1.
Terre Haute, Indiana
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Terre Haute is a city in and the county seat of Vigo County, Indiana, United States, near the states western border with Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 60,785. Located along the Wabash River, Terre Haute is the capital of the Wabash Valley. The city is home to higher education institutions, including Indiana State University, Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College. Terre Haute is notable for being the home of Socialist Party of America leader and five-time presidential nominee, Debs and the Federal Correctional Complex. Terre Haute is located alongside the bank of the Wabash River in western Indiana. The city lies about 75 miles west of Indianapolis, according to the 2010 census, Terre Haute has a total area of 35.272 square miles, of which 34.54 square miles is land and 0.732 square miles is water. The Wabash River dominates the geography of the city, forming its western border. Small bluffs on the east side of city mark the edge of the flood plain. Lost Creek and Honey Creek drain the northern and southern sections of the city, in the late 19th century, several oil and mineral wells were productive in and near the center of the city. That well produced oil into the 1920s, Terre Haute is at the intersection of two major roadways, U. S.40 from California to Maryland and US41 from Copper Harbor, Michigan to Miami, Florida. Terre Haute is located 77 miles southwest of Indianapolis and within 185 miles of Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Dfa, Terre Hautes name was derived from the French phrase terre haute, meaning Highland. It was likely named by French explorers in the area in the early 18th century to describe the unique location above the Wabash River, at the time the area was claimed by the French and British, these highlands were considered the border between Canada and Louisiana. The construction of Fort Harrison in 1811 marked the beginning of a permanent population of European-Americans. A Wea Indian village already existed near the fort, and the orchards, the village of Terre Haute, then a part of Knox County, Indiana, was platted in 1816. Growth really began when the founders won the bid to make it the county seat when Vigo County was formed in March 1818. When the villages 1,000 residents voted to incorporate in 1832, Terre Haute became a town, early Terre Haute was a center of farming, milling and pork processing
Terre Haute, Indiana
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Downtown Terre Haute, looking southwest
Terre Haute, Indiana
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Clabber Girl factory complex
Terre Haute, Indiana
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Downtown Terre Haute.
Terre Haute, Indiana
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Vigo County Courthouse
2.
Van Nuys, California
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Van Nuys /vænˈnaɪz/ is a neighborhood in the central San Fernando Valley region of the city of Los Angeles, California. The town was founded in 1911, and named for Isaac Newton Van Nuys and it was annexed by Los Angeles on May 22,1915, after completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, providing it with the water required for further growth. Van Nuys was the first new stop on the San Fernando Line of the Pacific Electric Railway red cars system, which boosted its early land sales and commercial success. In 1991 Marvin Braude, a member of the Los Angeles City Council and this redesignated area included the community of Magnolia Woods. Some area residents had presented a petition and several original deeds that stated Sherman Oaks to Braude and they argued that the area was originally a part of Sherman Oaks until the 1960s, when ZIP codes labeling the area as Van Nuys were established. In 2014, A Great Streets project was introduced by Mayor Eric Garcetti with Van Nuys Blvd. to be redesigned between Victory Blvd. and Oxnard Street, also, Sepulveda Blvd. was resurfaced between Victory Blvd and Oxnard Street in May 2014. A new Los Angeles County services building is under construction on the southwest corner of Van Nuys Blvd. on February 14,2016, some 170 firefighters battled a fire at the abandoned Voyager Motel at 6500 N. Sepulveda Blvd. The 2000 U. S. census counted 103,770 residents in the 8. 99-square-mile Van Nuys neighborhood—or 11,542 people per square mile, in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 110,747. In 2000 the median age for residents was 28, considered young for city and county neighborhoods, the neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically within Los Angeles. The breakdown was Hispanics,60. 5%, whites,23. 1%, Asians,6. 4%, blacks, 6%, and others, 4%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 49. 8% of the residents who were born abroad—a high percentage for Los Angeles. There were 4,917 families headed by single parents, or 21. 3%, the median yearly household income in 2008 dollars was $41,134, considered average for the city but low for the county. The percentages of households that earned $40,000 or less were high for the county, renters occupied 73. 9% of the housing stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 26. 1%. Van Nuys Airport Van Nuys Boulevard Metro Orange Line bicycle path Van Nuys FlyAway Bus service Galpin Auto Sports — Pimp My Ride. Sound City Studios Los Angeles Fire Department operates Station 39, Station 90 Van Nuys Airport Area, Station 100 West Van Nuys, the Los Angeles Police Department operates the nearby Van Nuys Community Police Station at 6420 Sylmar Avenue,91401, serving the neighborhood. The U. S. Census Bureau operates the Los Angeles Regional Office in Van Nuys, the Social Security Administration operates a branch office on Van Nuys Boulevard north of Victory Boulevard in Van Nuys. The Van Nuys Recreation Area is in Van Nuys, the area has an auditorium and gymnasium with a capacity of 420 people, and a multipurpose/community room with a capacity of 20–25 people. The Van Nuys adjacent Sepulveda Basin Recreation Area to the west is an open space park behind Sepulveda Dam
Van Nuys, California
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Valley Municipal Building in Van Nuys
Van Nuys, California
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Boundaries of Van Nuys as drawn by the Los Angeles Times
Van Nuys, California
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Victory Boulevard (Eastbound toward The City of Burbank) at Sylmar Avenue, in Van Nuys.
Van Nuys, California
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Woodley Park picnic area
3.
Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
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Forest Lawn Memorial Park — Hollywood Hills is one of the six Forest Lawn Southern California cemeteries. It is located at 6300 Forest Lawn Dr, Los Angeles, CA90068, in the Hollywood Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. Forest Lawn — Hollywood Hills is a dedicated to the preservation of American history and hosts high-profile events such as an annual Veterans Day ceremony attended by dignitaries. The park features such sights as, The Court of Liberty features statues of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, at 162 feet long and 28 feet high, Birth of Liberty is the largest historical mosaic in the United States. It is composed of ten pieces of Venetian glass and depicts twenty-five scenes from early America. The Old North Church, a replica of Bostons historic church. The historical rooms have documents and mementos of the colonial period, the Hall of Liberty American History Museum has a copy of the Liberty Bell and other exhibits. The museum has a 1, 200-seat auditorium, monument to Washington, a marble and bronze tribute to Americas first president, created by sculptor Thomas Ball. Four of Washingtons generals are honored in the memorial, the Lincoln Terrace features a 16-foot bronze statue of the 16th president by Augustus St. Gaudens, flanked by a panoramic mosaic depicting key scenes from Lincolns life. The Plaza of Mesoamerican Heritage has indigenous/non-Christian sculptures by Meliton Salas Rodriguez, of Guadalajara, the first Forest Lawn, in Glendale, was founded in 1906 by businessmen who hired Dr. Hubert Eaton, a firm believer in a joyous life after death. Before it was a cemetery, Forest Lawn was a location used by directors such as Carl Laemmle. The climactic battle scenes for D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation were filmed there. The alternate names of the site are Providencia Flats, Nestor Ranch, Oak Ranch, Oak Crest Ranch, Universal Ranch/Universal City, Lasky Ranch. When Eaton made known his desire to open a second Forest Lawn location in the Hollywood Hills, the local residents protested vehemently. To circumvent the protesters, Mr. Eaton sent his staff to the county morgue to claim 6 John Does, in the morning, the protesters had no power because, by law, the property was now a cemetery. A mausoleum, for crypt or vault interments, a crematory and columbarium, for cinerary interments. A place where six or more bodies are buried. The new mortuary and cemetery opened in 1952, interred or entombed in the Hollywood Hills cemetery are many famous people, particularly from the entertainment industry
Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
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View from
Griffith Park
Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
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A section of the Birth of Liberty
mosaic
Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
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A large
Aztec calendar replica in the plaza
Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
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Bette Davis ' tomb
4.
Chico and the Man
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Chico and the Man is an American sitcom that aired on NBC for four seasons from September 13,1974 to July 21,1978. It was the first U. S. television series set in a Mexican-American neighborhood, Cheech and Chong have both stated that Komack had originally approached them to star in the show, but they turned down the offer, preferring to stick to films. Komack told the Associated Press that he first tried working with Cheech and Chong on a show about a Chicano, Komack said he decided to make the show about a young Chicano and a seventh-generation WASP after he and the comedy team couldnt get it together. A hard-drinking Anglo widower, Ed stubbornly refuses to fit in with the changing East L. A. neighborhood and has alienated most of the people who live around him. He uses ethnic slurs and berates Chico, a Latino, in an effort to get him to leave when Chico comes looking for a job. Yet Chico sees something in Ed, and sneaks back in at night to clean up the garage, as Ed sees all the effort Chico has put in, he begins to warm to Chico. Over the course of the show, Ed grows to see Chico as family, the chemistry between Jack Albertsons Ed and Freddie Prinzes Chico was a major factor in making the show a hit in its first two seasons. It debuted in the top 10 and remained there for the first two seasons, the show was created by James Komack, who produced other successful TV shows such as The Courtship of Eddies Father and Welcome Back, Kotter. Freddie Prinze was discovered by Komack after he appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in December 1973, Komack thought he would be perfect for the role of Chico Rodriguez. As the show progressed, Chicos background was revealed as being Mexican on his fathers side and Puerto Rican on his mothers side, Chico was revealed to have spent part of his childhood in Hungary following the death of his mother, being raised by his Aunt Connie. During this scene and this episode, the love between these characters was made clear for the first time, which Chicos cousin Carlos notes when he releases Chico from his promise. By the second season, Ed begins to see that he is a part of a bigger world, by this time he has found himself a girlfriend by the name of Flora. The theme song was written and performed by Jose Feliciano, after struggling with depression and drug use, Freddie Prinze shot himself on January 28,1977. He was taken off life support and died the day at the age of 22. The last episode to star Prinze, Ed Talks to God, was taped several hours before Prinzes death, after Prinzes death, the producers considered canceling the show, but opted instead to try replacing the character. To write Chico out of the script, they had the characters comment that he had gone to visit his father in Mexico. The third season finished out with episodes focusing on the characters in the show. Early in the season, a replacement for Chico was introduced
Chico and the Man
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Chico and the Man title screen
Chico and the Man
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Avery Schreiber (center) is a very unsuccessful fortune teller Ed and Chico try giving a hand.
5.
Stanley Kubrick
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Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history, Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945. This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas, the war picture Paths of Glory and the historical epic Spartacus. His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew, and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks, though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself. His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire, which he shared with his wife Christiane, became his workplace, where he did his writing, research, editing, and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete control over his films. His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers, Lolita and Dr. Strangelove and he often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie, which resulted in many conflicts with his casts. Despite the resulting notoriety among actors, many of Kubricks films broke new ground in cinematography, Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generations big bang, and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon, Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, with The Shining, he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots. His last film, Eyes Wide Shut, was completed shortly before his death in 1999, Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26,1928, in the Lying-In Hospital at 307 Second Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. He was the first of two children of Jacob Leonard Kubrick, known as Jack or Jacques, and his wife Sadie Gertrude Kubrick, known as Gert and his sister, Barbara Mary Kubrick, was born in May 1934. At Stanleys birth, the Kubricks lived in an apartment at 2160 Clinton Avenue in the Bronx, although his parents had been married in a Jewish ceremony, Kubrick did not have a religious upbringing, and would later profess an atheistic view of the universe. By the district standards of the West Bronx, the family was fairly wealthy, soon after his sisters birth, Kubrick began schooling in Public School 3 in the Bronx, and moved to Public School 90 in June 1938. Although his IQ was discovered to be average, his attendance was poor. He displayed an interest in literature from an age, and began reading Greek and Roman myths. When Kubrick was 12, his father Jack taught him chess, the game remained a lifelong interest of Kubricks, appearing in many scenes of his films. Kubrick himself, who became a member of the United States Chess Federation, explained that chess helped him develop patience. At the age of 13, Kubricks father bought him a Graflex camera and he became friends with a neighbor, Marvin Traub, who shared his passion for photography
Stanley Kubrick
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Kubrick with showgirl Rosemary Williams in 1949
Stanley Kubrick
Stanley Kubrick
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Kubrick photo of Chicago taken as photographer for Look magazine, 1949
Stanley Kubrick
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Kubrick at the age of 21
6.
The Shining (film)
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The film is based on Stephen Kings 1977 novel The Shining. The initial European release of The Shining was 25 minutes shorter than the American version, although contemporary responses from critics were mixed, assessment became more favorable in following decades, and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made. American director Martin Scorsese ranked it one of the 11 scariest horror movies of all time, critics, scholars, and crew members have discussed the films enormous influence on popular culture. Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain-isolated Overlook Hotel, which is 25 miles from the closest town, once hired, Jack plans to use the hotels solitude to write. The hotel, built on the site of a Native American burial ground, becomes snowed-in during the winter, manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself. In Boulder, Jacks son, Danny Torrance, has a premonition about the hotel, viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door. Jacks wife, Wendy, tells a doctor that Danny has a friend named Tony. The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour, the chef, Dick Hallorann, surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream. Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability, Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel, particularly room 237. Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a shine to it along with many memories and he also tells Danny to stay away from room 237. A month passes, while Jacks writing goes nowhere, Danny and Wendy explore the hotels hedge maze, Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall, and Danny has frightening visions. Jack, increasingly frustrated, starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts, Dannys curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the rooms door open. Later, Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter, after she awakens him, Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny. Danny arrives and is traumatized with a bruise on his neck. Jack wanders into the hotels Gold Room and meets a bartender named Lloyd. Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage, Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a crazy woman in one of the rooms attempted to strangle him. Jack investigates room 237, encountering the ghost of a dead woman, Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room, now filled with ghosts attending a ball. He meets the ghost of Grady who tells Jack that he must correct his wife and child, meanwhile, Hallorann grows concerned about whats going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado
The Shining (film)
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Theatrical release poster by
Saul Bass
The Shining (film)
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Saint Mary Lake with its Wild Goose Island is seen during the opening scene
The Shining (film)
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Exterior shots of the
Timberline Lodge were used to depict the fictional Overlook Hotel
The Shining (film)
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One of the sequences in which the camera tracks Danny, shot with a special low-pole version of the Steadicam developed for this film
7.
Meadowlark Lemon
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Meadow Lemon was an American basketball player, actor, and Christian minister. From 1994, he served Meadowlark Lemon Ministries in Scottsdale, Arizona, for 22 years, he was known as the Clown Prince of the touring Harlem Globetrotters basketball team. He played in more than 16,000 games for the Globetrotters and was a 2003 inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. When basketball legend Wilt Chamberlain was asked his opinion on the best player of all time, he responded, fellow Wilmington great Michael Jordan called Lemon a true national treasure and a personal inspiration in Jordans youth. Lemon was born in Wilmington, North Carolina, and attended Williston Industrial School and he then matriculated into Florida A&M University, but was soon drafted into the United States Army, serving for two years stationed in Austria and West Germany. Lemon made his first basketball hoop out of a sack and coat hanger. Lemon first applied to the Globetrotters in 1954 at age 22, in 1980, he left to form one of his Globetrotters imitators, the Bucketeers. He played with that team until 1983, then moved on to play with the Shooting Stars from 1984 to 1987, in 1988, he moved on to Meadowlark Lemons Harlem All Stars team. Despite being with his own touring team, Lemon returned to the Globetrotters, in 2000, Lemon received the John Bunn Award, the highest honor given by the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame outside of induction. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2003, the animated Globetrotters also made three appearances in The New Scooby-Doo Movies. In 1978, Lemon appeared in a memorable Burger King commercial by making a tower of burgers until he found a double-beef pickles, in 1983, Lemon appeared in a Charmin toilet paper commercial alongside Mr. Whipple. In 2009, on FOXs TV show The Cleveland Show, the name of Meadowlark Lemon was used for a name for the character of Rallo Tubbs. The dog died in the first season, in 1979, Lemon starred in the educational geography film Meadowlark Lemon Presents the World. It was several years before he became an ordained minister himself. Lemon has 10 children, Richard, George, Beverly, Donna, Robin, Jonathan, Jamison, Angela, Crystal, Lemons estranged first wife, Willye, pleaded guilty to simple assault after admitting to stabbing Lemon with a steak knife in 1978. After his first marriage ended in divorce, Lemon married Dr. Cynthia Lemon in 1994, a born-again Christian, Lemon became an ordained minister in 1986 and received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Vision International University in Ramona, California, in 1988. He was also featured as a singer within several Gaither Homecoming videos. In his last years, he took up residence in Scottsdale, Arizona, Lemon died in Scottsdale, Arizona on December 27,2015, at the age of 83
Meadowlark Lemon
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Meadowlark shooting at an exhibition game on an aircraft carrier
8.
Harlem Globetrotters
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The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team that combines athleticism, theater, and comedy. Over the years they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 122 countries and territories, the teams signature song is Brother Boness whistled version of Sweet Georgia Brown. Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie, the team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year. The team is owned by Herschend Family Entertainment. The executive offices for the team are located in suburban Atlanta, the Globetrotters originated in the south side of Chicago, Illinois, in the 1920s, where all the original players were raised. In 1928, several players left the team in a dispute and that autumn, several of the players, led by Tommy Brookins, formed a team called the Globe Trotters and toured Southern Illinois that spring. Abe Saperstein became involved with the team as its manager and promoter, by 1929, Saperstein was touring Illinois and Iowa with his basketball team called the New York Harlem Globe Trotters. In fact, the Globetrotters did not play in Harlem until 1968, the Globetrotters were perennial participants in the World Professional Basketball Tournament, winning it in 1940. In 1952, the Globetrotters invited Louis Red Klotz to create a team to them on their tours. This team, the Washington Generals, were the Globetrotters primary opponents up until 2015, the Generals were effectively stooges for the Globetrotters, with the Globetrotters handily defeating them in thousands of games. In 1959, the Globetrotters played nine games in Moscow after Saperstein received an invitation from Vasily Gricorevich, the team, which included Wilt Chamberlain, was welcomed enthusiastically by spectators and authorities, they met Premier Nikita Khrushchev and collectively received the Athletic Order of Lenin medal. However, according to one report, spectators were initially confused, A Soviet audience of 14,000 sat almost silently, as if in awe and it warmed up slightly in the second half when it realized the Trotters are more show than competition. The Globetrotters brought their own opponent—not the Washington Generals, but the San Francisco Chinese Basketeers, a review in Pravda stated, This is not basketball, it is too full of tricks but praised the Globetrotters skills and suggested that they have some techniques to show us. The American press—particularly Drew Pearson—made note of the fact that the Globetrotters were paid the equivalent of $4,000, which could be spent only in Moscow. The games were used as evidence that U. S. –Soviet relations were improving, that Moscow was backing off its criticism of race relations inside America, many famous basketball players have played for the Globetrotters. Greats such as Wee Willie Gardner, Connie The Hawk Hawkins, Wilt The Stilt Chamberlain, the Globetrotters signed their first female player, Olympic gold medalist Lynette Woodard, in 1985. The Globetrotters have featured 13 female players in their illustrious history, baseball Hall of Famers Ernie Banks, Bob Gibson, and Ferguson Jenkins also played for the team at one time or another. Because almost all of its players have been African American, and because of the involved in many of the Globetrotters skits
Harlem Globetrotters
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The Globetrotters playing with some spectators
Harlem Globetrotters
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Harlem Globetrotters
Harlem Globetrotters
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Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa Commander, Richard Hunt, meets with the Globetrotters in
Djibouti (2006)
Harlem Globetrotters
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The Globetrotters in
Salzburg (2007)
9.
Harlem Globetrotters (TV series)
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Harlem Globetrotters is a Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera and CBS Productions, featuring animated versions of players from the famous basketball team, Harlem Globetrotters. C. Gip Gipson, Bobby Joe Mason, and Paul Pablo Robertson, alongside their fictional bus driver and manager, Granny, and their dog mascot, Dribbles. The series worked to a formula where the team travels somewhere,22 episodes of Harlem Globetrotters were eventually produced,16 for the 1970-71 season, and six more for the 1971-72 season. Like many other Saturday morning cartoons of the era, the first-season episodes utilized a laugh track, by Season Two, the full laugh track was replaced by an inferior version created by the studio. After cancellation the animated Globetrotters made three appearances on Hanna-Barberas The New Scooby-Doo Movies in 1972 and 1973, Dribbles, who did not appear on the show, was in the theme song sequence, several references were also made to Granny who also did not appear. Hanna-Barbera produced an animated series starring the Globetrotters in 1979 called The Super Globetrotters. In spring 1999, TV Land aired repeats of Harlem Globetrotters on Saturday mornings as part of its TV Land Super Retrovision Saturdaze lineup, the series has not been rerun since. The series was a co-production of Hanna-Barbera and CBS Productions, syndication rights were originally held by Viacom Enterprises and later Paramount Domestic Television, formerly owned by CBS as its syndication arm. They are currently held by CBS Television Distribution, several stories in early issues were based on episodes of the TV show. The comic series lasted for 4 years and 12 issues through January 1975, a soundtrack album, The Globetrotters, was produced by Jeff Barry and released in 1970 by Kirshner Records, which featured tunes heard in episodes of the series. Don Kirshner served as supervisor for both the series and the record. Two singles were generated from this release, a cover of the Neil Sedaka tune Rainy Day Bells with former Cadillac J. R. Bailey on lead vocals. Globetrotter frontman Meadowlark Lemon was the member of the team to be actually involved with the project
Harlem Globetrotters (TV series)
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Title card for Hanna-Barbera's animated Harlem Globetrotters series.
10.
Jazz (Transformers)
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Jazz is the name of several fictional characters from the Transformers franchise. He is usually portrayed as a robot and speaks in slang. He is also Optimus Primes good friend and right-hand man, Jazz is the very cool, very stylish, very competent member of the Autobots in the Transformers television and comic series based on the popular toy line produced by Takara and Hasbro. His original vehicle mode is a Martini Porsche 935 turbo racing car, self-possessed, calm, and utterly collected, Jazz is Primes subordinate and first lieutenant of the Autobots, as well as head of Special Operations, with his own dedicated roster of agents. He often gives the most dangerous assignments to himself and its not a matter of ego—he just really is the coolest head for the toughest missions. Jazzs ease extends to whatever environment he finds himself in, no matter how weird or wonderful and he effortlessly tunes into the local culture, assimilating and improvising, and making creative command decisions, making him an indispensable right-hand bot to Optimus Prime. Jazz was one of the favorite Autobots of IGN, Jazz was among the Autobots who followed Optimus Prime on his mission aboard the Ark. They were attacked by Megatrons ship, the Nemesis, and crash landed on Earth, four million years later, in 1984, a volcanic eruption awakened the Arks computer, Teletran-I, and it repaired all on board. It reformatted Jazz in the form of an Earth race car, Jazz then became a regular character throughout the shows first two seasons serving as Optimus Primes second-in-command. In the episode Attack of the Autobots, he and Bumblebee were the only Autobots to avoid being brainwashed, but thanks to his new sound system and Sparkplugs attitude exchanger, the Autobots were able to be cured and the Decepticons plans were foiled. In the episode The God Gambit, Cosmos collected data in space on a new power source. Crashing on Saturns moon Titan, the local priests worshipped the Decepticons as Sky Gods, Optimus Prime sent Omega Supreme along with Perceptor and Jazz. Astrotrain set himself up as the god of the moon. The trip to Titan drained Omega of most of his energy, vowing to not let the Autobots gain the crystals, Astrotrain set up a chain reaction destroying them. The Autobots aided the natives to escape the explosion and helped settle in another area of the moon. In the episode Prime Target, the big game hunter Lord Cholmondeley captured a secret Soviet jet, Cholmondeley then set his sights on the ultimate trophy, the head of Optimus Prime. In order to lure Optimus in, Cholmondeley captured the Autobots Tracks, Bumblebee, Jazz, Beachcomber, Grapple, Blaster, Windcharger and Huffer were able to avoid being trapped. When Cosmos learned of the location where Cholmondeley was keeping the captured Autobots, although interrupted by Astrotrain and Blitzwings attempt to ally the Decepticons with Cholmondeley, Optimus defeated the big game hunter and freed the Autobots
Jazz (Transformers)
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Jazz/Meister
Jazz (Transformers)
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a Porsche 935 similar to the one which inspired the Diaclone toy which was repurposed as Jazz
Jazz (Transformers)
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The custom
Pontiac Solstice that represents Jazz's alternate mode
Jazz (Transformers)
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Animated Jazz toy
11.
Autobot
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The Heroic Autobots are opposed by the Evil Decepticons. Both Autobots and Decepticons are humanoid robots that can transform into machines, vehicles, Autobots typically transform into regular cars, trucks, or other road vehicles but some few are aircraft, military vehicles, communication devices, weapons, and even robotic animals. These Autobots are often grouped into teams that have the suffix -bot at the end. In Japan, the Autobots are called Cybertrons except in the series, Transformers Animated, and Transformers, Prime. In Italy, they are called Autorobots, the Autobot insignia is also sometimes referred to as an Autobrand in issue #14 of the Marvel Comics series. The descendants of the Autobots, the Maximals from Transformers, Beast Wars, are known as Cybertrons in Japan. In the Michael Bay live action films, as well as in the CGI-animated series Transformers, Prime, in all Transformers stories, the Autobots and their adversaries, the Decepticons, originated on the planet Cybertron. The planet is almost always depicted as a metallic body. The capital of Cybertron is Iacon, in later issues of the Marvel comic line, Cybertron is shown to have weather, such as rain. In most North American continuities, the Autobot commander is usually Optimus Prime, the Japanese Continuity, however, is more diverse, after Optimus Prime, the succession of commanders include Rodimus Prime, Fortress Maximus, God Ginrai, Victory Saber, and Dai Atlas. Many of these use the title of Prime, a direct linguistic descendant of Primus. It identifies the one Autobot Commander that is entrusted with the Creation Matrix, the Matrix is said to choose its own holder and when it is taken by a new leader, it transforms him into a larger, more powerful, wiser Autobot commander. Holders of the Matrix become one with the Matrix, such that when the holder dies, for a brief time, the Decepticon Thunderwing held the matrix, but when Optimus Prime reclaimed it, Thunderwings presence was purged from the Matrix. Many of the Transformers were based on Takara designs, Optimus Prime was among the first Transformers released from Hasbro in 1984. The character listing/mini-poster that came inside Transformer packaging identified him as Autobot Commander, the Generation 2 toyline featured a character named Autobot who transforms from a human wristwatch/time machine to a humanoid robot. Autobot originated in the 1983 Microman Micro Change line as MC-06 Watch Robo, in 1993, he was released directly by Takara in North America as part of Transformers, Generation 2, alongside Scorpia and the wristwatches of Superion, Galvatron, and Ultra Magnus. Both Autobots and Decepticons were created by Primus, in most continuities this is still the case. Though Marvels original series gave no other than benevolent self-image creation for Transformers
Autobot
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Cover to The Transformers #2 (November 1984). Art by Michael Golden.
Autobot
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Darkness Rising home video cover
12.
The Transformers (TV series)
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The Transformers is a half-hour American animated television series which originally aired from September 17,1984 to November 11,1987. The first of series in the Transformers franchise, it was based upon Hasbros Transformers toy line and depicts a war among giant robots that can transform into vehicles. Co-produced between Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions for first-run syndication, animation for the series was predominantly done by Toei Animation in Japan, the series was supplemented by a feature film, The Transformers, The Movie, taking place between the second and third seasons. The Transformers toyline and cartoon/animated series was inspired by the Japanese toyline, later still, in 1983, a Microman sub-line, MicroChange was introduced, featuring actual size items that transformed into robots, such as microcassettes, guns and toy cars. By 1984, U. S. regulators had removed many of the restrictions regarding the placement of promotional content within childrens television programming, the way was cleared for the new product-based television program. Hasbro had previously worked with Marvel Comics to develop G. I, oNeill declined to make said revisions, and the project was turned down by several writers and editors approached by Shooter until editor Bob Budiansky accepted the task. His designs were simplified by Floro Dery, who went on to become the lead designer for the series, creating many more concepts. The three-part pilot miniseries first aired in the United States in September 1984, the miniseries concludes with the Decepticons believed dead after their space cruiser is sent plunging into the ocean depths, while the Autobots prepare to return to Cybertron. The thirteen-episode first season, commissioned and produced before the pilot aired, was broadcast between October and December on Saturday mornings. A loose story arc centered on this technology spans the season, paraplegic computer expert, Chip Chase, joins Spike and Sparkplug as a new human ally for the Autobots. 49 further episodes were commissioned for the second season in 1985. Compared to the first season, season twos stories are more episodic, a new recurring human cast member was also added in the form of Spikes girlfriend Carly. Partway into the season, the remainder of the 1985 product line was introduced, to expand the line, however, Hasbro also licensed several toys from other companies, including Takaras Japanese competitor, Bandai. To promote these new toys even further in Japanese markets, a single Japanese-exclusive episode, Transformers, the gap between seasons two and three was bridged by The Transformers, The Movie, released to theaters in the summer of 1986. Young Autobot Hot Rod used the power of the Autobot talisman known as the Matrix of Leadership to become the new Autobot leader Rodimus Prime, and defeated the planet-eating robot world Unicron. The Decepticons, meanwhile, are in exile on the world of Chaar, led now by Galvatron—the rebuilt, upgraded form of Megatron. This season saw story-editing duties transfer from Marvel Productions to Sunbow, overseen by Flint Dille, Marv Wolfman, the Return of Optimus Prime aired in March 1987. The series came to a close in November 1987 with the broadcast of the fourth season, the series concluded with the successful restoration of Cybertron at last, but the Decepticons stole the final scene, their threat not yet quashed
The Transformers (TV series)
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The American and Japanese logos
13.
The Transformers: The Movie
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The Transformers, The Movie is a 1986 American animated science fiction action adventure film based on the animated TV series by the same name. It was released in North America on August 8,1986 and it also marked the final roles for both Orson Welles, who died the year before its release, and Scatman Crothers, who died months after its release. The story takes place in 2005,20 years after the events of the TV series second season, the film features several grand battles in which a handful of major characters meet their end. The films tagline was, Beyond good, the next day, Optimus and the Dinobots arrive as reinforcements. Optimus single-handedly defeats the Decepticons and engages Megatron in a battle that leaves both of them mortally wounded. On his death bed, Optimus passes the Matrix of Leadership to Ultra Magnus, informing him that its power will light the Autobots darkest hour, elsewhere, the Decepticons jettison their wounded from Astrotrain, including Megatron at the hands of his treacherous second-in-command Starscream. The wounded are found by Unicron, a gigantic sentient cyber-planet who consumes other planets, Unicron offers Megatron a new body in exchange for destroying the Matrix, which has the ability to destroy him. Megatron agrees and is converted into Galvatron, gaining new troops from the other Decepticons present, going to Cybertron, Galvatron crashes Starscreams coronation as Decepticon commander and destroys him, before travelling to Autobot City to eliminate Ultra Magnus. The surviving Autobots escape in separate shuttles which are damaged by the Decepticons, Hot Rod and Kup are taken prisoner by the Quintessons, multi-faced tyrants who hold kangaroo courts and execute prisoners by feeding them to the Sharkticons. Hot Rod and Kup learn of Unicron from Kranix, a survivor of Lithone – a planet devoured by Unicron. After Kranix is executed, Hot Rod and Kup escape their own trial, aided by the arrival of the Dinobots and the small Autobot Wheelie, who helps them find a ship to leave the planet. The other Autobots land on the Junk Planet, where Galvatron kills Ultra Magnus and seizes the Matrix, the Autobots reunite and befriend the local Junkions, led by Wreck-Gar, who then rebuild Magnus. Learning Galvatron has the Matrix, the Autobots and Junkions fly to Cybertron, the Autobots crash their spaceship through Unicrons eye but are separated. Daniel rescues his father Spike and Jazz, Bumblebee, and Cliffjumper from being devoured, Hot Rod confronts Galvatron, who tries to form an alliance, but is forced into attacking Hot Rod by Unicron. Hot Rod obtains the Matrix, which converts him into Rodimus Prime, Rodimus tosses Galvatron into space and uses the Matrixs power to destroy Unicron from the inside. The Autobots celebrate the end of the war and the retaking of Cybertron, the film was budgeted at $6 million, six times greater than the budget used to create 90 minutes of the regular cartoon series. According to Shin, the decisions on which characters to include or kill off were made by Hasbro and they created the story using characters that could best be merchandised for the film. Only with that consideration could I have freedom to change the storyline, the Transformers, The Movie was the final film to which Orson Welles contributed
The Transformers: The Movie
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Original theatrical poster
14.
Hong Kong Phooey
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Hong Kong Phooey is a 30-minute Saturday morning animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and broadcast on ABC from September 7,1974, to December 21,1974. It was a parody of kung fu shows and movies of the time, the main character, Hong Kong Phooey himself, is the clownishly clumsy secret identity of Penrod Penry Pooch, working at a police station as a mild-mannered janitor under the glare of Sergeant Flint. He fights crime relying on his copy of The Hong Kong Book of Kung Fu, however, his successes are only either thanks to Spot, who provides a solution to the challenges, or the direct result of a comically unintended side effect of his conscious efforts. The background was designed by Lorraine Andrina and Richard Khim, each episode begins with Rosemary, the telephone operator, getting a call and explaining the crime to Sergeant Flint. After sliding behind an ironing board to the floor below, he bounces off an old sofa, through a window, into a dumpster outside. Even when he crashes into, harms, or otherwise inconveniences a civilian, the passer-by feels honored, as opposed to being annoyed or embarrassed, when they see who did it. One example was when he drove the Phooeymobile through wet cement, splattering the workers, Hong Kong Phooey was voiced by Scatman Crothers. Sergeant Flint was voiced by Joe E. Ross, best known as Officer Gunther Toody in the early 60s television series Car 54, as Flint, Ross revived Toodys famous Ooh. Sergeant Flint was very similar both in voice and appearance to Botch, assistant zookeeper at the Wonderland Zoo on Help and its the Hair Bear Bunch, whom Ross also voiced. The final episode, Comedy Cowboys, was a pilot for a new series. In this two-part episode, several new characters appeared and helped to clear Hong Kong Phooey of a crime he did not commit. These characters later appeared in their own continuing segment, Posse Impossible on CB Bears, like many animated series created by Hanna-Barbera in the 1970s, the show used the limited Hanna-Barbera laugh track. The show’s theme song, titled Hong Kong Phooey, was written and composed by Hoyt Curtin, William Hanna, and Joseph Barbera, and was sung by lead character-voice provider Scatman Crothers. A cover of the theme song, performed by Sublime, is included on the 1995 tribute album Saturday Morning, Cartoons Greatest Hits. On August 15,2006, Warner Home Video released the series on 2-disc DVD in Region 1. The DVD set includes commentary on select episodes as well as a documentary of the show from its development through its legacy, the set also includes production designs, never-before-seen original artwork, new interviews, and the special feature Hong Kong Phooey—The Batty Bank Gang, The Complete Storyboard. The series is available in the UK as a Region 2 two-disc set. The shorts Car Thieves and Zoo Story were also released on a 1970s Saturday morning cartoon compilation, while Penry appears identical to the original incarnation, Hong Kong Phooey is a much larger, cut, and highly competent and skilled fighter—even without Spot the cat
Hong Kong Phooey
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Hong Kong Phooey
Hong Kong Phooey
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Mosaic in Hong Kong by
Invader
15.
Disney
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The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
Disney
–
The
Walt Disney Studios (corporate headquarters).
Disney
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The Walt Disney Company
Disney
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The building in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926
Disney
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Original poster for Flowers and Trees (1932).
16.
The Aristocats
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The Aristocats is a 1970 American animated musical adventure-romantic comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by Buena Vista Distribution. The film features the voices of Eva Gabor, Hermione Baddeley, Phil Harris, Dean Clark, Sterling Holloway, Scatman Crothers, and Roddy Maude-Roxby. Following two years of re-writes, Walt Disney suggested the project would be suitable for an animated film. The Aristocats was released on December 11,1970, to positive reception, in Paris in 1910, mother cat Duchess and her three kittens, Marie, Berlioz, and Toulouse, live with retired opera diva Madame Adelaide Bonfamille, and her English butler, Edgar. One day while preparing her will with lawyer Georges Hautecourt, Madame declares her fortune to be left to her cats until their deaths, Edgar hears this through a speaking tube, and plots to eliminate the cats. Therefore, he sedates the cats by putting sleeping pills in a milk mixture intended for them, in the morning, Duchess meets an alley cat named Thomas OMalley, who offers to guide her and the kittens to Paris. The group briefly hitchhikes in a truck before being chased off by the driver. Edgar returns to the country to retrieve his possessions from Napoleon and Lafayette, travelling across the rooftops of the city, the cats meet OMalleys friend Scat Cat and his musicians, who perform the song Evrybody Wants to Be a Cat. After the band has departed, OMalley and Duchess converse on a rooftop while the kittens listen at a windowsill. Here, Duchesss loyalty to Madame prompts her to decline OMalleys proposal of marriage, Duchess and the kittens return to Madames mansion, but Edgar places them in a sack and prepares to ship them to Timbuktu, whereupon they direct Roquefort to retrieve OMalley. He does so, and OMalley returns to the mansion, instructing Roquefort to locate Scat Cat and this done, the alley cats and Frou-Frou fight Edgar, while Roquefort frees Duchess and the kittens. At the end of the fight, Edgar is locked in his own packing-case, Madame Adelaides will is rewritten to exclude Edgar, with Madame remaining ignorant of the reason for Edgar’s departure. After adopting O’Malley into the family, Madame establishes a charity foundation housing Pariss stray cats. Eva Gabor as Duchess - Madame Adelaides cat and mother of three kittens, but forced to choose between loyalty to Madame and her own attachment to Thomas OMalley, until the end of the film, Robie Lester provided the singing voice for Duchess. Phil Harris as Thomas OMalley – A feral cat who befriends Duchess and her kittens, becoming a figure to the kittens. Gary Dubin as Toulouse - the oldest kitten, who idolizes all alley-cats and he is also a talented painter. Liz English as Marie - Second-eldest kitten, often imperious or snobbish to her brothers, Dean Clark as Berlioz - the youngest kitten. He is somewhat timid and shy, but a talented pianist, Roddy Maude-Roxby as Edgar Balthazar - Madame Adelaides butler who tries to get rid of the cats in order to inherit her fortune
The Aristocats
–
Original theatrical release poster
17.
WING
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A wing is a type of fin that produces lift, while moving through air or some other fluid. As such, wings have a shape, a streamlined cross-sectional shape. A wings aerodynamic efficiency is expressed as its lift-to-drag ratio, the lift a wing generates at a given speed and angle of attack can be one to two orders of magnitude greater than the total drag on the wing. A high lift-to-drag ratio requires a significantly smaller thrust to propel the wings through the air at sufficient lift, lifting structures used in water, include various foils, including hydrofoils. Hydrodynamics is the science, rather than aerodynamics. Applications of underwater foils occur in hydroplanes, sailboats and submarines, the word wing from the Old Norse vængr for many centuries referred mainly to the foremost limbs of birds. In nature wings have evolved in dinosaurs, birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, Wing forms in nature The design and analysis of the wings of aircraft is one of the principal applications of the science of aerodynamics, which is a branch of fluid mechanics. The properties of the airflow around any moving object can - in principle - be found by solving the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics, however, except for simple geometries these equations are notoriously difficult to solve. Fortunately, simpler explanations can be described, for a wing to produce lift, it must be oriented at a suitable angle of attack relative to the flow of air past the wing. When this occurs the wing deflects the airflow downwards, turning the air as it passes the wing, since the wing exerts a force on the air to change its direction, the air must exert a force on the wing, equal in size but opposite in direction. This force manifests itself as differing air pressures at different points on the surface of the wing, a region of lower-than-normal air pressure is generated over the top surface of the wing, with a higher pressure on the bottom of the wing. The lower air pressure on the top of the wing generates a smaller force on the top of the wing than the upward force generated by the higher air pressure on the bottom of the wing. Hence, a net force acts on the wing. This force is called the lift generated by the wing, the different velocities of the air passing by the wing, the air pressure differences, the change in direction of the airflow, and the lift on the wing are intrinsically one phenomenon. It is, therefore, possible to lift from any of the other three. For example, the lift can be calculated from the differences, or from different velocities of the air above and below the wing. Fluid dynamics offers other approaches to solving these problems—and all produce the same answers if done correctly, air velocity on the bottom of a wing is higher than that on the top, while the wing is generating lift. Wings with a cross section are the norm in subsonic flight
WING
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A
laughing gull with its wings extended in the
gull wing profile
WING
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A flying bat
WING
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A
swept wing KC-10 Extender (top)
refuels a trapezoidal-wing
F-22 Raptor
WING
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The wing of a landing
BMI Airbus A319-100. The
slats at its
leading edge and the
flaps at its
trailing edge are extended.
18.
Dayton, Ohio
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Dayton is the sixth-largest city in the U. S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Montgomery County. A small portion of the city extends into Greene County, the Dayton-Springfield-Greenville Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,080,044 in 2010, making it the 43rd-largest in the United States. Dayton is within Ohios Miami Valley region, just north of the Cincinnati–Northern Kentucky metropolitan area, Dayton also hosts significant research and development in fields like industrial, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering that have led to many technological innovations. Much of this innovation is due in part to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, with the decline of heavy manufacturing, Daytons businesses have diversified into a service economy that includes insurance and legal sectors as well as healthcare and government sectors. Other than defense and aerospace, healthcare accounts for much of the Dayton areas economy, hospitals in the Greater Dayton area have an estimated combined employment of nearly 32,000 and a yearly economic impact of $6.8 billion. It is estimated that Premier Health Partners, a network, contributes more than $2 billion a year to the region through operating, employment. In 2011, Dayton was rated the No.3 city in the out of the top 50 cities in the United States by HealthGrades for excellence in health care. Many hospitals in the Dayton area are consistently ranked by Forbes, U. S. News & World Report, and HealthGrades for clinical excellence. Dayton is also noted for its association with aviation, the city is home to the National Museum of the United States Air Force and is the birthplace of Orville Wright, other well-known individuals born in the city include poet Paul Laurence Dunbar and entrepreneur John H. Patterson. Dayton is also known for its patents, inventions, and inventors that have come from the area. In 2008,2009, and 2010, Site Selection magazine ranked Dayton the No.1 mid-sized metropolitan area in the nation for economic development, also in 2010, Dayton was named one of the best places in the United States for college graduates to find a job. Dayton was founded on April 1,1796, by 12 settlers known as The Thompson Party and they traveled in March from Cincinnati up the Great Miami River by pirogue and landed at what is now St. Clair Street, where they found two small camps of Native Americans. Among them was Benjamin Van Cleve, whose memoirs provide insights into the Ohio Valleys history, two other groups traveling overland arrived several days later. In 1797, Daniel C. Cooper laid out Mad River Road, Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1803, and the city of Dayton was incorporated in 1805. The city was named after Jonathan Dayton, a captain in the American Revolutionary War who signed the U. S, constitution and owned a significant amount of land in the area. Historically, Dayton has been the home for many patents and inventions since the 1870s, according to the National Park Service, citing information from the U. S. Patent Office, Dayton had granted more patents per capita than any other U. S. city in 1890, the Wright brothers, inventors of the airplane, and Charles F. Kettering, world-renowned for his numerous inventions, hailed from Dayton. Paul Laurence Dunbar – a famous African-American poet and novelist – penned his most famous works in the late 19th century, innovation led to business growth in the region
Dayton, Ohio
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Dayton, Ohio
Dayton, Ohio
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Seal
Dayton, Ohio
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Dayton in 1870
Dayton, Ohio
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C-5 Galaxy at Wright-Patterson AFB
19.
Scat singing
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In vocal jazz, scat singing is vocal improvisation with wordless vocables, nonsense syllables or without words at all. Scat singing is a technique that requires singers with the ability to sing improvised melodies. Though scat singing is improvised, the lines are often variations on scale and arpeggio fragments, stock patterns and riffs. As well, scatting usually incorporates musical structure, will Friedwald has compared Ella Fitzgerald to Chuck Jones directing his Roadrunner cartoon—each uses predetermined formulas in innovative ways. The deliberate choice of scat syllables also is a key element in vocal jazz improvisation, syllable choice influences the pitch articulation, coloration, and resonance of the performance. Syllable choice also differentiated jazz singers personal styles, Betty Carter was inclined to use sounds like louie-ooie-la-la-la while Sarah Vaughan would prefer shoo-doo-shoo-bee-ooo-bee, the choice of scat syllables can also be used to reflect the sounds of different instruments. Humor is another important element of scat singing, cab Calloway exemplified the use of humorous scatting. In addition to such uses of language, humor is communicated in scat singing through the use of musical quotation. Leo Watson, who performed before the canon of American popular music and this is called using a compression. The 1958 song The Witch Doctor by Ross Bagdasarian Sr. creator of Alvin, Ella Fitzgerald, who performed later, was able to draw extensively on popular music in her singing. For example, in her 1960 recording of How High the Moon live in Berlin, she quotes over a dozen songs, including The Peanut Vendor, Heat Wave, A-Tisket, A-Tasket, and Smoke Gets in Your Eyes. Though Louis Armstrongs 1926 recording of Heebie Jeebies is often cited as the first song to employ scatting, one early master of ragtime scat singing was Gene Greene who recorded scat choruses in his song King of the Bungaloos and several others between 1911 and 1917. Entertainer Al Jolson scatted through a few bars in the middle of his 1911 recording of That Haunting Melody, Gene Greens 1917 From Here to Shanghai, which featured faux-Chinese scatting, and Gene Rodemichs 1924 Scissor Grinder Joe and Some of These Days also pre-date Armstrong. Cliff Ukulele Ike Edwards scatted an interlude on his 1923 Old Fashioned Love in lieu of using an instrumental soloist, harry Barris, one of Paul Whitemans The Rhythm Boys, along with Bing Crosby, scatted on several songs, including Mississippi Mud, which Barris wrote in 1927. One of the female singers to use scat was Aileen Stanley. Jelly Roll Morton credited Joe Sims of Vicksburg, Mississippi, as the creator of scat around the turn of the 20th century. Morton, Oh and that was way before Louis Armstrongs time. By the way, scat is something that a lot of people dont understand, but I must take the credit away, since I know better. The first man ever did a scat number in history of this country was a man from Vicksburg, Mississippi, by the name of Joe Sims
Scat singing
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Ella Fitzgerald is generally considered to be one of the greatest scat singers in jazz history.
Scat singing
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Paul Berliner has suggested that scat singing arose from instrumental soloists like
Louis Armstrong (pictured) formulating jazz riffs vocally.
20.
Arthur Godfrey
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Arthur Morton Godfrey was an American radio and television broadcaster and entertainer who was sometimes introduced by his nickname, The Old Redhead. An on-air incident undermined his image and resulted in a gradual decline. One of the mediums early master commercial pitchmen, he was identified with many of his sponsors, especially Chesterfield cigarettes. Subsequently, he became a prominent spokesman for anti-smoking education, Godfrey was born in Manhattan in 1903. His mother, Kathryn Morton Godfrey, was from a well-to-do Oswego, New York, family which disapproved of her marriage to an older Englishman, Arthurs father Arthur Hanbury Godfrey. The senior Godfrey was a sportswriter and considered an expert on surrey and hackney horses, by 1915, when Arthur was 12, the family had moved to Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey. Arthur, the eldest of five children, tried to help them survive by working before and after school, by 15 he was a civilian typist at Camp Merritt, New Jersey, and enlisted in the Navy two years later. Godfreys father was something of a thinker by the standards of the era. He did not disdain organized religion but insisted that his children explore all faiths before deciding for themselves which to embrace and their childhood friends included Catholic, Jewish and every kind of Protestant playmates. The senior Godfrey was friends with the Vanderbilts, but was as likely to spend his time talking with the man or the hotdog vendor about issues of the day. They rode the back and forth three times, with their father arguing with the man that the Klan was a bunch of Blasted, bigoted fools. Godfreys mother, Kathryn, was a gifted artist and composer whose aspirations to fame were laid aside to care of her family after her husband, Arthur or Darl. The one household item that was never sold or turned into firewood was the piano, in her later years some of her compositions were performed by symphony orchestras in Canada, which earned her a mention in Time. In 1957, at the age of 78, her sauciness made her a big hit with the audience when she appeared on Groucho Marxs quiz show You Bet Your Life and she died of cancer in 1968 at a nursing home in a suburb north of Chicago. Godfrey served in the United States Navy from 1920 to 1924 as an operator on naval destroyers. Additional radio training came during Godfreys service in the Coast Guard from 1927 to 1930 and he passed a stringent qualifying examination and was admitted to the prestigious Radio Materiel School at the Naval Research Laboratory, graduating in 1929. It was during a Coast Guard stint in Baltimore that on October 5 of that year he appeared on a talent show. The announcers spoke in stentorian tones, as if giving a speech to a crowd
Arthur Godfrey
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Godfrey in 1953
Arthur Godfrey
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Godfrey spoke directly to his listeners as individuals; he was a foremost pitchman into the TV era
Arthur Godfrey
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In this CBS publicity photo of Arthur Godfrey Time, vocalist Patti Clayton is seen at the far right and Godfrey sits in the foreground. Clayton, the original 1944 voice of
Chiquita Banana, was married to Godfrey's director, Saul Ochs.
Arthur Godfrey
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Godfrey at the 1948 ceremony marking the 100th anniversary of the Washington Monument
21.
Cleveland
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Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
22.
Speakeasy
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A speakeasy, also called a blind pig or blind tiger, is an illicit establishment that sells alcoholic beverages. Such establishments came into prominence in the United States during the Prohibition era, during that time, the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcoholic beverages was illegal throughout the United States. Speakeasies largely disappeared after Prohibition was ended in 1933, and the term is now used to describe some retro style bars, according to an 1889 newspaper, Unlicensed saloons in Pennsylvania are known as speak-easies. They were so called because of the practice of speaking quietly about such a place in public, or when inside it, the phrase, speak softly shop, meaning a smugglers house, appeared in a British slang dictionary published in 1823. Many years later, in Prohibition-era America, the became a common name to describe a place to get a drink. Different names for speakeasies were created, the terms blind pig and blind tiger originated in the United States in the 19th century. These terms were applied to lower-class establishments that sold alcoholic beverages illegally, the operator of an establishment would charge customers to see an attraction and then serve a complimentary alcoholic beverage, thus circumventing the law. In desperate cases it has to betake itself to the exhibition of Greenland pigs and other animals, charging 25 cents for a sight of the pig. Are in a place called a blind tiger, drinking the very bad whiskey for which Prohibition is indirectly responsible. Blind tiger also referred to illegal drinking establishment in which the identity was concealed. A drawer runs into a wall of what appears to be a billiard saloon. You pull out the drawer, drop in your change, shove the drawer back, call for what you want and then out the drawer again and there it is. Nobody is heard or seen, and the tiger, apparently without any keeper. Speakeasies, though illegal, were numerous and popular during the Prohibition years, some were operated by people who were part of organized crime. Even though police and agents of the Bureau of Prohibition would often raid them and arrest their owners and patrons, the speakeasy soon became one of the biggest parts of American culture during this time. Several changes happened as speakeasies formed, one was with integration, with black and tans, people of all races, black or white, would gather together and even mingle. People would mix together and have few or no problems, another change that occurred was more participation from women. Many businesses would set up their speakeasies to attract women to get more profits, women also began to insert themselves into the business of speakeasies
Speakeasy
–
New York's
21 Club was a Prohibition-era speakeasy.
Speakeasy
–
The Mayflower Club, an upmarket speakeasy in
Washington, DC. It offered liquor and gambling.
23.
Al Capone
–
Alphonse Gabriel Al Capone, sometimes known by the nickname Scarface, was an American gangster who attained fame during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as crime boss ended when he was 33 years old, Capone was born in Brooklyn in New York City to Italian immigrants. He was considered a Five Points Gang member who became a bouncer in organized crime such as brothels. A conflict with the North Side Gang was instrumental in Capones rise, Torrio went into retirement after North Side gunmen almost killed him, handing control to Capone. Capone apparently reveled in attention, such as the cheers from spectators when he appeared at ball games and he made donations to various charities and was viewed by many to be a modern-day Robin Hood. The federal authorities became intent on jailing Capone, and they prosecuted him for tax evasion in 1931, a federal crime and a novel strategy during the era. During the highly publicized case, the judge admitted as evidence Capones admissions of his income, Capone was convicted and sentenced to 11 years in federal prison. After conviction, he replaced his old team with experts in tax law, and his grounds for appeal were strengthened by a Supreme Court ruling. He was already showing signs of syphilitic dementia early in his sentence, on January 25,1947, Capone died of cardiac arrest after suffering a stroke. Al Capone was born in Brooklyn in New York City on January 17,1899 and his parents were Italian immigrants Gabriele Capone and Teresa Capone. His father was a barber and his mother was a seamstress, ralph and Frank worked with him in his criminal empire. Frank did so until his death on April 1,1924, ralph ran the bottling companies early on, and was also the front man for the Chicago Outfit for some time until he was imprisoned for tax evasion in 1932. Gabriele Capone worked at a barber shop at 29 Park Avenue. When Al was 11, the Capone family moved to 38 Garfield Place in Park Slope, Capone showed promise as a student, but had trouble with the rules at his strict parochial Catholic school. His schooling ended at the age of 14, after he was expelled for hitting a teacher in the face. He worked at odd jobs around Brooklyn, including a candy store, during this time, Capone was influenced by gangster Johnny Torrio, whom he came to regard as a mentor. Capone initially became involved with gangs that included the Junior Forty Thieves. He then joined the Brooklyn Rippers, and then the powerful Five Points Gang based in Lower Manhattan, during this time, he was employed and mentored by fellow racketeer Frankie Yale, a bartender in a Coney Island dance hall and saloon called the Harvard Inn
Al Capone
–
Al Capone in 1930
Al Capone
–
Albert Francis "Sonny" Capone with his mother, Teresa
Al Capone
–
Unemployed men outside a soup kitchen opened by Al Capone in Chicago during the
Depression, 1931
Al Capone
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The St. Valentine's Day Massacre damaged Capone's image in the public mind
24.
Oakland, California
–
Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
Oakland, California
–
Oakland skyline, with the old eastern span of the
San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge in background
Oakland, California
–
1857 Map of Oakland
Oakland, California
–
One day's output of 1917
Chevrolet automobiles at their major
West Coast plant, now the location of
Eastmont Town Center
Oakland, California
–
In 1924, the
Tribune Tower was completed; in 1976, it was restored and declared an Oakland landmark.
25.
The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show
–
The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show, a comedy radio program which ran on NBC from 1948 to 1954, evolved from an earlier music and comedy variety program, The Fitch Bandwagon. Alice Faye, Oh, Phil, are you ready, Phil Harris, Darn, you made me swallow a bobby pin. Harris had been a mainstay and musical director for The Jack Benny Program and their marriage provoked a 1941 episode of the Benny show. The growing popularity of the Harris-Faye family sketches turned the program into their own comic vehicle by 1947, when announcer Bill Foreman hailed, Good health to all. The show was a success and its position in that powerhouse NBC Sunday lineup didnt hurt. References to his hair and vanity became a running gag, Harris often passed wisecracks about buddy Frank Remleys taste for the spirits, a contrast to Harris former Benny character. In the closing, Foreman said, Alice Faye appears through the courtesy of 20th Century Fox, gerald S. Harriss radio character was also scripted as an occasional language and context mangler, six parts Gracie Allen and half a dozen parts Yogi Berra. The sardonic humor that laced the show was far beyond the gentility of that show which featured a bandleader and his singing wife, The Adventures of Ozzie. Legendary character actor Gale Gordon appeared frequently as Mr. Scott, each show was bookended by a serious Rexall commercial, narrated by a sonorous, sober-sounding Rexall Family Druggist, played by veteran film supporting actor Griff Barnett. Another involved Harriss continuous misidentifications of the Rexall brand —when he remembered them at all, Rexall did not mind the jokes that referred to the company or brought the company briefly into a full scene. It did not even mind that the Scott character himself could be seen as satirizing the company more than promoting it, Rexall sponsored The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show through 1950. After a self-sustaining period, RCA Victor picked up the show through the end of 1954 and that didnt stop Gordon from continuing his recurring role as Mr. Scott—this time representing RCA Victor and with the same satirical edge. The sponsorship switch to RCA also brought the Harrises a family pet, sometimes, Harris would address the dog with an allusion to the painting, Sit, boy. Harriss character was often led into trouble by his buddy, guitarist, what would you do without me, Curly. Remley might ask Harris, who would shoot back, The same thing youre doing with me—be a moron. When Benny moved his show from NBC to CBS in 1949, since the two radio shows ran consecutively, Benny at 5 p. m. Pacific Time,8 p. m. In the fall of 1951, the moved to 8 p. m. Eastern Time. During the final season, it aired on Fridays at 9 p. m. Eastern Time, child impersonator Walter Tetley played obnoxious delivery boy Julius, who had sarcastic one-liners for Harris and Remley and a crush on Faye—at least, until he married sponsor rep Scotts daughter
The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show
–
Alice Faye and Phil Harris in 1947 NBC promotional art by
Sam Berman
The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show
–
Harris and Faye in 1950.
26.
Los Angeles
–
Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
27.
Slim Gaillard
–
Bulee Slim Gaillard, also known as McVouty, was an American jazz singer and songwriter who played piano, guitar, vibraphone and tenor saxophone. Gaillard was noted for his comedic vocalese singing and word play in his own constructed language called Vout-O-Reenee and he also spoke at least six other languages with varying degrees of fluency. He rose to prominence in the late 1930s with hits such as Flat Foot Floogie and Cement Mixer, after forming Slim, during World War II, Gaillard served as a bomber pilot in the Pacific. In 1944, he resumed his career and performed with notable jazz musicians such as Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie. In the 1960s and 1970s, he acted in films—sometimes as himself—and also appeared in bit parts in series such as Roots. In the 1980s, Gaillard resumed touring the circuit of European jazz festivals, along with Gaillards date of birth, his family lineage and place of birth are disputed. During an interview in 1989, Gaillard added, They all think I was born in Detroit because that was the first place I got into when I got to America. However, the 1920 census lists one Beuler Gillard as living in Pensacola, Florida, according to the obituaries in leading newspapers, Gaillards putative childhood in Cuba was spent cutting sugar-cane and picking bananas, as well as occasionally going to sea with his father. At the age of twelve, he accompanied his father on a voyage and was accidentally left behind on the island of Crete. After acquiring a few words of Greek, he worked on the island for a while, making shoes and he then joined a ship working the eastern Mediterranean ports, mainly Beirut, where he picked up some knowledge of Arabic. When he was about 15, he re-crossed the Atlantic, hoping the ship would take him home to Cuba and he never saw either of his parents again. In Detroit, Gaillard first worked doing odd jobs in a store owned by an Armenian family, with whom he lived for some time. During 1931 or 1932, when Prohibition was still in force, some sources state that he apparently also worked in an abattoir and trained as a mortician. While working for the Purple Gang, he attended evening classes in music and taught himself to play guitar, piano, when Duke Ellington came to Detroit, Gaillard managed to go backstage and meet his hero. I like you, said Duke, because youre studying music properly, determined to become a musical entertainer, Gaillard moved to New York City and entered the world of show business as a professional amateur. The duo performs in the 1941 movie Hellzapoppin, Gaillards appeal was similar to Cab Calloway and Louis Jordan in that he presented a hip style with broad appeal. One such performance is celebrated in the 1957 novel On the Road by Jack Kerouac. In 1943, Gaillard was drafted in the United States Army Air Forces and qualified as a pilot flying B-26 bombers in the Pacific, in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Gaillard frequently opened at Birdland for such greats as Charlie Parker, Flip Phillips, and Coleman Hawkins
Slim Gaillard
–
Slim Gaillard with guitar, at the Queens Hall,
Edinburgh, Scotland 1982
28.
Walt Disney Productions
–
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
Walt Disney Productions
–
The
Walt Disney Studios (corporate headquarters).
Walt Disney Productions
–
The Walt Disney Company
Walt Disney Productions
–
The building in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926
Walt Disney Productions
–
Original poster for Flowers and Trees (1932).
29.
Jack Nicholson
–
John Joseph Jack Nicholson is an American actor and filmmaker, who has performed for over 60 years. Nicholson is known for playing a range of starring or supporting roles, including satirical comedy, romance and dark portrayals of antiheroes. In many of his films, he has played the eternal outsider, Nicholsons 12 Academy Award nominations make him the most nominated male actor in the Academys history. Nicholson has won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice, one for the drama One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and he also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the comedy-drama Terms of Endearment. Nicholson is one of three actors to win three Academy Awards. Nicholson is one of two actors to be nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s. He has won six Golden Globe Awards, and received the Kennedy Center Honor in 2001, in 1994, he became one of the youngest actors to be awarded the American Film Institutes Life Achievement Award. He played Jack Torrance in Stanley Kubricks horror film The Shining, the Joker in Tim Burtons superhero film Batman, other films include the legal drama A Few Good Men, the Sean Penn-directed mystery film The Pledge, and the comedy-drama About Schmidt. Nicholson was born on April 22,1937, in Neptune City, New Jersey, Nicholsons mother was of Irish, English, and German descent. She married Italian-American showman Donald Furcillo in 1936, before realizing that he was already married, biographer Patrick McGilligan stated in his book Jacks Life that Latvian-born Eddie King, Junes manager, may have been Nicholsons biological father, rather than Furcillo. Other sources suggest June Nicholson was unsure of who the father was, in 1974, Time magazine researchers learned, and informed Nicholson, that his sister, June, was actually his mother, and his other sister, Lorraine, was really his aunt. By this time, both his mother and grandmother had died, on finding out, Nicholson said it was a pretty dramatic event, but it wasnt what Id call traumatizing. I was pretty well psychologically formed. Nicholson grew up in Neptune City, New Jersey and he was raised in his mothers Roman Catholic religion. Before starting high school, his family moved to an apartment in Spring Lake, nick, as he was known to his high school friends, attended nearby Manasquan High School, where he was voted class clown by the Class of 1954. He was in every day for a whole school year. A theatre and an award at the school are named in his honor. In 2004, Nicholson attended his 50-year high school reunion accompanied by his aunt Lorraine and he served a tour of duty in the Air National Guard. Nicholson first came to Hollywood in 1954, when he was 17 and he took a job as an office worker for animators William Hanna and Joseph Barbera at the MGM cartoon studio
Jack Nicholson
–
Nicholson in 1976
Jack Nicholson
–
Nicholson as Wilbur Force in
The Little Shop of Horrors (1960)
Jack Nicholson
–
in Chinatown (1974)
Jack Nicholson
–
Jack Nicholson with
Vladimir Putin in 2001
30.
The King of Marvin Gardens
–
The King of Marvin Gardens is a 1972 American drama film. It stars Jack Nicholson, Bruce Dern, Ellen Burstyn and Scatman Crothers and it is one of several collaborations between Nicholson and director Bob Rafelson. The majority of the film is set in a wintry Atlantic City, New Jersey, the title alludes to the Marven Gardens in Margate, New Jersey as well as to one of the properties in the original Monopoly game. Begging David to come to Atlantic City and bail him out of jail, tensions grow between the four as Jason pursues a ludicrous dream of conning a Japanese syndicate into buying a Hawaiian island where he will build and run a casino. The sceptical David has no faith in Jasons scam, while Jason chides David for wallowing in his dark, sally, increasingly neurotic over losing her looks, cuts off her hair and throws away her cosmetics. When Jason starts packing to leave for Hawaii, in rage, David escorts his brothers corpse home to Philadelphia by train. The latter scene was filmed in the empty Atlantic City Convention Hall, during the scene, Ellen Burstyn is shown playing the halls historic pipe organ, which is the worlds largest organ and reputedly the largest and loudest musical instrument ever built. The King of Marvin Gardens was shot almost entirely on location in Atlantic City in the months of 1972. It is therefore of historical significance as a visual record of the very last days of the citys classic era resort architecture. The title of the film is an reference to the original version of the board game Monopoly. This reference was also reflected in the original poster art. Dern and Nicholson had previously worked together in Psych-Out and Rebel Rousers, Nicholson and Scatman Crothers subsequently co-starred in Miloš Formans One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Stanley Kubricks The Shining. Co-star Ellen Burstyn had previously worked in the TV series Gunsmoke, in which Dern had also appeared, the film was one of the few screen appearances made by Julia Anne Robinson, who died in an apartment fire in Eugene, Oregon in 1975, aged 24. List of American films of 1972 The King of Marvin Gardens at the Internet Movie Database The King of Marvin Gardens at Rotten Tomatoes Review by Andrew Sarris for the Village Voice, November 9,1972
The King of Marvin Gardens
–
The King of Marvin Gardens
31.
The Fortune
–
The Fortune is a 1975 American comedy film starring Jack Nicholson and Warren Beatty, and directed by Mike Nichols. The screenplay by Adrien Joyce focuses on two bumbling con men who plot to steal the fortune of a young heiress, played by Stockard Channing in her first film starring role. Nicky Wilson and Oscar Sullivan are inept 1920s scam artists who see pay dirt in the guise of Fredericka Quintessa Bigard, the millionaire heiress to a sanitary napkin fortune. Oscar, who is wanted for embezzlement and anxious to get out of town, is happy to comply with the plan, although he intends to claim his spousal privileges after they are wed. Once they reach Los Angeles, the men try everything they can to separate Freddie from her inheritance without success, when she announces her plan to donate her money to charity, Nicky and Oscar conclude that murder might be their only recourse if theyre going to get rich quick. Nichols wanted Bette Midler to portray Freddie, but he changed his mind when and he ultimately cast relative newcomer Stockard Channing, whose credits were limited to a few television appearances and a minor role in the Barbra Streisand film Up the Sandbox. During filming, the actor was forced to deal with two events that impacted his personal life. First, a fact checker working on a piece for Time discovered that the woman Nicholson believed was his sister was actually his mother. Then his close friend Cass Elliot died in her sleep, and these two events, linked with the films eventual failure, made The Fortune a subject that Nicholson never discussed in interviews and biographies. Nichols did not direct another film for seven years, Stockard Channing as Fredrika Quintessa Bigard Jack Nicholson as Oscar Sullivan Warren Beatty as Nicky Wilson Florence Stanley as Mrs. Gould Richard B. He added, The Fortune does have sequences that sag, one occasionally is aware of the tremendous effort that has gone into a particular effect, though that doesnt spoil it for me. The Fortune will probably be compared to The Sting, because of the overlapping of the eras, the Fortune is farce of a rare order. Time Out London said it starts promisingly as a sardonic comedy, but once in California lethargy settles in. Events degenerate into miscalculated farce and underline Nichols continuing slick superficiality, Adrien Joyces much hacked-about script sounds as though it was once excellent, a pity everyone treats it so off-handedly. Channel 4 called it an attempt to revive the 1930s screwball comedy but liked the leads, commenting, The trios timing. TV Guide rated it four stars, calling it an offbeat but often hilarious comedy and adding, the works well through the fine performances of the leads. It concluded, Full of period and period-sounding music, The Fortune is cold to the core – agreeably disagreeable amusement, Stockard Channing was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress but lost to Marilyn Hassett in The Other Side of the Mountain. List of American films of 1975 The Fortune at the Internet Movie Database The Fortune at Rotten Tomatoes The Fortune at Box Office Mojo
The Fortune
–
Theatrical release poster
32.
Coonskin (film)
–
The film, which combines live-action with animation, stars Philip Thomas, Charles Gordone, Barry White, and Scatman Crothers, all of whom appear in both live-action and animated sequences. Originally produced under the titles Harlem Nights and Coonskin No More, Coonskin encountered controversy before its original theatrical release when the Congress of Racial Equality criticized the content as being racist. When the film was released, Bryanston gave it limited distribution, later re-released under the titles Bustin Out and Street Fight, Coonskin has since been reappraised. A New York Times review said, could be masterpiece, Bakshi has stated that he considers Coonskin to be his best film. In the South, Sampson and the local Preacherman plan to bust out their friend Randy from prison, as they rush to the prison, the two are stopped by a roadblock and have a shootout with the police. Meanwhile, Randy and another cellmate named Pappy escape from inside the prison and wait for Sampson, while waiting for them, Randy unwillingly listens to Pappy tell a story about three guys that resemble Randy and his friends. Pappys story is told in animation set against live-action background photos, Brother Rabbit, Brother Bear, and Preacher Fox are forced to pack up and leave their Southern settings after the bank mortgages their home and sells it to a man who turns it into a brothel. The trio moves to Harlem, home to every black man, when they arrive, Rabbit, Bear, and Fox find that it is not all that it is made out to be. They encounter a con man named Simple Savior, a revolutionary leader who claims to be the cousin of Black Jesus. Rabbit and his friends quickly realize Saviors revolution is merely a money making scam, Rabbit openly steals a large portion of the donation money, prompting Savior to try to have him killed. After Rabbit tricks his would-be murderers, he and Bear kill Savior and this allows Rabbit to take over Saviors racket, putting him in line to become the head of all organized crime in Harlem. Rabbit lays out his plan to all organized crime money in Harlem. But first, he has to get rid of a few other opponents, Saviors former partners tell Rabbit they will join him but only if he can kill his opponents, otherwise they will kill him instead. When Madigan finds out that Rabbit has been taking his payoffs, he and his cohorts, a black stripper distracts him while an LSD sugar cube is dropped into his drink. While recovering from being drugged, he fires his gun randomly, Rabbits final target is the Godfather who lives in the subway with his wife and his cross-dressing, gay sons. The contract for killing Rabbit is given to his only straight son Sonny, arriving outside Rabbits nightclub in blackface and clothing representative of minstrel show stereotypes, Sonny is shot multiple times by Rabbit before dying in an explosion caused by a car crash. His body is cremated and taken home, where his mother weeps over his ashes. Also during the shootout with Sonny, Bear defends Rabbit and is several times
Coonskin (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
Coonskin (film)
–
Ralph Bakshi in January 2009
Coonskin (film)
–
Jazz musician
Chico Hamilton (pictured in 2009) composed the score for the film
33.
African American culture
–
The distinct identity of African-American culture is rooted in the historical experience of the African-American people, including the Middle Passage. The culture is distinct and enormously influential on American culture as a whole. African-American culture is rooted in West and Central Africa, understanding its identity within the culture of the United States it is, in the anthropological sense, conscious of its origins as largely a blend of West and Central African cultures. Elaborate rituals and ceremonies were a significant part of African Americans ancestral culture, many West African societies traditionally believed that spirits dwelled in their surrounding nature. From this disposition, they treated their environment with mindful care and they also generally believed that a spiritual life source existed after death, and that ancestors in this spiritual realm could then mediate between the supreme creator and the living. Honor and prayer was displayed to these ancient ones, the spirit of those past, West Africans also believed in spiritual possession. In the beginning of the eighteenth century Christianity began to spread across North Africa, the enslaved Africans brought this complex religious dynamic within their culture to America. This fusion of traditional African beliefs with Christianity provided a place for those practicing religion in Africa and America. After emancipation, unique African-American traditions continued to flourish, as distinctive traditions or radical innovations in music, art, literature, religion, cuisine, 20th-century sociologists, such as Gunnar Myrdal, believed that African Americans had lost most cultural ties with Africa. But, anthropological research by Melville Herskovits and others demonstrated that there has been a continuum of African traditions among Africans of the Diaspora. The greatest influence of African cultural practices on European culture is found below the Mason-Dixon line in the American South, Today, African-American culture has become a significant part of American culture and yet, at the same time, remains a distinct cultural body. From the earliest days of American slavery in the 17th century, African cultures, slavery, slave rebellions, and the civil rights movement have shaped African-American religious, familial, political, and economic behaviors. The imprint of Africa is evident in a myriad of ways, in politics, economics, language, music, hairstyles, fashion, dance, religion, cuisine, in turn, African-American culture has had a pervasive, transformative impact on many elements of mainstream American culture. This process of mutual creative exchange is called creolization, over time, the culture of African slaves and their descendants has been ubiquitous in its impact on not only the dominant American culture, but on world culture as well. Slaveholders limited or prohibited education of enslaved African Americans because they feared it might empower their chattel, in the United States, the legislation that denied slaves formal education likely contributed to their maintaining a strong oral tradition, a common feature of indigenous African cultures. African-based oral traditions became the means of preserving history, mores. This was consistent with the practices of oral history in many African. Many of these elements have been passed from generation to generation through storytelling
African American culture
–
An African-American man gives a piano lesson to a young Caucasian woman, in 1899 or 1900, in
Georgia, USA. Photograph from a collection of
W. E. B. Du Bois.
African American culture
–
Zora Neale Hurston was a prominent literary figure during the
Harlem Renaissance
African American culture
–
Thelonious Monk in 1947.
African American culture
–
Composer
Duke Ellington, pictured receiving the
Presidential Medal of Freedom from
Richard Nixon, is often held to be one of the most influential musical figures of the 20th century.
34.
Convict
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A convict is a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court or a person serving a sentence in prison. Convicts are often known as prisoners or inmates or by the slang term con, while a common label for former convicts. Persons convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences tend not to be described as convicts, the legal label of ex-convict usually has lifelong implications, such as social stigma and/or reduced opportunities for employment. The particular use of the convict in the English-speaking world was to describe the huge numbers of criminals. Their crimes would today be regarded as petty misdemeanours, or are no longer in the criminal code, most of the punishments at this time were severe, with the death penalty applied for fairly minor crimes. However, this sentence was often commuted to a lesser one. Thus, in the British context, the convict has come to refer in particular to those criminals transported overseas. Initially many British convicts were sent to the American colonies, such as the Maryland, Virginia, the transportation of convicts from the United Kingdom began around 1615 and became increasingly common in the following years. Initially most people were transported to North America or the West Indies, from 1718 onwards transportation was entirely to North America. The arrangements ceased when the American Revolutionary War meant it was no longer possible for the United Kingdom to send convicts to North America, the British Government then looked to the newly discovered east coast of Australia to use as a penal colony. Convicts were transported to Australia in 1787, arriving in Botany Bay, then Sydney Cove, from the very start of European settlement convicts were used as indentured labourers in five out of the six colonies. Many were used on works, but a significant number were assigned to private individuals as domestic servants, rural workers. Transportation was progressively abolished from 1853, eventually ceasing altogether in 1868, in Australia, convicts have come to be key figures of cultural mythology and historiography. British convicts were sent to Canada, West Africa. France also sent convicts to French Guiana and New Caledonia, russian criminals who were shipped to Siberia can arguably be regarded as convicts. Convicted felon Convict lease Convict assignment Convicts in Australia Older prisoners Penal transportation Convict life - State Library of NSW Convict Transportation Registers database
Convict
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Convicts at
Botany Bay, Australia, 1789
Convict
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Convicts and guards on the road to
Siberia, 1845
35.
Silver Streak (film)
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Silver Streak is a 1976 American comedy-thriller film about a murder on a Los Angeles-to-Chicago train journey. It was directed by Arthur Hiller and stars Gene Wilder, Jill Clayburgh, and Richard Pryor, with Patrick McGoohan, Ned Beatty, Clifton James, the film score is by Henry Mancini. This film marked the first pairing of Wilder and Pryor, who were paired in three more films. Book editor George Caldwell travels from Los Angeles to Chicago for his sisters wedding aboard a train called the Silver Streak, on board, George meets a vitamin salesman named Bob Sweet and a woman named Hilly Burns. Hilly works for Professor Schreiner, a well-known but reclusive art historian who is on a publicity tour for his new book on Rembrandt, George sees a dead body dangling outside the window and then falling away. But he is drunk and Hilly insists he must have imagined it, in the morning, he sees Schreiners book, with the authors photo, he was the dead man. Inside the book is an envelope, Schreiners killers are Johnson, Whiney, and Reace. George goes to Schreiners room, and Reace throws him off the train, George meets a farmer and they overtake the train in her biplane. George sees Hilly with Johnson, Whiney, and art dealer Devereau, Devereau apologizes to George for the misunderstanding involving Reace. After mentioning the Rembrandt letters, Johnson says he will return to his room for a glass of scotch, George goes to the club car and begins drinking, confiding in Sweet about his misadventure. Sweet reveals himself as an undercover FBI agent named Stevens and he confirms Georges suspicions, the real Schreiner did not drink alcohol. Devereau is a criminal who passes himself off as an art expert, and Whiney, Reace and his plan is to have Johnson, disguised as Scheiner, discredit the book that exposes Devereau for authenticating two forgeries as original Rembrandts. They find the envelope George saw and it contains letters written by Rembrandt, proving Devereaus guilt. But then Reace kills Stevens and goes after George and their fight ends on the roof, where George kills Reace but is knocked to the ground by an overhanging signal. On foot again, George finds the sheriff, but is accused of murdering Stevens. He escapes, stealing a car which was transporting thief Grover T. Muldoon. George and Grover work together to reach the train at Kansas City, Grover disguises George as a black man and he gets by police and reboards the train. George is captured, but he and Hilly are rescued from Devereaus room by Grover, George tells Donaldson about Devereaus plan, and Donaldson arranges for the train to be stopped by his men
Silver Streak (film)
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Film poster
36.
Livery yard
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A livery yard or livery stable, or boarding stable is a stable where horse owners pay a weekly or monthly fee to keep their horses. A livery or boarding yard is not usually a riding school, facilities at a livery yard normally include a loose box or stable and access for the horse to graze on grass. The C. W. Miller Livery Stable is an example of a livery stable located at Buffalo. The livery stable was an institution of every American town. In addition to providing vital transportation service, the livery was the source of hay, grain, coal, because of the stench, noise, and vermin that surrounded the livery, cities and towns attempted to control their locations and activities. Often the scene of gambling, cockfighting, and stag shows, with the advent of the automobile after 1910, the livery stables quietly disappeared. Full livery - The staff undertake all care of the horse and this is normally the most expensive option. Part livery - The horse is normally fed, watered, and it is not trained or exercised. Do it yourself or DIY livery - A field or paddock, the owner undertakes all care of the horse and provides all hay, feed and bedding. This is usually the least expensive option, sometimes an amount of hay and/or straw for bedding is included. Everything else needs to be done by the owner who will visit the yard one or more times a day to manage their horse. Grass livery or agistment - A form of DIY livery in which a field or paddock is provided, often with a field shelter, Grass livery is often only usable during drier weather or during the grass growing season, with the horses being stabled elsewhere at other times. In a few locations, particularly in the eastern US, full board may also encompass grooming and riding of the horse, part or Partial board, The horse is provided shelter, water, stabling, and twice daily feedings of hay. All other care, including feeding of grain, stall-cleaning, grooming, self-board, Similar to DIY livery in the UK. The stabling is provided, and the owner is responsible for all care, in most cases, hay and stall bedding is available for the use of the boarders. In some places, this is included in the term partial board, pasture board, Essentially the same as Grass livery in the UK. Often used year-round in the United States, particularly in the west, in the winter, if there is insufficient grass, some pasture board situations include hay fed to the horses, in other places, the owner must provide all supplemental feeding. Equestrian facility Horse care Livery Stable Blues Houghton-Brown, J. Horse Business Management, running a Stables as a Business
Livery yard
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Cascade Livery, Feed and Stable,
Montrose, Colorado, circa 1900
Livery yard
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Livery stable ad, 1905
37.
The Shootist
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The Shootist is a 1976 American western film directed by Don Siegel and starring John Wayne in his final film role. The film is based on a 1975 novel of the name by Glendon Swarthout with a screenplay by Miles Hood Swarthout. The supporting cast includes Lauren Bacall, Ron Howard, James Stewart, Richard Boone, Hugh OBrian, Harry Morgan, John Carradine, Sheree North, the movie also received widespread critical acclaim, garnering a 95% positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes. He laments that the Old West is dying—as is he, a trusted friend, Doc Hostetler, confirms a Colorado doctors prognosis of an imminent and painful death from cancer. Books rents a room at a house owned by the widow Bond Rogers. Marshal Thibido, alarmed at the presence of a gunfighter in his town. Books explains that he is dying, and intends to die in Carson City, Thibido relents, but says, Dont take too long to die. Word spreads that Books is in town, profiteers, young guns, a newspaperman named Dobkins proposes a spectacular series of articles, exaggerating and glorifying Books tumultuous career. Books kicks him out, only to be visited by an old flame, Serepta and he is touched, until he learns that she wants to co-write, with Dobkins, a widows sensational memoir. Woman, says Books, I still have some pride, Hostetler prescribes laudanum to ease Books worsening pain, and reluctantly answers his questions about what will come next, The pain will continue to build, eventually becoming unbearable. Hostetler remarks that if he had Books courage, the death he has just described is not the one he would choose, the undertaker, Hezekiah Beckum pitches a grand funeral, which Books rejects as another profiteering scheme, but he does order a headstone. Two strangers seeking notoriety try to ambush him as he sleeps, Gillom is impressed, his mother, who is losing boarders, is angry. During a buggy ride, Books tells Bond he has never killed a man who didnt deserve it and she worries that Gillom, lacking a fathers guidance, is acquiring a taste for violence and drink. Books negotiates the sale of his horse to the blacksmith, Moses, Books confronts Gillom, after they resolve their differences, Gillom asks for a shooting lesson. To Gilloms surprise, he is nearly as accurate as Books, Books points out that the trees dont shoot back. It isnt always being fast or even accurate that counts, he adds, Gillom informs each of them, separately, that Books will be at the Metropole Saloon on January 29, his 58th birthday. Books insists that Gillom accept his horse, which he has bought back from Moses, on January 29, the headstone arrives, bearing Books name, birth date, and Died 1901, with the day left blank. After bidding farewell to Bond, who has grown to like him, the room is deserted except for the four men and the bartender
The Shootist
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Theatrical release poster by
Richard Amsel
38.
Ringmaster (circus)
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A ringmaster, or ringmistress or sometimes a ringleader, is a significant performer in the many circuses. Most often seen in traditional circuses, the ringmaster is a master of ceremonies that introduces the acts to the audience. A ringmaster may interact with some acts, especially the clown acts, ringmasters have become an integral part of the many circus shows and sometimes will be involved in elements of some of the acts performances. It is traditionally the job to use hyperbole whenever possible while introducing the acts to enhance the expectations of the audience. Declarations of the biggest, most dangerous, amazing, spectacular, a ringmaster is traditionally attired in a bright tailcoat, often red with gold trim and with a top hat. It is generally accepted that this costume was first adopted by George Claude Lockhart on the orders of Bertram Mills in 1928, when Lockhart worked as ringmaster for his circus at Olympia, London. A female circus leader is known as a ringmistress, and often wears a red skirt and knee-high black boots, in non-English speaking countries the ring master is known by different titles. In France he is called Monsieur Loyal after the Anselme-Pierre Loyal, adolph Althoff Norman Barrett Tommy Hanlon, Jr. Johnathan Lee Iverson George Claude Lockhart George William Lockhart Jim Rose
Ringmaster (circus)
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Ringmaster of the Circus Atayde at the Feria de Hidalgo 2009 in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico
39.
Wild West Show
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Wild West shows were traveling vaudeville performances in the United States and Europe. The first and prototypical Wild West show was Buffalo Bills, formed in 1883, the shows introduced many western performers and personalities, and a romanticized version of the American frontier, to a wide audience with many different members. Will Rogers also toured a Wild West show, the mythology and legends of the American West evoke images of adventure filled with cowboys, Indians, wild animals, wild parties with outlaws, and stagecoaches. The real American West of the 19th century was not nearly as glamorous as often depicted, cowboys, Native American Indians, army scouts, outlaws, and wild animals did truly exist in the West. However, gunfights, stagecoach attacks, and train holdups were not an everyday ordeal, the dramatic myth of the Wild West as we see it today is really a “puffed-up exaggeration” of the real western frontier. The shaping of this myth of western life was aided into creation by films, dime novels, live performances, paintings, pulp magazines, sculptures, and television. More than anyone or anything else, William Frederick Cody, better known as Buffalo Bill, can be credited with helping to create and preserve a lasting legend of the West. Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show took the reality of life and glamorized it into an appealing show for Eastern audiences. “Cowboys driving cattle over open range, outlaws and lawmen facing one another on a dusty main street. Indian hunters racing through buffalo herds on horseback. These images, so familiar from books and movies, are what come to mind when people think of the American West. ”Although these images are not entirely fictionalized. The show helped develop dramatic images of the wild west and the west was an open for imagination. Some lucky settlers or people flocking to the west found this promise of a life fulfilled. These are the people who made the myth of the west true, however, for many others the promise did not come through. For them life was rough and the truth of the west was rougher, still, a promise for the struggling people of eastern cities, suburban, and rural areas was a nice idea. It gave them hope and a bit of assurance that their hardships were not forever or in vain, the development of Wild West shows were a way to preserve this open promise- without the failure that it often presented in reality. For Native Americans, of course, the side of the medal was a constantly lived reality. Wild West shows were shows that took the reality of the West, the showmen who ran the shows adapted western life to fit an exaggerated yet captivating image which the eastern audiences both expected and were intrigued by
Wild West Show
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Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World - Circus poster showing cowboys rounding up cattle and portrait of Col. W.F. Cody on horseback. c.1899
Wild West Show
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Poster for The Great Pawnee Bill shows. The only genuine Wild West. Touring America... c1903
Wild West Show
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Texas Jack's Wild West show toured South Africa with
Will Rogers
Wild West Show
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Re-enactment of Native American warrior stabbing General Custer. c.1905
40.
Bronco Billy
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Bronco Billy is a 1980 American film starring Clint Eastwood and Sondra Locke. It was directed by Eastwood and written by Dennis Hackin, Bronco Billys Wild West Show is a rundown traveling circus, the star of which is Bronco Billy McCoy, the fastest gun in the West. For the shows finale, a blindfolded Bronco Billy shoots balloons around a female assistant on a wooden disc. However, the assistant moves her leg and is nicked, so she quits, the show is not making any money, and nobody has been paid for six months. The show moves on to a new town and Bronco Billy goes to city hall to get a permit and he bumps into Antoinette Lily and John Arlington, who are there to be married. Antoinette despises her husband, but has to marry before she is thirty in order to inherit a large fortune. Their car breaks down at the motel opposite the Wild West Show, the next morning, Arlington steals all her money and their repaired car. She is left to fend for herself, Bronco Billy talks Antoinette into becoming his new assistant, Miss Lily, though she only agrees to do one show. Her first performance is unusually successful, although Miss Lily irritates Billy by not sticking to the script, Antoinette discovers that Arlington has been arrested for her murder. Seizing the chance to get even with Arlington, Antoinette rejoins the Wild West Show and she discovers that none of the performers are real cowboys, they are mostly ex-convicts, or alcoholics, or both. Bronco Billy was a salesman who shot his wife for sleeping with his best friend. Nevertheless, Miss Lily begins to warm to the troupe, two of the shows performers announce that they are going to have a baby. The crew goes to a bar to celebrate, one gets arrested by police who discover that he is a deserter from the Army. Bronco Billy uses the shows meager savings to bribe the sheriff into letting the man go, swallowing his pride, then the circus tent burns down. Everyone blames Miss Lily for their bad luck, but Bronco Billy defends her and they try to do this in the standard Western way, but a modern train proves to be resistant to such an approach and they give up. Next, the travels to a mental institution at which they have previously performed pro bono. The head of the institution, who is obsessed with the Wild West, agrees to them with accommodation and to supply a new tent. Miss Lily and Bronco Billy spend the night together, by chance, one inmate turns out to be Arlington
Bronco Billy
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Theatrical release poster
41.
Zapped!
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Zapped. is a 1982 American sex comedy teen film directed by Robert J. Rosenthal and co-written with Bruce Rubin. The film stars Scott Baio as a school student who acquires telekinetic powers. Barney Springboro is a school science nerd at Emerson High in Los Angeles who obtains telekinetic powers after a lab accident. Barney comes to realize that the best girl for him is actually Bernadette, after he gets hit on the head with a fire hose, he wakes up later and discovers that he no longer has his powers, to the dismay and relief of both Peyton and Bernadette. However, in the scene it is revealed that this is a lie as Barney escorts Bernadette from the building and uses his powers to levitate himself. The film used several techniques to capture the feel of its high school setting for nostalgic fans and it was filmed largely at John Marshall High School in Los Angeles during the spring of 1981 with the students as extras. The storyline rarely leaves the high school, the students talk mostly about social life and college plans, while the prom is in the gym. The senior trip is to the amusement park. Of the major stars, however, only Felice Schachter was still a school student when the film was shot. In fact, she missed her own prom to shoot the sequence in the film. The films soundtrack was composed by Charles Fox and Miles Goodman and featured performances by Joe Bean Esposito and David Pomeranz, Zapped. was given a limited release on July 23,1982, earning $823,548 in that weekend, ranking number 17 in the domestic box office. By the end of its run, Zapped, the film is regarded as a parody of Carrie but also includes spoofs of The Exorcist, Taxi Driver, Star Trek and the 1969 Kurt Russell film The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes. The film has an approval rating of 7% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 14 reviews. Targeted towards teenage audiences, Zapped. received generally negative reviews at the time of its release, an absolutely abominable movie are even old enough to hold a pen. The Daily Courier added that it was so puerile and uninspired that it makes Porkys seem like Ninotchka in comparison, a review from the smaller Beaver County Times said, its enough to make young fans go Zzzzzz. A review that was published in the Toledo Blade was only slightly negative, stating that it has its moments. Baio remembered the film fondly, Great movie, I get more people asking about that movie than anything, no lie. And I had a ball making that, a cute, fun teen movie, and it made money
Zapped!
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Theatrical release poster
42.
Two of a Kind (1983 film)
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Two of a Kind is a 1983 American romantic fantasy comedy film directed by John Herzfeld starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John. The original musical score was composed by Patrick Williams, Travolta plays a cash strapped inventor while Newton-John plays the bank teller whom he attempts to rob. These two unlikely individuals must come to show compassion for one another in order to delay Gods judgment upon the Earth and this is Travolta and Newton-Johns second film together after 1978s Grease, which was a success. Despite being a critical and commercial failure, the film yielded three singles for Newton-John and a platinum rating for the soundtrack. Four angels — Charlie, Earl, Gonzales, and Ruth — have been in charge of Heaven for the last 25 years. They are playing a match in Heaven when their game is interrupted by God. God agrees to the scheme, and the typical Earth man selected by the angels is Zack Melon — a failed inventor who, threatened by loan sharks, Zack points his gun at bank teller Debbie Wylder, who ostensibly gives him all the money. But, when Zack peers into the sack after the robbery, Zack tracks her down to reclaim his stolen money. While dodging the loan sharks and the interventions of the Devil. Two of a Kind received heavily negative reviews during its release and it currently holds a 20% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The film was nominated for five Razzie Awards, Worst Actor, Worst Actress, Worst Director, Worst Screenplay, the movie was nominated for a Stinkers Bad Movie Awards for Worst Picture. The film was salvaged by a soundtrack which yielded three singles for Newton-John, Twist of Fate - No.5 Pop Take a Chance - No.3 AC Livin in Desperate Times - No. Two of a Kind at the Internet Movie Database Two of a Kind at AllMovie Two of a Kind at Rotten Tomatoes Two of a Kind at Box Office Mojo The Two of A Kind Only Olivia movie website
Two of a Kind (1983 film)
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Theatrical release poster
43.
Twilight Zone: The Movie
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The film stars Vic Morrow, Scatman Crothers, Kathleen Quinlan and John Lithgow with Dan Aykroyd and Albert Brooks in the prologue segment. Burgess Meredith, who starred in four episodes of the original series, in addition to Meredith, six actors from the original series had roles in the film. The film is a remake of three episodes of the original series and includes one original story. Landis directed the prologue and the first segment, Spielberg directed the second, Joe Dante the third, the two child actors were hired illegally. Their deaths led to a legal case, although at the end of the trial no one was found to be criminally culpable for the accident. The driver talks about a game he finds amusing, he switches off the cars headlights. After the passenger admits that he is uncomfortable, the laughs it off. With no tape or radio, the start a Name That Tune game with television theme songs such as Sea Hunt and Hawaii Five-O. The conversation turns to what episodes of the series they found most scary, such as Burgess Meredith in Time Enough at Last, the passenger then asks the driver, Do you want to see something really scary. The driver obliges and reluctantly pulls over, the passenger turns his face away, then turns back around having transformed into a monster and attacks the driver. Youre moving into a land of both shadow and substance of things and ideas, the films only original segment was the first, directed by John Landis. It is loosely based on the original Twilight Zone series episode A Quality of Mercy, with the opening narration borrowing from What You Need and A Nice Place to Visit. The narrator starts with this monologue, Youre about to meet a man, Mr. William Connor. This is a man, a lonely man, whos tired of waiting for the breaks that come to others. Mr. William Connor, whose own blind hatred is about to him into the darkest corner of the Twilight Zone. Bill Connor is a bigot who is bitter after being passed over for a promotion in favor of a Jewish co-worker. Drinking in a bar after work with his friends, Bill utters slurs towards Jews, Blacks, a Black man sitting nearby asks him to stop, embarrassing Bills friends. Bill leaves the bar angrily, but when he walks outside and he is spotted by a pair of SS officers patrolling the streets, who ask him if he is Jewish
Twilight Zone: The Movie
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Original 1983 theatrical poster
44.
Duke Ellington
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Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader of a jazz orchestra, which he led from 1923 until his death in a career spanning over fifty years. Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward, in the 1930s, his orchestra toured in Europe. Some of the musicians who were members of Ellingtons orchestra, such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges, are considered to be among the best players in jazz, Ellington melded them into the best-known orchestral unit in the history of jazz. Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades, a master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format, Ellington often composed specifically to feature the style and skills of his individual musicians. Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, for example Juan Tizols Caravan, and Perdido, after 1941, Ellington collaborated with composer-arranger-pianist Billy Strayhorn, whom he called his writing and arranging companion. With Strayhorn, he composed many extended compositions, or suites, following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival, in July 1956, Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major career revival and embarked on world tours. Ellington recorded for most American record companies of his era, performed in films, scoring several. His reputation continued to rise after he died, and he was awarded a special posthumous Pulitzer Prize for music in 1999, Ellington was born on April 29,1899, to James Edward Ellington and Daisy Ellington in Washington, D. C. Daisy primarily played parlor songs and James preferred operatic arias and they lived with his maternal grandparents at 2129 Ida Place, NW, in the West End neighborhood of Washington, D. C. Dukes father was born in Lincolnton, North Carolina, on April 15,1879, Daisy Kennedy was born in Washington, D. C. on January 4,1879, the daughter of a former American slave. James Ellington made blueprints for the United States Navy, when Ellington was a child, his family showed racial pride and support in their home, as did many other families. African Americans in D. C. worked to protect their children from the eras Jim Crow laws, at the age of seven, Ellington began taking piano lessons from Marietta Clinkscales. Daisy surrounded her son with dignified women to reinforce his manners, Ellingtons childhood friends noticed that his casual, offhand manner, his easy grace, and his dapper dress gave him the bearing of a young nobleman, and began calling him Duke. Ellington credited his chum Edgar McEntree for the nickname, I think he felt that in order for me to be eligible for his constant companionship, I should have a title. Though Ellington took piano lessons, he was interested in baseball. President Roosevelt would come by on his horse sometimes, and stop and watch us play, Ellington went to Armstrong Technical High School in Washington, D. C. He gained his first job selling peanuts at Washington Senators baseball games, in the summer of 1914, while working as a soda jerk at the Poodle Dog Café, Ellington wrote his first composition, Soda Fountain Rag. He created the piece by ear, as he had not yet learned to read, I would play the Soda Fountain Rag as a one-step, two-step, waltz, tango, and fox trot, Ellington recalled
Duke Ellington
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Ellington c. 1940s
Duke Ellington
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"East St. Louis Toodle-Oo" (1927)
Duke Ellington
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Duke Ellington at the Hurricane Club in New York, May 1943
Duke Ellington
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Ellington poses with his piano at the KFG Radio Studio November 3, 1954.
45.
Short subject
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A short film, is a cinema format, denoting any film not long enough to be considered a feature film. The term featurette originally applied to a longer than a short subject. The increasingly rare term short subject means approximately the same thing and it is an industry term which carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film. Short is an abbreviation for either term, Short films are often screened at local, national, or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers for non profit, either with a low budget or no budget at all. They are usually funded by grants, non profit organizations. Short films are used by filmmakers to gain experience or prove their talent in order to gain funding for future films from private investors, entertainment companies. Longer and shorter films coexisted with similar popularity throughout the days of film. However, comedy films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation. By the 1920s, a ticket purchased a varied program including a feature and several supporting works from such as second feature, short comedy, 5–10 minute cartoon, travelogue. Short comedies were popular, and typically came in a serial or series. Even though there was no set release schedule, these series could be considered somewhat like a modern TV sitcom – lower in status than feature films. Animated cartoons came principally as short subjects, in the 1930s, the distribution system changed in many countries owing to the Great Depression. Instead of the cinema owner assembling a program of their own choice, the studios sold a package centered on a main and supporting feature, with the rise of the double feature, two reel shorts went into decline as a commercial category. Hal Roach, for example, moved Laurel and Hardy full-time into feature films after 1935, by the mid-1950s, with the rise of television, the commercial live-action short was virtually dead, The Three Stooges being the last major series of 2-reelers, ending in 1959. Short films had become a medium for student, independent and specialty work, cartoon shorts had a longer life, due in part to the implementation of lower-cost limited animation techniques, but also declined in this period. Warner Bros. one of the most prolific of the golden era, the Pink Panther was the last regular theatrical cartoon short series, having begun in 1964 and ended in 1980. By the 1960s, the market for animated shorts had largely shifted to television, a few animated shorts continue within mainstream commercial distribution. For instance, Pixar has screened a short along with each of its feature films during its theatrical run since 1995
Short subject
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William Garwood starred in numerous short films, many of which were only 20 minutes in length
46.
Symphony in Black
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Symphony in Black, A Rhapsody of Negro Life is a nine-and-a-half minute musical short produced in 1935 that features Duke Ellington’s early extended piece, A Rhapsody of Negro Life. The film, Billie Holiday’s screen debut, was directed by Fred Waller, Symphony in Black represents a landmark in musical, cultural, and entertainment history as well as significant progress in Ellington’s own biography. Symphony in Black depicts black life in America and the composition itself is divided into four parts, “The Laborers, ” “A Triangle”, “A Hymn of Sorrow” and “Harlem Rhythm”. “A Triangle” features the vocals by Holiday and solos by jazz clarinetist and tenor saxophonist Barney Bigard and Ellington Orchestra regular, trombonist Tricky Sam Nanton. It is important to note that while Symphony in Black is the title of the Paramount film, the film won the Best musical short subject Academy Award for its year. It contains some of Ellington’s most inventive, dramatic music, said Gunther Schuller, Schuller went on to say, If things had been right, he would have made a great opera composer. He takes crude scripts and writes music that underscores the scenario as well as any film composer ever did and it is greater music by the fact that Ellington went beyond the functional aspect of film music, and it’s great music intrinsically. The other conductor of the Orchestra, Maurice Peress was especially interested in reviving Ellington’s rarer works, a description which certainly includes Symphony in Black/A Rhapsody of Negro Life. According to the article, Ellington only recorded the piece once for the score to the film. Several of the symphony’s themes though were out and made into shorter individual pieces. Despite this, Schuller said, …by and large, the piece vanished from memory, it’s terribly important for these pieces to be performed, said Schuller. No musical tradition can remain vital unless it’s performed live, no musical tradition can exist in a museum form. I believe that the idea of repertory in jazz is long, long overdue. It’s not yet caught on as an idea, but consider that the history of jazz is 60 or 70 or 80 years old. It’s no different than in classical, where you play Brahms with one sound and this isn’t slavish imitation, it’s bringing the music alive, which it deserves to be. In The Musical Quarterly, John Howland wrote an article entitled The Blues Get Glorified, Harlem Entertainment, Negro Nuances, and Black Symphonic Jazz
Symphony in Black
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Symphony in Black
47.
Billie Holiday
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Eleanora Fagan, professionally known as Billie Holiday, was an American jazz musician and singer-songwriter with a career spanning nearly thirty years. Nicknamed Lady Day by her friend and music partner Lester Young, Holiday had a influence on jazz music. Her vocal style, strongly inspired by jazz instrumentalists, pioneered a new way of manipulating phrasing and she was known for her vocal delivery and improvisational skills, which made up for her limited range and lack of formal music education. There were other singers with equal talent, but Holiday had a voice that captured the attention of her audience. After a turbulent childhood, Holiday began singing in nightclubs in Harlem, where she was heard by the producer John Hammond and she signed a recording contract with Brunswick Records in 1935. Collaborations with Teddy Wilson yielded the hit What a Little Moonlight Can Do, Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Holiday had mainstream success on labels such as Columbia Records and Decca Records. By the late 1940s, however, she was beset with legal troubles, after a short prison sentence, she performed a sold-out concert at Carnegie Hall, but her reputation deteriorated because of her drug and alcohol problems. Her final recordings were met with mixed reaction to her voice but were mild commercial successes. Her final album, Lady in Satin, was released in 1958, Holiday died of cirrhosis of the liver in 1959. A posthumous album, Last Recording, was released following her death, much of Holidays material has been rereleased since her death. She is considered a performer with an ongoing influence on American music. She is the recipient of four Grammy awards, all of them posthumous awards for Best Historical Album, Holiday herself was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1973. Lady Sings the Blues, a film about her life, starring Diana Ross, was released in 1972, Eleanora Fagan was born on April 7,1915, in Philadelphia, the daughter of Sarah Julia Sadie Fagan and Clarence Holiday, an unmarried teenaged couple. Her father did not live with her mother, not long after Eleanora was born, Clarence abandoned his family to pursue a career as a jazz banjo player and guitarist. Sarah moved to Philadelphia at age 19, after she was evicted from her parents home in the Sandtown-Winchester neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland, for becoming pregnant. With no support from her parents, she made arrangements with her older, married half-sister, Eva Miller, the child was of African-American ancestry and was also said to have had Irish ancestors through her mothers mixed heritage. Her mother often took what were known as transportation jobs. Holidays autobiography, Lady Sings the Blues, first published in 1956, is sketchy on details of her early life, some historians have disputed Holidays paternity, as a copy of her birth certificate in the Baltimore archives lists the father as a man named Frank DeViese
Billie Holiday
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At the
Downbeat club, in
New York. c. February 1947
Billie Holiday
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Holiday aged 2 in 1917
Billie Holiday
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Billie Holiday and her dog Mister, New York, c. June 1946
Billie Holiday
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Billie Holiday,
Downbeat club, New York, c. February 1947.
48.
Redd Foxx
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John Elroy Sanford, known professionally as Redd Foxx, was an American comedian and actor, best remembered for his explicit comedy records and his starring role on the 1970s sitcom Sanford and Son. Foxx gained notoriety with his raunchy nightclub acts during the 1950s and 1960s, known as the King of the Party Records, he performed on more than 50 records in his lifetime. He also starred in Sanford, The Redd Foxx Show and The Royal Family and his film roles included All the Fine Young Cannibals and Harlem Nights. In 2004, Comedy Central Presents,100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time ranked Foxx as the 24th best stand-up comedian, Foxx was born in St. Louis, Missouri and raised on Chicagos South Side. His father, Fred Sanford, an electrician and auto mechanic from Hickman, Kentucky and he was raised by his half-Seminole Indian mother, Mary Hughes from Ellisville, Mississippi, his grandmother and his minister. He attended DuSable High School with future Chicago mayor Harold Washington, Foxx had an older brother, Fred G. Sanford Jr. who provided the name for his character on Sanford and Son. On July 27,1939, Foxx performed on the Major Bowes Amateur Hour radio show as part of the Jump Swinging Six, in the 1940s, he was an associate of Malcolm Little, later known as Malcolm X. In Malcolms autobiography, Foxx is referred to as Chicago Red and he earned the nickname because of his reddish hair and complexion. His surname was taken from baseball star Jimmie Foxx, during World War II, Foxx dodged the draft by eating half a bar of soap before his physical, a trick that resulted in heart palpitations. On September 30,1946, Foxx recorded five songs for the Savoy label under the direction of Teddy Reig, Foxx gained notoriety with his raunchy nightclub act during the 1950s, 60s, and 70s. His big break came after singer Dinah Washington insisted that he come to Los Angeles, Foxx was signed to a long-term contract and released a series of comedy albums that quickly became cult favorites. He was also one of the first black comics to play to audiences on the Las Vegas Strip. Foxx achieved his most widespread fame starring in the television sitcom Sanford and Son, the series premiered on the NBC television network on January 14,1972 and was broadcast for six seasons. The final episode aired on March 25,1977, Foxx played the role of Fred G. Sanford, while Foxxs co-star Demond Wilson played the role of his son Lamont. In this sitcom, Fred and Lamont were owners of a store who dealt with many humorous situations that would arise. The series was notable for its humor and overt prejudices which helped redefine the genre of black situation comedy. The show also had several running gags, when angry with Lamont, Fred would often say You big dummy or would often fake heart attacks by putting his hand on his chest and saying Its the big one, Im coming to join ya honey/Elizabeth. Fred would also complain about having arthritis to get out of working by showing Lamont his cramped hand, Foxx depicted a character in his 60s, although in real life he was younger
Redd Foxx
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Foxx in 1966.
49.
Sanford and Son
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Sanford and Son is an American sitcom that ran on the NBC television network from January 14,1972 to March 25,1977. It was based on the BBC Television program Steptoe and Son, known for its edgy racial humor, running gags and catchphrases, the series was adapted by Norman Lear and considered NBCs answer to CBSs All in the Family. Sanford and Son has been hailed as the precursor to many other African American sitcoms and it was a ratings hit throughout its six-season run. While the role of Fred G. Sanford was known for his bigotry and cantankerousness, at times, both characters would involve themselves in schemes, usually as a means of earning cash quickly in order to pay off their various debts. Other colorful and unconventional characters on the show included Aunt Esther, Grady Wilson, Bubba Bexley, in 2007, Time magazine included the show on their list of the 100 Best TV Shows of All Time. In his youth, Fred moved to South Central Los Angeles from his hometown of St. Louis, after the shows premiere in 1972, newspaper ads touted Foxx as NBCs answer to Archie Bunker, the bigoted white protagonist of All in the Family. Both shows were adapted by Norman Lear from BBC programs, Sanford and Son was adapted from Steptoe and Son and All in the Family from Till Death Us Do Part. Redd Foxx played Fred G. Sanford, portraying him as a sarcastic, streetwise and his son Lamont longs for independence, but loves his father too much to move out and leave the trouble-prone Fred unsupervised. Though each owns a share in the business, Lamont often finds himself doing all the work and demanding his father complete tasks and duties. Fred often insults his son, usually calling him dummy, Lamont returns the favor, referring to Fred as an old fool. Despite their disagreements, the two share a bond and regularly come to each others aid. An episode in the season featured a plot in which Fred and Lamont had a heated argument over the business, Lamont quit. Meanwhile, Fred filled Lamonts position with a slacker who squandered Freds money on a worthless item. When Lamont quits his new job and Fred fires the slacker, according to Fred, his wife Elizabeth died around 1947. In a running gag in the series, during times of distress, Fred looks up with his hand across his chest, faking an attack and saying, This is The Big One. Im coming to join ya honey, no one, however, falls for this transparent ruse. Fred raised Lamont alone and missed Elizabeth deeply, according to Fred, his son was named for Lamont Lomax, a pitcher from the Homestead Grays. In one episode, Lamont asks why he did not have a name, Fred tells him that Lamont is his middle name, he
Sanford and Son
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From the Sanford and Son opening credits: the sign above the Sanfords' home and workplace
Sanford and Son
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Fred and Lamont Sanford
Sanford and Son
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Nathaniel Taylor as Rollo Lawson
50.
Hanna-Barbera
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Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. was an American animation studio that dominated American television animation for over three decades in the mid 20th century. In late 1966, it was sold to Taft Broadcasting and spent two decades as its subsidiary and it is officially considered the very first major animation studio to successfully produce cartoons exclusively for television. For their achievements, Hanna and Barbera together won seven Academy Awards, eight Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the pair was also inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1993. Hanna-Barberas fortunes declined in the mid-1980s when the profitability of Saturday morning cartoons was eclipsed by weekday afternoon syndication, in late 1991, the animation studio was purchased from Taft by Turner Broadcasting System, who used much of its back catalog to program its new channel, Cartoon Network. After Turner purchased the company, Hanna and Barbera continued to serve as creative consultants, Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996 and the studio became a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Animation, into which Hanna-Barbera was absorbed after Hanna died in 2001, Cartoon Network Studios continued the projects for the channels output. Barbera went on to work for Warner Bros, Animation until his death in 2006. As of 2017, the studio exists as a unit used to market properties and productions associated with the Hanna-Barbera library. Melrose, New Mexico native William Hanna and New York City-born of Italian heritage Joseph Barbera first met while working at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1939. Their first directorial production and collaboration was the Academy Award-nominated Puss Gets the Boot, Hanna and Barbera served as directors of the shorts for over 20 years, with Barbera in charge of the stories and pre-production and Hanna in charge of supervising the animation. Hanna also provided the screams, yelps and yells for Tom Cat, in addition to the series being nominated for twelve more Oscars, seven of the cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject between 1943 and 1953. The trophies were awarded to their producer Fred Quimby, who was not involved in the development of the shorts. In addition to their work on the cartoons, the two men moonlighted on outside projects, including the title sequences and commercials for the CBS sitcom I Love Lucy. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer decided in early 1957 to close its cartoon studio, as it felt it had acquired a reasonable backlog of shorts for re-release, Hanna and Barbera, contemplating their future while completing the final Tom and Jerry cartoons, began producing animated TV commercials. During their last year at MGM, they developed a concept for an animated TV program about a dog, a coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming the new studio. Harry Cohn, president and head of Columbia Pictures, took an 18 percent ownership in Hanna and Barberas new company, H-B Enterprises, Screen Gems became the new studios distributor and its licensing agent, handling merchandizing of the characters from the animated programs. Sidney and several Screen Gems alumni became members of the board of directors. H-B Enterprises was one of the first American cartoon studios to produce cartoons specifically for TV broadcast
Hanna-Barbera
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Founders
William Hanna (left) and
Joseph Barbera pose with several of the
Emmy awards the Hanna-Barbera studio has won.
Hanna-Barbera
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The former Hanna-Barbera building at 3400 Cahuenga Blvd. West in
Hollywood, California, seen in a 2007 photograph. The small yellow structure (lower right) was originally the "guard shack" for the property entrance to the east of the building.
Hanna-Barbera
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Hanna,
Iwao Takamoto, a studio employee, and
Barbera, from July 14, 1996
