifth-generation Viper produces 640 hp in a standard state of tune from its 8.4 liter displacement. The previous generation engine is used by Bristol, in tuned form, in their two-seat Fighter coupe, ford also developed a heavy-duty V10 version of their Triton engine to replace the 460 big block in truck applications. It was introduced in the E-Series/Econoline full-size van, the F-Series Super Duty and Excursion SUV furthered the engines popularity. The Triton 6.8 V10 is still in production today, european marques were slower to adopt the V10 configuration. However, high-revving V10 power-plants were incorporated into supercars from Lamborghini, BMW and Audi later unveiled ten-cylinder versions of their mid-range saloons. Audi here profited from their Lamborghini ownership, which allowed them to source the Gallardos V10 for their own cars, Volkswagen also developed a turbodiesel V10, their Volkswagen Phaeton was the first production sedan to have a V10. A list of post-war V10-engined production cars, The most widespread use of the V10 has been in Formula One racing, alfa Romeo made the first modern Formula One V10 in 1986, although it was never used in a Formula One car. Later the configuration was introduced by Honda and Renault before the 1989 season, the introduction of the 3.5 liter rule after turbos were outlawed following 1988 made the V10 seem the best compromise between the lower weight of a V8 and the higher power of a V12. V10 engines became commonplace after the reduction from 3.5 to 3 liters in 1995, Renault had a more flat 110° angle in 2002 and 2003, but reverted to a more conventional 72° following the change in rules which dictated that an engine must last two race weekends. The Audi R15 LMP1 Uses a TDI V10 Diesel Engine which made its debut in 200912 Hours of Sebring and this car completed the most laps ever in Le Mans 24 history
11.
Transmission (mechanics)
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A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed. In British English, the term refers to the whole drivetrain, including clutch, gearbox, prop shaft, differential. In American English, however, the term more specifically to the gearbox alone. The most common use is in vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping. The transmission reduces the engine speed to the slower wheel speed. Transmissions are also used on bicycles, fixed machines. Often, a transmission has multiple gear ratios with the ability to switch between them as speed varies and this switching may be done manually or automatically. Directional control may also be provided, single-ratio transmissions also exist, which simply change the speed and torque of motor output. The output of the transmission is transmitted via the driveshaft to one or more differentials, while a differential may also provide gear reduction, its primary purpose is to permit the wheels at either end of an axle to rotate at different speeds as it changes the direction of rotation. Conventional gear/belt transmissions are not the mechanism for speed/torque adaptation. Alternative mechanisms include torque converters and power transformation, automatic transmissions use a valve body to shift gears using fluid pressures in conjunction with an ecm. Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in windmills, horse-powered devices, and steam engines, in support of pumping, milling, most modern gearboxes are used to increase torque while reducing the speed of a prime mover output shaft. This means that the shaft of a gearbox rotates at a slower rate than the input shaft. A gearbox can be set up to do the opposite and provide an increase in speed with a reduction of torque. Some of the simplest gearboxes merely change the rotational direction of power transmission. Many typical automobile transmissions include the ability to select one of several gear ratios, in this case, most of the gear ratios are used to slow down the output speed of the engine and increase torque
12.
Petronas
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PETRONAS, short for Petroliam Nasional Berhad, is a Malaysian oil and gas company that was founded on 17 August 1974. Petronas is ranked among Fortune Global 500s largest corporations in the world, Fortune ranks Petronas as the 75th largest company in the world in 2013. Fortune also ranks Petronas as the 12th most profitable company in the world, since its incorporation, Petronas has grown to be an integrated international oil and gas company with business interests in 35 countries. As of the end of March 2005, the Petronas Group comprised 103 wholly owned subsidiaries,19 partly owned outfits and 57 associated companies, together, these companies make the Petronas Group, which is involved in various oil and gas based activities. The Financial Times has identified PETRONAS as one of the new seven sisters, the company is headquartered at the Petronas Towers which was officially opened on Malaysias 42nd National Day,31 August 1998 – in the corporations 24th Anniversary year. PETRONAS was not the first company to extract oil or gas in Malaysia and it was Royal Dutch Shell that began the oil exploration in Sarawak, then under the White Rajahs, at the end of the 19th century. In 1910, the first oil well was drilled in Miri and this became the first oil producing well known as the Grand Old Lady. The authorities in the two new states retained their links with Royal Dutch Shell, which brought Malaysias first offshore oil field onstream in 1968, by 1974, however, only Esso was still in the area. It made its first discoveries of gas in that year. By 1974, Malaysias output of crude oil stood at about 81,000 barrels per day, several factors converged in the early 1970s to prompt the Malaysian government into setting up a state oil and gas company, as first proposed in its Five Year Plan published in 1971. Former Chief Minister of Sarawak, Tun Abdul Rahman Yakub was one of the people who proposed the idea of Malaysia setting up their own oil company, by 1985, the majors, reduced in number from seven to five, were producing less than 20% of the world total. The oil crisis of 1973–74 made the government even more aware of Malaysias dependence on foreign oil, another factor in the decision was that the technology had recently been developed for extensive exploration and drilling offshore. Malaysian crude turned out to be high quality with low sulphur content. A final and crucial factor in the creation of PETRONAS, the difficulties this policy has caused for foreign companies and investors are outweighed by the benefits they believe they gain from Malaysias political stability. The Malaysian government chose to create a company, rather than using taxes, production limits, leasing. The government wanted, and needed, the co-operation of the majors, PETRONAS was established in August 1974 and operates under the terms of the Petroleum Development Act passed in October 1974. It was modelled on Pertamina, the Indonesian state oil and gas company founded in 1971 in succession to Permina, on 6 September 1974, Malaysias then prime minister, Tun Abdul Razak, announced the appointment of Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah as chairman and chief executive of PETRONAS. Tun Razak said, From among the new blood, I intended to bring Tengku Razaleigh into the Cabinet, however, I have an important job for him, a job as important as that of a Cabinet Minister
13.
Tire
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A tire or tyre is a ring-shaped vehicle component that covers the wheels rim to protect it and enable better vehicle performance. Most tires, such as those for automobiles and bicycles, provide traction between the vehicle and the road providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock. The materials of modern tires are synthetic rubber, natural rubber, fabric and wire, along with carbon black. They consist of a tread and a body, the tread provides traction while the body provides containment for a quantity of compressed air. Before rubber was developed, the first versions of tires were bands of metal fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, including cars, bicycles, motorcycles, buses, trucks, heavy equipment, and aircraft. Metal tires are used on locomotives and railcars, and solid rubber tires are still used in various non-automotive applications, such as some casters, carts, lawnmowers. The etymology of tire is that the word is a form of attire. The spelling tyre does not appear until the 1840s when the English began shrink fitting railway car wheels with malleable iron, nevertheless, traditional publishers continued using tire. The Times newspaper in Britain was still using tire as late as 1905, the spelling tyre began to be commonly used in the 19th century for pneumatic tires in the UK. However, over the course of the 20th century, tyre became established as the standard British spelling, the earliest tires were bands of leather, then iron, placed on wooden wheels, used on carts and wagons. The tire would be heated in a fire, placed over the wheel and quenched, causing the metal to contract. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, carried out this work, the outer ring served to tie the wheel segments together for use, providing also a wear-resistant surface to the perimeter of the wheel. The word tire thus emerged as a variant spelling to refer to the bands used to tie wheels. The first patent for what appears to be a standard pneumatic tire appeared in 1847 lodged by the Scottish inventor Robert William Thomson, however, this never went into production. The first practical pneumatic tire was made in 1888 on May Street, Belfast, by Scots-born John Boyd Dunlop and it was an effort to prevent the headaches of his 10-year-old son Johnnie, while riding his tricycle on rough pavements. His doctor, John, later Sir John Fagan, had prescribed cycling as an exercise for the boy, Fagan participated in designing the first pneumatic tires. In Dunlops tire patent specification dated 31 October 1888, his interest is only in its use in cycles, in September 1890, he was made aware of an earlier development but the company kept the information to itself
14.
Bridgestone
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Bridgestone Corporation is a multinational auto and truck parts manufacturer founded in 1931 by Shojiro Ishibashi in the city of Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan. The name Bridgestone comes from a translation and transposition of ishibashi. As of 2015, the company is the largest manufacturer of tires in the world, Bridgestone Group had 141 production facilities in 24 countries as of 2005. The very first Bridgestone tire was produced on 9 April 1930, One year later on 1 March 1931, the founder, Shojiro Ishibashi, made the Tabi Socks Tyre Division independent and established the Bridgestone Tire Co. Ltd. in the city of Kurume, Fukuoka Prefecture. Bridgestone was named after the name of the founder, Shojiro Ishibashi, foregoing dependence on European and North American technology, the Bridgestone Tire Co. Ltd. set its eyes on manufacturing tires based largely on Japanese technology. The fledgling company experienced many difficulties in the areas of technology, production, eventually, improvements were achieved in quality and manufacturing processes which led to the business rapidly expanding in domestic and overseas markets. Wartime regulations were in effect throughout Japan, and tires also came under the jurisdiction of these regulations and this resulted in nearly all of the companys output being used to satisfy military demand. 1945 saw the end of armed conflict, but the company was devastated by the war, the Tokyo headquarters was destroyed during an aerial bombing raid, and all overseas assets were lost. Fortunately, the plants in Kurume and Yokohama escaped unscathed, brushing aside the problems caused by a labour union strike that lasted for forty-six days, the foundations of the company were further reinforced after this. In 1951, Bridgestone was the first company in Japan to begin selling rayon cord tires, and this year also saw another Bridgestone building opened in Kyōbashi, Tokyo, which contained the Bridgestone Museum. The company issued shares and was listed on the stock exchange in 1961. A new system of administration was ushered in by Shojiro Ishibashi as the chairman, also, additions were built onto the Tokyo plant in 1962 to house the new Technical Centre, and a progressive system of research and development was established. On the product front,1967 saw the sale of the companys first ever radial tire, Bridgestones first overseas plant since the end of the war was opened in Singapore in 1965, and production was also commenced in Thailand in 1969. Its Super Filler Radial was placed on the market in 1978, the company was actively engaged in overseas expansion activities at this time. The founder, Shojiro Ishibashi, died on 11 September 1976, on 1 March 1981, the company celebrated its 50th anniversary. New production facilities were established in Thailand, India, Poland, China. The company changed the name from Bridgestone Tyre Co. Ltd. to Bridgestone Corporation in 1984, in 1988, Bridgestone purchased the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio. Placing considerable financial and personnel resources into rebuilding Firestone after the purchase, Bridgestone achieved surplus annual profits for the year 1992 with BFE, the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company and Bridgestone Tire Company Ltd USA were amalgamated in 1990 and became Bridgestone Firestone North American Holdings Ltd
15.
Red Bull
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Red Bull is an energy drink sold by Austrian company Red Bull GmbH, created in 1987. Red Bull has the highest market share of any drink in the world. Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz was inspired by an energy drink named Krating Daeng. He took this idea, modified the ingredients to suit the tastes of Westerners, in Thai, daeng means red, and krating is the large bovine called gaur in English. Red Bull is sold in a tall and slim blue-silver can, the two are different products, produced separately. The Red Bull company slogan was Red Bull gives you wings, the product is marketed through advertising, events, sports team ownerships, celebrity endorsements, and music, through its record label Red Bull Records. Energy drinks have the effects caffeine and sugar provide. In 1976, Chaleo Yoovidhya introduced a drink called Krating Daeng in Thailand and it was popular among Thai truck drivers and labourers. While working for German manufacturer Blendax in 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz traveled to Thailand and met Chaleo, during his visit, Mateschitz discovered that Krating Daeng helped cure his jet lag. In 1984, Mateschitz co-founded Red Bull GmbH with Yoovidhya and turned it into an international brand, each partner invested US$500,000 of savings to found the company. Yoovidhya and Mateschitz each held a 49 percent share of the new company and they gave the remaining two percent to Yoovidhyas son, Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company. The product was launched in Austria in 1987, in Thailand, energy drinks are most popular with blue-collar workers. Red Bull repositioned the drink as a trendy, upscale drink, pricing was a key differentiator, with Red Bull positioned as a premium drink and Krating Daeng as a lower cost item. In many countries both drinks are available, dominating each end of the price spectrum, in 1992, the product expanded to international markets, Hungary and Slovenia. It entered the United States via California in 1997 and the Middle East in 2000, in 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as the 250th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$4 billion. Red Bull GmbH is headquartered in Fuschl am See, an Austrian village of about 1,500 inhabitants near Salzburg, the company is 51 percent controlled by the Yoovidhya family, who for technical reasons own the trademark in Europe and the US. In Southeast Asia, Red Bull and Krating Daeng are often confused for one another as Krating Daeng uses the Red Bull name in their packaging and they are two separate entities marketing for different markets. The main differences are that Red Bull is in a blue silver tall can packaging while the Thailand Red Bull or Krating Daeng is in a smaller gold packaging and they differ in terms of tastes as well
16.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
17.
Jean Alesi
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Jean Alesi is a French racing driver of Italian origin. His father, Franco, was a mechanic from Alcamo, Sicily, during his time in Formula One, Alesi was particularly good in the wet, and was a mercurial and passionate racer, whose emotions sometimes got the better of him. After leaving Formula One, from 2002 to 2006 Alesi raced in the DTM championship, winning some races and he raced in the Speedcar Series in 2008 and 2009, and raced at Le Mans in 2010. He raced in the Indianapolis 500 in 2012 and became the oldest professional driver to perform the rookie test for admission to the competition, for several years he was also a commentator for the Italian TV show Pole Position. In 2006 Alesi was awarded Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur, giovanni Alesi was born Avignon, Vaucluse, to expatriate Sicilian parents. His father ran an automotive bodywork repair garage in the town, to avert this, they decided to change their names to Jean and José, respectively. In addition to spending time in the garage, Alesis father also provided his first taste of motorsport, being a keen amateur competitor in rallying. He won the 1987 French Formula 3 title before moving up to International Formula 3000 in 1988, the 1988 season was a disappointment, finishing tenth in the championship with two podium finishes, not helped by problems within the team. However, in 1989 he joined the Jordan Formula 3000 team, both crowns were after duels with his rival Érik Comas. In 1989 Alesi tied on points for the F3000 title with Comas and he also raced in the Le Mans 24 hours in the same year, but a fire forced him to retire in the fourth hour of the race. Alesi debuted in the 1989 French Grand Prix at Paul Ricard in a Tyrrell-Ford, replacing Michele Alboreto and finishing fourth, Ken Tyrrell was sufficiently impressed to give him an eighteen-month contract. He drove most of the rest of the season for Tyrrell while continuing his successful Formula 3000 campaign, scoring again at the Italian. While Alesi was seen as a talent of the future, his start as a Formula One driver was somewhat fortuitous, prior to the 1989 French Grand Prix, Ken Tyrrell had signed a deal to run Camel cigarette sponsorship on his previously unsponsored cars. However this caused problems for Michele Alboreto who was sponsored by rival cigarette brand Marlboro. The sponsorship clash forced Tyrrell to release Alboreto and find another driver, second place in the Monaco Grand Prix followed the second place gained in Phoenix, and by mid-season, top teams were clamouring for his services in 1991. A very confused situation erupted, with Tyrrell, Williams, the results dropped away during the rest of the 1990 season, and Alesi finished ninth in the championship, with 13 points. There were signs of Alesis talent such as the Italian Grand Prix at Monza where he qualified the under powered Tyrrell in 5th place less than a slower than Sennas pole time. At both the original and re-start, Alesi passed the more powerful V12 Ferrari of reigning World Champion Alain Prost for 3rd place, unfortunately however, this race also showed his relative inexperience when on lap 5 he ended his race by spinning into the barriers at the Rettifilo chicane
18.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
19.
Pedro Diniz
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Pedro Paulo Falleiros dos Santos Diniz is a Brazilian businessman and former racing driver. Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen and achieved success, before progressing to car racing in the Brazilian Formula Ford Championship. He first drove in Formula One with Forti for the 1995 season, the following year he switched to Ligier and moved to Arrows for 1997. In 1998, he finished 14th in the Drivers Championship, and he left Sauber after the 2000 season and brought a share in the Prost team, which folded a year later. Diniz was considered a pay driver during his career, but was one of the few to score points in Formula One and is considered one of Formula Ones best pay drivers, Diniz was born in São Paulo, Brazil on 22 May 1970. His father is Abílio dos Santos Diniz, a businessman who owns the Brazilian distribution chain Companhia Brasileira de Distribuição, Diniz struggled to find a good education and went to several schools around the local area. Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen, and his career was funded by his father who supported his sons hobby and he competed in several events around Brazil and his first racing success came when he won the Two Hours of São Paulo. Aged 19, Diniz moved up into car racing, competing in the Brazilian Formula Ford championship, in 1990, Diniz moved to the Reyanud Alfa team and finished ninth overall, with his best performances being a podium position at Interlagos. For 1991, Diniz moved to the British Formula 3 with the West Surrey Racing team and he moved to the Edenbridge Racing team in 1992, driving a Reynard Mugen and took two podiums en route to eighth place overall. In addition, this was the first of a contract with Diniz. Despite his lack of success in F3000, he was guaranteed a seat as his family, furthermore, retired driver René Arnoux was employed as a consultant and driver coach for Diniz. The season started with Diniz scoring three consecutive finishes, albeit outside of the points scoring positions—but was not classified for the races in Argentina and he did not finish the next race in Spain due to a gearbox problem and finished tenth in Monaco. Diniz retired from the five races he entered, primarily from car issues. He subsequently finished every remaining race of the season, apart from the Grand Prix held at Suzuka where he spun off and he finished the season scoring no points and was unclassified in the Drivers Championship. Dinizs good finishing record enabled him to himself as a steady. In December, Diniz signed for the Ligier team for 1996, Diniz started the season by finishing outside of the points in the opening two races—tenth in Australia and eighth in Brazil. He finished the season 15th in the Drivers Championship with two points, six places and 11 points behind Panis, after the season concluded, it was announced that Diniz would leave Ligier for the Arrows team for 1997, partnering reigning World Champion Damon Hill. An important factor was the amount of sponsorship Diniz brought to Arrows, Diniz started his season with a finish in Australia and later suffered from consecutive retirements in the next five races
20.
1999 Australian Grand Prix
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The 1999 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 7 March 1999 at the Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit in Albert Park, Melbourne, Australia. The 57-lap race was the first round of the 1999 Formula One season – the 50th World Championship season in the history of Formula One. Michael Schumacher also had problems during this race, which gave his Ferrari team mate Eddie Irvine the opportunity to take his first Grand Prix victory. He made no mistakes and beat Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Ralf Schumacher to the finish by a few seconds, Heinz-Harald Frentzen was the first car on track and initially topped the list, but Mika Häkkinen took the lead halfway through the first session. After several improvements he ended the session with a time of 1 minute and 33.213 seconds, the Stewart team performed well, Rubens Barrichello and Johnny Herbert ended the session in sixth and seventh position, behind Heinz-Harald Frentzen, Giancarlo Fisichella and Jarno Trulli. Both had technical problems and completed only a few laps, damon Hill, Alexander Wurz and Badoer had small off-track moments, but were able to continue without problems. Coulthard was fastest for a short while in the second session, on his next attempt, Häkkinen spun and crashed into the wall in the last turn before the main straight, causing the first red flag of the season. The session was stopped for 15 minutes, Häkkinen was unhurt, in the final minute Coulthard beat his time by one hundredth of a second. Stewart and Jordan were still looking good with Barrichello in third, ahead of Frentzen, Herbert and Hill. After the break Michael Schumacher had been the first to go out, several drivers went off the track again including Coulthard, Frentzen, Hill, Ralf Schumacher and Zanardi. The Sauber team had more serious problems, Pedro Diniz stopped on track as a precaution when warning lights lit up. Zanardi and Zonta also stopped on track, Zonta’s transmission broke and he ended the session last because of it, just behind De la Rosa, Gené and Badoer. The first quick time on Saturday was set by Ralf Schumacher, after three improvements his best time was 1 minute and 31.140 seconds, but Häkkinen went marginally quicker just before the break. Gené and Hill spun off into the gravel, while Zonta stopped on track again with transmission problems, after the break Wurz spun into the tyre barriers and caused a red flag. Despite that, the dominance of McLaren took on breath-taking form, Häkkinen was fastest with a time of 1 minute and 30.324 seconds, six-tenths quicker than team mate Coulthard and a full 2.2 seconds faster than third man Herbert. The next second covered another 11 cars, down to Ralf Schumacher in 15th place, Hill was fourth, followed by Jacques Villeneuve, who beat Michael Schumacher and did better than his BAR team mate Zonta, who completed only three laps and ended the session last, again. The results of the session were basically the same as the year before, Häkkinen beat Coulthard. After ten minutes, Herbert was the first to go out and set a time, after that, Barrichello took over first place, until the McLarens came out
21.
Pole position
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In motorsport the pole position is the position at the inside of the front row at the start of a racing event. This position is given to the vehicle and driver with the best qualifying time in the trials before the race. This number-one qualifying driver is referred to as the pole sitter, historically, the fastest qualifier was not necessarily the designated pole-sitter. Different sanctioning bodies in motor sport employ different qualifying formats in designating who starts from pole position, often, a starting grid is derived either by current rank in the championship, or based on finishing position of a previous race. In contrast to contemporary motorsport, where only a participant is designated pole-sitter, prior to World War II. The term has its origins in horse racing, in which the fastest qualifying horse would be placed on the part of the course. Originally in Grand Prix racing, grid positions, including pole, were determined by lottery among the drivers, prior to the inception of the Formula 1 World Championship, the first instance of grid positions being determined by qualifying times was at the 1933 Monaco Grand Prix. Since then, the FIA have introduced many different qualifying systems to F1, between 1996 and 2006, the FIA made 6 significant changes to the qualifying procedure, each with the intention of making the battle for pole more interesting to an F1 viewer at home. Traditionally, pole was always occupied by the fastest driver due to low-fuel qualifying, the race-fuel qualifying era between 2003 and 2009 briefly changed this. Despite the changing formats, drivers attempting pole were required between 2003 and 2009 to do qualifying laps with the fuel they would use to start the race the next day. An underfuelled slower car and driver would therefore be able to take pole ahead of a better, in this situation, pole was not always advantageous to have in the race as the under-fueled driver would have to pit for more fuel before their rivals. With the race refueling ban introduced, low-fuel qualifying returned and these decisions are no longer in play. Since the reintroduction of the rule in 2011, this applies to the quickest first session time. Since 2014, the FIA has awarded a trophy to the driver who wins the most pole positions in the season, indicates that the driver won the World Championship in the same season. IndyCar uses four formats for qualifying, one for most oval tracks, one for Iowa Speedway, one for the Indianapolis 500, and another for road and street circuits. Oval qualifying is almost like the Indianapolis 500, with two laps, instead of four, averaged together with one attempt, although with just one session. At Iowa, each car takes one qualifying lap, and the top six cars advance to the race for the pole position. The result of the race determines positions 1–10
22.
1999 FIA Formula One World Championship
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The 1999 Formula One season was the 53rd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1999 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 7 March, Ferrari won the Constructors Championship, which paved the way for the Michael Schumacher era of Ferrari dominance beginning in 2000. However, Schumachers participation in the 1999 championship was cut due to injury at the British Grand Prix. He returned for the last two races of the season in order to assist Irvine in his championship run and this ensured that Irvine had the title lead before the final race and if Schumacher won in Japan, as low as fourth would be enough to seal Irvines title. Schumacher took pole but lost the start to Häkkinen who then drove away at the front never being troubled for position by Schumacher in spite of him running close all race. Had Ferrari switched their cars Irvine would have still lost the title on countback due to Häkkinens five wins compared with Irvines four, in the end Irvine finished a distant third and fell short in his only championship title bid. The championship saw the introduction of a new event, the Malaysian Grand Prix, Ferrari won their ninth Constructors title, the first since the 1983 season. The following teams and drivers competed in the 1999 FIA Formula One World Championship, † All engines were 3.0 litre, V10 configuration. The Mecachrome engines used by Williams in 1998 were rebadged as Supertec units, goodyear, who had supplied Williams, Ferrari, Jordan, Sauber and Tyrrell throughout 1998, left Formula One at the end of the season, leaving Bridgestone as the only tyre supplier. The grooved tyres introduced in 1998 now had four grooves on all tyres, wheels also were required to be tethered to the chassis in order to prevent them flying off in a crash, a feature which remains in place as of 2016. Williams entered the season with an all-new driver pairing, in the meantime, the Italian had won the 1997 and 1998 CART titles for Chip Ganassi Racing. Heinz-Harald Frentzen completed a straight swap with the younger Schumacher, taking the vacant seat at Jordan alongside 1996 champion Damon Hill, frentzens 1998 teammate, the 1997 World Drivers champion Jacques Villeneuve, moved to the newly founded BAR team, who also utilised a completely new lineup. Villeneuve was partnered with the 1998 McLaren test driver and FIA GT1 champion Ricardo Zonta, pedro Diniz left Arrows to sign for Sauber. Johnny Herbert, whose Sauber seat was taken by Diniz, joined Rubens Barichello at Stewart. A wrist injury to Badoer meant that Prost test driver Stéphane Sarrazin made his F1 debut at the Brazilian Grand Prix, the 1999 FIA Formula One World Championship comprised the following 16 races. The Malaysian Grand Prix was added to the calendar, held at a newly built circuit in Sepang, the first round of the championship was in Australia and unsurprisingly, the two McLarens of Mika Häkkinen and David Coulthard started 1–2 ahead of Ferraris Michael Schumacher. Schumacher, for the second race, stalled on the parade lap. The McLarens were first and second into the first corner, and this left Eddie Irvine in the second Ferrari to take his first ever career win ahead of Jordans Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Ralf Schumacher in the Williams
23.
Stewart Grand Prix
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Stewart Grand Prix was a Formula One constructor and racing team formed by three times Formula One champion Jackie Stewart and his son Paul Stewart in 1996. The team competed in F1, as the Ford works-supported team, the 1999 season was by far its strongest, yielding one win and one pole position en route to finishing fourth overall in the Constructors Championship. At the end of 1999, Ford bought the team outright, in 2004 Jaguar Racing was sold to energy drink company Red Bull and was rebranded Red Bull Racing in 2005. The teams origins are traced back to 1988 when Jackie Stewarts son Paul set up Paul Stewart Racing at the end of 1988 when he bought the Gary Evans Motorsport Team and his team entered the 1989 British Formula 3 season with a workforce of 10 employees. The team attracted the sponsor Camel, Paul Stewart had driven the car alongside German Otto Rensing. The teams first season had not been successful with a sole win for Stewart at Snetterton. In 1990, the team expanded with a move to their headquarters in Milton Keynes and was divided into three sections, preparation for European Formula 3000, Formula 3 and Formula Vauxhall Lotus. Within a few years, the team enjoyed success in Motor Racing by winning 12 titles and 119 races in various categories. Ford had been in a deal as an engine supplier to Sauber before this. The team would be based in the United Kingdom with finance from Malaysia as a promotion for the country in general, Stewart were in consultation with John Barnard about a business plan with a budget of £24 million. The first car named the Stewart SF01 was launched on 19 December 1996, with backing from Ford, Stewart GP entered the 1997 Australian Grand Prix with drivers Rubens Barrichello and Jan Magnussen. The only success of their first year came at the rain-affected Monaco Grand Prix where Barrichello finished second, Magnussen in the second car finished just outside the points in 7th after losing his front wing at the chicane. Elsewhere, the cars were consistent midfield runners and Barrichello was often in a position to challenge for points, Stewarts reliability was poor, as the Ford Zetec-R V10 engine installed in the SF01 chassis proved to be extremely fragile. This restricted the team to just eight classified finishes out of a possible thirty-four,1998 was a struggle for the team, with neither driver able to step onto the podium. In the end the driver change did not seem to make a difference as Verstappen also struggled with the car. At the end of the 1998 season, technical director Alan Jenkins left Stewart Grand Prix, after Ford acquired Cosworth in July 1998, they risked designing and building a brand-new engine for 1999. The SF3 was quick out of the box, however for Ford both cars over-heated on the grid of the first race, the Australian Grand Prix, after qualifying competitively and this put Herbert out instantly and made Barrichello start from the pit lane. Barrichello received a penalty during the race and finished 5th
24.
Johnny Herbert
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John Paul Johnny Herbert is a British racing driver. He raced in Formula One from 1989 to 2000, for 7 different teams and he also raced sports cars winning the Le Mans 24 Hours in 1991 driving a Mazda 787B. He enjoyed much success in motor racing. During the mid-1980s, Herbert was widely regarded as a man of motor racing. Winning the Formula Ford Festival at Brands Hatch in 1985, Herbert caught Eddie Jordans attention, Herberts team mate, the highly rated Italian Alessandro Nannini, finished in 6th place,7.7 seconds behind Herbert. Herbert returned to Formula 3000, this time in the highly regarded Japanese series and it wasnt long before he received another call from Formula One racing, this time with Tyrrell. From 1990 to 2000, Herbert was a fixture in Formula One, switching to the dwindling Lotus team, during 1991, he also drove two rounds of the Fuji Long Distance Sports Car Series, co-driving a Mazda 787B, finishing fourth both times. His decision, at the July round, to stop his car and aid a fellow competitor, after 3 years of frustration, Herbert left Lotus in mid-1994, joining Ligier and then Benetton for the last few races of the season. Although he failed to any points in 1994, he was retained as Michael Schumachers team-mate for 1995. At the British Grand Prix, he inherited a hugely popular Grand Prix win after Damon Hill and he followed this in similar circumstances at Monza, finishing 4th in the championship. After being dropped by Benetton, Herbert drove for Swiss team Sauber in 1996–1998, since retiring from Formula One racing, Herbert has concentrated on Sports Cars, trying to repeat his Le Mans 24 Hours overall win of 1991. Recent years have seen him as one of the front runners in the American Le Mans Series, in 2004, Herbert, along with Jamie Davies won the Le Mans Series championship at the wheel of an Audi R8 winning the races at Monza and Spa along the way. In 2005, Herbert was appointed to the post of Sporting Relations Manager at Jordan Grand Prix, however, in September of that year Spyker Cars bought the team, and renamed it Spyker MF1. Another of the new owners decisions was to not renew Herberts contract, in 2007, Herbert entered the Le Mans 24 Hours driving for the factory Aston Martin team at the wheel of the Aston Martin DBR9 in the GT1 class. Herbert, along with Peter Kox and Tomáš Enge drove the 007 numbered car to a 9th placed overall finish, in 2008, Herbert won the first season of the Speedcar Series. In 2009, Herbert made his debut in the British Touring Car Championship for Team Dynamics at the wheel of a Honda Civic at round eight of the championship and he qualified 17th for the first race, and after moving up the order, finished in 13th. In the second race, he finished inside the points in eighth place, in the final race of the day, a reverse starting grid is operated. The first six, seven, eight, nine or ten cars to race two, start race three in reverse order
25.
1999 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 1999 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 11 April 1999 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace in São Paulo, Brazil. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 71-lap race was won by McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen after starting from pole position, Michael Schumacher finished second in a Ferrari with Heinz-Harald Frentzen third for the Jordan team. Ricardo Zonta did not qualify for the race, after he had injured his foot in a big crash during Saturdays practice. The race marked the debut for Stéphane Sarrazin, who drove the Minardi for an injured Luca Badoer, Badoer had injured his hand in a testing accident, and Sarrazin - then the test driver for Prost - was drafted in to Minardi. As Luca Badoer returned for the race, and he was still the test driver for Prost. At the start of the race, pole sitter Mika Häkkinen raced off with the lead, McLaren at this point had been reeling from a double-DNF at the season-opening Australian Grand Prix, and Coulthards failure raised eyebrows at the team. Coulthards car was pushed into the pit lane, where it was restarted as the leaders began lap 4. On lap 4, local hero Rubens Barrichello took the lead of the race from Mika Häkkinen after Häkkinens car suffered a temporary transmission malfunction and was unable to select any gears, Häkkinen was also passed by Michael Schumacher before his car regained the ability to select gears. Barrichello was able to stay in front until he pitted on lap 27 and it was the first time a Stewart car had led a race. The crowd of roughly 80,000 cheered wildly as Rubinho built a lead of about 5 seconds over Schumacher, alexander Wurz and Damon Hill collided on lap 10, ending Hills race. Rubens Barrichello fell to fourth place after his pit stop, David Coulthards day ended when he pulled off the track with a mechanical failure. Stéphane Sarrazin had a crash on the pit straight on lap 31 after suffering a wing failure. On lap 35, Barrichello passed Eddie Irvine under braking into the first corner to take third place, Michael Schumacher came in for a pit stop on lap 38, allowing Mika Häkkinen past. Häkkinen had been held up by Schumacher, so he began trying to build up enough of a gap so he could come out ahead of Schumacher after his own pit stop. Lap traffic delayed his progress at first, but after one lap he was able to turn in a couple of fast laps and he pitted on lap 42, and his fast laps combined with quick work by his pit crew allowed him to easily retain the lead over Schumacher. On lap 42, Pedro Diniz spun off and beached his car trying to pass another car to the inside. Rubens Barrichellos race ended on the lap with a blown engine
26.
1999 San Marino Grand Prix
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The 1999 San Marino Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 2 May 1999 at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, Imola, Italy. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 62-lap race was won by Ferrrari driver Michael Schumacher after he started from third position, david Coulthard finished second for the McLaren team with Stewart driver Rubens Barrichello third. Mika Häkkinen took an instant lead from Michael Schumacher after the start, eddie Irvine was ahead of Rubens Barrichello, Heinz-Harald Frentzen, Ralf Schumacher, Damon Hill and Jean Alesi. Jacques Villeneuve was left stranded on the grid after a clutch problem, in an unforced error, Häkkinen crashed out at the final Traguardo chicane on lap 17, allowing Michael Schumacher into the lead and his first win of the season. Häkkinen would later repeat this error at the Italian Grand Prix, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. The race was the 10th entry for Supertec and the 100th for Sauber and this was Luca Badoers 35th start without scoring any World Championship points, overtaking Brett Lungers record. Nicola Larini had previously made 40 starts without scoring but finished 2nd at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix, his 41st start
27.
1999 Monaco Grand Prix
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The 1999 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 16 May 1999 at the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo, Monaco. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 78-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher after starting from second position and it was Schumachers 16th win with Ferrari, breaking the record held by Niki Lauda. His team-mate Eddie Irvine finished second with Mika Häkkinen third for the McLaren team, Ferrari extended their lead in the Constructors Championship, twenty-four points ahead of McLaren and twenty-eight ahead of Jordan with 12 races of the season remaining. The Grand Prix was contested by teams, each of two drivers. The teams, also known as constructors, were McLaren, Ferrari, Williams, Jordan, Benetton, Sauber, Arrows, Stewart, Prost, Minardi and BAR. Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought four different tyre types to the race, going into the race, Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers Championship with 16 points, ahead of Eddie Irvine on 12 points and Mika Häkkinen on 10 points. Heinz-Harald Frentzen was fourth with 10 points while Ralf Schumacher was fifth on 10 points, Ferrari had so far dominated the championship, winning two out of the three previous races, with Häkkinen winning the Brazilian Grand Prix. Championship contenders Frentzen and David Coulthard had each gained one second-place finish, following the San Marino Grand Prix on 2 May, several teams conducted testing sessions at circuits around the world. Ferrari and Minardi headed for Fiorano where testing for the set-up around the Monaco circuit took place, McLaren and Prost tested at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours running over the course of three days, while Prost elected to test for one day. Jordan tested at the Lurcy-Lévis test track with driver Andrew Gilbert-Scott performing aerodynamic mapping runs, four practice sessions were held before the race, two one-hour sessions on Thursday and two 45 minutes sessions on Saturday. The Friday sessions were held in dry and cloudy conditions, Irvine was the fastest driver in the first session, with a time of 1,18.910 that was less than six-tenths of a second faster than Michael Schumacher. Jordan driver Damon Hill was less than two-tenths of a second off Michael Schumachers pace, with Barrichello, Alessandro Zanardi and Jean Alesi rounding out the top six. In the second session, Michael Schumacher was fastest with a time of 1,22.718, ahead of Häkkinen, Olivier Panis, Irvine, Giancarlo Fisichella. Saturdays afternoon qualifying session lasted for an hour, during this session, the 107% rule was in effect, which necessitated each driver set a time within 107% of the quickest lap to qualify for the race. Each driver was limited to twelve laps, Häkkinen achieved his fourth pole position of the season, his second at the Circuit de Monaco, with a time of 1,20.547. He was joined on the front row of the grid by Michael Schumacher, the conditions for the race were dry with the air temperature 19 °C and the track temperature 34 °C. The drivers took to the track at 09,30 for a 30-minute warm-up session, both Ferrari drivers maintained their good pace from qualifying, Michael Schumacher set the fastest time, a 1,23.792
28.
1999 Spanish Grand Prix
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The 1999 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 30 May 1999 at the Circuit de Catalunya near Barcelona, Spain. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 65-lap race was won by McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen after he started from pole position and his teammate David Coulthard finished second and Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher took third place. Mika Häkkinen, starting on pole for the time in 1999, got off the line quickly. David Coulthard and Jacques Villeneuve, starting third and sixth respectively, had great starts and were able to take second and third place by the first corner. Eddie Irvine, starting second, had a start and fell to fifth place after being passed by Coulthard, Villeneuve. Olivier Panis and Marc Gené failed to start, with Gené retiring, the McLaren duo of Häkkinen and Coulthard began building up a substantial gap, with the Ferraris being held up by Villeneuve. Eddie Irvine, on lap 23, became the first of the front runners to pit, Mika Häkkinen came in the next lap, and had built up such a lead that he only fell to second place. Villeneuve and Schumacher both stopped simultaneously, but Villeneuve’s stop was longer and Schumacher was able to pass Villeneuve in the pits, Irvine was also able to capitalize on Villeneuve’s slow stop to pass him. After pitting, Michael Schumacher was initially caught behind Heinz-Harald Frentzen, Schumacher closed to within a second of Coulthard on lap 41, but he pitted the next lap without making an attempt to pass. Mika Häkkinen pitted the lap after Schumacher, and Coulthard pitted on lap 45, Coulthard’s stop was slightly faster that Schumacher’s, and came out just ahead of Schumacher. Schumacher was able to close up behind Coulthard on cold tires, once Coulthard’s tires warmed up, he was able to pull away from Schumacher. Jacques Villeneuve pitted on lap 40, suffering from a rear wing element. The mechanics pulled the broken element off the wing, but first gear broke when Villeneuve tried to leave his pit box, Michael Schumacher made another late charge on David Coulthard as the two battled through the lap traffic of Damon Hill, Rubens Barrichello, and Toranosuke Takagi. Schumacher ran out of time, however, and finished the race in place behind Coulthard. Mika Häkkinen won the race by six seconds, marking the first time that both McLarens finished a race in 1999. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Rubens Barrichello finished 8th but was disqualified for illegal undertray mounting. Only one on-track overtaking manoeuvre was reported
29.
1999 Canadian Grand Prix
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The 1999 Canadian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 13 June 1999 at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The race was notable for the four crashes that occurred in turn 13, turn 13, the final chicane, had four separate crashes in which a driver either went wide or spun into the wall. Three of the drivers who crashed there had previously won the Drivers Championship, the front runners got off the line cleanly, with Michael Schumacher maintaining first place after starting on pole for the first time in 1999. Jarno Trulli, starting ninth, went off the track trying to pass Heinz-Harald Frentzen up the inside into turn one, Trulli spun across turn one, collecting Jean Alesi and Rubens Barrichello. Trulli and Alesi retired, and the safety car was deployed, Alexander Wurz also retired with transmission problems. Ricardo Zonta retired on lap 3 after spinning into the wall at turn 13 and he stopped just off the track, missing his right rear wheel, which brought the safety car out again. Zonta was the first of four drivers to hit the “Wall of Champions” in this race, on lap 15, Damon Hill became the second driver to hit the turn 13 wall. Hill was able to pull off the track in a location. Michael Schumacher hit the wall on lap 30, giving the lead to Mika Häkkinen, the fourth and final driver to hit to wall was Jacques Villeneuve on lap 35, bringing the safety car out for the third time. Hill, Schumacher, and Villeneuve were three of the four Formula 1 Driver’s Champions competing in the race, on the lap 41 restart following Villeneuve’s crash, David Coulthard tried to go around the outside of Eddie Irvine into turn one, then the inside on turn two. They touched, and both spun off, both were able to rejoin, though Coulthard had to pit for a new nose. The fourth and final safety car of race came out on lap 66 after Heinz-Harald Frentzen, running in second place, the safety car pulled in at the end of the final lap, and Mika Häkkinen won the race. Eddie Irvine scored his first fastest lap and finished third behind Giancarlo Fisichella, statistics, 1st fastest lap for Eddie Irvine. 25th race entry for Alexander Wurz, 1st Formula One Grand Prix to end under safety car conditions, a circumstance which did not reoccur until the 2009 Australian Grand Prix. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
30.
1999 French Grand Prix
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The 1999 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 27 June 1999 at the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours near Magny-Cours, France. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 72-lap race was won by Heinz-Harald Frentzen driving a Jordan car after starting from fifth position, Mika Häkkinen finished second driving for McLaren, with Rubens Barrichello finishing third for the Stewart team. The remaining points-scoring positions were filled by Ralf Schumacher, Michael Schumacher, as a consequence of the race, Häkkinen extended his lead in the World Drivers Championship to eight points over Schumacher, with Irvine a further 14 behind. In the World Constructors Championship, McLaren reduced the lead over Ferrari to six points with Williams passing Benetton for fourth position,43 points behind Ferrari. Behind Häkkinen and Schumacher in the Drivers Championship, Eddie Irvine was third on 25 points in the other Ferrari, with Heinz-Harald Frentzen, in the Constructors Championship, Ferrari were leading on 55 points and McLaren were second on 46 points, with Jordan third on 16 points. Following the Canadian Grand Prix on June 13, the teams conducted testing sessions at the Magny-Cours circuit from June 16–18, david Coulthard set the fastest time on the first day, while Eddie Irvine was fastest on the second and final day of testing. Williams made modifications to the suspension of their cars, resulting in several spins, among the other teams, Minardi elected to perform aerodynamic mapping work at the Automotive Safety Center using their test driver Gastón Mazzacane. Arrows performed shakedown runs at the Santa Pod Raceway, on 16 June, Jordan driver and 1996 World Drivers Champion Damon Hill announced that he would retire from Formula One racing at the end of the season. Hill later said a factor in his decision was the amount of testing undertaken by the teams and his own performance during the season. Two practice sessions were held before the Sunday race—one on Friday from 11,00 to 14,00 local time, the first practice session took place in dry conditions. The ambient temperature was 24 °C, the second practice session was held in overcast and wet weather conditions, with a drop in the track temperature to 19 °C and the ambient temperature to 20 °C. Saturday afternoons qualifying session was held from 13,00 to 14,00 local time, each driver was limited to twelve laps with the implentation of a 107% rule to exclude slow drivers from competing in the race. The session was held in wet conditions, the ambient and track temperature were both 18 °C, Rubens Barrichello clinched his first pole position of the season, in his Stewart, in a time of 1,38.441. He was joined on the front row by Jean Alesi, who was four-tenths of a second behind, Olivier Panis was third in his Prost. Coulthard took fourth despite going into the gravel and spinning off late in the session, Heinz-Harald Frentzen was fifth, with Michael Schumacher completing the top six. Due to the wet conditions, a record five drivers - Damon Hill, Marc Gené, Luca Badoer, Pedro de la Rosa, Hill missed out by just 0.003 seconds, the slimmest-ever margin. Due to the wet conditions, and the competitiveness in practice
31.
1999 British Grand Prix
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The 1999 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 11 July 1999 at the Silverstone Circuit near Silverstone, England. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 60-lap race was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard after he started from third position, eddie Irvine finished second for the Ferrari team and Williams driver Ralf Schumacher came in third. Jacques Villeneuve and Alessandro Zanardi both stalled on the grid causing a race restart, while the red flags were out, Michael Schumacher crashed at Stowe corner due to brake failure, breaking his leg. This would keep him out of Formula One until the Malaysian Grand Prix, following a difficult season Damon Hill performed well to finish 5th in his home race and seemed happy enough to carry on for the rest of the season. He had also led the race for a lap, which was the last time he would lead a Grand Prix. This was Toranosuke Takagis final classified Formula One race finish and he failed to finish each of his subsequent eight races. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
32.
1999 Austrian Grand Prix
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The 1999 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 25 July 1999 at the A1-Ring in Spielberg, Austria. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. After Michael Schumacher broke his leg in the race at Silverstone. David Coulthard nudged team-mate Mika Häkkinen off the track on the first lap, when Coulthard failed to hold off Irvine during the sole round of pitstops, the man from Northern Ireland wrapped up his 2nd Formula One win. Häkkinen fought through the field to finish 3rd, Mika Salo substituted for Michael Schumacher. Pedro Diniz scored his last ever world championship points at this race, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
33.
1999 German Grand Prix
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The 1999 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 1 August 1999 at the Hockenheimring near Hockenheim, Germany. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. With Michael Schumacher out injured, Eddie Irvine took a second victory as he chased the championship. In the early laps Finnish drivers ran first and second, which Martin Brundle noted is not bad for a nation of 5 million. However, Mika Häkkinen ultimately crashed out on lap 25 due to a tyre failure, damon Hill was again rumoured to be leaving Formula One when he allegedly retired a healthy car. Hill claimed the Jordan had brake problems, Eddie Irvine gave the winners trophy to Mika Salo, who was leading towards the end of the race and moved over on team orders, after the race. Bold text indicates who still has a chance of becoming World Champion. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, statistics, 100th Pole position for McLaren. 10th Fastest lap for David Coulthard and the 20th for Bridgestone, 10th Race entry for Marc Gené and Pedro de la Rosa, and the 50th for Luca Badoer
34.
1999 Hungarian Grand Prix
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The 1999 Hungarian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 15 August 1999 at the Hungaroring near Budapest, Hungary. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 77-lap race was won by Mika Häkkinen driving for the McLaren team after starting from pole position, david Coulthard finished second in the other McLaren with Eddie Irvine finishing third for Ferrari. The remaining points-scoring positions were filled by Heinz-Harald Frentzen, Rubens Barrichello, häkkinens victory was his fourth of the season, and McLaren teams fifth. Bold text indicates who still has a chance of becoming World Champion. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, statistics, 20th Race win for Bridgestone
35.
1999 Belgian Grand Prix
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The 1999 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 29 August 1999 at the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps in Spa, Belgium. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 44-lap race was won by David Coulthard for the McLaren team, Mika Häkkinen finished second in the other McLaren, with Heinz-Harald Frentzen third in a Jordan. Häkkinens second place promoted him into the lead of the Drivers Championship, Irvine was second, one point behind Häkkinen, while Coulthard was third. In the Constructors Championship, McLaren were promoted into the lead, nine ahead of Ferrari. The Grand Prix was contested by 22 drivers, in teams of two. The teams, also known as Constructors, were McLaren, Ferrari, Williams, Jordan, Benetton, Sauber, Arrows, Stewart, Prost, Minardi and BAR. Before the race, Ferrari driver Eddie Irvine was leading the Drivers Championship on 56 points, behind them in the Drivers Championship, David Coulthard was third on 36 points in the other McLaren, with Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Michael Schumacher on 36 and 32 points respectively. In the Constructors Championship, Ferrari were leading on 94 points and McLaren were second on 90 points, following the Hungarian Grand Prix on 15 August, the teams conducted testing sessions at the Silverstone circuit on August 17–19. Häkkinen set the fastest time on the first, second and final days of testing, Ferrari traveled to their testing circuit at Mugello on August 18–20, running Schumacher on the final day after being cleared by doctors to test. After completing 20 laps, Schumacher suffered from ankle pain preventing him completing a training programme. Ferrari later announced that temporary replacement Mika Salo would continue to race for the team, several teams announced changes to their driver line-ups for the following season. Benetton confirmed that the team was retaining their driver line-up of Giancarlo Fisichella and Alexander Wurz, Sauber announced that it would sign up Salo on a two-year contract and retain Pedro Diniz. Jordan confirmed that it was signing Prost driver Jarno Trulli on a two-year contract, four practice sessions were held before the Sunday race—two on Friday, and two on Saturday. The Friday morning and afternoon sessions lasted a hour. The third and final sessions were held on Saturday morning. The Friday sessions were held in dry and sunny conditions, Häkkinen was quickest in the first session, with a time of 1,54.396 that was less than half a second faster than Coulthard. Williams driver Ralf Schumacher was just off Coulthards pace, Salo, Irvine and Jean Alesi rounded out the top six, within 1.3 seconds of Häkkinens time
36.
1999 Italian Grand Prix
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The 1999 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 12 September 1999 at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza near Monza, Italy. Ralf Schumacher was second in a Williams-Supertec, with Mika Salo third in a Ferrari, Häkkinen was expected to do well on the fast Monza circuit, and duly claimed pole position by half a second from Frentzen. Coulthard was third, while Alex Zanardi, who had been having a year with Williams, was fourth. Completing the top ten were Damon Hill in the second Jordan, at the start, Häkkinen led away while Zanardi shot past Coulthard and Frentzen into second. Frentzen quickly re-passed Zanardi, but Coulthard fell further back, behind Schumacher, on lap 3, Zanardi ran over a kerb and damaged the underside of his car. He managed to hold on to place for another 15 laps. Barrichello passed Coulthard on lap 11 and then Salo on lap 19, Barrichello overtook Zanardi on lap 26, Salo did the same at the start of lap 28. At this point, Häkkinen led Frentzen by eight seconds, with Schumacher a further two-and-a-half seconds back, in a rare show of emotion, the Finn burst into tears at the side of the track. Frentzen thus inherited the lead as the front-runners began to make their pit stops, when these had been completed, Salo had moved back ahead of Barrichello and into third, while Coulthard and Irvine had both leapfrogged Zanardi and were now fifth and sixth. Frentzens eventual margin of victory was 3.2 seconds, with an eight seconds back to Salo. Coulthard finished half a second behind the Stewart driver, but nine ahead of Irvine and this point moved Irvine level with Häkkinen in the Drivers Championship on 60 points apiece, while the win put Frentzen just ten points behind on 50, with Coulthard on 48. In the Constructors Championship, Ferrari cut McLarens lead to six points,108 to 102, lap leaders, Mika Häkkinen 29, Heinz-Harald Frentzen 23, Mika Salo 1 Despite his challenge for the Drivers Championship, this turned out to be Frentzens final victory in Formula One. It was also the victory for engine supplier Mugen. This was also Jordans only victory in dry conditions – their other three coming in the rain. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
37.
1999 European Grand Prix
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The 1999 European Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 26 September 1999 at the Nürburgring in Nürburg, Germany. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 66-lap race was won by Johnny Herbert driving for the Stewart team, Jarno Trulli finished second for the Prost team with Rubens Barrichello third in the other Stewart car. It was considered to be one of the most eventful and exciting races of the 1999 season, going into the race Mika Häkkinen, Eddie Irvine, Heinz-Harald Frentzen and David Coulthard were all harbouring World Championship aspirations. Häkkinen and Irvine were tied for the lead, with Frentzen 10 points behind them. The previous round at Monza had seen Häkkinen make an error while leading, Coulthard and Irvine finished only 5th and 6th. Marc Genés 6th place produced a point for the Minardi team Due to the high number of retirements. This resulted in the podium consisting of constructors named after former Formula 1 World Champions, as a consequence of the race, Häkkinen extended his lead in the World Drivers Championship to two points over Irvine, with Frenzen a further twelve behind. In the World Constructors Championship, McLaren extended their lead to twelve points over Ferrari, heading into the fourteenth race of the season, McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen and Ferrari driver Eddie Irvine were both tied for the lead of the World Drivers Championship with 60 points each. Behind Häkkinen and Irvine in the Drivers Championship, Heinz-Harald Frentzen was third on 50 points in a Jordan, with David Coulthard, McLaren were leading on 108 points and Ferrari were second on 102 points, with Jordan third on 57 points. Following the Italian Grand Prix on 12 September, four teams conducted testing sessions at the Magny-Cours circuit from 14–16 September, Coulthard set the fastest time of the first, second and final days of testing. Williams, Jordan and Stewart ran for two days at Magny-Cours. Ferrari ran their pairing Irvine and Mika Salo at the teams test circuit of Mugello, Ferrari test driver and Minardi driver Luca Badoer performed engine development work at their test track at Fiorano with Irvine performing shakedown runs. Benetton performed aerodynamic mapping tests at RAF Kemble with Arrows and Minardi electing not to test. Two practice sessions were held before the Sunday race—one on Friday from 11,00 to 14,00 local time, the first practice session took place in dry conditions. The ambient temperature was 19 °C and the temperature was 25 °C during the hour-long period. Saturday afternoons qualifying session was held from 13,00 to 14,00 local time, each driver was limited to twelve laps with the implentation of a 107% rule to exclude slow drivers from competing in the Sunday race. The session was held on a wet track, the result of rainfall with isolated showers a few hours before qualifying
38.
1999 Malaysian Grand Prix
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The 1999 Malaysian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 17 October 1999 at the Sepang International Circuit near Sepang, Malaysia. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 56-lap race was won by Eddie Irvine driving a Ferrari car from a second position start and this was the first Malaysian Grand Prix since a Formula Holden event in 1995, but the first time at Formula One world championship level. Michael Schumacher returned to Formula One having recovered from his broken leg, on lap four Schumacher slowed and allowed Irvine to pass him and then proceeded to block Coulthard and the others. But on the next lap Coulthard forced his way past the Ferrari and he was challenging for the lead when his car broke down. Back in second place, Schumacher slowed down again to allow Irvine to get an advantage, then, needing to stay ahead of Häkkinen during the pit stops, Michael accelerated the pace in order to build a lead. Realising this, McLaren took a risk and they gave Häkkinen half a tank of fuel and hoped it would be enough to get him out of the pits ahead of Schumacher. Schumacher blocked Häkkinen again and the gap to Irvine went up to around 20secs, Irvine did not have a big enough advantage to stay ahead at his second stop but Ferrari was sure that Häkkinen would have to stop again. He did, emerging in fourth place behind Herbert, Schumacher slowed again to allow Irvine to take the lead. Häkkinen could do no more than force his way past Herbert to take third place and it was Herberts final point-scoring finish of his career. Immediately after the race the two Ferraris were disqualified due to an infringement on their bargeboards and this meant that Mika Häkkinen and McLaren were effectively handed their respective championships by default. However, Ferrari appealed against the FIAs decision in court and both drivers were subsequently reinstated, in the constructors championship, Ferrari passed McLaren for the lead with a gap of four points. Bold text indicates who still has a chance of becoming World Champion. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, first race, Malaysian Grand Prix, Sepang International Circuit. Statistics, 25th Fastest lap for Bridgestone, jarno Trulli suffered an engine failure on the formation lap. Last points, Stewart Grand Prix, Johnny Herbert This was the race in a row in which a driver scored his last Grand Prix victory. Heinz-Harald Frentzen took his last win two races prior while Johnny Herbert took his last win at the preceding race
39.
1999 Japanese Grand Prix
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The 1999 Japanese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 31 October 1999 at the Suzuka International Racing Course in Suzuka, Japan. It was the sixteenth and final round of the 1999 Formula One season, the 53-lap race was won by McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen after starting from second position. Michael Schumacher finished second in a Ferrari with team-mate Eddie Irvine finishing third, häkkinens victory confirmed him as 1999 Drivers Champion. Ferrari were also confirmed as Constructors Champions and this was the last race for Toranosuke Takagi, Alessandro Zanardi and 1996 World Champion Damon Hill. Going into this race, Ferraris Eddie Irvine led the Drivers Championship by four points from Häkkinen,70 to 66. Häkkinen therefore needed to win the race, or to finish second with Irvine no higher than fifth, similarly, the Finn would be Champion if he finished second with Irvine fifth, or if he finished third without Irvine scoring. Qualifying saw Irvines Ferrari team-mate, Michael Schumacher, take pole position with Häkkinen alongside on the front row, david Coulthard was third in the second McLaren, with Heinz-Harald Frentzen fourth in the Jordan. Irvine struggled throughout, also suffering a crash at the Hairpin. The top ten was completed by the Prosts of Olivier Panis and Jarno Trulli, Johnny Herbert in the Stewart, Ralf Schumacher in the Williams, Häkkinen beat Schumacher off the line, with Panis charging into third ahead of Irvine, Coulthard and Frentzen. The Finn quickly built a lead, and it became clear that the Ferraris could not match him. After Paniss alternator broke on lap 20, Coulthard passed Irvine for third during the first round of pit stops, however, on lap 34, he made a mistake and spun into a wall, losing his nose. He pitted and rejoined a lap down, just in front of Schumacher and it was alleged that the Scot deliberately held up the German driver, before retiring several laps later with a hydraulic failure. Häkkinen eventually took the chequered flag five seconds ahead of Schumacher and, with it, Irvine finished a minute and a half behind Schumacher in third, nonetheless helping Ferrari secure their first Constructors Championship since 1983. The minor points went to Frentzen, Ralf Schumacher and Alesi, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix -1999, archived from the original on 14 August 2007
40.
Autocourse
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Autocourse is a series of annuals covering motor racing, and Formula One in particular. The annuals cover a period of the sports history, from 1951 to the present day. The first edition of Autocourse appeared in 1951, as a review of motorsport. Its aims were to provide the most complete data obtainable with interesting and authentic information, settle arguments and provide countless hours of interesting study, the first Autocourse in annual form was published in 1959 as a paperback. The first hardback annual was 1961/62, starting in 1966, the annuals editor has chosen the Top Ten F1 drivers of each season. In 1991, the Formula One Review was changed into a team-by-team format, in 2000, Autocourse celebrated its 50th anniversary. In 2005, Bryn Williams took on the publishing of the annual with Crash Media Group, in late 2009, CMG confirmed a deal to sell on the title to Icon Publishing. The front cover features a photograph of that years F1 championship-winning driver in his car. In 1976, a drawing by Michael Turner was also used, in 1994 and 1995, three photos were used on the front cover. The interior title page features the runner-up, or another photograph of note. This has been written by the newly crowned champion since 1963 and is accompanied by their signature and this is a page or so of material which summarises the year in motor racing from the editors point of view. Since 1988, the editor has been Alan Henry, his predecessor was Maurice Hamilton. For the 50th anniversary edition in 2000, the publisher, Richard Poulter, the annual states that these top ten F1 drivers are chosen by the editor, taking into account their racing performances and the equipment at their disposal. This has been a feature of Autocourse since 1966, drivers who do not complete the whole season are not usually eligible to be included in the list, although exceptions have been made. The 2008 edition included obituaries for Phil Hill, Ove Andersson, Paul Newman and Jean-Marie Balestre, among a few others. As Autocourse is published before the end of the year, persons who died at the end of the year are listed in next publication, there are usually some in-depth articles on various F1 topics, e. g. rule changes. These are usually written by well-known motor racing journalists, for example Nigel Roebuck and this is the main section of the annual. Before 1991, this consisted of an analysis of the season as a whole, followed by technical reviews of each team
41.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
42.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
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Peter Sauber
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Peter Sauber is a retired Swiss motorsport executive. He was the principal and owner of various motorsports teams. After being trained as an electrician Sauber became a car salesman in Hinwil and this was Saubers first real association with automobiles and it proved to be the catalyst for his involvement in motor-racing. Saubers motorsport connection was somewhat paradoxical, given that racing in his land had been banned after the Le Mans tragedy of 1955. However, he managed to compete in hillclimbing events in the Volkswagen Beetle he had purchased. After opting not to run the family traffic light business, Peter built the Sauber C1 in his parents basement and it was a car of tubular frame, powered by a 1-litre Ford Cosworth engine. He subsequently drove it to the 1970 Swiss hillclimb championship and it also remained in racing for ten years in the hands of other drivers, notably Friedrich Hürzeler, who took the 1974 crown in the car. In 1971, Sauber handed over the seat to Hans Kunis. Sauber had started to gain a portfolio of customers and in 1973, designed by Guy Boisson, the car was used predominantly in the Swiss Sports Car Championship. The C4 of 1975 heralded the first aluminium chassis developed by the team, only one C4 was ever produced. The most successful of the early Sauber cars, the C5 was used to effect in conjunction with its 2-litre BMW engine—taking the 1976 Interserie Championship in the hands of Herbert Muller. Being a group six sports car, the car was allowed to take part in the legendary Le Mans 24 heures race, in 77 the car led its class before retiring, the same thing happened in 78. 1979 marked the end of Saubers first foray into sports car building –, the drivers finished 1–2–4 in the championship that year – one of them was Max Welti, who subsequently joined the team as team manager. In 1980, and 1981, Sauber and Welti turned their attentions to developing BMW M1 sportscars, in 1982, with BASF sponsorship, Sauber returned to sports car racing. The C6 was the first car to be tested in a tunnel by Sauber. It was during these tests that Sauber built up a relationship with Leo Ress. In 1985, the relationship with Mercedes-Benz began. This sports car partnership culminated in November 1991 – having ignited the career of Michael Schumacher and Saubers own protégé, Sauber now began to look seriously at launching an F1 team
Jean Alesi
Pedro Diniz
