1.
Ontario Highway 401
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It stretches 828.0 kilometres from Windsor in the west to the Ontario–Quebec border in the east. The part of Highway 401 that passes through Toronto is North Americas busiest highway, the route is maintained by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario and patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police. The speed limit is 100 km/h throughout its length, unless posted otherwise and these three sections of highway were 11.8,54.7 and 41.2 km, respectively. In 1964, the route became fully navigable from Windsor to the Ontario–Quebec border, in 1965 it was given a second designation, the Macdonald–Cartier Freeway, in honour of the Fathers of Confederation. At the end of 1968, the Gananoque–Brockville section was bypassed, in 2011, construction began on a westward extension called the Right Honourable Herb Gray Parkway. This new route follows, but does not replace, former Highway 3 between the end of the freeway and the E. C. Row Expressway, at which point it turns and parallels that route towards the site of the future Gordie Howe International Bridge, an 8-kilometre section of the parkway, east of the E. C. Row interchange, opened on June 28,2015, with the remaining section completed and opened on November 21, the expansive twelve-plus-lane collector–express system will also be extended west through Mississauga to Milton and east through Ajax and Whitby. Highway 401 extends across Southwestern, Central and Eastern Ontario, in anticipation of the future expansion of the highway, the transportation ministry purchased a 91. 4-metre-wide right-of-way along the entire length. Generally, the highway occupies only a portion of this allotment and this makes it North Americas busiest roadway, surpassing the Santa Monica Freeway in Los Angeles and I-75 in Atlanta. Highway 401 also features North Americas busiest multi-structure bridge, located at Hoggs Hollow in Toronto, the four bridges, two for each direction with the collector and express lanes, carried an average of 373,700 vehicles daily in 2006. The highway is one of the backbones of a network in the Great Lakes region, connecting the populous Quebec City–Windsor corridor with Michigan, New York. It is the connection between Toronto and Montreal, becoming Autoroute 20 at the Ontario–Quebec border. At present, Highway 401 begins as a freeway at the west end of the E. C. At the Dougall Parkway, the highway turns east and exits Windsor, from here, Highway 401 mostly parallels the former route of Highway 98 from Windsor to Tilbury. Southwestern Ontario is flat, primarily land, that takes advantage of the fertile clay soil deposited throughout the region. Here the highways flat and straight route is notorious for leading to driver inattention, the section from Windsor to London has become known for deadly car accidents and pile-ups, earning it the nickname Carnage Alley. As the highway approaches London, Highway 402 merges in, resulting in a six-lane cross-section, within London, it intersects the citys two municipal expressways, Highbury Avenue and the Veterans Memorial Parkway
2.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
3.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
4.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
5.
Scarborough, Toronto
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Scarborough is a suburban district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Situated atop the Scarborough Bluffs, it occupies the part of the city. Scarborough is contained within the borders of Victoria Park Avenue on the west, Steeles Avenue to the north, Rouge River and the city of Pickering to the east and it was named after the English town of Scarborough, North Yorkshire. First settled by Europeans in the 1790s, Scarborough has grown from a collection of rural villages. Incorporated in 1850 as a township, Scarborough became part of Metropolitan Toronto in 1953 and was reconstituted as a borough in 1967, Scarborough rapidly developed as a suburb of Old Toronto over the next decade and became a city in 1983. In 1998, Scarborough and the rest of Metropolitan Toronto were amalgamated into the present city of Toronto, Scarborough is an administrative district in Toronto and has its own community council. The Scarborough Civic Centre, the city hall, is still used by the municipal government of Toronto. Scarborough is a destination for new immigrants in Canada to reside. As a result, it is one of the most diverse and multicultural areas in the Greater Toronto Area, being home to religious groups. It includes some of Torontos popular natural landmarks, such as Rouge Park, Scarborough has been declared to be greener than any other part of Toronto. The area was named after Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England by Elizabeth Simcoe, the wife of John Graves Simcoe, the bluffs along Scarboroughs Lake Ontario shores reminded her of the limestone cliffs in Scarborough, England. On August 4,1793, she wrote in her diary, The shore is extremely bold, and has the appearance of chalk cliffs and they appeared so well that we talked of building a summer residence there and calling it Scarborough. Before that, the area was named Glasgow, after the Scottish city, the most popular is Scarberia, a portmanteau of Scarborough and Siberia, a reference to its seemingly distant eastern location from downtown Toronto. The word originated sometime in the 1960s and has remained a source of contention ever since. In May 1988, Joyce Trimmer, who was campaigning to be mayor of the city of Scarborough, said, Scarborough has also acquired nicknames related to its diversity. Such nicknames typically use the prefix Scar and a derived from the name of a region, nation, or ethnicity, for instance, Scompton or Scarlem, alluding to Compton. The first known evidence of people in Scarborough comes from a site in Fenwood Heights. The site contains the remains of a camp of nomadic hunters and foragers, after the land was surveyed in 1793, it was opened to settlement by British subjects with the first issue of land patents in 1796, although squatters had already been present for a few years
6.
Parliament of Canada
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The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa, Ontario. The body consists of the Canadian monarch, represented by a viceroy, the general, an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house. Each element has its own officers and organization, by constitutional convention, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate and Crown rarely opposing its will. The Senate reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint and the monarch or viceroy provides the necessary Royal Assent to make bills into law. The governor general also summons parliament, while either the viceroy or monarch can prorogue or dissolve parliament, either will read the Throne Speech. The most recent parliament, summoned by Governor General David Johnston in 2015, is the 42nd since Confederation in 1867, the Parliament of Canada is composed of three parts, the monarch, the Senate, and the House of Commons. Each has a role, but work in conjunction within the legislative process. Only those who sit in the House of Commons are called members of parliament, though legislatively less powerful, senators take higher positions in the national order of precedence. No individual may serve in more than one chamber of parliament at the same time, the sovereigns place in the legislature, formally called the Queen-in-Parliament, is defined by the Constitution Act,1867, and various conventions. All federal bills begin with the phrase Now, therefore, Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada. And, as such, the Crown is immune from acts of parliament unless expressed otherwise in the act itself. As both the monarch and his or her representatives are traditionally barred from the House of Commons, any parliamentary ceremonies in which they are involved take place in the Senate chamber. The upper and lower houses do, however, each contain a mace, which indicate the authority of the Queen-in-Parliament, following the burning of the Centre Block on 3 February 1916, the City of London, England, donated a replacement, which is still used today. The temporary mace, made of wood, and used until the new one arrived from the United Kingdom in 1917, is carried into the Senate each 3 February. The Senates 1. 6-metre-long mace comprises brass and gold, senators served for life until 1965, when a constitutional amendment imposed a mandatory retirement age of 75. Senators may, however, resign their seats prior to that mark, the Senate is divided equally amongst four geographic regions,24 for Ontario,24 for Quebec,24 for the Maritimes, and 24 for the Western provinces. Newfoundland and Labrador, which became a Canadian province in 1949, is represented by six senators, further, Canadas three territories—the Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut—are allocated one senator each. The elected component of the Canadian parliament is the House of Commons, with each member chosen by a plurality of voters in each of the countrys federal electoral districts
7.
Downtown Toronto
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Downtown Toronto is the main central business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Located entirely within the district of Old Toronto, it is bounded by Bloor Street to the north, Lake Ontario to the south, the Don River to the east. It is also the centre of the City of Toronto. The Financial District, centred on the intersection of Bay Street and it contains the Toronto Stock Exchange, which is the largest in Canada and seventh in the world by market capitalization. The construction of skyscrapers in Downtown Toronto had started to increase during the 1960s. The retail core of the downtown is the Downtown Yonge area located along Yonge Street from Queen Street to College Street, there is a large cluster of retail centres and shops in the area, including the Toronto Eaton Centre indoor mall. There are an estimated 600 retail stores,150 bars and restaurants, in recent years the area has been experiencing a renaissance as the Business Improvement Area has brought in new retail and improved the cleanliness. The area has seen the opening of the Dundas Square public square. The area includes several live theatres, a complex at Dundas Square. Historical sites and landmarks include the Arts & Letter Club, the Church of the Holy Trinity, Mackenzie House, Maple Leaf Gardens, Old City Hall, the area of St. Lawrence to the east of the financial district is the oldest area of Toronto. It features heritage buildings, theatres, music, dining and many pubs and it is a community of distinct downtown neighbourhoods including the site of the original Town of York, which was Torontos first neighbourhood, dating back to 1793. The area boasts one of the largest concentrations of 19th century buildings in Ontario, further to the east is Corktown and the Distillery District. On Saturday there is a farmers market, to the west of the financial district is the Entertainment District. It is home to hundreds of restaurants, nightclubs, sporting facilities, boutiques, hotels, attractions, the district was formerly an industrial area and was redeveloped for entertainment purposes in the early 1980s, becoming a major centre for entertainment. The redevelopment started with the Mirvish family refurbishing of the Royal Alexandra Theatre, the area is now the site of Roy Thomson Hall and the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. The Yorkville area, to the north, north of Bloor Street and the Mink Mile, has more than 700 designer boutiques, spas, restaurants, hotels and it is a former village in its own right and since the early 1970s has developed into an up-scale shopping district. The intersection of Bloor and Yonge Streets is the intersection of the subway lines and is one of the busiest intersections in the city. At the intersection of Avenue Road and Bloor Street is the Royal Ontario Museum, the Harbourfront area to the south was formerly an industrial and railway lands area
8.
CFTO-DT
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CFTO-DT, VHF channel 9, is the flagship station of the CTV Television Network located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The station is owned by Bell Media, as part of a twinstick with Barrie-based CTV Two owned-and-operated station CKVR-DT and is sister to 24-hour regional news channel CP24. CFTO maintains studio facilities located at 9 Channel Nine Court in Agincourt, the station shares the Agincourt studio complex with CTVs headquarters, which includes studios for the networks news programming, along with most of Bell Medias specialty channels. CTV News has in fact been based at CFTOs studios for most of its history, CFTO is the largest CTV owned-and-operated station, in terms of market size, whose studio facilities are not located in its main city of services downtown area. The station first signed on the air at 10,00 p. m. on December 31,1960, the inaugural programme broadcast on CFTO was a telethon hosted by Joel Aldred, complete with a fireworks ceremony. The telethon was for what was known as the Ontario Association for Community Living. The station was founded by Baton-Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting, a joint venture between Telegram Corporation, Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting and Foster Hewitt Broadcasting, the Baton portion of the name was pronounced /ˌbætən/, rather than the conducting tools traditional pronunciation. American television network ABC held a minority share in the partnership, Ted Rogers uncle J. Elsworth Rogers was a minority owner of Western Ontario Broadcasting, Ltd. owners of CKLW-TV in Windsor, Ontario. The stations original studio and transmitter facilities were located at 1550 McCowan Road, in March 1961, Aldred sold his interest in the station, and on October 1 of that year, CFTO became a charter affiliate of CTV, as well as the networks flagship station. In 1970, Ted Rogers sold his interest in CFTO and the Bassett-Eaton group sold their interest in Rogers Cable in an exchange of assets, on May 31,1976, CFTO began transmitting its signal from the CN Tower, while its studios remained in Agincourt. CFTO began broadcasting in stereo in 1985, in 1991, the station joined with several other Ontario stations to form Ontario Network Television, which evolved into the Baton Broadcast System, a subsystem within the CTV network. In 1995, CFTO began operating rebroadcast stations at Orillia and Bobcaygeon, when CTVs stations proposed to buy the network and run it as a cooperative in 1966, the Board of Broadcast Governors initially balked at the proposal. CFTO was by far the largest, richest and most profitable station and this led to fears that CFTO would dominate a station-owned network. The BBG was only appeased when the station owners promised that each owner would have an equal vote, regardless of how large it was. As it turned out, though, Baton gradually grew powerful enough that it was able to buy controlling interest in CTV in 1997, on January 27,1998, the Eaton family sold its 41% interest in CTV. On that same day, the Baton Broadcast System merged into CTV, with rumours of an impending takeover, Bell Canada proposed to buy CTV Inc. for $2.3 billion, this was approved by the CTV board in March 2000. By February 2005, the station stopped using its call letters in its on-air branding, BCE later sold most of its interest in CTV, with the parent company being renamed CTVglobemedia. BCE Inc. later reacquired 100% control of CTVglobemedias assets for $1.3 billion in 2011, as CFTO serves as CTVs flagship station, its schedule is virtually identical to the CTV network schedule
9.
Old Toronto
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Old Toronto is the retronym of the original city of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1834 to 1998. It was first incorporated as a city in 1834, after being known as the Town of York, in 1954, it became the administrative headquarters for Metropolitan Toronto. It expanded in size by annexation of surrounding municipalities, reaching its final boundaries in 1967, finally, in 1998, it was amalgamated into the present-day megacity of Toronto. Post-amalgamation, the area within the boundaries of the city is variously referred to as the former city of Toronto or Old Toronto. Historically, Old Toronto has referred to Torontos boundaries before the Great Toronto Fire of 1904, the term downtown core is also sometimes used to refer to the district, which actually refers to the central business district of Toronto, which is located within the former city. Old Toronto has the highest population density in the Golden Horseshoe, the population was recorded in June 1834 at 9,252. In 1834, Toronto was incorporated with the boundaries of Bathurst Street to the west,400 yards north of Lot Street to the north, outside this formal boundary were the liberties, land pre-destined to be used for new wards. The liberties formally became part of the city in 1859 and the wards were remapped, the earliest Toronto neighbourhoods were the five municipal wards that the city was split into in 1834. The wards were named for the saints of the four nations of the British Isles and St. Lawrence. Today, only St. Lawrence remains a well-known neighbourhood name, the others have attached their names to a variety of still-existing landmarks, including three subway stations. As Toronto grew, more wards were created, still named after prominent saints, St. James Ward is preserved in the modern St. James Town neighbourhood, while the northern ward of St. Pauls has continued to the present as a federal and provincial electoral district. In 1833, several prominent reformers had petitioned the House of Assembly to have the town incorporated, the Tory-controlled House struggled to find a means of creating a legitimate electoral system that might nonetheless minimize the chances of reformers being elected. The bill passed on 6 March 1834 and proposed two different property qualifications for voting, there was a higher qualification for the election of aldermen and a lower one for common councillors. Two aldermen and two councilmen would be elected from each city ward, the mayor was elected by the aldermen from among their number, and a clear barrier was erected between those of property who served as full magistrates and the rest. Only 230 of the citys 2,929 adult men met this stringent property qualification, the second market building replaced the original wooden market building in 1831 and ran from King Street to Front Street. It was selected by the first mayor, William Lyon Mackenzie and his newspaper, the Colonial Advocate, rented space in the rear. This building, along much of the surrounding Market Block, was destroyed by fire in the 1849 Cathedral Fire. The site was rebuilt as St. Lawrence Hall in 1850, the second city hall, built in 1845 and renovated in 1850, was known as the New Market House
10.
Toronto Transit Commission
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The Toronto Transit Commission is a public transport agency that operates bus, rapid transit, streetcar, and paratransit services in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1921, the TTC comprises four rapid transit lines with 69 stations, over 149 bus routes, and 10 streetcar lines. In 4th quarter 2012, the daily ridership was 2.76 million passengers,1,425,300 by bus,271,100 by streetcar,46,400 by intermediate rail. The TTC also operates paratransit service for the elderly and disabled. The TTC is the third most heavily used urban mass transit system in North America, after the New York City Transit Authority, public transit in Toronto started in 1849 with a privately operated transit service. In later years, the city operated some routes, but in 1921 assumed control over all routes, during this period, streetcars provided the bulk of the service. In 1954, the TTC adopted its present name, opened the first subway line, the system has evolved to feature a wide network of surface routes with the subway lines as the backbone. On February 17,2008, the TTC made many improvements, finally reversing more than a decade of service reductions. The Gloucester subway cars, the first version of TTC subway cars, another common slogan is The Better Way. The TTC has recovered about 70% of its costs from the fare box in recent years. From its creation in 1921 until 1971, the TTC was self-supporting both for capital and operations, deficits and subsidies soared throughout the 1970s and 1980s, followed by service cuts and a period of ridership decline in the 1990s, partly attributable to recession. Since then, the TTC has consistently been in financial difficulties, Service cuts were averted in 2007, though, when the Toronto City Council voted to introduce new taxes to help pay for city services, including the TTC. As a result, the TTC became the largest transit operator in Anglo-America not to receive provincial/state subsidies, the TTC has received federal funding for capital projects from as early as 2009. The TTC is also considered one of the costliest transit systems per fare price in North America, for the 2011 operating year, the TTC had a projected operating budget of $1.45 billion. Revenue from fares covered approximately 70% of the budget, whereas the remaining 30% originated from the city, in 2009 through 2011, provincial and federal subsidies amounted to 0% of the budget. In contrast to this, STM Montreal receives approximately 10% of its budget from the provincial government. The fairness of preferentially subsidizing transit in specific Canadian cities has been questioned by citizens, the TTC operated the ferry service to the Toronto Islands from 1927 to 1962, when it was transferred to the Metro Parks and Culture department. Gray Coach Lines was a suburban and regional intercity bus operator founded in 1927 by the TTC, Gray Coach used interurban coaches to link Toronto to points throughout southern Ontario
11.
Line 3 Scarborough
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The line runs entirely within the suburban district of Scarborough, encompassing six stations and 6.4 kilometres of mostly-elevated track. It connects with Line 2 Bloor–Danforth at its terminus, Kennedy. The trains are powered by induction motors, operating on standard gauge tracks, unlike the citys subway lines and the Toronto streetcar system. The line remained unchanged since its opening in 1985 and contains two of the least used stations in the system, in 1972, the provincial government announced the GO-Urban plan to build an intermediate capacity transit system across suburban Toronto using the experimental Krauss-Maffei Transurban. This change was made after construction had commenced and this proved too sharp for safe operation of the ICTS cars, which did not have a reason to turn around, and the loop was replaced by a Spanish solution-like crossover. Ontario wanted to develop and promote its new technology, which had designed for a proposed urban GO Transit service known as GO-ALRT. Changes to federal regulations had made the new system unnecessary for GO. The Scarborough line opened in March 1985 as the Scarborough RT, from when the line opened in 1985 until 2015 it was known as the Scarborough RT or SRT. The RT in Scarborough RT stood for rapid transit, locals have often referred to the line as SRT or the RT for short. The name Scarborough Line is used on the official TTC website and 2014 TTC Ride Guide, in October 2013, the TTC announced plans to give the lines official numbers to help riders and visitors to navigate the system. The line is numbered 3, as it is the rapid transit line to open in the system. New signage was installed in March 2014, in 2015, the name was simplified to Line 3 Scarborough and the TTC began repainting the rolling stock with a blue finish displaying the number 3, a diagram of the Scarborough line, and the TTC logo. The original RT logo was no longer featured on the trains, with the line approaching the end of its useful life, the TTC reduced the frequency of service in mid-September 2012. In 2015, the TTC started work on the cars to keep them operational until the line is replaced by another mode of rail technology and this includes a new outer livery that is almost entirely blue to emphasize the lines colour code, followed by interior upgrades. As of December 13,2016, with the Presto fare gates installed at Lawrence East station, the trains operated were developed by the Urban Transportation Development Corporation, then an Ontario Crown corporation but later became a division of Bombardier Transportation. This system requires very few moving parts, and therefore leads to lower maintenance costs, when the car motors are accelerating, they actually lift the car off the track an extremely small distance, repelling against the wide aluminum plate in the centre of the track. This micro-lifting prevents the wheels from making a solid electrical contact with the track. With respect to the trucks and the micro-lifting, the truck wheels have a somewhat larger flange than normal in order to keep the car inline on the track during the micro-lifting
12.
Toronto Transit Commission bus system
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The Toronto Transit Commission uses buses and other vehicles for public transportation. The TTC has more than 172 bus routes in operation, most bus routes serve the suburban areas of the city, and are integrated with the subway system, and several run into downtown. Buses are comparatively rare in the city centre as a streetcar system serves the urban core. Many TTC bus routes are divided into branch routes, which deviate slightly from the original route, as well, there are express routes which skip some stops along its route. The system is available 24 hours a day,7 days a week, of these,693 are hybrid electric vehicles, the second largest such fleet in North America. Since 2011, all buses are accessible and equipped with bicycle racks. In 2009, the TTC began its first bus rapid transit service in the city, when Line 1 Yonge–University is extended to Vaughan Metropolitan Centre in December 2017, only one bus route will use the busway, which will be an express bus route. Bus service in Toronto began in 1849, when the first public system in Toronto. The service began with a fleet of six horse-drawn stagecoaches, after ten years, the use of streetcars were introduced in the city as the Toronto Street Railway was established in 1861. After a year of competition between the two companies, the TSR had surpassed Williams Omnibus Line in ridership, until 1921, several private and publicly owned transport systems were established and ended up being merged into one another or abandoned. Electric streetcars were used in Toronto and surrounding settlements during the new century. After the establishment of the Toronto Transportation Commission, streetcar routes were taken over from predecessors in 1921 and it ran bus routes by using motor buses for the first time in the city. The TTC also experimented the use of buses from 1922 to 1925. Gray Coach, an intercity bus line by the TTC, began operation in 1927, as the coach service increased in ridership, the TTC built the Toronto Coach Terminal. By 1933, the TTC introduced the local bus and streetcar stop design, throughout the 1930s and 1940s, the city began replacing various street railway routes extending to surrounding municipalities with bus routes. Between 1947 and 1954, the TTC acquired new trolley buses, all services were taken over by the TTC on January 1,1954, when it became the sole public transit operator in the newly formed Metropolitan Toronto. In 1966, plans were made to replace all routes with buses in the next 20 years. The plan was cancelled in 1972 and streetcar routes were rebuilt, two years before the cancellation of the plan, GO Transit was established by the Government of Ontario with Gray Coach serving as its operator for most of its routes
Canada
Ontario
Toronto
Scarborough
Scarborough City Centre
