1.
Comedy
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In a modern sense, comedy refers to any discourse or work generally intended to be humorous or amusing by inducing laughter, especially in theatre, television, film, and stand-up comedy. The origins of the term are found in Ancient Greece, in the Athenian democracy, the public opinion of voters was influenced by the political satire performed by the comic poets at the theaters. The theatrical genre of Greek comedy can be described as a performance which pits two groups or societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. Northrop Frye depicted these two opposing sides as a Society of Youth and a Society of the Old, a revised view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a relatively powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes. Satire and political satire use comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, parody subverts popular genres and forms, critiquing those forms without necessarily condemning them. Similarly scatological humour, sexual humour, and race humour create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comic ways, a comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society and uses humor to parody or satirize the behaviour and mannerisms of its members. Romantic comedy is a genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms. The adjective comic, which means that which relates to comedy is, in modern usage. Of this, the word came into usage through the Latin comoedia and Italian commedia and has, over time. The Greeks and Romans confined their use of the comedy to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. Aristotle defined comedy as an imitation of men worse than the average, however, the characters portrayed in comedies were not worse than average in every way, only insofar as they are Ridiculous, which is a species of the Ugly. The Ridiculous may be defined as a mistake or deformity not productive of pain or harm to others, the mask, for instance, in the Middle Ages, the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings. It is in this sense that Dante used the term in the title of his poem, as time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter. During the Middle Ages, the comedy became synonymous with satire. They disassociated comedy from Greek dramatic representation and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms and they viewed comedy as simply the art of reprehension, and made no reference to light and cheerful events, or to the troubling beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the Latin translations of the 12th century, the term gained a more general meaning in medieval literature. Starting from 425 BCE, Aristophanes, a playwright and satirical author of the Ancient Greek Theater wrote 40 comedies,11 of which survive. Aristophanes developed his type of comedy from the satyr plays
2.
Machiko Hasegawa
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Machiko Hasegawa, January 30,1920 – May 27,1992, in Taku, Saga Prefecture) was one of the first female manga artists. She started her own strip, Sazae-san, in 1946. It reached national circulation via the Asahi Shimbun in 1949, and she also created the comic strip Ijiwaru Bā-san. All of her comics were printed in Japan in digest comics, by the mid-1990s, Sazae-san was a popular postwar comic strip depicting the life of Sazae-san, a fictional Japanese housewife. Her comic strip was turned into a radio series in 1955 and a weekly animated series in 1969. Selected comics were translated into English, under the title The Wonderful World of Sazae-san and she received the Peoples Honor Award in 1992. Hasegawa died of heart failure on May 27,1992, at the age of 72, Hasegawa was also an art collector, and her collection along with additions by her sister Mariko is housed in the Hasegawa Machiko Art Museum
3.
Asahi Shimbun
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The Asahi Shimbun is one of the five national newspapers in Japan. Its circulation, which was 7.96 million for its morning edition and 3.1 million for its evening edition as of June 2010, was second behind that of Yomiuri Shimbun, the company has its registered headquarters in Osaka. When Shin-ichi Hakojima was CEO, they tied up with the International Herald Tribune and published an English-language newspaper and it continued from April 2001 until February 2011. It replaced Asahis previous English-language daily, the Asahi Evening News, in 2010, this partnership was dissolved due to unprofitability and the Asahi Shimbun now operates the Asia & Japan Watch online portal for English readers. The Tribune cooperates with Asahi on Aera English, a magazine for English learners. The three founding officers of a staff of twenty were Kimura Noboru, Murayama Ryōhei, and Tsuda Tei, the companys first premises were at Minami-dōri, Edobori in Osaka. On 13 September of the year, Asahi printed its first editorial. In 1881, the Asahi adopted a format, and enlisted Ueno Riichi as co-owner. From 1882, Asahi began to receive support from the Government and Mitsui. Then, under the leadership of Ueno, whose brother was one of the Mitsui managers, and Murayama, on 10 July 1888, the first issue of the Tokyo Asahi Shimbun was published from the Tokyo office at Motosukiyachō, Kyōbashi. The first issue was numbered No.1,076 as it was a continuation of three papers, Jiyū no Tomoshibi, Tomoshibi Shimbun and Mesamashi Shimbun. On 1 April 1907, the renowned writer Natsume Sōseki, then 41, resigned his positions at Tokyo Imperial University, now Tokyo University. This was soon after the publication of his novels Wagahai wa neko de aru and Botchan, on 1 October 1908, Osaka Asahi Shimbun and Tokyo Asahi Shimbun were merged into a single unified corporation, Asahi Shimbun Gōshi Kaisha, with a capitalization of approximately 600,000 yen. Indeed, the liberal position led to its vandalization during the February 26 Incident of 1936. Influential editorial writers of Asahi such as Shintarō Ryū, Hiroo Sassa, and Hotsumi Ozaki were the members of the Shōwa Kenkyūkai. Ogata was one of the members of the Genyōsha which had been formed in 1881 by Tōyama Mitsuru. The Genyōsha was an ultranationalist group of organized crime figures and those with far right-wing political beliefs, kōki Hirota, who was later hanged as a Class A war criminal, was also a leading member of the Genyōsha and one of Ogatas best friends. Hirota was the chairman of Tōyamas funeral committee, and Ogata was the vice-chairman, Ryū, who had been a Marxist economist of the Ōhara Institute for Social Research before he entered Asahi, advocated centrally planned economies in his Nihon Keizai no Saihensei
4.
Kodansha
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Kodansha Ltd. is a Japanese publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. The company has its headquarters in Bunkyō, Tokyo, the Noma family continue as owners of Kodansha. Seiji Noma founded Kodansha in 1909 as a spin-off of the Dai-Nippon Yūbenkai, the name Kodansha originated in 1911 when the publisher formally merged with the Dai-Nippon Yūbenkai. The company has used its current legal name since 1958 and it uses the motto omoshirokute, tame ni naru. Kodansha Limited owns the Otowa Group, which manages subsidiary companies such as King Records and Kobunsha, and publishes Nikkan Gendai and it also has close ties with The Walt Disney Company, and officially sponsors Tokyo Disneyland. Kodansha is the largest publisher in Japan, Kodansha sponsors the prestigious Kodansha Manga Award, which has run since 1977. Kodanshas headquarters in Tokyo once housed Noma Dōjō, a kendo practice-hall established by Seiji Noma in 1925, the hall was demolished in November 2007, however, and replaced with a dōjō in a new building nearby. The company announced that it was closing its English-language publishing house, Kodansha International and their American publishing house, Kodansha Comics USA, will remain in operation. Kodansha USA began issuing new publications under the head administrator of the international branch Kentaro Tsugumi, many of Kodansha USAs older titles have been reprinted. According to Daniel Mani of Kodansha USA, Inc, though we did stopped publishing new books for about a year starting from late 2011, we did continue to sell most of our older title throughout that period. The Kodansha company holds ownership in various broadcasting companies in Japan and it also holds shares in Nippon Cultural Broadcasting, along with Kobunsha. In the 2005 takeover-war for Nippon Broadcasting System between Livedoor and Fuji TV, Kodansha supported Fuji TV by selling its stock to Fuji TV, Kodansha has a somewhat complicated relationship with Nippon Hoso Kyokai, Japans public broadcaster. Many of the manga and novels published by Kodansha have spawned anime adaptations, animation such as Cardcaptor Sakura aired in NHKs Eisei Anime Gekijō time-slot, and Kodansha published a companion-magazine to the NHK childrens show Okāsan to Issho. The two companies often clash editorially, however, the October 2000 issue of Gendai accused NHK of staging footage used in a news report in 1997 on dynamite fishing in Indonesia. NHK sued Kodansha in the Tokyo District Court, which ordered Kodansha to publish a retraction, Kodansha appealed the decision, and reached a settlement where it had to issue only a partial retraction, and to pay no damages. Gendais sister magazine Shūkan Gendai nonetheless published an article which probed further into the controversy which has dogged NHK. Japan Foundation, Japan Foundation Special Prize,1994 and this is a list of the manga magazines published by Kodansha according to their 2012 Company Profile
5.
Fuji Television
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Fuji Television Network, Inc. is a Japanese television station based in Odaiba, Minato, Tokyo, Japan, also known as Fuji TV or CX, based on the stations call sign JOCX-DTV. It is the station of the Fuji News Network and the Fuji Network System. Fuji Television also operates three television stations, known as Fuji TV One, Fuji TV Two, and Fuji TV Next. It is owned by Fuji Media Holdings, Inc. the holding company of the Fujisankei Communications Group, the headquarters are located at 2-4-8, Daiba, Minato, Tokyo. The Kansai office is found at Aqua Dojima East, Dojima, Kita-ku, the Nagoya office is found at Telepia, Higashi-sakura, Higashi-ku, Nagoya. Fuji Television Network Inc. was founded on November 18,1957, in June of that year, Fuji TV formed a network with Tokai TV, Kansai TV, and KBC Television. In October 1966, a network of exchanging news with local stations with the name of FNN was formed. On April 1,1986, Fuji TV changed their logo from the old Channel 8 logo. In 1986 and 1987, Fuji TV worked with Nintendo to create two games called All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros. and Yume Kojo, Doki Doki Panic for the Famicom. All Night Nippon Super Mario Bros. was a version of Super Mario Bros. with some minor changes. The Lost Levels and some enemies being replaced with Japanese celebrities with comedic effect, Yume Kojo, Doki Doki Panic later became the basis for Super Mario Bros. 2, which was released a year later. JOCX-TV2 featured numerous experimental programs on low budgets under this and follow-on brands, the JOCX-TV2 branding itself was changed in October 1988 to JOCX-TV+, which lasted until September 1991, when it was replaced with GARDEN/JOCX-MIDNIGHT in October 1991. Meanwhile, Fuji TV helped produced only the series of the British childrens television programme Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends with its creator. The GARDEN/JOCX-MIDNIGHT branding lasted until September 1992 when it was replaced with the JUNGLE branding, on March 10,1997, Fuji TV moved from their old headquarters in Kawadacho, Shinjuku, into a new building in Odaiba, Minato designed by Kenzo Tange. On March 3,2006, Fuji Television Network Inc. consolidated Nippon Broadcasting Holdings, Inc. the broadcasting business of which was taken over by Nippon Broadcasting System, Inc. two days before. On October 1,2008, a former Fuji TV became a certified broadcasting holding company Fuji Media Holdings, Inc. Fuji TV, which broadcasts Formula One in Japan since 1987, is the only media sponsor of a Formula One Grand Prix in the world. Fuji TV has also licensed numerous Formula One video games including Human Grand Prix IV, Channel Sakura called Fuji TV the Traitor Network in these protests
6.
Tokyo
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Tokyo, officially Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan and one of its 47 prefectures. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous area in the world. It is the seat of the Emperor of Japan and the Japanese government, Tokyo is in the Kantō region on the southeastern side of the main island Honshu and includes the Izu Islands and Ogasawara Islands. Formerly known as Edo, it has been the de facto seat of government since 1603 when Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu made the city his headquarters. It officially became the capital after Emperor Meiji moved his seat to the city from the old capital of Kyoto in 1868, Tokyo Metropolis was formed in 1943 from the merger of the former Tokyo Prefecture and the city of Tokyo. The Tokyo metropolitan government administers the 23 Special Wards of Tokyo, the metropolitan government also administers 39 municipalities in the western part of the prefecture and the two outlying island chains. The population of the wards is over 9 million people. The prefecture is part of the worlds most populous metropolitan area with upwards of 37.8 million people, the city hosts 51 of the Fortune Global 500 companies, the highest number of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked third in the International Financial Centres Development IndexEdit, the city is also home to various television networks such as Fuji TV, Tokyo MX, TV Tokyo, TV Asahi, Nippon Television, NHK and the Tokyo Broadcasting System. Tokyo ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and fourth in the Global Cities Index. The city is considered a world city – as listed by the GaWCs 2008 inventory – and in 2014. In 2015, Tokyo was named the Most Liveable City in the world by the magazine Monocle, the Michelin Guide has awarded Tokyo by far the most Michelin stars of any city in the world. Tokyo ranked first in the world in the Safe Cities Index, the 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Tokyo as the 3rd-best city in the world to be a university student. Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 1979 G-7 summit, the 1986 G-7 summit, and the 1993 G-7 summit, and will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo was originally known as Edo, which means estuary. During the early Meiji period, the city was also called Tōkei, some surviving official English documents use the spelling Tokei. However, this pronunciation is now obsolete, the name Tokyo was first suggested in 1813 in the book Kondō Hisaku, written by Satō Nobuhiro. When Ōkubo Toshimichi proposed the renaming to the government during the Meiji Restoration, according to Oda Kanshi, Tokyo was originally a small fishing village named Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the twelfth century
7.
Kyushu
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Kyushu is the third biggest island of Japan and most southwesterly of its four main islands. Its alternative ancient names include Kyūkoku, Chinzei, and Tsukushi-no-shima, the historical regional name Saikaidō referred to Kyushu and its surrounding islands. In the 8th century Taihō Code reforms, Dazaifu was established as an administrative term for the region. As of 2016, Kyushu has a population of 12,970,479, the island is mountainous, and Japans most active volcano, Mt Aso at 1,591 metres, is on Kyushu. There are many signs of tectonic activity, including numerous areas of hot springs. The most famous of these are in Beppu, on the east shore, the island is separated from Honshu by the Kanmon Straits. The name Kyūshū comes from the nine ancient provinces of Saikaidō situated on the island, Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyūga, Osumi, excepting Oita and Miyazaki cities, the eastern seaboard shows a general decline in population. Designated cities Fukuoka Kitakyushu Kumamoto Core cities Kagoshima Ōita Nagasaki Miyazaki Naha Kurume Parts of Kyushu have a climate, particularly Miyazaki. Major agricultural products are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, the island is noted for various types of porcelain, including Arita, Imari, Satsuma, and Karatsu. Heavy industry is concentrated in the north around Fukuoka, Kitakyushu, Nagasaki, and Oita and includes chemicals, automobiles, semiconductors, in 2010, the graduate employment rate in the region was the lowest nationwide, at 88. 9%. Besides the volcanic area of the south, there are significant mud hot springs in the part of the island, around Beppu. These springs are the site of occurrence of certain extremophile micro-organisms, the Kanmon Bridge also connects the island with Honshu. Railways on the island are operated by the Kyushu Railway Company, and Nishitetsu Railway
8.
Anime
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Anime is Japanese hand-drawn or computer animation. The word is the pronunciation of animation in Japanese, where this term references all animation. Arguably, the abstract approach to the words meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. For simplicity, many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism. The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917, and Japanese anime production has continued to increase steadily. Anime is distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly to home media and it is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences. Anime is an art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. It consists of an ideal story-telling mechanism, combining art, characterization, cinematography. The production of anime focuses less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of effects, including panning, zooming. Being hand-drawn, anime is separated from reality by a gap of fiction that provides an ideal path for escapism that audiences can immerse themselves into with relative ease. Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and features can be quite varied, the anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, including major names like Studio Ghibli, Gainax, and Toei Animation. Despite comprising only a fraction of Japans domestic film market, anime makes up a majority of Japanese DVD sales and it has also seen international success after the rise of English-dubbed programming. This rise in popularity has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the anime art style. Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that all genres found in cinema. In Japanese, the term refers to all forms of animation from around the world. In English, anime is more used to denote a Japanese-style animated film or television entertainment or as a style of animation created in Japan. The etymology of the anime is disputed. The English term animation is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション and is アニメ in its shortened form, in English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun
9.
Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages
10.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
11.
Feminist movement
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The movements priorities vary among nations and communities, and range from opposition to female genital mutilation in one country, to opposition to the glass ceiling in another. Feminism in parts of the world has gone through three waves. First-wave feminism was oriented around the station of middle- or upper-class white women and involved suffrage, second-wave feminism attempted to further combat social and cultural inequalities. Although during the first wave of feminism, the women that rebelled consisted of middle class white women, however the second wave brought in women of color and women form other developing nations that were seeking for solidarity. Third-wave feminism is continuing to address the financial, social and cultural inequalities and includes renewed campaigning for greater influence of women in politics, in reaction to political activism, feminists have also had to maintain focus on womens reproductive rights, such as the right to abortion. Feminism in the United States, Canada and a number of countries in western Europe has been divided into three waves by feminist scholars, first, second and third-wave feminism, recent research suggests there may be a fourth wave characterized, in part, by new media platforms. The women’s movement became popular in May 1968 when women began to read again, more widely. De Beauviors writing explained why it was difficult for talented women to become successful, de Beauvoir also argues that woman lack ambition because of how they are raised. Girls are told to follow the duties of their mothers, whereas boys are told to exceed the accomplishments of their fathers, along with other influences, Simone de Beauvoir’s work helped the feminist movement to erupt, causing the formation of Le Mouvement de Libération des Femmes. This determined group of women wanted to turn ideas into actions. Contributors to The Women’s Liberation Movement include Simone de Beauvoir, Christiane Rochefort, Christine Delphy, through actions the women were able to get few equal rights for example right to education, right to work, and right to vote. One of the most important issues that The Women’s Liberation movement faced was the banning of abortion and contraception, the women saw this banning as a violation of women’s rights and were determined to fight it. Thus, the made a declaration known as Le Manifests de 343 which held signatures from 343 women admitting to having had an illegal abortion. The declaration got published in Le Nouvel Observateur and Le Monde, the group gained support upon the publication. Women received the right to abort with the passing of the Veil Law in 1975. It has also led to employment for women at more equitable wages. In rural areas of selected developing countries performed a average of 20% more work than men, or 120% of mens total work. In the OECD countries surveyed, on average women performed 5% more work than men, however, men did up to 19 minutes more work per day than women in five out of the eighteen OECD countries surveyed, Canada, Denmark, Hungary, Israel, and The Netherlands
12.
Yolk
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The yolk is the portion of an egg with the primary function to supply food for the development of the animal embryo. Reproductive systems in which the mothers body supplies the embryo directly are said to be matrotrophic, in many species, such as all birds, and most reptiles and insects, the yolk takes the form of a special storage organ constructed in the reproductive tract of the mother. In many other animals, especially small species such as some fishes and invertebrates, the yolk material is not in a special organ. Yolks, being mainly stored food, tend to be very concentrated, the proteins function partly as food in their own right, and partly in controlling the storage and supply of the other nutrients. For example, in some species the amount of yolk in an egg cell affects the developmental processes that follow fertilization. Yolk is not living cell material like protoplasm, but largely passive material, the food material, plus associated control structures, is supplied by the maternal body during the process called oogenesis. Apart from animals, other organisms, like algae, specially in the oogamous, in gymnosperms, the remains of the female gametophyte serve also as food supply, and in flowering plants, the endosperm. In the avian egg, the yolk usually is some shade of yellow in colour and it is spherical and is suspended in the egg white by one or two spiral bands of tissue called the chalazae. The yolk mass, together with the egg cell or ovum properlly are enclosed by the vitelline membrane, whose structure is different from a cell membrane. The yolk is mostly extracellular to the oolemma, being not accumulated inside the cytoplasm of the egg cell, contrary to the claim that the egg cell. After the fertilization, the cleavage of the leads to the formation of the germinal disc. As food, the egg yolk is a major source of vitamins. It contains all of the fat and cholesterol, and nearly half of the protein. If left intact when an egg is fried, the yellow yolk surrounded by a flat blob of egg white creates a distinctive sunny-side up form, mixing the two components together before cooking results in a pale yellow mass, as in omelettes and scrambled eggs. The developing embryo inside the egg uses the yolk as sustenance and it is at times separated from the egg white and used in cooking. It is used in painting as a component of traditional egg-tempera and it is used in the production of egg-yolk agar plate medium, useful in testing for the presence of Clostridium perfringens. Egg yolk contains an antibody called antiglobulin, the antibody transfers from the laying hen to the egg yolk by passive immunity to protect both embryo and hatchling from microorganism invasion. Egg yolk can be used to make such as Advocaat or eggnog
13.
Given name
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A given name is a part of a persons personal name. It identifies a person, and differentiates that person from other members of a group, such as a family or clan. The term given name refers to the fact that the name usually is bestowed upon a person and this contrasts with a surname, which is normally inherited, and shared with other members of the childs immediate family. Given names are used in a familiar and friendly manner in informal situations. In more formal situations the surname is commonly used, unless it is necessary to distinguish between people with the same surname. The idioms on a basis and being on first-name terms allude to the familiarity of addressing another by a given name. The order given name – family name, commonly known as the Western order, is used throughout most European countries and in countries that have cultures predominantly influenced by Western Europe. The order family name – given name, commonly known as the Eastern order, is used in East Asia, as well as in Southern and North-Eastern parts of India. The order given name - fathers family name - mothers family name is used in Spanish-speaking countries to acknowledge the families of both parents. Today the order can also be changed legally in Spain using given name - mothers family name - fathers family name, under the common Western naming convention, people may have one or more forenames. If more than one, there is usually a main forename for everyday use, sometimes however two or more forenames may carry equal weight. There is no particular ordering rule for forenames – often the main forename is at the beginning, a childs given name or names are usually chosen by the parents soon after birth. If a name is not assigned at birth, one may be given at a ceremony, with family. In most jurisdictions, a name at birth is a matter of public record, inscribed on a birth certificate. In western cultures, people normally retain the same name throughout their lives. However, in some cases names may be changed by petitioning a court of law. People may also change their names when immigrating from one country to another with different naming conventions, in France, the agency can refer the case to a local judge. Some jurisdictions, like in Sweden, restrict the spelling of names, parents may choose a name because of its meaning
14.
Fukuoka
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Fukuoka is the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture, situated on the northern shore of the Japanese island of Kyushu. It is the most populous city on the island, followed by Kitakyushu and it is the largest city and metropolitan area west of Keihanshin. The city was designated on April 1,1972, by government ordinance, Greater Fukuoka, with 2.5 million people, is part of the heavily industrialized Fukuoka–Kitakyushu zone as well as Northern Kyushu. As of 2015, Fukuoka is Japan’s fifth largest city, having passed the population of Kobe, as of July 2011, Fukuoka passed the population of Kyoto. Since the founding of Kyoto in 794, this marks the first time that a city west of the Kinki region has a population than Kyoto. In ancient times, however, the area near Fukuoka, the Chikushi region, was thought by historians to have possibly been even more influential than the Yamato region. Exchanges from the continent and the Northern Kyushu area date as far back as Old Stone Age and it has been thought that waves of immigrants arrived in Northern Kyushu from mainland Asia. Fukuoka was sometimes called the Port of Dazaifu, Dazaifu was an administrative capital in 663 A. D. but a historian proposed that a prehistoric capital was in the area. Ancient texts, such as the Kojiki, Kanyen and archaeology confirm this was a critical place in the founding of Japan. Some scholars claim that it was the first place outsiders and the Imperial Family set foot, Fukuoka is sometimes still referred to as Hakata, the central ward of the city. In 923, the Hakozaki-gū in Fukuoka was transferred from Daibu-gū in Daibu the origin of Usa Shrine, in Ooho, there are remains of a big ward office with a temple, because in ancient East Asia, an emperor must have three great ministries. In fact, there is a record in Chinese literature that a king of Japan sent a letter in 478 to ask the Chinese emperors approval for employing three ministries, in addition, remains of the Korokan were found in Fukuoka underneath a part of the ruins of Fukuoka Castle. Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire turned his attention towards Japan starting in 1268, Kublai Khan first sent an envoy to Japan to make the Shogunate acknowledge Khans suzerainty. Mongolia repeatedly sent envoys thereafter, each time urging the Shogunate to accept their proposal, in 1274, Kublai Khan mounted an invasion of the northern part of Kyushu with a fleet of 900 ships and 33,000 troops, including troops from Goryeo on the Korean Peninsula. This initial invasion was compromised by a combination of incompetence and severe storms, after the invasion attempt of 1274, Japanese samurai built a stone barrier 20 km in length bordering the coast of Hakata Bay in what is now the city of Fukuoka. The wall, 2–3 metres in height and having a width of 3 metres, was constructed between 1276 and 1277, and was excavated in the 1930s. Kublai sent another envoy to Japan in 1279, at that time, Hōjō Tokimune of the Hōjō clan was the Eighth Regent. Not only did he decline the offer, but he beheaded the five Mongolian emissaries after summoning them to Kamakura, infuriated, Kublai organized another attack on Fukuoka Prefecture in 1281, mobilizing 140,000 soldiers and 4,000 ships
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Salaryman
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Salaryman refers to a man whose income is salary based, particularly those working for corporations. It has gradually become accepted in Anglophone countries as a noun for a Japanese white-collar worker or businessman, the term salaryman refers exclusively to men, for women the term career woman or, for lower prestige jobs, office lady is used. Japans society prepares its people to work primarily for the good of the society rather than just the individual. The salaryman typically enters a company after graduating college and stays with that corporation his whole career, other popular notions surrounding salarymen include karōshi, or death from overwork. In conservative Japanese culture, becoming a salaryman is the career choice for young men. On the other hand, the word Salaryman is sometimes used with derogatory connotation for his dependence on his employer. The term does not include all workers who receive a set salary, the term includes those who work for government and major companies. Workers in the mizu shōbai and entertainment industries are not included even though their income may be salary based, similarly, doctors, engineers, lawyers, accountants, musicians, artists, politicians, the self-employed, and corporate executives are also excluded. A typical description of the salaryman is a male employee who typically earns his salary based on individual abilities rather than on seniority. Salarymen are known for working many hours, sometimes up to sixty hours per week, oftentimes, because of his busy work schedule, the salaryman does not have time to raise a family and his work becomes a lifelong commitment. Companies typically hire the salarymen straight after high school, and they are expected to stay with the company until retirement, as a reward for the demonstration of their loyalty, companies rarely fire the salarymen unless it is under special dire circumstances. There is also a belief that the amount of time spent at the workplace correlates to the efficiency of the employee. As a result of this intense and depressing lifestyle, salarymen may become so pressured that they may commit suicide. The media often portray the salaryman in negative fashion for lack of initiative, because of this portrayal, communities may be less willing to help the salaryman with his emotional problems, which often leads to clinical depression or even suicide. The act of escaping from the lifestyle is known as datsusara. A vivid portrait of this can be found in the 2002 Takeshi Kitano film, the prevalence of salarymen in Japanese society has given birth to many depictions by both the Japanese and American media. Some films in Japan about salarymen include Mr. Salaryman, Japanese Salaryman NEO, there is a certain expectation among the middle and upper classes for Japanese men to become salarymen. For many young Japanese men, accepting anything less than becoming a salaryman and conforming to its ideal is considered a failure, not only of him, the life of a salaryman revolves around work
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Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka
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Sumiyoshi-ku is one of 24 wards of Osaka, Japan. It is located on the part of the Uemachi Plateau, in the southernmost part of Osaka City. The northern part of Sumiyoshi-ku is an area which is a continuation of the southern part of Abeno-ku. The Tezukayama 1-Chome neighbourhood in Abeno-ku, and Tezukayama-naka and Tezukayama-nishi neighbourhoods in Sumiyoshi-ku are upper-class residential areas, south of this, around the Sumiyoshi Grand Shrine, are the Sumiyoshi and Kamisumiyoshi neighbourhoods, home to many long established local families. Surrounding these are the residential neighbourhoods of Shimizugaoka, Suminoe, Oriono, Minamisumiyoshi, Yamanouchi, and Nagai. Sumiyoshi-ku is home to about 157,000 residents, and has a density of 16,800 people per square kilometer. In ancient times, the combination for the current day Sumiyoshi, 住吉, was pronounced Suminoe. At present, Sumiyoshi, Suminoe, and Sumie represent different area names, the Japanese envoy to the Sui and Tang Dynasties of China departed there, and it was also Japans portal to the Silk Road. Importantly, Buddhism was also introduced to Japan through this port, in the Middle Ages, the throne of Emperor Go-Murakami of the Southern Court was placed in the house of the chief priest of Sumiyoshi Grand Shrine for ten years. It was known as Sumiyoshi-angou and was the base of the Southern Court, there was also a town built around Sumiyoshi Grand Shrine, and until the Meiji period and ensuing land reclamation projects, the sea shore was quite close to the shrine. Sumiyoshi Moyou, a picture map showing a Japanese place of scenic beauty depicts the landscape in the area of the shrine at the time. In ancient times, the estates of a number of family clans were located in the Tezukayama area. Included among these was the house of the famous Ootomo No Kanamura, Tezukayama Tumulus is the burial site of either Ootomo No Kanamura or one of his children. Sumiyoshi-ku was originally called Sumiyoshi-gun of the Settsu province, in ancient times the area prospered independently of the central Osaka area. In 1878, an act was passed for the organization of areas into a county system of gun, ku, machi, the district town hall was built in the only town of the district, Anryuu-machi. In April 1896, a new county system was introduced which resulted in Sumiyoshi-gun being absorbed into Higashinari-gun, Sumiyoshi-ku was formed in 1925 with the second expansion of Osaka city into an area that was formerly part of the original Sumiyoshi-gun. In 1943, two sections were separated from Sumiyoshi-ku to form Abeno-ku and Higashisumiyoshi-ku, also, in 1943, part of Nishinari-ku and all of Kohamachi-ku were absorbed into Sumiyoshi-ku. In 1974 Sumiyoshi-ku was further subdivided, resulting in Sumiyoshi Park, Anryuu, aside from Sumiyoshi Taisha, there is also a large number of restaurants along Abiko-Suji and in the Nagai area, as well as numerous small shops and businesses on Abeno-Suji
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Shizuoka Prefecture
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Shizuoka Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. The capital is the city of Shizuoka, while Hamamatsu is the largest city by population, Shizuoka Prefecture was formed from the former Tōtōmi, Suruga and Izu provinces. The area was the home of the first Tokugawa Shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu held the region until he conquered the lands of the Hōjō clan in the Kantō region and placed land under the stewardship of Oda Nobunaga. After becoming shogun, Tokugawa took the back for his family. With the creation of Shizuoka han in 1868, it again became the residence of the Tokugawa family. Shizuoka Prefecture is an elongated region following the coast of the Pacific Ocean at the Suruga Bay, in the west, the prefecture extends deep into the Japan Alps. In the east, it becomes a narrower coast bounded in the north by Mount Fuji, until it comes to the Izu Peninsula, throughout history, a disastrous earthquake called the Tokai earthquake has hit Shizuoka every 100 to 150 years. On Tuesday, March 15,2011, Shizuoka Prefecture was hit with a magnitude 6.2 earthquake approximately 42 km NNE of Shizuoka City, ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5, OCLC58053128 Official Shizuoka Prefecture website Official Shizuoka Guide
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Kazue Takahashi
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Kazue Oizumi, known by the stage name Kazue Takahashi, was a Japanese voice actress. Kazue was best known as the voice of Shoutarou Kaneda in Tetsujin 28-go, Kazue was also known for roles in Kaiju Booska and Sazae-san. On February 1998, she came down with myelodysplastic syndrome and was transported to the Bunkyo-ku Tokyo University hospital, three days after her 70th birthday, Kazue died in the Bunkyo-ku Tokyo University hospital annex. She presumably died from bone marrow cancer, in February 2010, She received a posthumous Special Merit Award from the 4th Seiyū Awards. T. Tom and Jerry as one of the voices of Tom ALF as Raquel Ochmonek Rica Matsumoto—E. T, Busuka. as Busuka Misato Okano—Flash the Busuka as Busuka Kazue Takahashi at Anime News Networks encyclopedia Kazue Takahashi at the Internet Movie Database
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Time Bokan
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Time Bokan is a Japanese anime series first aired on Fuji TV from October 4,1975 to December 25,1976 throughout Japan every Saturday at 6, 30pm, with a total of 61 30-minute episodes. It was produced by Tatsunoko Productions in partnership with Topcraft, who produced a number of spinoff programs as part of the Time Bokan Series. A new anime adaption titled Time Bokan 24 has been announced for October 2016, Dr. Kieda, a somewhat wacky but intelligent scientist, has finally succeeded in inventing insect-shaped all-terrain time machines called Time Bokan. To prove its efficiency and safety, he decides to serve as the very first guinea-pig for its maiden voyage, however, by the time the machine returned, he isnt anywhere inside. The only thing that returned with it is a parrot, along with a large gemstone called the Dynamond. Now it is up to a party, founded by Dr. Kiedas lab assistant Tanpei, to travel though time to find Dr. Kieda. The story starred two vividly opposing sides, the heroes, and the villains, the heroes eventually encounter the villains. The two sides battle each other with their time machines, the villains always suffer a crushing defeat, either due to the smart foiling of their plans from the heroes, or due to the villains own ineptitude. Tanpei, The loyal lab assistant of Dr. Kieta, a smart and he is warm, pure, and courageous, also he is a genius at mechanics. He is often seen sparring with Junko, his assistant and Dr Kietas granddaughter, comforting and encouraging her. Everybody in the team calls him Tanpei-chan, not much of his family and school background is given. Junko, Dr. Kietas 10-year-old granddaughter, gentle and resourceful girl who is always lending a helping hand to others. She is gentle, caring, erudite and resourceful and she misses her grandfather dearly, thus earning a lot of sympathy from the rest of the team as they search for him. She might seem a little cry-babyish at the first glance, but vows to become stronger under the influence of Tanpei, c-robot, A robot sidekick created by Tenpei, it can appear pretty childish in both appearance and actions, but it is not always a hindrance. Its power source is the winding key protruding from its back and its features include also a flamethrower built into its nose, extendable limbs, and an ability to shock others with a significant amount of voltage output. Dr. Kieta, Junkos grandfather and creator of the Time Bokan time machines, a famous scientist, he wasnt recovered until the 27th episode, but soon joined Tanpeis team on other journeys. Perasuke, A talking parrot who seems to be the source of information about Dr. Kietas location when he was lost in time. The only thing he fears is probably his wife, Otake and it turns out that he accidentally triggered the time machine while Dr Kieta was absent in a particular age, and returned to the lab with it
20.
Meiji Restoration
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The Meiji Restoration, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was an event of change that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji. Although there were Emperors before the Meiji Restoration, the events restored practical abilities, Meiji government also made education compulsory for both boys and girls at minimal fees. The goals of the government were expressed by the new emperor in the Charter Oath. The Restoration led to changes in Japans political and social structure. In Japan however, unlike China, foreign ideas were not associated with opium addiction. Figures like Shimazu Nariakira concluded that if we take the initiative, we can dominate, if we do not, we will be dominated, leading Japan to throw open its doors to foreign technology. Observing Japans response to the powers, Li Hongzhang considered Japan Chinas principal security threat as early as 1863. The word Meiji means enlightened rule and the goal was to modern advances with traditional eastern values. The main leaders of this were Itō Hirobumi, Matsukata Masayoshi, Kido Takayoshi, Itagaki Taisuke, Yamagata Aritomo, Mori Arinori, Ōkubo Toshimichi, and Yamaguchi Naoyoshi. The foundation of the Meiji restoration was the 1866 Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance between Saigō Takamori and Kido Takayoshi, leaders of the reformist elements in the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain. These two leaders supported the Emperor Kōmei and were brought together by Sakamoto Ryōma for the purpose of challenging the ruling Tokugawa shogunate, after Emperor Kōmeis death on January 30,1867, Emperor Meiji ascended the throne on February 3. This period also saw Japan change from being a society to having a market economy. The Tokugawa Shogunate came to its end on November 9,1867, when Tokugawa Yoshinobu. Shortly thereafter in January 1868, the Boshin War started with the Battle of Toba–Fushimi in which Chōshū and this forced the Emperor to strip Yoshinobu of all power, setting the stage for official restoration. We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country, consequently the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of Taikun, in which the treaties have been made. Officers are being appointed by us to the conduct of foreign affairs and it is desirable that the representatives of the treaty powers recognize this announcement. All Tokugawa lands were seized and placed under control, thus placing them under the prerogative of the new Meiji government. With Fuhanken sanchisei, the areas were split into three types, urban prefectures, rural prefectures and the already existing domains
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Samurai
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Samurai were the military nobility and officer caste of medieval and early-modern Japan. In Japanese, they are referred to as bushi or buke. In both countries the terms were nominalized to mean those who serve in close attendance to the nobility, the pronunciation in Japanese changing to saburai. According to Wilson, a reference to the word samurai appears in the Kokin Wakashū. By the end of the 12th century, samurai became almost entirely synonymous with bushi, the samurai were usually associated with a clan and their lord, and were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy. While the samurai numbered less than 10% of then Japans population, following the Battle of Hakusukinoe against Tang China and Silla in 663 AD, which led to a retreat from Korean affairs, Japan underwent widespread reform. One of the most important was that of the Taika Reform and this edict allowed the Japanese aristocracy to adopt the Tang dynasty political structure, bureaucracy, culture, religion, and philosophy. As part of the Taihō Code of 702 AD, and the later Yōrō Code, the population was required to regularly for census. With an understanding of how the population was distributed, Emperor Monmu introduced a law whereby 1 in 3–4 adult males were drafted into the national military and these soldiers were required to supply their own weapons, and in-return were exempted from duties and taxes. This was one of the first attempts by the Imperial government to form an organized army modeled after the Chinese system and it was called Gundan-Sei by later historians and is believed to have been short-lived. The Taihō Code classified most of the Imperial bureaucrats into 12 ranks and those of 6th rank and below were referred to as samurai and dealt with day-to-day affairs. Although these samurai were civilian public servants, the word is believed to have derived from this term. Military men, however, would not be referred to as samurai for many more centuries, Emperor Kanmu introduced the title of seii-taishōgun, or Shogun, and began to rely on the powerful regional clans to conquer the Emishi. Skilled in mounted combat and archery, these clan warriors became the Emperors preferred tool for putting down rebellions, though this is the first known use of the Shogun title, it was a temporary title, and was not imbued with political power until the 13th century. At this time, the Imperial Court officials considered them to be merely a military section under the control of the Imperial Court, ultimately, Emperor Kanmu disbanded his army. From this time, the Emperors power gradually declined, while the Emperor was still the ruler, powerful clans around Kyoto assumed positions as ministers, and their relatives bought positions as magistrates. To amass wealth and repay their debts, magistrates often imposed heavy taxes, through protective agreements and political marriages, they accumulated, or gathered, political power, eventually surpassing the traditional aristocracy. Some clans were formed by farmers who had taken up arms to protect themselves from the Imperial magistrates sent to govern their lands
22.
Bon Festival
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Obon or just Bon is a Japanese Buddhist custom to honor the spirits of ones ancestors. It has been celebrated in Japan for more than 500 years and traditionally includes a dance, the festival of Obon lasts for three days, however its starting date varies within different regions of Japan. When the lunar calendar was changed to the Gregorian calendar at the beginning of the Meiji era, the localities in Japan reacted differently, shichigatsu Bon is based on the solar calendar and is celebrated around 15 July in eastern Japan, coinciding with Chūgen. Hachigatsu Bon is based on the calendar, is celebrated around the 15th of August and is the most commonly celebrated time. Kyū Bon is celebrated on the 15th day of the month of the lunar calendar. Kyū Bon is celebrated in areas like the part of the Kantō region, Chūgoku region, Shikoku. These three days are not listed as public holidays but it is customary that people are given leave, Obon is a shortened form of Ullambana. It is Sanskrit for hanging upside down and implies great suffering, the Japanese believe they should ameliorate the suffering of the Urabanna. Bon Odori originates from the story of Maha Maudgalyayana, a disciple of the Buddha and he discovered she had fallen into the Realm of Hungry Ghosts and was suffering. Greatly disturbed, he went to the Buddha and asked how he could release his mother from this realm, Buddha instructed him to make offerings to the many Buddhist monks who had just completed their summer retreat, on the fifteenth day of the seventh month. The disciple did this and, thus, saw his mothers release and he also began to see the true nature of her past selflessness and the many sacrifices that she had made for him. The disciple, happy because of his mothers release and grateful for his mothers kindness, from this dance of joy comes Bon Odori or Bon Dance, a time in which ancestors and their sacrifices are remembered and appreciated. As Obon occurs in the heat of the summer, participants traditionally wear yukata, many Obon celebrations include a huge carnival with rides, games, and summer festival food like watermelon. Families sent their ancestors back to their permanent dwelling place under the guidance of fire. Fire, which marked the commencement as well as the closing of the festival, Bon Odori, meaning simply Bon dance, is a style of dancing performed during Obon. Originally a Nenbutsu folk dance to welcome the spirits of the dead, each region has a local dance, as well as different music. The music can be songs specifically pertinent to the message of Obon. Consequently, the Bon dance will look and sound different from region to region, hokkaidō is known for a folk-song known as Sōran Bushi
23.
Keiko Han
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Keiko Han is a Japanese voice actress, actress and western astrologer of Taiwanese descent. She sang the songs in productions such as Story of the Alps, My Annette. Han is a teller of Western horoscopes, and has written several books on the subject. She is employed by the talent agency Never Land Arts, she was affiliated with Aoni Production &81 Produce. She is most known for the roles of Lalah Sune, Saori Kido, Han has a daughter, fellow voice actress Megumi Han. Miracle in the Black Dream Hole, robokon Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Mahou Sentai Magiranger Juken Sentai Gekiranger Crest of the Royal Family - Part
