Seasonal breeding areas and swarm movements of desert locust during the invasion periods (modified from Pedgley, 1981). Red: summer breeding area with hopper bands present from July to September and direction of swarms (arrows) from August to October. Blue: winter breeding area with hopper bands present from October to February and direction of swarms (arrows) from December to March. Green: spring breeding area with hopper bands present from March to May and direction of swarms (arrows) from April to July. In light grey, the recession area; the light and dark grey together represent the invasion area (Modified from Pedgley, 1981).