1.
Hartwall Arena
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Hartwall Arena is a large multi-functional indoor arena located in Helsinki, Finland. Opened in 1997, the arena gets its name from its largest sponsor, the idea of building the arena came from Harry Hjallis Harkimo in 1994. It was built to be ready for the Ice Hockey World Championships in 1997 and was delivered by the constructor on 11 April 1997, the building is elliptical,153 metres long and 123 metres wide. 37 meters under ground there is an arena which is used by many hockey teams. The arena is situated next to Pasila railway station, which is the second busiest railway station in Finland,3.5 km north of Helsinki Central, total capacity in ice hockey games is 13,349. The arena is convertible for various events, for sport events, the capacity is about 10,000, about 14,000 for basketball, for concerts about 13,000, and as an amphitheatre,3, 000-5,000. It is connected to a carpark, which has a total capacity of 1,421 vehicles. The arena is currently the biggest entertainment venue in the country, with many artists having performed at the arena, Hartwall Arena is the home venue of the ice hockey team Jokerit. The arena has also used for Ice Hockey World Championships, World Figure Skating Championships, NHL Challenge. In May 2011, Hartwall Arena served as the venue of the 2012 IIHF World Championship. It hosted all Group A games and quarterfinals, all semifinals, Group B games and quarterfinals were hosted in Ericsson Globe, Stockholm. It also co-hosted the 2013 IIHF World Championship with Ericsson Globe, the group stage of EuroBasket 2017 will be played at the Hartwall Arena. Hartwall Arena Official website, in Finnish and English
2.
Finland
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Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a sovereign state in Northern Europe. A peninsula with the Gulf of Finland to the south and the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, the country has borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north. Estonia is south of the country across the Gulf of Finland, Finland is a Nordic country situated in the geographical region of Fennoscandia, which also includes Scandinavia. Finlands population is 5.5 million, and the majority of the population is concentrated in the southern region,88. 7% of the population is Finnish people who speak Finnish, a Uralic language unrelated to the Scandinavian languages, the second major group are the Finland-Swedes. In terms of area, it is the eighth largest country in Europe, Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in the capital Helsinki, local governments in 311 municipalities, and an autonomous region, the Åland Islands. Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, from the late 12th century, Finland was an integral part of Sweden, a legacy reflected in the prevalence of the Swedish language and its official status. In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson, we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns, nevertheless, in 1809, Finland was incorporated into the Russian Empire as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1906, Finland became the nation in the world to give the right to vote to all adult citizens. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared itself independent, in 1918, the fledgling state was divided by civil war, with the Bolshevik-leaning Reds supported by the equally new Soviet Russia, fighting the Whites, supported by the German Empire. After a brief attempt to establish a kingdom, the became a republic. During World War II, the Soviet Union sought repeatedly to occupy Finland, with Finland losing parts of Karelia, Salla and Kuusamo, Petsamo and some islands, Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality. The Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics during the Cold War era, Finland was a relative latecomer to industrialization, remaining a largely agrarian country until the 1950s. It rapidly developed an advanced economy while building an extensive Nordic-style welfare state, resulting in widespread prosperity, however, Finnish GDP growth has been negative in 2012–2014, with a preceding nadir of −8% in 2009. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, a large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, though freedom of religion is guaranteed under the Finnish Constitution. The first known appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three rune-stones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti, the third was found in Gotland, in the Baltic Sea. It has the inscription finlandi and dates from the 13th century, the name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned first known time AD98. The name Suomi has uncertain origins, but a candidate for a source is the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, in addition to the close relatives of Finnish, this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian and Lithuanian
3.
Dance-pop
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Dance-pop is a pop and dance subgenre that originated in the early 1980s. It is generally up-tempo music intended for nightclubs with the intention of being danceable, the genre, on the whole, tends to be producer-driven, despite some notable exceptions. Dance-pop borrowed influences from other genres, which varied by producer, artist, such include contemporary R&B, house, trance, techno, new jack swing, funk, synthpop, electropop and some forms of europop. Dance-pop is a mainstream style of music and there have been numerous pop artists. As the term started to go out of fashion by the late 1970s to early 1980s, other terms were commonly used to describe disco-based music, such as post-disco, club. Dance-pop music emerged in the 1980s as a combination of dance and pop, or post-disco, Dance-pop music was usually created, composed and produced by record producers who would then hire singers to perform the songs. In the beginning of the 80s disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, according to prominent Allmusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music, utilizing her charisma, chutzpah and sex appeal. Erlewine claimed that Madonna launched dance-pop and set the standard for the genre for the two decades. The staff of Vice magazine stated that her debut album drew the blueprint for future dance-pop, in the 1980s dance-pop was closely aligned to other up-tempo electronic genres, such as Hi-NRG. Prominent producers in the 1980s included Stock, Aitken and Waterman, during the decade, dance-pop borrowed influences from funk, new jack swing, and contemporary R&B. Other prominent dance-pop artists and groups of the 1980s included the Pet Shop Boys, Mel and Kim, Samantha Fox, Debbie Gibson, by the 1990s, dance-pop had become a major genre in popular music. Several dance-pop groups and artists emerged during the 1990s, such as the Spice Girls, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson, Backstreet Boys, during the early 1990s, dance-pop borrowed influences from house music, as well as contemporary R&B and new jack swing. Additionally, also in 1998, Cher released a song called Believe which made usage of a technological innovation of the time. An audio processor and a form of pitch modification software, Auto-Tune is commonly used as a way to correct pitch, since the late 1990s, the use of Auto-Tune processing has become a common feature of dance-pop music. Celine Dion also released a dance-pop song Thats the Way It Is by the end of 1999 and it has a moderately slow tempo but an up-beat song. At the beginning of the 2000s, dance-pop music was still prominent, nonetheless, as R&B and hip hop became extremely popular from the early part of the decade onwards, dance-pop often borrowed a lot of its influences from urban music. Dance-pop stars from the 1980s and 1990s such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Madonna, Janet Jackson, in Madonnas case, her album Music contained elements of Euro disco, especially the successful eponymous lead single. Britney Spears album Blackout contained influences of Euro disco, the mid-to-late 2000s saw the arrival of several new dance-pop artists, including Rihanna, Kesha, Lady Gaga and Katy Perry
4.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
5.
Parlophone
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Parlophone Limited is a German-British record label that was founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company as Parlophon. The British branch of the company was formed in 8 August 1923 as The Parlophone Co. Ltd. which developed a reputation in the 1920s as a jazz record label. In 5 October 1926, the Columbia Graphophone Company acquired Parlophones business, name, Columbia Graphophone later merged with the Gramophone Company in 31 March 1931 to become Electric & Musical Industries Limited. George Martin joined EMI in 1950 as assistant label manager, taking over as manager in 1955, Martin produced and released a mix of product including comedy recordings of the Goons, the pianist Mrs Mills, and teen idol Adam Faith. For a long time Parlophone claimed the best-selling UK single She Loves You, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, both by The Beatles. The label also achieved placement of seven singles at No.1 during 1964, Parlophone continued as a division of EMI until it was merged into the Gramophone Co. Ltd. on 1 July 1965. On 1 July 1973, the Gramophone Co. Ltd. was renamed EMI Records Limited, on 28 September 2012, regulators officially approved Universal Music Group s planned acquisition of EMI, on condition that its EMI Records Ltd. group would be divested from the combined group. EMI Records Ltd. included Parlophone and other labels to be divested and were for a time operated in a single entity known as the Parlophone Label Group. Warner Music Group later acquired Parlophone and PLG in 7 February 2013, making Parlophone their new third flagship label, alongside Warner Bros. Records, PLG was renamed as the Parlophone Records Limited group in May 2013. Parlophone is now the oldest of WMGs three flagship record labels, Parlophone was founded in Germany in 1896 by the Carl Lindström Company as Parlophon. The name Parlophon had been used for gramophones before the company began making records of their own. The labels ₤ trademark is a German L that stands for its original founder Lindström and it has coincidentally been said to resemble the British pound sign, which itself is derived from the letter L for the Ancient Roman unit of measurement Libra, which means pound in Latin. During World War I, the Transoceanic Trading Company was set up in the Netherlands to look after its overseas assets, on 8 August 1923, the British branch of Parlophone was established, led by artists and repertoire manager Oscar Preuss. Parlophone established a leasing arrangement with the co-owned United States-based record label Okeh Records. The CLPGS has published a list of Parlophone titles issued between the years of 1923 and 1956, in 1927, the Columbia Graphophone Company acquired a controlling interest in the Carl Lindström Company and in Parlophone. In 31 March 1931, Columbia Graphophone merged with the Gramophone Company to form Electric & Musical Industries Ltd, under EMI, Parlophone initially maintained its status as a jazz label. In about 1929 or 1930, the Rhythm Style Series started, besides the Okeh recordings, Parlophone also issued recordings from Columbia Records and Brunswick Records, as well as a few sessions produced at Decca Records. As time went on, the label also released speciality recordings of word and comedy recordings, including the comedy recordings of the Goons and Flanders
6.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
7.
Eurovision Song Contest 2007
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The Eurovision Song Contest 2007 was the 52nd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It was won by first-time appearance as an independent country Serbia and was held at the Hartwall Areena in Helsinki, Finland earned the right to host the event after heavy metal band Lordis victory at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006. It was the first time the Contest had been held in Finland, a budget of €13 million was presented for arranging the contest. Other bids to host the contest came from Espoo, Turku, the hosts were Finnish television personality Jaana Pelkonen and Finnish musician, stage performer and actor Mikko Leppilampi. Krisse Salminen acted as guest host in the room. A record number of 42 countries participated, the European Broadcasting Union put aside its limit of 40 countries, which would have meant excluding some countries using a ranking order scheme. This trend continued at the 2008 and 2009 Contests, on 12 March 2007, the draws for the running order for the semi-final, final and voting procedure took place. A new feature allowed five wild-card countries from the semi-final and three countries from the final to choose their starting position, the heads of delegation went on stage and chose the number they would take. In the semi-final, Austria, Andorra, Turkey, Slovenia and Latvia were able to choose their positions, in the final, Armenia, Ukraine and Germany were able to exercise this privilege. All countries opted for spots in the half of both evenings. Shortly after the draw, the entries were approved by the EBU, the United Kingdom chose their entry after the deadline because they were granted special dispensation from the EBU. The contest saw some changes to the voting time-frame. The compilation summary video of all entries including phone numbers was shown twice, the voting process was the same as 2006 except there was fifteen minutes to vote, an increase of five minutes on the 2006 Contest. In the final, the results from each country were once again shown from one to seven points automatically on screen and only eight, ten and twelve were read by the spokespeople. For the first time, the winner was awarded a promotion tour around Europe, visiting Denmark, Spain, Sweden, the tour was held between 16 May and 21 May. The event was sponsored by European communications group TeliaSonera, and — as with several previous contests — Nobel Biocare, apocalyptica were the interval act, and played a medley of songs, Worlds Collide, Faraway and finally Life Burns. The official logo of the contest remained the same as 2006, the stage was in the shape of a kantele, a traditional Finnish instrument. On 20 February 2007 a reworked official website for the contest was launched marking the first public exhibition of this years theme, an official CD and DVD were released
8.
Flying the Flag (For You)
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Flying the Flag is a song performed by British pop/bubblegum dance group Scooch. The song came joint 22nd with a total of 19 points, russ, as the captain, opens and closes the song with captains announcements. Natalie and Caroline sing the vocals of the song, as David offers passengers confectioneries, the lyrics are heavily based on actual experiences of flying. The song contains an amount of sexual innuendo, the most overt being. and blow into the mouthpiece and Would you like something to suck on for landing. The original music video was their performance on Eurovision, Making Your Mind Up. Following the lyrics, the video starts with the quartet in the front of the aeroplane. Flying the Flag was the song to be sung during the Eurovision Song Contest. On 18 April 2007 it was announced that Scooch had been signed to the Warner Bros. label and this would help them to promote and release their single to a broader range of fans in the United Kingdom and abroad. As part of the contract, Scooch recorded certain phrases of the song in French, German, Spanish, Bulgarian, the song debuted in the UK Top 40 at No.5 and peaked at this position
9.
Heidi Range
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Heidi India Range is an English singer-songwriter. She is best known for being a member of the group Sugababes. Range was an member of girl group Atomic Kitten, although she left the group two years before releasing any material. In 2001 Range replaced Siobhán Donaghy of the Sugababes and had accumulated six UK number one singles as well as two number one studio albums with the group before splitting in 2011, Range has since concentrated on theatre work. In 1997, Range auditioned for a part in the band Scooch, instead, she joined Atomic Kitten, a girl group founded by OMD frontman Andy McCluskey, along with Liz McClarnon and Kerry Katona. She recorded several demos and tracks with the group, in 1999 Range decided to leave the group after wanting to pursue a more R&B style of music instead of the pop music Atomic Kitten were making and was therefore replaced with Natasha Hamilton. Having already started work on an album with new member Range, Sugababes looked for a new record label. Their first single on the new label, Freak like Me scored the group their first UK number 1 single, follow-up single Round Round also debuted on top of the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number 2 in Ireland, the Netherlands and New Zealand. Both singles were certified silver by the BPI and it is to date their highest-selling album. In the UK, the single from the album, a ballad titled Stronger. The track was released as a side with Angels with Dirty Faces in the UK. A fourth single, the Sting-sampling Shape, made the top ten in the Netherlands, after a hiatus, the Sugababes released their thirteenth single, Push the Button in October 2005. The song debuted at number 1 in the UK and remained in the position for three consecutive weeks and it also peaked at number one in Ireland, Austria and New Zealand, and reached the top three across Europe and in Australia. Certified silver in the UK, it was nominated at the BRIT Awards for Best Single. Parent album Taller in More Ways became the groups first UK number 1 album, the group was number 1 on the singles, album, airplay and download charts simultaneously, making them the first girl group to achieve such a feat. Taller in More Ways was certified platinum in the UK. Following an apparent illness that prevented Buena from promoting follow-up single Ugly, according to an announcement on their official website, Buenas decision was based purely on personal reasons following the birth of her daughter. Amelle Berrabah joined the Sugababes in late December 2005, having been chosen by the management to replace Buena
10.
Bench (furniture)
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A bench is a long seat on which multiple people may sit at the same time. Benches are typically made of wood, but may also be made of metal, stone, many benches have arm and back rests, some have no back rest and can be sat on from either side. In American public areas, benches are often donated by persons or associations, benches are used both outdoors and indoors. Often benches are simply named for the place they are used, park benches are set as seating places within public parks, and vary in the number of people they can seat. Garden benches are similar to park benches, but are longer and offer more sitting places. Picnic tables, or catering buffet tables have long benches as well as a table and these tables may have table legs which are collapsible, in order to expedite transport and storage. Scenic benches are situated to provide a means of enjoying the contemplation of a beautiful landscape. Perch benches are situated in high traffic areas to enable people to take a quick break. A storage bench is a combination of sitting space and a storage box, a form is a backless bench that was used for seating in dining rooms, school rooms and law courts. Various types of benches are designed for and/or named after specific uses, such as, church pews inside places of worship. A bench seat is a seat installed in automobiles, featuring a continuous pad running the full width of the cabin. The bench in a courtroom, behind which the judge is seated, benches come in a variety of different materials, but there are some venue standards that account for use, durability, and maintenance patterns. Aluminum, Aluminum benches are often found in outdoor, sideline settings at recreational venues like sports fields or courts, the material affords for a lightweight, corrosive-free bench, so it is a portable and economical option for indoor or outdoor settings. Concrete, Concrete benches are very heavy and are a more permanent furnishing and they are often installed in facilities that are not expected to change or transition often, if at all, such as military bases, state parks and official buildings. Concrete is very durable, so it is appropriate for any climate, Concrete can be composed of many different materials to afford benches different accents, depending on what it is composed of. Fiberglass, Fiberglass is a material so fiberglass benches can come in a variety of designs. The material is great for indoor or outdoor use because it will not corrode or rust, is low maintenance. Common places where fiberglass benches are installed include food courts, restaurants, powder-coated steel, Powder coated steel benches are often found lining entryways for different venues, like retail centers, medical facilities and country clubs
11.
Couch
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Although a couch is used primarily for seating, it may be used for sleeping. In homes, couches are normally found in the room, living room, den. They are sometimes found in nonresidential settings such as hotels, lobbies of commercial offices, waiting rooms. The term couch is used in North America, South Africa, the word originated in Middle English from the Old French noun couche, which derived from the verb meaning to lie down. It originally denoted an item of furniture for lying or sleeping on, somewhat like a chaise longue, other terms which can be synonymous with the above definition are chesterfield, divan, davenport, lounge, and canapé. The word sofa is from Turkish derived from the Arabic word suffa for wool, the word settee comes from the Old English word, setl, which was used to describe long benches with high backs and arms, but is now generally used to describe upholstered seating. The most common types of couches are the loveseat, designed for seating two persons, and the sofa, with two or more cushion seats, other variants include the divan, the fainting couch and the canapé. To conserve space, some sofas double as beds in the form of sofa beds, daybeds, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the term couch is rarely used, the terms sofa or settee being more common. A furniture set consisting of a sofa with two matching chairs, is known as a chesterfield suite or living room suite. Also in the UK, the word chesterfield meant any couch in the 1900s, the first leather chesterfield sofa, with its distinctive deep buttoned, quilted leather upholstery and lower seat base, was commissioned by Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield. A couch consists of the frame, the padding and the covering, the frame is usually made of wood but can also be made of steel, plastic or laminated boards. The wood used under the upholstery is made from kiln-dried maple wood that is free of knots, the show wood of the legs, arms and back can be maple, mahogany, walnut or fruitwoods. Sofa padding is made from foam, down, feathers, fabric or a combination thereof, sofa coverings are usually made out of soft leather, corduroy or linen fabric coverings. The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts
12.
BBC One
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BBC One is the flagship television channel of the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Channel Islands. It was launched on 2 November 1936 as the BBC Television Service and it was renamed BBC TV in 1960, using this name until the launch of sister channel BBC2 in 1964, whereupon the BBC TV channel became known as BBC1, with the current spelling adopted in 1997. The channels annual budget for 2012–13 is £1.14 billion, the channel is funded by the television licence fee together with the BBCs other domestic television stations, and therefore shows uninterrupted programming without commercial advertising. It is currently the most watched channel in the United Kingdom, ahead of its traditional rival for ratings leadership. As of June 2013 the channel controller for BBC One is Charlotte Moore, the BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15,00, Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, Good afternoon everybody. Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh, the Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later. The competition quickly forced the channel to change its identity and priorities following a reduction in its audience. The 1962 Pilkington Report on the future of broadcasting noticed this, and it therefore decided that Britains third television station should be awarded to the BBC. The station, renamed BBC TV in 1960, became BBC1 when BBC2 was launched on 20 April 1964 transmitting an incompatible 625-line image on UHF. The only way to all channels was to use a complex dual-standard 405- and 625-line, VHF and UHF, receiver. Old 405-line-only sets became obsolete in 1985, when transmission in the standard ended, although standards converters have become available for enthusiasts who collect, BBC1 was based at the purpose-built BBC Television Centre at White City, London between 1960 and 2013. In the weeks leading up to 15 November 1969, BBC1 unofficially transmitted the occasional programme in its new colour system, to test it. At midnight on 15 November, simultaneously with ITV and two years after BBC2, BBC1 officially began 625-line PAL colour programming on UHF with a broadcast of a concert by Petula Clark, colour transmissions could be received on monochrome 625-line sets until the end of analogue broadcasting. In terms of share, the most successful period for BBC1 was under Bryan Cowgill between 1973 and 1977, when the channel achieved an average audience share of 45%. On 30 December 1980, the BBC announced their intention to introduce a new breakfast television service to compete with TV-am. On 17 January 1983, the first edition of Breakfast Time was shown on BBC One, becoming the first UK wide breakfast television service and continued to lead in the rating until 1984. The first major overhaul was to axe the deeply unpopular Sixty Minutes current affairs programme and its replacement was the BBC Six OClock News, a straight new programme in a bid to shore up its failing early evening slot
13.
Live & Kicking
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Live & Kicking was a BBC Saturday morning childrens magazine programme, running from 1993 to 2001. After this the series ratings dropped with the launch of SMTV Live on ITV, Live & Kicking was conceived as a replacement for Going Live. A successful Saturday morning programme that had been running for six years and it was first broadcast on 2 October 1993 at 9 am on BBC1. The original hosts were Andi Peters, Emma Forbes who had presented a segment in Going Live. For the second series, John was relegated to host the showbiz Electric Circus segment, leaving Andi and he left after one series of Electric Circus to concentrate on acting. Comedy duo Trevor and Simon and Peter Simon, in the Run the Risk segment, were also regulars who had featured on Going Live, while the first series was not as popular as its predecessor, the second series was more successful. It was broadcast during the months, from September to April. New episodes of the Rugrats were shown, the series went out opposite ITVs Whats Up Doc. Andi Peters expressed his intention to move on in March 1996 and they were replaced by Zoë Ball and Jamie Theakston, who presented it for three series. According to the BBC, the popularity was at its peak during the 1996/1997 series when the show regularly had 2.5 million viewers. Around this time Mr. Blobby, played by Barry Killerby, after three series, Ball decided to move on due to a hectic schedule, and Theakston followed. The show returned in Autumn 1999 with new presenters Emma Ledden and they only lasted for one series, due to ratings dropping to 1.6 million during their tenure. At the same time rival SMTV Live on competitor channel ITV was relaunched to feature more comedic elements and began to gain popularity, known for its innuendo, Fully Booked, the BBCs summer replacement, was also revamped and retitled as FBi, but ratings continued to drop. The following October, the series was a complete revamp, with a line-up of four, Ortis Deley, Katy Hill, Trey Farley. Ratings continued to plummet, due to the success of SMTV Live. In March 2001, the BBC made a move and extended the series over the summer, like SMTV was broadcast. Hill was replaced by Heather Suttie as the show was moved to BBC Scotland on 21 April until 15 September 2001 when the show aired. It was replaced by The Saturday Show, which continued to be broadcast all year round and it featured music performances, hot seat questions for celebrity guests, phone-ins, games, comedy sketches, competitions, and television programmes and cartoons
14.
ITV (TV channel)
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ITV is a commercial television channel in the United Kingdom. Previously a network of regional television channels, ITV currently operates in England, Wales, Scotland, the Isle of Man. From 2001 until 2013, the channel was called ITV1, in 2004, Granada Television acquired Carlton Communications to form ITV plc. ITV is the biggest and most popular television channel in the United Kingdom. ITV and its channels have contended with BBC One for the status of the UKs most watched television channel since the 1950s. However, in line with other channels, ITVs audience share has fallen in the era of multi-channel television. Following the creation of the Television Act 1954, the establishment of a television service in the UK began. The Independent Television service, or ITV, was made up of regions, the three largest regions were subdivided into weekday and weekend services, with a different company running each. ITV existed in a form from its inception to the 2000s. ITV1 became the generic brand name used by the twelve franchises of the ITV Network in the United Kingdom. The brand was introduced in 2001 by Carlton- and Granada-owned franchises, however, it became the sole on-air identity in 2002 when the two companies decided to create a single unified playout of the channel, with regional references only used prior to regional programming. Carlton and Granada went on to merge in 2004, creating ITV plc which now owns thirteen of the fifteen regional ITV licences. The ITV1 name was used in England, Wales, Southern Scotland and Isle of Man until Channel Television adopted the name in January 2006. It should be noted, however, that as national continuity is used on Channel Television. ITV Wales & West was the exception, using the name ITV1 Wales at all times for the Welsh part of its broadcast area as it has a higher regional commitment. Latterly the ITV1 Wales name was used on breakbumpers and regionally advertised programmes till 2013. Non ITV plc-owned licencees on the network generally did not refer to the ITV name, the network production arms of the ITV-plc owned licencees have been gradually combined since 1993 to eventually form ITV Studios. ITV was formed by the unification of eleven of the ITV licences, the Broadcasting Act 1990 changed many of the rules regulating the ITV Network, which most notably relaxed franchise ownership and hours of production
15.
Popstars
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Popstars is an international reality television franchise and a precursor to the Idol series. The series first began in New Zealand in 1999 when producer Jonathan Dowling formed the five member all-girl group TrueBliss, Popstars remains one of the most successful TV show formats of all time with the format being sold to more than 50 countries. The show was the inspiration for Simon Fullers Idols franchise, the series originated in New Zealand in 1999 when producer Jonathan Dowling formed the five member all-girl group TrueBliss. Dowling then licensed the concept to Screentime in Australia, who then on sold it to TresorTV in Germany before taking it worldwide, Popstars remains one of the most successful TV show formats of all time with the format being sold to more than 50 countries. The show was the inspiration for Simon Fullers Pop Idol franchise which would dominate reality TV, although Popstars had started successfully in most countries during the early 2000s, the shows gradually began to fail and were dropped by many broadcasters due to poor ratings. The last country where Popstars was still popular and successful – beside other casting shows such as The X Factor and Got Talent, in 2007, the show returned to France on M6 for one season. Since August 2008, there has also been a new version of Popstars on TV in the Netherlands and it has now ended its third season. Official Popstars Popstars at the National Film and Sound Archive
16.
B*Witched
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B*Witched are an Irish girl group consisting of twin sisters Edele and Keavy Lynch, Lindsay Armaou, and Sinéad OCarroll. Originally active between 1997 and 2002, they enjoyed success in both Europe and North America between 1998 and 2000, releasing two albums and eight singles, all of which made the UK Top 20. Their first four singles, Cest la Vie, Rollercoaster, To You I Belong and Blame It on the Weatherman, in 2002, having sold over 3 million albums worldwide, B*Witched were dropped by their record company. Soon afterwards, when OCarroll decided to leave, the split up. In 2006, the Lynch sisters formed a group, Ms. Lynch, the show follows the six groups as they reunited for the first time in a decade and rehearsed ahead of a comeback performance at the Hammersmith Apollo on 26 February 2013. Due to the success of the show and the demand for tickets at the Hammersmith Apollo gig. In May 2013, B*Witched unveiled a new song called Love, during a radio interview in October 2013, Edele Lynch confirmed that the group would be releasing new material. On 28 September 2014, they released an EP, entitled Champagne or Guinness and they are set to tour Australia in 2017. All four members of B*Witched came from families and were accomplished musicians from young ages. Sinéad OCarroll met Keavy Lynch in a garage where Keavy was working as a part-time mechanic, meanwhile, Lindsay Armaou met up with Keavy at a kickboxing class. In 1996, Keavy, Sinéad and Keavys identical twin sister Edele decided to put a group together and they were originally called Butterfly Farm. They later became a four-piece when Lindsay joined, the group later experimented with the name DZire and Sister, before finally choosing B*Witched. The band members deliberately cultivated an image and, in order to appeal to a younger audience. Edele and Keavys brother Shane Lynch helped the group find a manager, former New Kids on the Block manager Kim Glover was appointed to the role, and in 1997 she signed the group to Glowworm Records, the Epic Records label she ran. The label was co-run by Ray Madman Hedges, who produced all of B*Witcheds releases, B*Witched released their debut single Cest la Vie on 25 May 1998 prior to their first ever show at Lawmuir Primary School in Bellshill as part of Jobees 20th anniversary. Despite mixed reviews, it reached number one on the UK Singles Chart, following its release in the United States, the song went to number nine on the Billboard Hot 100. Subsequent singles Rollercoaster, To You I Belong and Blame It on the Weatherman all topped the UK chart as well and they also sang the theme song for Sabrina, The Animated Series. Their self-titled debut album, B*Witched, was released in October 1998, the album also peaked at number 12 on the US Billboard 200 and was ceritified Platinum in the US
17.
DDRMAX2: Dance Dance Revolution 7thMIX
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The Dance Dance Revolution series started on November 20,1998 and has grown to a large set of games in the franchise. This list of Dance Dance Revolution games documents every game released to the public, including systems, formats. These lists are sorted by platform of release, then region, then best-known release date, then regional or renamed version title, releases that have sold more than one million copies or have been re-issued as Greatest Hits are colored orange. Released as Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix, originally Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix was going to be a Windows title, sequeling Dance Dance Revolution which had been released a couple of years before. Screenshots of the game under development were released to video game news sites showing an interface that resembled the previous Windows game. Later in development the game was completely changed visually and released on the Microsoft Xbox, reason, PlayStation 2 and arcade board blacklist issues. The European arcade release of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2, titled Dancing Stage SuperNova 2, was never shipped due to issues surrounding the PlayStation 2-based engine. The arcade release of DDR SuperNova 2 uses an imported Japanese PlayStation 2 to power the game, the import ban came after the release of Dancing Stage SuperNova, the second Dance Dance Revolution arcade released in Europe to use a PlayStation 2 engine. Only a test build exists, this game never saw a release in North America. The test build was available to the public early 2000 in Chicago and it was later replaced with Dance Dance Revolution USA. Major differences from the Japanese build is the absence of 3 songs, Thats The Way 98, Together and Forever, the Nonstop Megamix course including these songs were also not present. All other functions and hidden modes were available for play including Maniac mode, Ultimate Maniac mode, Nonstop Megamix, released as Dance Dance Revolution Extreme. However, many images on the Internet represent a long-standing hoax, only a test build exists, this game never saw a full release in North America. The test build was available to the public on mid 2015 in Round 1 and Dave & Busters shops at Konamis test location Diversions and it was later replaced with Dance Dance Revolution A. Major differences from the Japanese build is the absence of songs, DDR, All U. M. U×Bemani songs. DDR, ウッーウッーウマウマ, オリオンをなぞる, ずっとみつめていて, Choo Choo Train, Love & Joy -Risk Junk MIX-, DDR X3, All licences and 5 KAC2012 songs. Revolutionary Addict and Go For The Top did not affect, DDR and 2ndMIX, all Dancemania licences. ^ Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix was updated after its release with a few new songs
18.
G-A-Y
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G-A-Y is a gay nightclub in London. It operated from the London Astoria music venue for 15 years until July 2008, on Friday 3 October 2008, it moved to famous gay venue Heaven. G-A-Y is associated with G-A-Y Bar and G-A-Y Late, both of which were owned by Ryan Clark, Bare. The two bars sell discounted tickets to performances, and are locations in which flyer boys operate. The brand was purchased on 13 August 2007 by the MAMA Group. G-A-Y began in 1976 in the Sundown club as a Monday night event called Bang. started by club promoters Norman Scott, Damien Tony and Jerry Collins, who worked as a DJ under the name Gary London. During the 1980s, Bang. and also Propaganda were run by gay club promoter and DJ Colin Peters, for some years G-A-Y operated in both venues, the LA2 on Monday and Thursday nights and the London Astoria on Fridays and Saturdays. On 22 September 2008, MAMA Group acquired Heaven nightclub and the venue is now the home of G-A-Y, the two nightclubs were merged into one with both types of music being played. In 2000, a 40 track compilation album was released, featuring songs from some of the artists who had appeared at G-A-Y, on Saturday 1 July 2000, a show was held at G-A-Y to promote the release of the album. Seven acts who appeared on the album performed and these acts were Shola Ama, All Saints, Bananarama, Dina Carroll, Billie Piper, Honeyz and Louise. Each act performed one song, apart from Louise, who also performed her new single 2 Faced. The G-A-Y album was released on Monday 3 July 2000 and peaked at number 18 in the UK compilations chart, the G-A-Y brand has expanded to two other bars in the area. In April 2011, the G-A-Y brand arrived on Manchesters iconic Canal Street with a G-A-Y bar opening in the venue of Spirit Bar. The brand is now 100% owned by Jeremy Joseph, Saturday nights at G-A-Y/Heaven have seen many performances from a wide selection of artists and genres. Acts to have appeared in the G-A-Y/Heaven include, Superclub G-A-Y website MAMA website Gay London
19.
E4 (TV channel)
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E4 is a British terrestrial digital television channel, funded by advertising. The E stands for entertainment, and the channel is aimed at the 16–34 age group. Programming includes US imports such as The Goldbergs, The Cleveland Show, other programming includes British shows such as Skins, My Mad Fat Diary, Misfits, The Inbetweeners, The Ricky Gervais Show, Shameless, Hollyoaks, Coach Trip and Made in Chelsea. Some US imports, such as Desperate Housewives and Ugly Betty, are screened on E4 up to one ahead of their Channel 4 broadcasts. Its most successful broadcast to date was on 11 October 2010 when an episode of The Inbetweeners pulled in over 3.7 million viewers, E4 launched as a pay-TV companion to Channel 4 on 18 January 2001. On 16 December 2004, Channel 4 announced that the channel would become a digital terrestrial television channel. From its launch until the closure of ITV Digital, E4 was available as a subscription channel. E4 was also available as part of the basic Sky satellite subscription channel package and this change happened on 6 May 2008 and the channel joined Freesat along with More4. In May 2005, E4 introduced First Look, showing episodes of popular programmes such as Come Dine with Me, Hollyoaks and drama such as Lost. In October 2005, More4 was launched to complement Channel 4s digital channels, ER and The West Wing subsequently moved from E4 to More4. E4 launched a Republic of Ireland service in June 2002 which has become the second most popular channel in Ireland with 1. 1% of the audience. Since 2006, E4 has sponsored the E4 UdderBELLY venue at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the venue took the form of a giant upside cow in the purple colour of E4s logo. In July 2007, it was announced Channel 4 would be launching E4 Radio, the station was planned for launch in July 2008 and aimed at a similar demographic to its sister television channel, however this launch date was later delayed. In October 2008 Channel 4 announced it was abandoning its plans for digital radio, on 14 December 2009, a high-definition simulcast of E4 launched on Sky+ HD channel 215, it was later added to Virgin Media on 1 April 2010. Unlike the other standard definition channels from Channel 4, which are free to air, similar to this, the high-definition simulcast of its sister channel, Film4, is only available to Virgin Medias TV L and XL HD customers. E4 acquired the rights to several new US comedies throughout 2011 and 2012, a few of which were New Girl, Suburgatory,2 Broke Girls, The New Normal, on 31 October 2013, E4 premiered a refreshed look as part of the channels rebranding. This coincided with the debut of the season of E4s most popular show, The Big Bang Theory. On 6 July 2017, E4 will have been on end-of-part programmes going into, in 1994, Channel 4 purchased the broadcast rights to the popular American sitcom Friends
20.
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (musical)
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Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a stage musical based on the 1968 film produced by Albert R. Broccoli. The music and lyrics were written by Richard and Robert Sherman with book by Jeremy Sams, the West End production, directed by Adrian Noble with musical staging and choreography by Gillian Lynne, closed in September 2005. It was the longest running show ever at the London Palladium, original Broadway production The Broadway production opened on April 28,2005 at the Lyric Theatre, garnering good reviews only for the lavish sets. The production was directed by Adrian Noble with choreography by Gillian Lynne and starred Raúl Esparza, Erin Dilly, Philip Bosco, Marc Kudisch, Jan Maxwell. The Broadway production closed on December 31,2005 after 34 previews and 285 regular performances, according to producer Nicholas Paleologos, A substantial portion of the $15 million will not be recouped on Broadway. A US National tour began in November 2008 at the Broward Center in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, with a script by Ray Roderick. These revisions have since become part of the licensed script, the UK Tour visited Asia for the first time when it opened on 2 November 2007 in Singapores Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay. Encouraging ticket sales resulted in an extension of the show to 9 December, in 2009, the original production toured the UK until 2010 on a smaller scale, directed by original director Adrian Noble and choreographed by David Morgan. This tour used the script used for the US tour by Ray Roderick. It is scheduled to tour until 4 February 2017 at the Bristol Hippodrome, Australian production The Australian national production of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang opened on November 17,2012 at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney, Australia. Koepplinger and choreographed by Ricarda Regina Ludigkeit, notes, Since the 2008 US tour, the following songs have been omitted, Come to the Funfair, Kiddy-Widdy-Winkies, Us Two/Chitty Prayer. Kiddy-Widdy-Winkies was replaced with a version of Lovely Lonely Man from the original film, the overall script is also changed to more closely match the film, notably, missing the childcatcher tricking the family by dressing as the Toymaker and Grandpa. In the 2012 Australian production, Kiddie-Widdy-Winkies was put back in the line-up of songs, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the Internet Broadway Database Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the Music Theatre International website
21.
West End theatre
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West End theatre is a common term for mainstream professional theatre staged in the large theatres of Theatreland in and near the West End of London. Along with New York Citys Broadway theatre, West End theatre is considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. Seeing a West End show is a common tourist activity in London, in 2013, ticket sales reached a record 14.4 million, making West End the largest English speaking audience in the world. Famous screen actors frequently appear on the London stage, helen Mirren received an award for her performance as the Queen on the West End stage, and then stated, theatre is such an important part of British history and British culture. Theatre in London flourished after the English Reformation, the first permanent public playhouse, known simply as The Theatre, was constructed in 1576 in Shoreditch by James Burbage. It was soon joined by The Curtain, both are known to have been used by William Shakespeares company. In 1599, the timber from The Theatre was moved to Southwark and these theatres were closed in 1642 due to the Puritans who would later influence the interregnum of 1649. After the Restoration, two companies were licensed to perform, the Dukes Company and the Kings Company, performances were held in converted buildings, such as Lisles Tennis Court. The first West End theatre, known as Theatre Royal in Bridges Street, was designed by Thomas Killigrew and built on the site of the present Theatre Royal and it opened on 7 May 1663 and was destroyed by a fire nine years later. It was replaced by a new designed by Christopher Wren and renamed the Theatre Royal. Outside the West End, Sadlers Wells Theatre opened in Islington on 3 June 1683. Taking its name from founder Richard Sadler and monastic springs that were discovered on the property, it operated as a Musick House, with performances of opera, as it was not licensed for plays. In the West End, the Theatre Royal Haymarket opened on 29 December 1720 on a site north of its current location. The Patent theatre companies retained their duopoly on drama well into the 19th century, by the early 19th century, however, music hall entertainments became popular, and presenters found a loophole in the restrictions on non-patent theatres in the genre of melodrama. Melodrama did not break the Patent Acts, as it was accompanied by music, initially, these entertainments were presented in large halls, attached to public houses, but purpose-built theatres began to appear in the East End at Shoreditch and Whitechapel. The West End theatre district became established with the opening of small theatres and halls. South of the River Thames, the Old Vic, Waterloo Road, the next few decades saw the opening of many new theatres in the West End. It abbreviated its name three years later, the theatre building boom continued until about World War I
22.
Harry Hill's TV Burp
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Harry Hills TV Burp is a British television comedy programme that ran for 11 years from 2001 to 2012, and was produced by Avalon Television for ITV. The show was written and hosted by comedian Harry Hill, with each taking a humorous look back to the previous week of programming on British television. In the earlier series, some of the clips used were not from programmes, in realisation and quickly starting the show. In later series, the part of each episode opened with Hill simply nodding his head to the final note of the shows theme. Hill often performs a sideways looks to another camera, either during a segment or just after a clip has been shown, in which he gives a cheeky. A fight sketch is used in every episode to introduce the commercial break, theres only one way to find out. After the commercial break, the show continues as normal, making no reference to the fight or who won it, in some later series, the fight was either one-sided and instantly over, or something occurred to make it not happen. Every episode featured at least one clip that was used as a highlight, in which something funny that occurred within it was pointed out by Hill. This segment always had a card played before and after the clip that was to be shown, depicting the style of the highlight in the form of a title. In most of the series, a recurring gag or theme would be used in either a few episodes. The most notable of these included, Hill using an identical phone to that used in Deal or No Deal by the Banker, to call Noel Edmonds. Hill comparing an item in a clip to that of a person in the same clip, a spoof show involving the judges from Pop Idol titled At Home with the Pop Idol Judges, with Hill starring as Simon Cowell. and hoopy hoops. A competition involving one of the made for the show, turning up in programs, in which viewers had to find them. Comparing catch phrases in a show to that of game show. Hill comparing himself to people who were bald like him in a featured on the show, often with the lines I dont know what it is about them. The person in question appeared in person next to the host in the comparison. A shark puppet attacking Hill by springing out of next to him at his desk. Throughout its history, TV Burp featured a number of characters that were created just for the show, some in a minor capacity, Hill will say I wonder what it would be like if
23.
Oktoberfest
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Oktoberfest is the worlds largest Volksfest. Locally, it is called the Wiesn, after the colloquial name for the fairgrounds. The Oktoberfest is an important part of Bavarian culture, having been held since the Middle Ages, other cities across the world also hold Oktoberfest celebrations that are modelled after the original Munich event. During the event, large quantities of Oktoberfest Beer are consumed, during the 16-day festival in 2013, visitors also enjoy numerous attractions, such as amusement rides, sidestalls and games. The Munich Oktoberfest originally took place in the 16-day period leading up to the first Sunday in October, in 1994, this longstanding schedule was modified in response to German reunification. As such, if the first Sunday in October falls on the 1st or the 2nd, thus, the festival now runs for 17 days when the first Sunday is October 2 and 18 days when it is October 1. In 2010, the festival lasted until the first Monday in October, kronprinz Ludwig, later King Ludwig I, married Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen on October 12,1810. The citizens of Munich were invited to attend the festivities held on the fields in front of the city gates to celebrate the royal event. The fields were named Theresienwiese in honour of the Crown Princess, Horse races, in the tradition of the 15th-century Scharlachrennen, were held on October 17 to honor the newlyweds. It is widely understood that Andreas Michael DallArmi, a Major in the National Guard, however, the origins of the horse races, and Oktoberfest itself, may have stemmed from proposals offered by Franz Baumgartner, a coachman and Sergeant in the National Guard. The fairground, once outside the city, was due to its natural suitability. The Sendlinger Hill was used as a grandstand for 40,000 race spectators, the festival grounds remained undeveloped except for the king’s tent. The tastings of Traiteurs and other wine and beer took place above the visitors in the stands on the hill and this was followed by the punishing race with 30 horses on a 11, 200-foot long racetrack, and concluded with the singing of a student choir. The first horse to cross the line belonged to Franz Baumgartner. Horse racing champion and Minister of State, Maximilian Graf von Montgelas, in 1811, a show was added to promote Bavarian agriculture. In 1813, the festival was canceled due to the involvement of Bavaria in the Napoleonic Wars, the horse races were accompanied by tree climbing, bowling alleys, and swings and other attractions. In 1818, carnival booths appeared, the prizes awarded were of silver, porcelain. The city fathers assumed responsibility for management in 1819
24.
Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest
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The winner of the Eurovision Song Contest is selected by a positional voting system. Each country awards two sets of 12,10, 8–1 points to their 10 favourite songs, one from their professional jury, the current system has been in place since 2016. In 2003, Eircoms telephone polling system malfunction, irish broadcaster RTÉ did not receive the polling results from Eircom in time, and substituted votes by a panel of judges. Between 1997 and 2003, lines were opened to the public for five minutes after the performance. Between 2004 and 2006 the lines were opened for 10 minutes, in 2010 viewers were allowed to vote during the performances, but this was rescinded for the 2012 contest. The BBC contacted regional juries by telephone to choose the 1956 winners, and this method continued to be used until 1993. The following year saw the first satellite linkup to juries, to announce the votes, the contests presenters connect by satellite to each country in turn and inviting a spokesperson to read the countrys votes in French or English. The presenters originally repeated the votes in both languages, but since 2004 the votes have been translated due to time constraints, the scoreboard displays the number of points each country has received and, since 2008, a progress bar indicating the number of countries which have voted. Note The most-used voting system was last used for the 1969 contest and this system was used from 1957 to 1961 and from 1967 to 1969. Ten jurors in each country each cast one vote for their favourite song, in 1969 this resulted in a four-way tie for first place, with no tie-breaking procedure. A second round of voting in the event of a tie was introduced to this system the following year, from 1962 to 1966, a voting system similar to the current one was used. With the latter system, a country could choose to give points to two instead of three, in 1965, Belgium awarded the United Kingdom six points and Italy three. Although it was possible to one country nine points, this never occurred. The 1971,1972, and 1973 contests saw the jurors in vision for the first time, each country was represented by two jurors, one older than 25 and one younger, with at least ten years difference in their ages. Each juror gave a minimum of one point and a maximum of five points to each song, in 1974 the previous system of ten jurors was used, and the following year the current system was introduced. Spokespeople were next seen on screen in 1994 with a link to the venue. The 2004 contest had its first semifinal, with a change in voting. This resulted in Ukraines Ruslana finishing first, with a record 280 points, to date, non-qualifying countries are still allowed to vote in the final
25.
Eurovision Song Contest
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The competition was based upon the existing Sanremo Music Festival held in Italy since 1951. The contest has been broadcast every year for sixty years, since its inauguration in 1956 and it is also one of the most watched non-sporting events in the world, with audience figures having been quoted in recent years as anything between 100 million and 600 million internationally. Eurovision has also been broadcast outside Europe to several countries that do not compete, such as the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and China. An exception was made in 2015, when Australia was allowed to compete as a guest entrant as part of the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the event. In November 2015, the EBU announced that Australia was invited back as a participant in the 2016 contest after their success in 2015, following their success again in 2016, Australia will compete again in 2017. Since 2000, the contest has also been broadcast over the Internet via the Eurovision website, winning the Eurovision Song Contest provides a short-term boost to the winning artists career, but rarely results in long-term success. Notable exceptions are ABBA, Bucks Fizz and Céline Dion, all of whom launched successful careers after their wins. Ireland holds the record for the highest number of wins, having won the contest seven times—including four times in five years in 1992,1993,1994 and 1996. Under the current voting system, the highest scoring winner is Jamala of Ukraine who won the 2016 contest in Stockholm, under the previous system, in place from 1975 to 2015, the highest scoring winner is Alexander Rybak of Norway with 387 points in 2009. Satellite television did not exist, and the Eurovision Network comprised a terrestrial microwave network, the name Eurovision was first used in relation to the EBUs network by British journalist George Campey in the London Evening Standard in 1951. The first contest was held in the town of Lugano, Switzerland, seven countries participated—each submitting two songs, for a total of 14. This was the only contest in more than one song per country was performed, since 1957. The 1956 contest was won by the host nation, Switzerland, the programme was first known as the Eurovision Grand Prix. This Grand Prix name was adopted by Denmark, Norway and the Francophone countries, the Grand Prix has since been dropped and replaced with Concours in French, but not in Danish or Norwegian. The Eurovision network is used to carry news and sports programmes internationally. However, in the minds of the public, the name Eurovision is most closely associated with the Song Contest, a country as a participant is represented by one television broadcaster from that country, typically, but not always, that countrys national public broadcasting organisation. The programme is hosted by one of the participant countries, during this programme, after all the songs have been performed, the countries then proceed to cast votes for the other countries songs, nations are not allowed to vote for their own song. At the end of the programme, the song with the most points is declared as the winner, the programme is invariably opened by one or more presenters, welcoming viewers to the show
26.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
27.
Fearne Cotton
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In 2007, she became the first regular female presenter of the Radio 1 Chart Show, which she co-hosted with Reggie Yates for two years. She went on to present her own Radio 1 show, airing every weekday morning since 2009 and she left Radio 1 in May 2015. In 2007, Cotton presented The Xtra Factor, an ITV2 spin-off from the main show and she hosted the show for one year before being replaced by Holly Willoughby for the following series. Since 2008, Cotton has appeared as a captain on the ITV2 comedy panel show Celebrity Juice alongside host Keith Lemon. Away from presenting, Cotton has her own fashion and homeware range with online retailer Very. co. uk, Cotton was born in Northwood, London to Mick and Lyn Cotton, she has a younger brother, Jamie Cotton. Her father was a signwriter for events such as Live Aid and she grew up in Eastcote, Hillingdon in Middlesex and was educated at Haydon School. She is a pescatarian and an animal lover and she runs 5 km at least three times a week, and has participated in several half marathons for charity. Former BBC executive Bill Cotton was her paternal grandfathers cousin and he was the son of the well-known entertainer and band leader Billy Cotton. Cotton studied art at A level, a skill she made use of whilst presenting the series Draw Your Own Toons. Cotton began her career in 1996, at the age of 15, with early morning GMTV childrens programme The Disney Club. After, Cotton continued with the show and with its replacement Diggit and she left in 2000, to concentrate on her other projects with CITV, including Draw Your Own Toons and Mouse, aimed at encouraging children to use computers. Cotton joined CBBC in 2001 to present childrens science programme Eureka TV, from 2001 until 2003, she presented Finger Tips, an arts and crafts programme for children, which she co-presented with Stephen Mulhern. She later co-presented on CBBCs Sunday morning show, Smile and on The Saturday Show and she has also made appearances in the CBBC show Only in America, alongside her good friend and fellow presenter Reggie Yates. In 2006, Cotton presented the series of Love Island with Patrick Kielty on ITV. In 2007, she took over from Ben Shephard as the host of The X Factor spin-off programme and she presented it for one series before resigning to work in America. She was replaced the series by Holly Willoughby. She also presented The X Factor, Interactive DVD Game in 2007, starting on 5 September 2007, Cotton co-hosted Holly & Fearne Go Dating, a dating programme alongside Holly Willoughby for ITV2. The show saw them try to find dates for lonely singletons, since 2008, Cotton has appeared as a team captain on the ITV2 comedy panel show Celebrity Juice alongside host Keith Lemon and fellow team captain Holly Willoughby
28.
Terry Wogan
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Sir Michael Terence Terry Wogan, KBE, DL, was an Irish radio and television broadcaster who worked for the BBC in the UK for most of his career. Before he retired in 2009, his BBC Radio 2 weekday breakfast programme Wake Up to Wogan had eight million regular listeners, Wogan was a leading media personality in Britain and Ireland from the late 1960s and was often referred to as a national treasure. In addition to his radio show, he was known for his work on television, including the BBC One chat show Wogan, presenting Children in Need. He was the BBCs commentator for the Eurovision Song Contest from 1971 to 2008, from 2010 to 2015 he presented Weekend Wogan, a two-hour Sunday morning show on BBC Radio 2. In 2005, Wogan acquired British citizenship in addition to his Irish nationality and was entitled to use the title Sir in front of his name when he was awarded a knighthood in the same year. He died from cancer at his home in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, on 31 January 2016, aged 77. Wogan, the son of the manager of Leverett & Frye, a high class grocery store in Limerick, Ireland, was educated at Crescent College and he experienced a strongly religious upbringing, later commenting that he had been brainwashed into believing by the threat of going to hell. Despite this, he expressed his fondness for the city of his birth, commenting on one occasion that Limerick never left me, whatever it is. At the age of 15, after his father was promoted to general manager, while living there, he attended Crescent Colleges sister school, Belvedere College. He participated in dramatics and discovered a love of rock. After leaving Belvedere in 1956, Wogan had a career in the banking profession. While in his twenties, he joined the broadcaster of Ireland. When the show was dropped by RTÉ TV in 1967, Wogan approached the BBC for extra work, David Attenborough rebuffed Wogans job application to be a BBC presenter as to have two Irishmen presenting on BBC Two would have looked ridiculous. He began working for BBC Radio, initially down the line from Dublin and he presented the Tuesday edition of Late Night Extra for two years on BBC Radio 1, commuting weekly from Dublin to London. Wogan achieved record audiences of up to 7.9 million and his seemingly ubiquitous presence across the media meant that he frequently became the butt of jokes by comedians of the time, among them The Goodies and The Barron Knights. His version reached number 21 in the UK Singles Chart, in December 1984, Wogan left his breakfast show to pursue a full-time career in television and was replaced by Ken Bruce. His first chat show Wogans World, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 from 6 June 1974 to 21 September 1975, in January 1993, he returned to BBC Radio 2, replacing Brian Hayes to present the breakfast show, then called Wake Up to Wogan. His tendency to go off on rambling, esoteric tangents, often including banter with his producer, Paul Walters
29.
Cyndi Almouzni
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When she was 14, Cyndi won a local talent contest and entered the national televised contest finals held in Paris. This was the start of her singing career. She has performed in countries, including France, the UK. She signed a recording contract in the US while continuing her studies. Steve Allen, A&R at Sony BMG first discovered Cyndi after hearing her vocals on a dance track recorded when she was just 14 years old. Allen was behind two previous Eurovision entries, Gina G with Ooh Aah, just a Little Bit and the 1997 UK winning Eurovision entry in Dublin with Love Shine a Light by Katrina and the Waves. In 2003, Betcha Never was actually used in soundtrack of the 2003 film Batman, in 2004, Cyndi while signed to Lava Records under the artistic name Cherie, she released a self-titled album she named Cherie which featured the lead-off single Im Ready released in summer of 2004. The follow-up single from the same album Cherie titled Older Than My Years was released in September 2004, after these three hits, and aside from one holiday track that was sent to radio Cherie seemingly disappeared altogether. Cherie resurfaced in the 2007 BBC selection for the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest, but interestingly, no mention was made of Cherie again as Cyndi reverted to her family name. On 17 March 2007 Cyndi Almouzni competed in the BBCs Eurovision, Making Your Mind Up contest to decide who would represent the United Kingdom at the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest in Helsinki, Finland. She sang the song Ill Leave My Heart, which had been produced by renowned Grammy award-winning producer Brian Rawling, terry Wogan announced the winner to be Cyndi while, simultaneously, co-host Fearne Cotton revealed the winner to be Scooch. After several seconds of confusion from both contestants, it was revealed that Scooch were the true winners and it was later revealed by the BBC that Cyndi had received 47% of the vote to Scoochs 53%. Her song was entered into the OGAE Second Chance Contest 2007 competition, Cyndi was known to be working on album material which was due for release in 2009. She made a comeback in 2012 when in Groovenut EP release, the Ep and the dance hit is Lose Control featuring Cyndi
30.
Daily Mirror
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The Daily Mirror is a British national daily tabloid newspaper founded in 1903. It is owned by parent company Trinity Mirror, from 1985 to 1987, and from 1997 to 2002, the title on its masthead was simply The Mirror. It had a daily print circulation of 716,923 in December 2016. Its Sunday sister paper is the Sunday Mirror, originally pitched to the middle class reader, it was transformed into a working-class newspaper after 1934, in order to reach a large, lowbrow audience. The Mirror has had a number of owners and it was founded by Alfred Harmsworth, who sold it to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913. In 1963 a restructuring of the interests of the Harmsworth family led to the Mirror becoming a part of International Publishing Corporation. The Mirror was owned by Robert Maxwell between 1984 and 1991, the paper went through a protracted period of crisis after his death before merging with the regional newspaper group Trinity in 1999 to form Trinity Mirror. The paper has supported the Labour Party since the 1945 general election. The Daily Mirror was launched on 2 November 1903 by Alfred Harmsworth as a newspaper for women, hence the name, he said, I intend it to be really a mirror of feminine life as well on its grave as on its lighter sides. To be entertaining without being frivolous, and serious without being dull and it was not an immediate success and in 1904 Harmsworth decided to turn it into a pictorial newspaper with a broader focus. Harmsworth appointed Hamilton Fyfe as editor and all of the female journalists were fired. The masthead was changed to The Daily Illustrated Mirror, which ran from 26 January to 27 April 1904, when it reverted to The Daily Mirror. The first issue of the paper did not have advertisements on the front page as previously. Two days later, the price was dropped to one halfpenny and to the masthead was added, circulation grew to 466,000 making it the second-largest morning newspaper. Alfred Harmsworth sold the newspaper to his brother Harold Harmsworth in 1913, in 1917, the price was increased to one penny. Circulation continued to grow, in 1919, some issues more than a million copies a day. Lord Rothermere was a friend of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, the Mirror was the first British paper to adopt the appearance of the New York tabloids. By 1939, the publication was selling 1.4 million copies a day, in 1937, Hugh McClelland introduced his wild Western comic strip Beelzebub Jones in the Daily Mirror
31.
Charlotte Church
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Charlotte Maria Church is a Welsh singer-songwriter, actress and television presenter. She rose to fame in childhood as a singer before branching into pop music in 2005. By 2007, she had more than 10 million records worldwide including over 5 million in the United States. In 2010 she was reported to be worth as much as £11m and she hosted a Channel 4 chat show titled The Charlotte Church Show. Church released her first album in five years, titled Back to Scratch, Charlotte Church was born Charlotte Maria Reed in Llandaff, a district of Cardiff, Wales. She was brought up as a Roman Catholic by her mother, Maria, Church was adopted by her mothers second husband, James Church, in 1999. This led to concerts at Cardiff Arms Park, the Royal Albert Hall and she also received a vocal scholarship to Howells School Llandaff in Cardiff where she started in 1998 after leaving The Cathedral School, Llandaff. She balanced performing and school with help from tutors for when she was on the road, Charlotte left school at age 16. As a classical singer, Church used to sing in English, Welsh, Latin, Italian. She was then introduced to the Cardiff impresario Jonathan Shalit, who became her manager, Church appeared on US Public Broadcasting Service specials. Her self-titled second album also included operatic, religious and traditional tracks, One, the soaring and inspirational Just Wave Hello, was the centrepiece of a millennium-themed ad campaign for the Ford Motor Company. The songs full-length video, featuring Church, won acclaim at the Detroit Auto Show, the track reached No.31 in Britain. In 2000, she released Dream a Dream, an album of Christmas carols, in 2001, Church added more pop, swing, and Broadway with her album Enchantment. That year, Church made her first film appearance in the 2001 Ron Howard film A Beautiful Mind, Church also handled other vocal passages throughout the score. In 2003 Church teamed up with music producer Jurgen Vries to sing vocals on his track The Opera Song. She was credited on the records as CMC as it was her first foray into pop music, the song reached number 3 in the UK Singles Chart, Churchs second highest charting single and Vries highest. In 2005, Church issued her first pop album Tissues and Issues, four singles were moderately successful in the UK with Crazy Chick reaching no. 2, Call My Name number 10, Even God Cant Change the Past number 17, although these were released in Australia as well, they failed to reach the same level of success there
32.
Pandora (singer)
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Anneli Magnusson, known by her stage name Pandora, is a Swedish eurodance artist. Pandoras commercial career began in the winter of 1993/94. In autumn 1993 she signed a contract with a Swedish record company and released her debut single Trust Me, which went straight into the Swedish charts. Written and produced by Sir Martin & The Dr. Maxx Family, Trust Me became the local single of the year and went gold, thereby exceeding the achievements of Ace of Base. Two years later Pandora landed yet another gold disc with her follow-up album Tell the World, in Scandinavia sales of the album again exceeded the 100,000 mark. In addition, Japanese audiences turned out to be enthusiastic about Pandora. Tell the World selling more than 1 million albums in Asia alone and her third album Changes was Pandoras worldwide debut release with her new record company Universal Music. Pandora went on tour through Scandinavia in the spring and summer of 1997 and did her first 2-week live tour through the cities of Japan. Then along came the next long-player This Could Be Heaven, a collection of fourteen dance and up-tempo tracks, produced mainly by her long-term partners, Hit Vision, Metro Productions, and this time also Mats Nyman. This Could Be Heaven set a new course in Pandoras career, for the first time, she had written three of the songs herself, arranged and produced by songwriter Mats Nyman, the keyboarder with Pandoras live band. At the beginning of 1999 there followed the studio album Breathe. Her seventh album entitled No Regrets, was recorded between August and November 1999 and was released in end of 1999 in Japan, the album A Little Closer was born during the fall 2000 and it was released on Universal in Japan in February 2001. Won’t Look Back was Pandora’s eighth album and she presented her material for EMI in Finland and they agreed on a deal. It was released in Scandinavia and Germany, Austria and Switzerland to start with “I’m sure the fans will recognise me but hopefully they will feel that I’ve grown as a singer and as a person. She said, This album contains songs from Brian Rawling, Kee Marcello, Diane Warren, Mats Nyman and you can hear a pretty different version of his wonderful song Bright Eyes. On March 28,2007, Pandora accused British Eurovision act Scooch of having plagiarized her 1999 song No Regrets, in response to the plagiarism claim, BBC issued a statement saying that Scoochs song is an original and the writers were never aware of Pandora or her songs. BBC confirmed that there had no duplication of her work. The album, titled Celebration, was released on November 7,2007 in Finland and November 28,2007 in Sweden
33.
Plagiarism
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Plagiarism is the wrongful appropriation and stealing and publication of another authors language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions and the representation of them as ones own original work. Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breach of journalistic ethics and it is subject to sanctions like penalties, suspension, and even expulsion. Recently, cases of plagiarism have been identified in academia. The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe in the 18th century, Plagiarism is not in itself a crime, but can constitute copyright infringement. In academia and industry, it is a serious ethical offense, Plagiarism is not defined or punished by law, but rather by institutions. In the 1st century, the use of the Latin word plagiarius to denote stealing someone elses work was pioneered by the Roman poet Martial, plagiary, a derivative of plagiarus, was introduced into English in 1601 by dramatist Ben Jonson to describe someone guilty of literary theft. The derived form plagiarism was introduced into English around 1620, the Latin plagiārius, kidnapper, and plagium, kidnapping, have the root plaga, based on the Indo-European root *-plak, to weave. Plagiarism specifically is not mentioned in any current statute, either criminal or civil, some cases may be treated as unfair competition or a violation of the doctrine of moral rights. The increased availability of copyrighted material due to the development of technology has furthered the debate as to whether copyright offences are criminal. In short, people are asked to use the guideline, if you did not write it yourself, Plagiarism is not the same as copyright infringement. Copyright infringement is a violation of the rights of a copyright holder, Plagiarism, in contrast, is concerned with the unearned increment to the plagiarizing authors reputation, or the obtaining of academic credit, that is achieved through false claims of authorship. Thus, plagiarism is considered an offense against the plagiarists audience. Plagiarism is also considered an offense against anyone who has provided the plagiarist with a benefit in exchange for what is specifically supposed to be original content. In such cases, acts of plagiarism may sometimes form part of a claim for breach of the plagiarists contract, or, if done knowingly. Within academia, plagiarism by students, professors, or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud, many institutions use plagiarism detection software to uncover potential plagiarism and to deter students from plagiarizing. Most universities address the issue of academic integrity by providing students with thorough orientations, required writing courses, indeed, there is a virtually uniform understanding among college students that plagiarism is wrong. Nevertheless, each year students are brought before their institutions’ disciplinary boards on charges that they have misused sources in their schoolwork, an extreme form of plagiarism, known as contract cheating involves students paying someone else, such as an essay mill, to do their work for them. In journalism, plagiarism is considered a breach of journalistic ethics, some individuals caught plagiarizing in academic or journalistic contexts claim that they plagiarized unintentionally, by failing to include quotations or give the appropriate citation
34.
European Broadcasting Union
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The European Broadcasting Union is an alliance of public service media entities, established on 12 February 1950. As of 2015, the organisation comprises 73 active members in 56 countries, most EU states are part of this organisation and therefore EBU has been subject to supranational legislation and regulation. It also hosted debates between candidates for the European Commission presidency for the 2014 parliamentary elections but is unrelated to the institution itself and it is best known for producing the Eurovision Song Contest. EBU is a member of the International Music Council, Members of the EBU are radio and television companies, most of which are government-owned public service broadcasters or privately owned stations with public service missions. Active Members come from as far north as Iceland and as far south as Egypt, from Ireland in the west and Azerbaijan in the east, Associate Members are from countries and territories beyond Europe, such as Canada, Japan, Mexico, India, and Hong Kong. Associate Members from the United States include ABC, CBS, NBC, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Time Warner, and the only individual station, Chicago-based classical music station WFMT. Active Members are those paying EBU members meeting all technical criteria for full membership, syria is an example of a country within the EBA not complying with all technical criteria for full membership, and thus it is currently only granted Associated Membership. The EBUs highest profile production is the Eurovision Song Contest, organised by its Eurovision Network, the countries represented in the EBU also co-operate to create documentaries and childrens programming. Most EBU broadcasters have a deal to carry the Olympics. Another annually recurring event which is broadcast across Europe through the EBU is the Vienna New Years Concert, the theme music played before EBU broadcasts is Marc-Antoine Charpentiers Prelude to Te Deum. It is well known to Europeans as it is played before and after the Eurovision Song Contest, the EBU was a successor to the International Broadcasting Union that was founded in 1925 and had its administrative headquarters in Geneva and technical office in Brussels. It fostered programming exchanges between members and mediated disputes between members that were mostly concerned with frequency and interference issues. It was in effect taken over by Nazi Germany during the Second World War, france proposed that it would have four votes with the inclusion of its North African colonies. Great Britain felt it would have influence with just one vote. On 27 June 1946 the alternative International Broadcasting Organisation was founded with 26 members, the following day the IBU met in General Assembly and an attempt was made to dissolve it but failed, though 18 of its 28 members left to join the IBO. For a period of time in the late 1940s both the IBU and IBO vied for the role of organising frequencies but Britain decided to be in involved in neither, the BBC attempted but failed to find suitable working arrangements with them. However, for practical purposes the IBO rented the IBU technical centre in Brussels, in August 1949 a meeting took place in Stresa, Italy but it resulted in disagreement between delegates on how to resolve the problems. One proposal was for the European Broadcasting Area to be replaced by one that would exclude Eastern Europe, after Stresa, a consensus emerged among the Western Europeans to form a new organisation and the BBC proposed it be based in London
35.
Richard & Judy
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Richard & Judy was a British television chat show presented by the married couple Richard Madeley and Judy Finnigan. The show originally aired on Channel 4 from 26 November 2001 to 22 August 2008, the Richard & Judy show started with Channel 4 on 26 November 2001 and aired every weekday from 5pm to 6pm. Between 2006 and 2008, the Richard & Judy show shared this original timeslot with The Paul OGrady Show, a programme that started in March 2006. For three months of year, between 2006 and 2008, the Richard & Judy show occupied the 5pm to 6pm slot. On the 15 August 2008 edition of the show, Richard stated that the weeks episode would be the last with Channel 4. Following the shows departure from Channel 4, the producers of Richard & Judy subsequently signed a £2 million deal with the UKTV network Watch, Madeley and Finnigan renamed the show and hosted Richard & Judys New Position from 7 October 2008. The presenters continued featuring the programmes popular Book Club that had begun on their Channel 4 show, the Watch version of the show featured a sofa area for interviews, as well as a bar area where the star guests and the shows crew members gathered during broadcasts. Each week the show employed a celebrity barman, comedian Rufus Hound undertook the role in the first weeks episode, Hound had been a frequent guest on the Channel 4 series. The first episode of the Watch series attracted an audience of around 200,000 viewers. The second episode, in the 8pm timeslot, attracted 53,000 viewers, Watch channel representatives were reportedly satisfied with the ratings, stating that the show had started well. Ratings consistently fell for subsequent episodes, reaching a new low of 11,000 viewers, following a Christmas break at the end of 2008, the show returned on 13 January 2009 in a new 6pm slot. The show also dropped the New Position section of its title and was called Richard & Judy again, by April 2009, ratings had slumped to 5,000 viewers and the following month, an agreement was reached to terminate the show six months early. From the week of 8 June 2009, the show was reduced to a weekly episode. The shows final episode was broadcast on 1 July 2009, for each correct answer provided by Madeley and Finnigan, the viewer received £1000. In January 2006, MP and Celebrity Big Brother contestant, George Galloway, lionel Blair, Abi Titmuss and Carol Vorderman also participated in You Say We Pay whilst they were guests on the programme. On 18 February 2007, The Mail on Sunday revealed allegations that the quiz was cheating viewers by inviting them to phone in after the contestant had already been chosen. The paper stressed that Madeley and Finnigan were unaware of any wrongdoing, on 6 July 2007 the operator of the phone-in quiz, was fined a record £150,000 by regulator ICSTIS. ICSTIS said the Channel 4 programme had shown a disregard for viewers after inviting them to enter a competition once the potential winners had already been selected
36.
Channel 4
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Channel 4 is a British public-service television broadcaster that began transmission on 2 November 1982. With the conversion of the Wenvoe transmitter group in Wales to digital on 31 March 2010, before Channel 4 and S4C, Britain had three terrestrial television services, BBC1, BBC2, and ITV. The Broadcasting Act 1980 began the process of adding a fourth, after some months of test broadcasts, it began scheduled transmissions on 2 November 1982. Indeed, television sets throughout the 1970s and early 1980s had a spare channel called ITV/IBA2. It was most likely politics which had the biggest impact in leading to a delay of almost three decades before the commercial channel became a reality. The campaign was taken so seriously by Gwynfor Evans, former president of Plaid Cymru, the result was that Channel 4 as seen by the rest of the United Kingdom would be replaced in Wales by Sianel Pedwar Cymru. Operated by a specially created authority, S4C would air programmes in Welsh made by HTV, since then, carriage on digital cable, satellite and digital terrestrial has introduced Channel 4 to Welsh homes where it is now universally available. The first programme to air on the channel was the game show Countdown. The first person to be seen on Channel 4 was Richard Whiteley with Ted Moult being the second, the first woman on the channel, contrary to popular belief, was not Carol Vorderman and was a lexicographer only ever identified as Mary. Whiteley opened the show with the words, On its first day, Channel 4 also broadcast controversial soap opera Brookside, which ran until 2003. On its launch, Channel 4 committed itself to providing an alternative to the existing channels, Channel 4 co-commissioned Robert Ashleys ground-breaking television opera Perfect Lives, which it premiered over several episodes in 1984. The channel often did not receive mass audiences for much of period, however. Channel 4 for many years had a poorer quality signal compared to other channels, Channel 4 also began the funding of independent films, such as the Merchant-Ivory docudrama The Courtesans of Bombay, during this time. In 1992, Channel 4 also faced its first libel case by Jani Allan, a South African journalist, who objected to her representation in the documentary The Leader, His Driver and the Drivers Wife. After control of the station passed from the Channel Four Television Company to the Channel Four Television Corporation in 1993, instead of aiming for the fringes of society, it began to focus on the edges of the mainstream, and the centre of the mass market itself. It began to show many US programmes in peak viewing time and it gave such shows as Friends and ER their UK premières. In the early 2000s, Channel 4 began broadcasting reality formats such as Big Brother and obtained the rights to broadcast mass appeal sporting events like cricket and this new direction increased ratings and revenues. In addition, the corporation launched a number of new channels through its new 4Ventures offshoot, including Film4, At the Races, E4
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