1.
Scary Movie (film series)
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The two main recurring actors of the first four installments were Anna Faris and Regina Hall as Cindy Campbell and Brenda Meeks, joined by new or recurring actors and characters. The franchise was developed by The Wayans Brothers, who wrote, the franchise had one film in 2013 with Scary Movie 5, which features new characters and Anna Faris or Regina Hall do not appear, but is still in the original film series and timeline. Scary Movie is the first film premiered in the series. Scary Movie was the film of the series, grossing $278,019,771 worldwide. It is a spoof of several films, with a focus on the Scream, after a group of teenagers accidentally hit an old man with their car they decide to dump his body in a lake and never talk about it again. A year later a person with a Scream mask kills them one by one, Scary Movie 2 is the second in franchise. In the U. S. the film grossed $71,308,997 and this is the last installment in the Scary Movie films to receive an R-rating and also marks the end of the Wayans siblings involvement with the series. The film starts with a parody of The Exorcist, in which Megan Voorhees is possessed by Hugh Kane, but after Megan insults Harriss mother he shoots her in the head. Cindy, Brenda, Ray, and Shorty return in this film, greg, Buffy, and Bobby are replaced by Buddy, Theo, and Alex. When they find out about the plan they try to escape the house. They must defeat the ghost in order to escape, the film also merges into a parody of Titanic. When Cindy, and Buddy Are trapped in a Freezer, by Hugh Kane, The Ghost who still lives in the house. Scary Movie 3 is the film in the series. With $220,673,217 earned worldwide, it is the second most successful film in the series, the plot of the film is a spoof of The Ring and Signs as well as several other films and celebrities. Michael Jackson planned to sue the filmmakers for parodying him in such a way that made him seem like a child molester and having a fake nose. This was the first Scary Movie film to receive a PG-13 rating in the United States as well as the first to have no involvement from the Wayans family, the film revolves around strange crop circles found near an old farm and the circulation of an unusual videotape. Upon watching this tape, the rings and a creepy voice says. Cindy falls in love with a rapper named George, when she hears that she is to die in seven days, Scary Movie 4 is the fourth in the series
2.
Scream (1996 film)
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Scream is a 1996 American slasher film written by Kevin Williamson and directed by Wes Craven. The film stars David Arquette, Neve Campbell, Courteney Cox, Matthew Lillard, Rose McGowan, Skeet Ulrich, and Drew Barrymore. The film combined black comedy and whodunit mystery with the violence of the genre to satirize the clichés of the horror genre popularized in films such as Halloween. The film was considered unique at the time of its release for featuring characters who were aware of real world horror films, based partly on the real life case of the Gainesville Ripper, Scream was inspired by Williamsons passion for horror films, especially Halloween. The script, originally titled Scary Movie, was bought by Dimension Films and was retitled by the Weinstein Brothers just before filming was complete, the production faced censorship issues with the Motion Picture Association of America and obstacles from locals while filming on location. The film went on to financial and critical acclaim, earning $173 million worldwide and it received several awards and award nominations. The soundtrack by Marco Beltrami was also acclaimed, and was cited as of the most intriguing horror scores composed in years and it has since earned cult status. Scream marked a change in the genre as it cast already-established and successful actors and these sequels drew decreasing financial and critical success, as they exploited clichés upon which films in the genre had become reliant. Screams success spawned a series of sequels, though only Scream 2, released in 1997, in the years following the release of Scream, the film was accused of inspiring and even inducing violent crimes and murders. High school student Casey Becker receives a phone call from an unknown person, asking her. The situation quickly escalates as the caller turns sadistic and threatens her life and he reveals that her boyfriend Steve Orth is being held hostage. After Casey fails to answer a question correctly about horror films, when Casey refuses to cooperate with the caller, she is attacked and murdered by a masked killer. Her parents come home to find her hanging from a tree. The following day, the news media descend on the town, meanwhile, Sidney Prescott struggles with the impending first anniversary of her mothers murder by Cotton Weary. While waiting at home for her friend, Tatum Riley, Sidney receives a phone call. After she hangs up she is attacked by the killer, Sidneys boyfriend, Billy Loomis, arrives shortly after, but after he drops his cell phone, Sidney suspects him of making the call and flees. Billy is arrested and Sidney spends the night at Tatums house, Billy is released the next day. Suspicion has shifted to Sidneys father, Neil Prescott, as the calls have been traced to his phone, School is suspended in the wake of the murders
3.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years
4.
Keenen Ivory Wayans
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Keenen Ivory Wayans, Sr. is an American actor, comedian, filmmaker, and a member of the Wayans Family of entertainers. He first came to prominence as the host and co-creator of the 1990–1994 Fox sketch comedy series In Living Color and he has produced, directed and/or written a large number of films, starting with Hollywood Shuffle, which he co-wrote, in 1987. A majority of films have included him and one or more of his brothers and sisters in the cast. One of these films, Scary Movie, which Wayans directed, was the movie ever directed by an African American until it was surpassed by Tim Storys Fantastic Four in 2005. From 1997 to 1998, he hosted the talk show The Keenen Ivory Wayans Show, most recently, he was a judge for the eighth season of Last Comic Standing. Wayans was born in New York City, son of Howell Stouten Wayans, a manager, and his wife Elvira Alethia. His father was a devout Jehovahs Witness and he grew up in Manhattans Fulton housing projects. Wayans attended Tuskegee University on an engineering scholarship and he entertained his friends at college with made-up stories about life in New York. One semester before graduation, he dropped out of school to focus on comedy, during his first set performing at The Improv in New York, Wayans met Robert Townsend, who helped him learn about the comedy business. Wayans moved to Los Angeles in 1980, where he worked as an actor and he had a regular role as a soldier on a television series named For Love and Honor. Townsend wrote, directed, and starred in the movie Hollywood Shuffle, Wayans was co-star, the movies success allowed him to raise the money to make Im Gonna Git You Sucka. Fox Broadcasting Company approached Wayans to offer him his own show, Wayans wanted to produce a variety show, similar to Saturday Night Live, with a cast of people of color that took chances with its content. Fox gave Wayans a lot of freedom with the show, although Fox executives were a bit concerned about the content prior to its television debut. Wayans and his brother Damon, Sr. created, wrote, and starred in the show, called In Living Color, an American sketch comedy television series that originally ran on the Fox Network from 1990 to 1994
5.
Shawn Wayans
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Shawn Mathis Wayans is an American actor, DJ, producer, writer and comedian who starred in In Living Color, The Wayans Bros. and White Chicks. He is the brother of Keenen Ivory, Damon Sr. Marlon, Kim, Elvira, and Nadia Wayans. Wayans, is the child of ten siblings, born in New York City, New York, the son of Elvira Alethia, a homemaker and social worker, and Howell Stouten Wayans. His family were once Jehovahs Witnesses, Wayans grew up in the Fulton Houses in the Manhattan neighborhood of Chelsea and is a 1989 graduate of the Bayard Rustin High School for the Humanities. On Foxs In Living Color, he began as DJ SW-1 and later became a performer, working with brothers Dwayne, Keenen, Damon, Marlon. Wayans guest-starred on episodes of MacGyver and Hangin with Mr. Cooper, Wayans played the apparently closeted Ray Wilkins, a role he reprised for the similarly popular 2001 sequel Scary Movie 2. To date, Wayans has not had any involvement with subsequent sequels and he kept the familial team intact when he and Marlon starred in the Keenan-directed comedy White Chicks, playing a pair of FBI agents forced to masquerade as a pair of spoiled white blonde heiresses. Shawn also received a share of story and screenplay credit on the film, Wayans teamed up with Marlon and Keenen once again for the 2006 comedy Little Man, which Wayans acted in, co-wrote, and co-produced. Dance Flick Little Man White Chicks Scary Movie 2 Scary Movie Dont Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood The Wayans Bros. TV series Little Man White Chicks Scary Movie 2 Scary Movie Dont Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood The Wayans Bros, TV series Shawn Wayans at the Internet Movie Database Shawn Wayans on Twitter
6.
Marlon Wayans
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Marlon Lamont Wayans is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, and film producer, beginning with his role as a pedestrian in Im Gonna Git You Sucka in 1988. He frequently collaborates with his brother Shawn Wayans, as he was on The WB sitcom The Wayans Bros. and in the comedic films Scary Movie, Scary Movie 2, White Chicks, Little Man, and Dance Flick. However, Wayans had a role in Darren Aronofskys critically acclaimed Requiem for a Dream. In 2009, he appeared in G. I, in 2013, he had a leading role in A Haunted House and co-starred in The Heat. A Haunted House 2 was released on April 18,2014, Marlon has partnered with former Funny or Die co-founder Randy Adams to create What the Funny, an online destination for urban comedy. Marlon created the comedy television show, Funniest Wins, which aired on TBS in June - August 2014. As of 2014, Marlon and his brothers have been traveling the U. S. with The Wayans Brothers Tour, in 2016, Wayans wrote, produced and starred in Fifty Shades of Black. The film is a parody of the 2015 erotic romantic drama film Fifty Shades of Grey, Wayans was born in New York City, the son of Elvira Alethia, a homemaker and social worker, and Howell Stouten Wayans, a supermarket manager. His family was involved religiously with Jehovahs Witnesses, Wayans was raised in the housing projects of New York City, the youngest of ten siblings. He is the brother of Nadia Wayans, Shawn Wayans, Keenen Ivory Wayans, Damon Wayans, Sr. Dwayne Wayans, Wayans went to Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts in New York City, the school made famous in Fame. After completing high school, he attended Howard University in Washington, Marlon appeared with his siblings on In Living Color between 1992 and 1993. From 1995 until 1999, Wayans co-starred in the WB sitcom The Wayans Bros. with brother Shawn Wayans. Wayans was originally considered for the role of Robin in the 1992 film Batman Returns, however it was felt that the film featured too many characters and he was replaced by Chris ODonnell. He produced the first two films of the Scary Movie series, in which he and Shawn were credited writers and co-stars and those films were released in 2000 and 2001. In 2000 he appeared as Tyrone C, love in Requiem for a Dream and as Snails in Dungeons & Dragons. That same year he and his brother Shawn hosted the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, Wayans produced the Nickelodeon cartoon series Thugaboo. Wayans has been married to Angelica Zachary since 2005 and they have two children, Shawn Howell Wayans and Amai Zackary Wayans. Marlon Wayans at the Internet Movie Database Marlon Wayans at AllMovie Marlon Wayans on Twitter
7.
Jon Abrahams
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Jon Avery Abrahams is an American film and television actor. He had his debut in Larry Clarks Kids. Abrahams was born in New York and he attended Saint Anns School in Brooklyn. Abrahams great-uncles were actor Mack Gray - long time confidant of entertainers George Raft, Dean Martin and Frank Sinatra - and stuntman and his father, Martin Abrahams, is an artist. Abrahams has starred in films and TV shows. His most notable roles are Bobby in Scary Movie, Dalton Chapman in the horror movie House of Wax and he is also known as DJ Jonny on The Ellen DeGeneres Show for season four, replacing Tony Okungbowa. He has been replaced on season five by KROQ personality Ted Stryker due to his wish to concentrate on his career in film. He can be seen in the 2009 comedy 2 Dudes and a Dream, Jon Abrahams at the Internet Movie Database Jon Abrahams at AllMovie
8.
Carmen Electra
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Tara Leigh Patrick, better known by her stage name Carmen Electra, is an American glamour model, actress, television personality, singer, and dancer. She hosted MTV Spring Break for some time, Carmen Electra was born Tara Leigh Patrick in Sharonville, Ohio to Harry Patrick, a guitarist and entertainer, and his wife Patricia, a singer. There, she was a classmate of Nick Lachey, with whom she appeared in a production of Peter Pan. Electra, who told People Magazine in 1997 that shed wanted to dance on Broadway, graduated from Princeton High School in Sharonville in 1990, additionally, Electra attended and graduated from Barbizon Modeling and Acting School in Cincinnati. Electra has English, Irish, German, and Dutch ancestry and she said of her mother, My mom was my rock, and described her older sister Debbie as being like a second mother to me. After Debbie moved to Illinois, Electra said her life revolved around my mom and she was my best friend, in my life 24/7 whether I wanted her there or not. Electra started her career in 1990 as a dancer at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, in the show Its Magic. In 1991, she moved to California and met Prince, soon after, Electra signed a recording contract with Princes Paisley Park Records and began a short-lived singing career. During her time at Paisley Park Records, she became known as Carmen Electra. In 1995, Electra started appearing in television shows, in May 1996, she was featured in a nude pictorial in Playboy magazine, the first of several. This exposure led to higher profile television appearances, including Baywatch and she returned to Baywatch for the 2003 reunion movie, Baywatch, Hawaiian Wedding. Electra was featured in Playboy four more times, June 1997, December 2000, April 2003, and she was on the cover of the last three of these issues. In 1997, Electra appeared in the films American Vampire and Good Burger, in 1997, Electra modeled for the covers of the comic books Razor and the Ladies of London Night by London Night Studios. Electra appeared in commercials for Maxim Mens Hair Color products, in 2006, Electra signed on as the spokesmodel for Ritz Camera Centers, appearing in their television and print ads with CEO David Ritz. She is featured in some video spoofs of lonelygirl15 that advertised Epic Movie and that same year she appeared as the face and spokesperson for Max Factor cosmetics in their television and print ads. In 2007, Electra became an author with the release of her book. She is the oldest cover girl in the history of FHM Magazine. In 1999, she appeared in the Bloodhound Gangs music video of The Inevitable Return of the Great White Dope and that same year she appeared in the film The Mating Habits of the Earthbound Human
9.
Shannon Elizabeth
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Shannon Elizabeth Fadal, known professionally as Shannon Elizabeth, is an American actress and former fashion model. Elizabeth is well known for her roles in films such as American Pie, Scary Movie and Jay. She is also known for her work in films such as Jack Frost, Thirteen Ghosts, Cursed. She became widely known as a sex symbol for her role in the 1999 comedy film American Pie and she also had a cameo in the film Love Actually and in Catch a Christmas Star in which she sings for the first time on camera. Born Shannon Elizabeth Fadal, Elizabeths father is of Syrian and Lebanese origin and her mother is of German and she was born in Houston, Texas, and raised in Bellmead, Texas. In high school, she was much interested in tennis. She worked as a model for Ford & Elite models before she began a career in film, Elizabeth appeared in several films and television shows before being cast in 1999s American Pie in the role of Nadia. It was a box office success. Elizabeth subsequently appeared in several Hollywood films, including Jack Frost, Scary Movie, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Elizabeth starred in the UPN series Cuts until the show was canceled in May 2006. Cuts and its parent show, One on One, were two of the shows not to be picked up by The CW. Elizabeth recurred in That 70s Show for a number of episodes, in 2000 and 2003, she was featured in Maxim. In June 2008 she was Maxims cover girl and she provided the likeness and voice for Serena St. Germaine in the 2004 video game, James Bond 007, Everything or Nothing. Elizabeth was one of the celebrities on an episode of NBCs Thank God Youre Here along with Tom Green, Chelsea Handler, Elizabeth was among the cast of the sixth season of Dancing with the Stars, partnered with Derek Hough. Elizabeth was the seventh star eliminated from the competition, Elizabeth was the host of the comedy/burlesque series Live Nude Comedy in 2009. Shannon also featured in Chris Browns Next to You music video as Browns girlfriend in 2011, in 2006, Elizabeth described poker as her second career and was called one of the leading celebrity poker players. At that time, she visited the Las Vegas Valley up to three times each month to participate in games with top players. Elizabeth does not appear to have been as active a player since scoring 12 tournament cashes from 2006 through 2010 – she has only one tournament cash thereafter. She also cashed four times in the World Series of Poker in 2006 and 2007, in 2007, she advanced to the semi-finals of the NBC National Heads-Up Poker Championship in a field consisting of the top poker professionals before losing to eventual champion Paul Wasicka
10.
Anna Faris
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Anna Kay Faris is an American actress. She rose to prominence for her work in roles, particularly the lead part of Cindy Campbell in the first four Scary Movie films. Raised north of Seattle in Washington state, Faris was active in theater as a child, after graduating from college, Faris relocated to Los Angeles to pursue a career in acting. Her breakthrough came with the role of Cindy Campbell in the Wayans Brothers Scary Movie and she appeared in the subsequent three sequels of the movie, with her last appearance being in the fourth installment, released in 2006. She became a character on the TV sitcom Friends during its last season in 2004. During the early to mid-2000s, she played supporting roles in pictures such as Lost in Translation and Brokeback Mountain. Just Friends, and My Super Ex-Girlfriend and she starred and co-produced the feature Whats Your Number. Which was followed by roles in the political satire The Dictator, Faris has played Christy Plunkett on the CBS sitcom Mom since 2013. The show has earned the actress further critical and popular acclaim, Anna Kay Faris was born on November 29,1976, in Baltimore, Maryland the second child of Jack, a sociology professor, and Karen Faris, a special education teacher. Both her parents, natives of Seattle, Washington, were living in Baltimore at the time of Faris birth, when Faris was six years old, the family relocated from Baltimore to Edmonds, Washington. Faris has a brother, Robert, who is also a sociologist and professor at the University of California. In interviews, Faris has described her parents as liberal and said that she and her brother were raised in an irreligious but very conservative. At age six, her parents enrolled her in a community drama class for kids as they encouraged her to act. She enjoyed watching plays and eventually produced her own material in her bedroom with friends who lived in her neighborhood, Faris has said in interviews she often imagined her retainer talking to her, remarking that she would picture herself on talk shows to talk about talking retainer. Faris attended Edmonds-Woodway High School, and while studying, she performed onstage with a Seattle repertory company and she once described herself as a drama-club dork, stating that she used to wear a Christmas-tree skirt in school and did not date until senior year. I liked guys, but no one liked me, she recalled. She then attended the University of Washington and earned a degree in English literature in 1999. Despite her love for acting, Faris admitted she never really wanted to become a movie star and continued to act just to make some extra money
11.
Kurt Fuller
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Kurt Fuller is an American character actor. He has appeared in a number of television, film, and he graduated from Lincoln High School in Stockton, California in 1971, and U. C. He is best known for his roles in Psych and Supernatural, standing 6-foot-3-inch-tall, Fuller is frequently cast as a weaselly executive, a smarmy authority figure, a law enforcement officer or a father at odds with his daughters boyfriend. Brell in No Holds Barred, a real estate agent in Elvira, Mistress of the Dark. Usually cast in roles, Fuller played Werner Klemperer, whom he resembles, in Paul Schraders Auto Focus. He also portrayed Pacific Bell Retirement Fund Executive Walter Ribbon in The Pursuit of Happyness, Fuller has also appeared in many television shows, including Knight Rider, Timecop, Quantum Leap, L. A. He has had a role as Woody the Coroner on Psych and another on Supernatural. He also acted as a Senior Police Officer in the 2000 comedy Scary Movie, from 2010 to 2011, Fuller appeared in the ABC Network series Better with You, the show was cancelled after a single season. Fuller portrays director of the C. I. A, grayden Osborne, in the ABC drama Scandal. He also appears in FOXs Us & Them with Jane Kaczmarek, Fuller was born in San Francisco, California. He is married to actress and author Jessica Hendra and has two daughters named Julia and Charlotte, kurt Fuller at the Internet Movie Database
12.
Francis Kenny
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Francis Kenny A. S. C. is an American cinematographer. Francis Gleig Kenny is an American cinematographer and he is a twice board member of the American Society of Cinematographers and member of the AMPAS Executive Committee for Cinematographers. At 16 he entered The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, he later attended Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts and he holds degrees in Sociology, English Literature, and Communications. His father, Francis Bernard Kenny, graduated from Princeton University, worked for the Shell Oil Company and his grandfather, Herman Adkins, was a test pilot for the government at the Indianapolis Experimental Station and flew the NC-11 flying laboratory. The airplane is now located at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D. C. Herman Adkins later built The Happy Landings Resort, Lake of the Ozark in Sunrise Beach, Adkins was a member of the secretive club for aviators called The Quiet Birdmen. Francis Kenny began his working on documentaries with the filmmaker David Hoffman whom he met at Hofstra University. Kenny was the cinematographer on the Academy Award winning feature documentary He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin and he became an active member of The American Society of Cinematographers in 1996. He served as the Chairman of the ASC Membership Committee from 2001 until 2011, in 2012 he received the ASC Presidents Award. He currently resides in Santa Monica, California, with his daughter who attends The Crossroads School, http, //www. imdb. com/name/nm0448568/ www. franciskenny. us Francis Kenny at the Internet Movie Database
13.
Miramax
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Miramax is an American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Santa Monica, California, shortly thereafter, Pulp Fiction was released. Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings, a joint venture of Colony Capital, Tutor-Saliba Corporation, in 2016, ownership was transferred to beIN Media Group. The company was founded by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York in 1979 and it was created to distribute independent films deemed commercially unfeasible by the major studios. The Weinsteins worked with Lewis to distill the two films into one film for the US marketplace, the resulting film The Secret Policemans Other Ball was a successful release for Miramax in the summer of 1982. This release presaged a modus operandi that the company would later in the 1980s of acquiring films from international filmmakers. Among the companys other breakthrough films as distributors in the late 1980s and early 1990s were Scandal, Sex, Lies, the Crying Game, Pulp Fiction and Clerks. The company also made such as Flirting with Disaster, Heavenly Creatures. Miramax acquired and/or produced many films that did extraordinarily well financially. The company became one of the leaders of the independent film boom of the 1990s, Miramax produced or distributed seven films with box office grosses totaling more than $100 million, its most successful title, Chicago, earned more than $300 million worldwide. The company was also successful in securing Academy Award nominations for its releases. In 1992, Miramax began a deal with Paramount Pictures for VHS, Paramount would also distribute theatrically certain releases that might have commercial appeal. On June 30,1993, Miramax was purchased for $60 million by The Walt Disney Company, Harvey and Bob Weinstein continued to operate Miramax until they left the company on September 30,2005. During their tenure, the Weinstein brothers ran Miramax independently of other Disney subsidiaries, Disney, however, had the final say on what Miramax could release. Disneys Buena Vista Home Entertainment division released Miramax output, Miramax operated, until September 30,2005, the label Dimension Films, specializing in genre films and created the Scream and Scary Movie film franchises. The primary source of dispute was over distribution of Fahrenheit 9/11 by Michael Moore, Disneys film studio consortium, Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group assumed control of Miramax, which was projected to have a smaller annual production budget. The Weinsteins started a new production company called The Weinstein Company. The Miramax name remained with the studio owned by Disney
14.
Parody
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A parody is a work created to imitate, make fun of, or comment on an original work—its subject, author, style, or some other target—by means of satiric or ironic imitation. As the literary theorist Linda Hutcheon puts it, parody … is imitation, another critic, Simon Dentith, defines parody as any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice. Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music, animation, gaming, the writer and critic John Gross observes in his Oxford Book of Parodies, that parody seems to flourish on territory somewhere between pastiche and burlesque. According to Aristotle, Hegemon of Thasos was the inventor of a kind of parody, in ancient Greek literature, a parodia was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of epics but treating light, satirical or mock-heroic subjects. Indeed, the components of the Greek word are παρά para beside, counter, against, Thus, the original Greek word παρῳδία parodia has sometimes been taken to mean counter-song, an imitation that is set against the original. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines parody as imitation turned as to produce a ridiculous effect, because par- also has the non-antagonistic meaning of beside, there is nothing in parodia to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule. Old Comedy contained parody, even the gods could be made fun of, the Frogs portrays the hero-turned-god Heracles as a Glutton and the God of Drama Dionysus as cowardly and unintelligent. The traditional trip to the Underworld story is parodied as Dionysus dresses as Heracles to go to the Underworld, roman writers explained parody as an imitation of one poet by another for humorous effect. In French Neoclassical literature, parody was also a type of poem where one work imitates the style of another to produce a humorous effect, the Ancient Greeks created satyr plays which parodied tragic plays, often with performers dressed like satyrs. In classical music, as a term, parody refers to a reworking of one kind of composition into another. The term is sometimes applied to procedures common in the Baroque period. The musicological definition of the parody has now generally been supplanted by a more general meaning of the word. In its more contemporary usage, musical parody usually has humorous, even satirical intent, in which familiar musical ideas or lyrics are lifted into a different, often incongruous, context. Musical parodies may imitate or refer to the style of a composer or artist. For example, The Ritz Roll and Rock, a song and dance performed by Fred Astaire in the movie Silk Stockings, parodies the Rock. Conversely, while the work of Weird Al Yankovic is based on particular popular songs. The first usage of the parody in English cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is in Ben Jonson, in Every Man in His Humour in 1598, A Parodie. The next citation comes from John Dryden in 1693, who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was in common use, in the 20th century, parody has been heightened as the central and most representative artistic device, the catalysing agent of artistic creation and innovation
15.
Slasher film
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Slasher films are a subgenre of horror films, typically involving a violent psychopath stalking and murdering several people, usually with bladed tools. Some critics cite Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho as an early influential slasher film, Wes Cravens satirical film Scream renewed public interest in the genre, and several of the original slasher franchises were revived or rebooted in the years following the release of Scream. Many films in the genre continue to attract cult followings. The plot involves opposing objectives of the killer and a hero/heroine, typically, a film begins with a commemoration or anniversary of the past event that reactivates or re-inspires the killer. Often the victim survives, but is damaged in some way by his or her experience with the killer, dika also believes that the genres appeal is rooted in the audiences feelings of catharsis, recreation, and displacement, which is related to sexual pleasure. A common tropes featured in films is the final girl character. This trope is often discussed in introductory film courses, the character often cited as the genres first prototypical final girl is Laurie Strode in Halloween. Final girls, who escape the killers advances by a films end, are often virgins and have at least one female friend who is portrayed as sexually active. Another trope is the anti-heroic characterization of the films villain, most slasher franchises follow the continued efforts of a specific villain, rather than the killers victims, who do not often reappear in sequels. Notable examples of these include, Michael Myers, Freddy Krueger, Jason Voorhees, Chucky. Some critics cite horror plays produced at the Grand Guignol in the late 19th century as having influenced the contemporary slasher genre, others reference the visceral images of violence in films such as Maurice Tourneurs The Lunatics, a silent film adaptation of a Grand Guignol play. Under the Hays Code, even references to sexuality and brutality were deemed unacceptable. Crime writer Mary Roberts Rinehart was an influence on the emerging horror genre. Her novel The Circular Staircase, later adapted into film as The Bat, both films employed the theme of town dwellers pitted against strange country folk, a recurring theme in later horror films. George Archainbauds Thirteen Women tells the story of a college sorority whose former members are set against one another by a vengeful peer, as they die, the culprit crosses out their yearbook photo, a device used in subsequent slasher films such as Prom Night and Graduation Day. The movies climax takes place on a train, something echoed in Terror Train, other early examples of the maniac seeking revenge trope include The Terror, based on the play by Edgar Wallace. Val Lewton produced Jacques Tourneurs The Leopard Man, a film about a murderer covering up his crimes against women in a town by framing an escaped show leopard. Robert Siodmaks The Spiral Staircase, based on Ethel Whites novel Some Must Watch, the helpless but sympathetic heroine became commonplace in later horror films, along with black-gloved killers, point of view shots, and jump scares
16.
Mystery film
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Mystery film is a genre of film that revolves around the solution of a problem or a crime. It focuses on the efforts of the detective, private investigator or amateur sleuth to solve the mysterious circumstances of an issue by means of clues, investigation, suspense is often maintained as an important plot element. This can be done through the use of the soundtrack, camera angles, heavy shadows, Alfred Hitchcock used all of these techniques, but would sometimes allow the audience in on a pending threat then draw out the moment for dramatic effect. This genre has ranged from early mystery tales, fictional or literary detective stories, a related film subgenre is spy films. Mystery films mainly focus with solving a crime or a puzzle, the mystery generally revolves around a murder which must then be solved by policemen, private detectives, or amateur sleuths. At times the viewer is presented with information not available to the main character, the central character usually explores the unsolved crime, unmasks the perpetrator, and puts an end to the effects of the villainy. The successful mystery film adheres to one of two types, known as Open and Closed. Mystery novels have proven to be a medium for translation into film. The sleuth often forms a leading character, and the plots can include elements of drama, suspense, character development, uncertainty. The locales of the tale are often of a mundane variety. Successful mystery writers can produce a series of books based on the same sleuth character, until at least the 1980s, women in mystery films have often served a dual role, providing a relationship with the detective and frequently playing the part of woman-in-peril. The women in films are often resourceful individuals, being self-reliant, determined. They can provide the triggers for the events follow, or serve as an element of suspense as helpless victims. The earliest mystery films reach back to the silent era, the first detective film is often cited as Sherlock Holmes Baffled, a very short Mutoscope reel created between 1900 and 1903 by Arthur Marvin. It is the film to feature the character of detective Sherlock Holmes. In France, the popular Nick Carter detective novels inspired the first film serial, Nick Carter and this six-episode series was followed with Nouveaux aventures de Nick Carter in 1909. Louis Feuillade created the highly popular Fantômas serial based on the serial novel about Juve. Later detective serials by Feuillade include The Vampires, Judex, Tih Minh, feuillades films, which combined realism, poetic imagery, and pure fantasy, influenced the American The Perils of Pauline, directors such as René Clair, and Surrealists such as André Breton
17.
I Know What You Did Last Summer
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I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American slasher film written by Kevin Williamson and directed by Jim Gillespie. The film is based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan. The film also draws inspiration from the legend known as The Hook. The film stars Jennifer Love Hewitt, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Ryan Phillippe and Freddie Prinze, Jr. with Anne Heche, Bridgette Wilson, and Johnny Galecki appearing in supporting roles. I Know What You Did Last Summer centers on four friends who are being stalked by a killer, the film was directed by Jim Gillespie, from a screenplay written by Kevin Williamson, writer of Scream. I Know What You Did Last Summer received mixed reviews from critics and it was also nominated for and won multiple awards. As a result, the film has been parodied and referenced in popular culture, the film was followed by two sequels, I Still Know What You Did Last Summer and the straight-to-DVD release Ill Always Know What You Did Last Summer. On the Fourth of July, four recent high-school graduates — Julie, her boyfriend Ray, Julies best friend Helen, while driving, Ray becomes distracted, hitting a pedestrian. Julie convinces him everything is okay, so he leaves, the group decides to dispose of the body. At the docks, the man revives, but falls into the water, a year later, Julie is home from college for the summer. She receives a letter stating, I know what you did last summer and she tells Barry and Helen about the note, Barry suspects Max. The trio go to the docks where Max works as a fisherman, Barry threatens Max with a hook. Julie discovers that Ray works there, he tries reconciling with Julie and that evening, Max is secretly killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook. Barry discovers a note in his gym locker containing a picture of his car, going outside, Barry is almost run over by the slicker-wearing figure, driving Barrys car. Julie believes that the person they hit was David Egan, Ray still suspects Max, while Julie and Helen think the killer may be a relative of Egans. They head out to the Egan home and they find Davids sister Missy, who explains that Davids death devastated their family. Missy tells them that a classmate, Billy Blue, paid his respects after David died, as Helen prepares for the Fourth of July parade. The killer sneaks into her house, cuts off her hair and writes, as Julie rushes to Helens house, she finds Maxs corpse in her trunk
18.
Scary Movie 2
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Scary Movie 2 is a 2001 American horror comedy film and the second film of the Scary Movie franchise. The film stars Anna Faris, Regina Hall, Shawn Wayans, and Marlon Wayans, as well as Tim Curry, Tori Spelling, Chris Elliott, Chris Masterson, Kathleen Robertson, David Cross and it also spoofs some contemporary films, such as Hannibal, and Hollow Man. The film is the last in the series to feature the involvement of stars Marlon and Shawn Wayans, however, the Wayans would eventually go on to produce a similar horror-themed parody, A Haunted House, and its sequel, both starring Marlon Wayans. Despite generally negative reviews critics, Scary Movie 2 was a box office success. A teenage girl named Megan Voorhees becomes possessed by the spirit of Hugh Kane, during a formal dinner party she emerges in her pajamas, insults her mother and the guests, then proceeds to urinate profusely on the floor. In response, Megans mother seeks help from two priests, Father McFeely and Father Harris, after paying a trip to the bathroom, the men attempt to drive Hughs ghost out, but the exorcism does not go as planned. After a chain of projectile vomits and various instances of pedophilia and he responds by pulling out a gun and shooting Megan. Meanwhile, Cindy Campbell, Brenda Meeks, Ray Wilkins, and Shorty Meeks are at college, Cindy and Brenda get tagged by a socially maladjusted girl, Alex. Shorty is still the same stoner he was before, Ray, still confused about his sexuality, has two new male friends, Tommy and Buddy. Buddy becomes romantically interested in Cindy, but she rebuffs him, professor Oldman and his charming paraplegic assistant, Dwight Hartman, plan to study the paranormal activity at a local haunted mansion called Hell House. They use Cindy and her friends as test subjects, at the mansion, Cindy encounters a foul-mouthed parrot and Hanson, the caretaker with a badly malformed hand. Later, the group is joined by sexy newcomer Theo and they sit down for dinner, but soon lose their appetite due to Hansons repulsive antics. Later that night, Cindy hears voices directing her to a secret room, seeing her portrait, they note Cindys resemblance to her. Meanwhile, other teens also experience bizarre encounters, Hugh Kanes ghost has sex with Alex in her bedroom, but retreats when Alex expresses her interest in becoming the new Mrs. Kane. Cindy gets involved in a fistfight with the cat, Mr. Kittles. A toy clown attempts to kill Ray, but in a turn of events. A weed-monster rolls Shorty into a joint and it tries to smoke him, but gets distracted by munchies and lets him escape. Professor Oldman is seduced and killed by the ghost of Hughs mistress, Shorty later encounters the same ghost, but seduces and has sex with her
19.
Scary Movie 3
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The film stars Anna Faris and Regina Hall reprising their roles as Cindy Campbell and Brenda Meeks, respectively. New cast members include Charlie Sheen, Simon Rex, Anthony Anderson, Kevin Hart and it is the first film in the series to feature no involvement from the Wayans family. The characters of Shorty Meeks and Ray Wilkins, previously played by Shawn and Marlon Wayans, do not appear, the films plot significantly parodies the films The Ring, Signs, The Matrix, The Matrix Reloaded, and 8 Mile. It opened to mixed reviews critics, who praised its consistent humor and satire, but criticized many other aspects such as casting, plot. The film was a box office success, grossing $220.7 million worldwide and it is the last film in the series to be released by The Walt Disney Companys subsidiary Miramax Films, under the brand Dimension Films. After Dimension Films brand left Disney, Scary Movie 4 became the first film to be released by The Weinstein Company and it was named the 2004 Teen Choice Awards in the category of Choice Movie, Your Parents Didnt Want You to See. Katie and Becca are talking about a tape, which Katie believes is a sex tape, after several odd occurrences, they both die. Meanwhile, in a farm outside Washington, D. C. widowed farmer Tom Logan and his clumsy brother George discover a crop circle, meanwhile, Cindy Campbell, now a blonde news reporter, announces the crop circles on the news. She then goes to pick up her paranormally endowed nephew Cody from school, George Logan arrives to pick up his niece Sue, who is in the same class. Cindy falls in love with George, who invites her and Brenda to a rap-battle that evening with his rapper friends Mahalik, George competes and proves to be actually quite talented, but due to unintentional racist blunders, hes thrown out. Later, Brenda asks Cindy to keep her company, since she watched the cursed videotape, after playing several pranks on Cindy, she gets the rest of the popcorn in the lounge, when the TV turns on. Brenda fails to turn it off, Tabitha climbs out of the well and the TV, Brenda gets into a fight with Tabitha. Tabitha ends up killing Brenda, since Cindy is ignoring the ruckus, George receives a phone call about the death, and Tom meets with Sayaman, who apologizes for the accident involving himself and Toms wife Annie. Later, Cindy decides to watch the tape, finding it odd and she then gets a phone call, saying shell die in a week. She calls George, CJ and Mahalik for help, CJ offers that his Aunt Shaneequa might be able to help. Aunt Shaneequa, the Matrix Oracle, and her husband Orpheus agree to watch the tape, Shaneequa discovers the hidden image of a lighthouse, and gets into a fight with Tabithas mother. Shaneequa tells Cindy to find the lighthouse to break the curse, when Cindy returns home, she finds Cody watched the tape. Back at work, Cindy searches through pictures of lighthouses before finding the one from the tape, Cindy ventures to the lighthouse, where she encounters The Architect
20.
Scary Movie 5
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Scary Movie 5 is a 2013 American horror comedy film and the fifth installment of the Scary Movie franchise. It is the film to be distributed by The Weinstein Company under the Dimension Films brand. The film is directed by Malcolm D. Lee and written by David Zucker and it was released on April 12,2013. Scary Movie 5 is the installment of the franchise not to feature Cindy Campbell or Brenda Meeks. It premiered on April 11 at the Hollywood’s ArcLight Cinerama Dome, the film parodies various horror films and other popular culture. Charlie Sheen and Lindsay Lohan get together to make a sex tape with over 20 cameras beside Sheens bed, the time-lapsed tape fast forwards through the two doing all sorts of bedroom antics, including gymnastics, riding a horse, and having clowns jump in under the sheets. Sheen is pulled into the air by a force and thrown against walls, shelves. Lohan is frightened so she decides to go home when she flies into the air as well, she becomes possessed and throws Sheen into the camera, several months later, JaMarcus and DAndre are walking in the Humboldt County woods in California in search of cannabis plants to steal. After stealing one and fleeing, they shelter in a cabin in the woods. Upon entering they see three strange creatures, later confirmed to be Sheens children, and turn them in for the reward. The feral children are placed in isolation at a child development research center for a few months until they are deemed well enough to be returned to familial custody. When Sheens brother, Dan Sanders and his wife Jody come to collect them, Jody is reluctant to take the kids at first but soon adjusts to having them. In an attempt to bond with their new children, Jody auditions for a performance, Swan Lake. Meanwhile, a pattern of bizarre paranormal activity in their new home makes them investigate further. Maria, the couples Hispanic live-in maid, is frightened and keeps experimenting with various rituals, Catholic and otherwise, to ward off the evil spirits in the house. Jody and Dan, with the help of Jodys close friend Kendra Brooks, however, Jody and Kendra fail to see what the book is capable of, oblivious to four friends continuously becoming possessed and reviving in the cabin. They wreak havoc when either of the two read the two passages of the book, one that unleashes demons, gort klaatu barada nikto, and the other that revives them from possession. Realizing the love for her children is all she needs in life, Jody gives the part of the Swan Queen to Kendra
21.
Ghostface (Scream)
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Ghostface is a fictional identity adopted by several characters of the Scream series. The character is primarily mute but voiced by Roger L. Jackson, the character first appeared in Scream as a disguise used by teenagers Billy Loomis and Stu Macher, during their killing spree in the fictional town of Woodsboro. Ghostface was created by Wes Craven and Kevin Williamson, the character is used primarily as a disguise for each of the antagonists of each film to conceal their identity, while conducting serial murders and as such has been portrayed by several actors. In Scream, the identity is adopted by the killers target, Sidney Prescott. In the Scream universe, the costume is not unique and is easily obtainable, Ghostface often calls its targets to taunt or threaten them while using a voice changer that hides its true identity. In Scream 3, this is taken further by Roman Bridger who uses a device that enables him to sound like other characters. The changing identity of the person beneath the mask means that Ghostface has no motivation, ranging from revenge. However, each killer shares the common goal of killing Sidney due to a chain of events caused by her mother Maureen Prescott. Initially, Billy Loomis created the identity with Stu Macher in order to kill Sidney because of her mothers affair with Billys father. The Ghostface persona remains the same throughout the Scream series, featuring a black hood and cloak with a jagged base, the character has often appeared in popular culture since its inception, referenced in film and television as well as spawning a series of action figures and merchandise. Ghostface first appears in the scene of Scream. The identity has been adopted by the antagonists of each successive film to conceal their identity. Ghostfaces first cinematic appearance was in Scream where the identity was used by a killer stalking the fictional town of Woodsboro, California. The Ghostface disguise allows suspicion to fall on people, including Sidneys boyfriend, Billy Loomis, her father, Neil Prescott, her friend, Randy Meeks. Ghostface is revealed in the finale as both Billy and Stu, who reveal that they murdered Sidneys mother and framed Cotton, Billy cites his motivation as abandonment by his mother, brought about by his fathers affair with Maureen, while Stu cites peer pressure. Sidney is able to gain an advantage against Billy and Stu, Gale Weathers shoots Billy to stop him from killing Sidney, who then finishes Billy off with a bullet to the head. Ghostfaces second appearance was in Scream 2 where it was used as a disguise by the main antagonists. A series of murders occur at Windsor College, Sidneys current location, with the initial victims sharing names with Billy, the killers again taunt Sidney and attempt to kill her and later kill Randy
22.
Silicone
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They are typically heat-resistant and rubber-like, and are used in sealants, adhesives, lubricants, medicine, cooking utensils, and thermal and electrical insulation. Some common forms include silicone oil, silicone grease, silicone rubber, silicone resin, more precisely called polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes, silicones consist of an inorganic silicon-oxygen backbone chain with organic side groups attached to the silicon atoms. So, silicones are polymers constructed from inorganic-organic monomers, Silicones have in general the chemical formula n, where R is an organic group such as alkyl groups, or phenyl groups. In some cases, organic side groups can be used to two or more of these -Si-O- backbones together. By varying the -Si-O- chain lengths, side groups, and crosslinking, silicones can be synthesized with a variety of properties. They can vary in consistency from liquid to gel to rubber to hard plastic, the most common siloxane is linear polydimethylsiloxane, a silicone oil. The second largest group of materials is based on silicone resins. F. S. Kipping and Matt Saunders coined the word silicone in 1901 to describe polydiphenylsiloxane by analogy of its formula, Ph2SiO, with the formula of the ketone benzophenone, Ph2CO. Kipping was well aware that polydiphenylsiloxane is polymeric whereas benzophenone is monomeric and noted that Ph2SiO, Silicone is sometimes mistakenly referred to as silicon. The chemical element silicon is a crystalline metalloid widely used in computers, polysiloxanes are among the many substances commonly known as silicones. Molecules containing silicon-oxygen double bonds do exist and are called silanones, despite this, silanones are important as intermediates in gas-phase processes such as chemical vapor deposition in microelectronics production, and in the formation of ceramics by combustion. Most common are materials based on polydimethylsiloxane, which is derived by hydrolysis of dimethyldichlorosilane and this dichloride reacts with water as follows, n Si2Cl2 + n H2O → n + 2n HCl The polymerization typically produces linear chains capped with Si-Cl or Si-OH groups. Under different conditions the polymer is a cyclic, not a chain, for consumer applications such as caulks silyl acetates are used instead of silyl chlorides. The hydrolysis of the produce the less dangerous acetic acid as the reaction product of a much slower curing process. This chemistry is used in consumer applications, such as silicone caulk. Branches or cross-links in the chain can be introduced by using organosilicon precursors with fewer alkyl groups. Ideally, each molecule of such a compound becomes a branch point and this process can be used to produce hard silicone resins. Similarly, precursors with three groups can be used to limit molecular weight, since each such molecule has only one reactive site
23.
Breast implant
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A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size, shape, and contour of a woman’s breast. They are also used cosmetically to enhance or enlarge the appearance of the breast through breast augmentation surgery, there are three general types of breast implant devices, defined by their filler material, saline solution, silicone gel, and composite filler. Composite implants are not recommended for use anymore and, in fact, their use is banned in the United States and Europe due to associated health risks. For the correction of male breast defects and deformities, the implant is the breast prosthesis used for the reconstruction. Since the late century, breast implants have been used to surgically augment the size, modify the shape. In 1889, surgeon Robert Gersuny experimented with paraffin injections, with disastrous results, in the mid-twentieth century, Morton I. Berson, in 1945, and Jacques Maliniac, in 1950, in 1964, the French company Laboratoires Arion developed and manufactured the saline breast implant, filled with saline solution, and then introduced for use as a medical device in 1964. Today, there are two types of breast implants commonly used for mammoplasty, breast reconstruction, and breast augmentation procedures, Silicone implant filled with viscous silicone gel. The saline breast implant—filled with saline solution —was first manufactured by the Laboratoires Arion company, in France, the contemporary models of saline breast implant are manufactured with thicker, room-temperature vulcanized shells made of a silicone elastomer. Saline breast implants have enjoyed popularity in the rest of the world. The technical goal of saline-implant technology was a less invasive surgical technique for emplacing an empty breast implant device through a smaller surgical incision. As a medical technology, there are five generations of silicone breast implant. The Cronin–Gerow Implant, prosthesis model 1963, was a silicone rubber envelope-sac, shaped like a teardrop, yet, in clinical practice, second-generation breast implants proved fragile, and suffered greater incidences of shell rupture, and of filler leakage through the intact device shell. After reviewing the data, the U. S. S. The third technological development was the double lumen breast implant device, the two-fold, technical goal was, the cosmetic benefits of silicone-gel enclosed in saline solution, a breast implant device the volume of which is post-operatively adjustable. Nevertheless, the complex design of the double-lumen breast implant suffered a device-failure rate greater than that of single-lumen breast implants. The contemporary versions of second-generation breast implant devices are the Becker Expandable models of breast implant, sociologically, the manufacturers of prosthetic breasts then designed and made anatomic models and shaped models that realistically corresponded with the breast- and body- types of women. These implants are commonly referred to as gummy bear breast implants for their firm, pliant consistency, revision and reconstruction, to revise the outcome of a previous breast reconstruction surgery
24.
Cleaver
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A cleaver is a large knife that varies in its shape but usually resembles a rectangular-bladed hatchet. It is largely used as a kitchen or butcher knife intended for hacking through bone, the knifes broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation. This resilience is accomplished by using a softer, tougher steel and a blade, because a harder steel. Formerly, weaker knives would suffer buckling failure when used in a cleaving fashion, in contrast to all other kitchen tools but one, a meat tenderizer, it is the only one designed to be swung like a hammer. Part of the momentum derives from how hard the user swings the cleaver, of course, a knife-sharp edge on a cleaver is undesirable because it would quickly become more blunt than it would if it were less sharp but sturdier to begin with. The grind of Eastern Asian kitchen knives is 15–18 degrees, and for most Western kitchen knives it is 20–22°, the tough metal and thick blade of a cleaver also make it a suitable tool for crushing with the side of the blade. This contrasts with certain hard, thin slicing knives, which should not be used for crushing because they can crack under such repeated stress, cleavers are primarily used for cutting through thin or soft bones and sinew. With a chicken, for example, it can be used to chop through the thin bones or to separate ribs. Cleavers can also be used in preparation of hard vegetables and other foods, such as squash, cleavers are not used for cutting through solid, thick and hard bones – instead a bone saw, either manual or powered, is used. Cleavers occur with frequency in traditional Chinese thought. An old Daoist story on the use of a cleaver tells of a butcher who effortlessly cut ox carcasses apart. When asked how he did so, he replied that he did not cut through the bones, in explaining his ideal of junzi, Kǒng Fūzǐ remarked Why use an ox-cleaver to carve a chicken. On the futility of the people seeking to emulate noblemen. In Japanese cutlery, the main cleaver used is the light-duty deba bocho, the Chinese chefs knife is frequently incorrectly referred to as a Chinese cleaver due to the similar rectangular shape. For butchering tasks and to prepare boned meats, the Chinese have long produced a series of bone cleavers designed to take care of tasks similar to the Western meat cleaver. Side knife, a tool resembling a cleaver
25.
Shakespeare in Love
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For the theatre adaptation, see Shakespeare in Love. Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 British-American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Madden, written by Marc Norman, the film depicts an imaginary love affair involving Viola de Lesseps and playwright William Shakespeare while he was writing Romeo and Juliet. Several characters are based on figures, and many of the characters, lines. Shakespeare in Love won seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actress, in 1593 London, William Shakespeare is a sometime player in the Lord Chamberlains Men and poor playwright for Philip Henslowe, owner of The Rose Theatre. Shakespeare is working on a new comedy, Romeo and Ethel, suffering from writers block, he has barely begun the play, but starts auditioning players. Viola de Lesseps, the daughter of a merchant, who has seen Shakespeares plays at court, disguises herself as Thomas Kent to audition. Shakespeare pursues Kent to Violas house and leaves a note with the nurse and he sneaks into the house with the minstrels playing that night at the ball, where her parents are arranging her betrothal to Lord Wessex, an impoverished aristocrat. While dancing with Viola, Shakespeare is struck speechless, and after being ejected by Wessex. Wessex also asks Wills name, to which he replies that he is Christopher Marlowe, when he discovers her true identity, they begin a secret affair. Inspired by her, Shakespeare writes quickly, with help from his friend and rival playwright Christopher Kit Marlowe, completely transforming the play into what will become Romeo, then, Viola is summoned to court to receive approval for her proposed marriage to Lord Wessex. Shakespeare accompanies her, disguised as her female cousin, there, he persuades Wessex to wager £50 that a play can capture the true nature of love, the exact amount Shakespeare requires to buy a share in the Chamberlains Men. Queen Elizabeth I declares that she will judge the matter when the occasion arises. When Richard Burbage, owner of the Curtain, finds out that Shakespeare has cheated him out of money and the play, he goes to the Rose Theatre with his Curtain Theatre Company. The Rose Theatre company drives Burbage and his out and then celebrate at the local pub. Viola is appalled when she learns Shakespeare is married, albeit separated from his wife, will discovers that Marlowe is dead, and thinks he is to blame. Lord Wessex suspects an affair between Shakespeare and his bride-to-be, because Wessex thinks that Will is Kit Marlowe, he approves of Kits death, and tells Viola the news. It is later learned that Marlowe had been killed in an accident, Viola finds out that Will is still alive, and declares her love for him. When Edmund Tilney, the Master of the Revels, is informed there is a player at The Rose
26.
Rick Ducommun
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Richard Rick Ducommun was a Canadian actor, comedian and writer who appeared in films and television. One of his earliest television appearances was on Star Search in 1984 and he finished second in the comedy category behind Brad Garrett. Ducommun died in June 2015 of complications from diabetes, Rick Ducommun at the Internet Movie Database
27.
The Wayans Bros.
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The Wayans Bros. is a sitcom that aired from January 111995 to May 201999 on The WB Television Network. The series starred real-life brothers Shawn and Marlon Wayans, the series also starred John Witherspoon and Anna Maria Horsford. Shawn and Marlon Williams are brothers who live in an apartment on 126th street in Harlem, Shawn owns a local newsstand, where he and his brother Marlon work on a daily basis. Many transitions were made in season 2, Shawns former girlfriend, Lisa Saunders, Monique, a local shopkeeper and Marlons love interest, did not return after the 11th episode. Lou, the security guard, left after the 7th episode and was replaced by Dee Baxter. White Mike, Shawn and Marlons ghetto white neighbor, appeared for six episodes of season 2, Shawn formerly worked for APS, yet in season 2, he works at his newsstand. Marlon was working with Pops at the diner, but in season 2, Pops Joint was a standalone restaurant, and he hired Marlon and Benny, the cook, during season 1. However, in season 2 the eatery was moved into the Neidermeyer Building and it also revealed that Pops Joint was a historical landmark for the nations leaders and activists of the Civil Rights Movement. Shawn Wayans - Shawn Williams, a womanizing, stylish and responsible young bachelor and he is an owner of his own local newsstand. Marlon Wayans - Marlon Williams, Shawns dimwitted, immature, sex crazed, unsanitary, John Witherspoon - John Pops Williams, Shawn and Marlons dysfunctional tacky father who owns his locally famed diner right by Shawn and Marlons newsstand. Anna Maria Horsford - Deirdre Dee Baxter, The tough security guard and Shawn, Marlon, the running gag of the show is Dee being the center of dirty and sexual jokes due to her large breasts. Lela Rochon - Lisa Saunders Paula Jai Parker - Monique Jill Tasker - Lou Malino Phill Lewis - Thelonious T. C. While in development, the working title was initially supposed to have been Brother to Brother. In the shows season, in 1995 Pops Joint was moved into the Neidermeyer Building. The series was cancelled due to declining ratings and was not given a proper finale, Marlon forcefully smacks the camera, and then segues into the real opening of The Wayans Bros. The scene then cuts to them with their clothes and trying to help an old woman who gets hit by a bus. The camera then shows the brothers inside the bus with the title of the show underneath them, the second-half part of The Wayans Bros. theme song was changed twice throughout its four-year run. In the first two seasons, from early 1995, until 1996, the theme song was A Tribe Called Quests Electric Relaxation
28.
The Matrix
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The Matrix is a 1999 science fiction film written and directed by The Wachowskis, starring Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Joe Pantoliano. Computer programmer Neo learns this truth and is drawn into a rebellion against the machines, the film is an example of the cyberpunk science fiction genre. The Matrix was first released in the United States on March 31,1999 and it was generally well-received by critics, and won four Academy Awards as well as other accolades including BAFTA Awards and Saturn Awards. Reviewers praised The Matrix for its visual effects, cinematography. The films premise was both criticized for being derivative of earlier science fiction works, and praised for being intriguing, the action also polarized critics, some describing it as impressive, but others dismissing it as a trite distraction from an interesting premise. The film has appeared in lists of the greatest science fiction films. The success of the led to the release of two feature film sequels, both written and directed by the Wachowskis, The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions. The Matrix franchise was expanded through the production of comic books, video games. Trinity, a hacker, is cornered by police in an abandoned hotel. She overpowers them with superhuman abilities, but a group of sinister superhuman black-suited Agents lead the police in a rooftop pursuit and she answers a ringing public telephone and vanishes. Thomas Anderson is a programmer living a double life under the hacker alias Neo. He believes something is wrong with the world and is puzzled by repeated online encounters with the phrase the Matrix. Trinity contacts him, saying that a man named Morpheus can explain its meaning, however, the Agents, led by Agent Smith, apprehend Neo at his office. Undeterred, Neo meets Morpheus, who offers him a choice between a red pill that will allow him to learn the truth about the Matrix, and a blue pill that will return him to his old life. Swallowing the red pill, Neos reality disintegrates and he awakens, naked and weak, in a liquid-filled pod and he is rescued and brought aboard Morpheuss hovercraft, the Nebuchadnezzar. Morpheus explains that, in the 21st century, intelligent machines waged a war against the humans that created them, when humans blocked the machines access to solar energy, the machines began to harvest the humans bioelectricity for power. The Matrix is a simulation of the world as it was in 1999 in which the minds of the harvested humans are trapped and pacified. Morpheus and his crew belong to a group of rebels who hack into the Matrix and unplug enslaved humans, the rebels understanding of the simulated reality allows them to bend its physical laws, granting them superhuman abilities
29.
Fourth wall
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The fourth wall is a performance convention in which an invisible, imagined wall separates actors from the audience. While the audience can see through this wall, the convention assumes, the metaphor suggests a relationship to the mise-en-scène behind a proscenium arch. When a scene is set indoors and three of the walls of its room are presented onstage, in what is known as a box set, the fourth wall, though, is a convention of acting, rather than of set design. Breaking the fourth wall is any instance in which this performance convention and this can be done through either directly referencing the audience or the work they are in, or referencing their fictionality. The temporary suspension of the convention in this way draws attention to its use in the rest of the performance and this act of drawing attention to a plays performance conventions is metatheatrical. The phrase breaking the wall is used to describe such effects in those media. Breaking the fourth wall is also possible in other media, such as video games, the concept is usually attributed to the philosopher, critic and dramatist Denis Diderot. The term itself was used by Molière, one play that uses the fourth wall extensively for comedic effect is The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Critic Vincent Canby described it in 1987 as that invisible scrim that forever separates the audience from the stage, oliver Hardy was probably the first to break the fourth wall, in his movies with Stan Laurel, by staring at the camera to seek comprehension from the viewers. Groucho Marx spoke directly to the audience in Animal Crackers,1930, woody Allen broke the fourth wall several times in his movie Annie Hall, as he explained, because I felt many of the people in the audience had the same feelings and the same problems. I wanted to talk to them directly and confront them, the John Hughes movie Ferris Buellers Day Off is another well-known fourth-wall-breaking movie. Bueller, played by Matthew Broderick, often turns to the camera, in the Mel Brooks film Blazing Saddles, the characters literally break the fourth wall. Breaking the fourth wall is an part of the ending of Alejandro Jodorowskys 1973 film The Holy Mountain. More recent examples include the 2016 film Deadpool, in which it is used as a device between the main character and the audience. On television, breaking the wall is rare, though it has been done throughout the history of the medium. George Burns did it numerous times on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show he starred in with his real-life wife Gracie Allen from 1950 to 1958. Its Garry Shandlings Show and Mrs. Browns Boys both have their title character walking between sets mid-scene, and the latter occasionally shows characters retaking fluffed lines. Another television character who breaks the fourth wall is Francis Urquhart in the British TV drama series House of Cards, To Play the King
30.
Robbery
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Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force or by putting the victim in fear. At common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to deprive the person of that property. Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions, under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas robbery is triable only on indictment. The word rob came via French from Late Latin words of Germanic origin, among the types of robbery are armed robbery involving use of a weapon and aggravated robbery involving use of a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or mugging takes place outside or in a place such as a sidewalk, street. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force, extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer to not do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions. Criminal slang for robbery includes blagging or stick-up, and steaming, in Canada, the Criminal Code makes robbery an indictable offence, subject to a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. If the accused uses a restricted or prohibited firearm to commit robbery, there is a minimum sentence of five years for the first offence. Robbery is an offence in the Republic of Ireland. Robbery is an offence in England and Wales. Aggravated theft Robbery is the offence of aggravated theft. Aggravated robbery There are no offences of aggravated robbery and this requires evidence to show a theft as set out in section 1 of the Theft Act 1968. In R v Robinson the defendant threatened the victim with a knife in order to recover money which he was actually owed and his conviction for robbery was quashed on the basis that Robinson had an honest, although unreasonable, belief in his legal right to the money. See also R v Skivington 1 QB166,2 WLR655,131 JP265,111 SJ72,1 All ER483,51 Cr App R167, CA. It was argued that the theft should be regarded as complete by this time, and R v Gomez, should apply, the threat or use of force must take place immediately before or at the time of the theft. Force used after the theft is complete will not turn the theft into a robbery, the words or immediately after that appeared in section 23 of the Larceny Act 1916 were deliberately omitted from section 8. The book Archbold said that the facts in R v Harman and it was held in R v Dawson and James that force is an ordinary English word and its meaning should be left to the jury. This approach was confirmed in R v Clouden and Corcoran v Anderton, stealing may involve a young child who is not aware that taking other persons property is not in order
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Gale Weathers
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Gale Weathers is a fictional character of the Scream series. The character was created by Kevin Williamson and is portrayed by Friends star Courteney Cox and she first appeared in Scream, followed by three sequels, Scream 2, Scream 3 and Scream 4. Cox was nominated for three awards for her work as Gale Weathers and won a Teen Choice Award for Film – Choice Chemistry shared with David Arquette, Gale Weathers is a news reporter for Top Story and author of The Woodsboro Murders. Gale has been punched by Sidney Prescott multiple times, Courteney Cox describes her character as a very strong willed, manipulative woman who just wants to make it and wants to be the best and biggest at what she is, which is a newscaster. Gale has had encounters with Ghostface, in one of her encounters she and Dewey are kissing. Dewey runs to Ghostface to stop him and Gale runs into a room and sees Dewey get stabbed. Gale was portrayed by Jennifer Jolie in the Stab film franchise, Gale was shot in the auditorium at Sidneys college. Gale has a complex relationship with Dewey Riley whom later marries her. When she arrives in Woodsboro with her cameraman, she is rude, bossy, Gale has chemistry throughout the film with Deputy Dewey Riley as they investigate the murders. When she finds her cameraman dead near Stus house, she enters the house and helps Sidney Prescott by shooting one of the serial killers, Gale Weathers second appearance was in Scream 2. She has written a book on the events that took place in the first film called The Woodsboro Murders that has turned into a film called Stab. Sidney, although grateful she saved her life, refuses to do an interview with Cotton Weary, Gale and Deweys relationship, although strained at first, eventually turns heated. The killer pursues Gale after repeatedly stabbing Dewey, who is left for dead, in the climax, Gale is brought in by Mrs. Loomis, known as Debbie Salt throughout the movie, to the school theater. Mickey shoots Gale after Mrs. Loomis shoots him and she falls off the stage, however, the bullet bounces off Gales ribs, allowing her to survive. Once the whole ordeal is over, Mickey suddenly springs to life and is shot to death by Sidney, during the end of the film, Gale finds out that Dewey is not dead and goes with him to the hospital to recover. The third appearance of Gale occurred in Scream 3, unlike the first two films, Gale has no intention of getting a good story or seeking fame. Instead, she merely wants conclusion over the mysterious past of Maureen Prescott, Gale is reunited with Dewey after meeting the actress who portrays her, Jennifer Jolie. Gale and Deweys relationship has been broken since the events of the second film, however, near the films end, they reconcile their relationship
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Marissa Jaret Winokur
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Some of her other TV credits include Curb Your Enthusiasm, Moesha, The Steve Harvey Show, Just Shoot Me. She was a contestant on the reality competition series Dancing With the Stars. Though she served as a co-host on the daytime talk show The Talk, she did not return in 2011, instead focusing on her clothing line. Winokur was born in New York City, the daughter of Maxine, a teacher, and Michael Winokur, Winokur was a cheerleader and captain of her high school soccer team at Fox Lane High School. She later studied at The American Musical and Dramatic Academy, graduating from the integrated program, Winokur won the 2003 Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical, Drama Desk Award, Theatre World Award, and Outer Critics Circle Award for her performance in Hairspray. After she started her run in Hairspray, Winokur was diagnosed with cancer and she underwent surgery later in 2003, after her recovery and declaration of being cancer-free, she was healthy enough to return to Broadway. It is said that while traveling to and from her surgery she sang Good Morning Baltimore. She made her first appearance on Broadway after successfully undergoing cancer treatment and she had previously appeared on Broadway as Pink Lady Jan in the revival of Grease. Winokur co-starred in the TV series Stacked, which starred Pamela Anderson and she also appeared on an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm where she lost a physical fight with Larry David over the first appointment at a doctors office. She was called Marissa Winokur in the episode, but was credited simply as Woman In Elevator, Marissa was set to star in a new comedy pilot for CBS titled Fugly, from the creator of My Name Is Earl. The show was pitched to FOX as a vehicle for Pamela Anderson. It was later revamped into a film and aired to poor reviews in 2007. She returned to Hairspray on December 9,2008 and played Tracy until the closing on January 4,2009. Winokur hosted the reality competition series Dance Your Ass Off on the Oxygen Network, the program began airing on CBS October 18,2010. On January 14,2011, she announced via People Magazine that she would leave The Talk to focus on her clothing line and she reprised the role of Tracy Turnblad in the Hollywood Bowl production of Hairspray, which ran from August 5–7,2011. Winokur joined the cast of TV Lands original sitcom Retired at 35 and she acted out the role of Amy, David’s sister, a sharp-tongued, quick-witted successful saleswoman for a pharmaceutical company with a bubbly personality. The character was originated by Casey Wilson in the shows pilot, Winokur was working on recording a childrens music album. Her rendition of the song Baby Face was featured on the soundtrack for the film Son of the Mask, Winokur has also lent her voice to several cartoon shows, including American Dad. and King of the Hill
