Pierre Curie and Marie Curie demonstrating an apparatus that detects radioactivity. They received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics for their scientific research; Marie also received the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

"No one in the history of civilization has shaped our understanding of science and natural philosophy more than the great Greek philosopher and scientist Aristotle (384–322 BC), who exerted a profound and pervasive influence for more than two thousand years" —Gary B. Ferngren

Georgius Agricola gave chemistry its modern name. Generally referred to as the father of mineralogy and the founder of geology as a scientific discipline.

Johannes Kepler, one of the founders and fathers of modern astronomy, the scientific method, natural and modern science.

Megaliths from Nabta Playa, constructed by Neolithic populations to coordinate astronomical observations located in Aswan, Upper Egypt.

The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE) from Ancient Egypt

Clay models of animal livers dating between the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries BCE, found in the royal palace at Mari in what is now Syria

Star list with distance information, Uruk (Iraq), 320-150 BCE, the list gives each constellation, the number of stars and the distance information to the next constellation in ells