1.
Scott Statue
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The Scott Statue commemorates Robert Falcon Scott. It is located at the intersection of Oxford Terrace and Worcester Street in the Christchurch Central City, the statue, carved by Scotts widow Kathleen Scott, is registered as a Category II historic place. The statue toppled off its plinth in the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake and broke in half, the explorer Scott had used Christchurch and Lyttelton as his New Zealand base for the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904 and Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–1913. In between, Ernest Shackletons Nimrod Expedition also used Lyttelton as the base for their attempt to reach the South Pole, the objective of the Terra Nova Expedition was to be the first to reach the geographical South Pole. Scott and four companions reached the pole on 17 January 1912, Scotts entire party died on the return journey from the pole. Their deaths resulted in them being treated as heroes throughout the British Empire, the remaining crew returned to New Zealand and came ashore in British Empire, from where a coded message was cabled to the expeditions organiser in Britain. The fate of the team became public knowledge on 11 February 1913. A memorial oak was planted in the leading to the harbourmasters house. The next memorial was erected in Queenstown, where two stone tablets were attached to a boulder in the Queenstown Gardens, a few months later, a memorial was erected in Port Chalmers, as this was the last harbour where the Terra Nova had visited before proceeding to Antarctica. The Mayor of Christchurch, Henry Holland, called for a meeting to organise a memorial fund within one week of the news of Scotts death. A committee was formed and over £1,000 was raised, whilst the form of the memorial or its location had not been decided upon, the committee wrote to Scotts widow and enquired about her thoughts. This resulted in her being engaged to sculpt a statue of her late husband, the commission was for Kathleen Scott to create a replica of the bronze statue erected in Waterloo Place in London in 1915. The rising costs of metal caused by World War I made marble a more cost effective option and she went to carve the statue in Carrara in Italy in March 1916, as the importation of marble into Britain had been banned. She said about the block that was measuring 16 cubic yards, You will be glad to hear that it is a fine piece of marble, of a good colour. Considering the great size this is very fortunate, the statue was finished in April 1916, but was not shipped until October of that year due to the war. The inscription had become unreadable by 1922 and a marble plaque with this text was installed at the entrance to the reserve. Another plaque lists the names of the five men who died, the statue was not quite finished. The details of the gloves have not been done, and one of the legs rests against a stump to support the figure, Kathleen Scott had offered to undertake this additional work when she returned to Christchurch, but this did never eventuate
2.
Gothic Revival architecture
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Gothic Revival is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style, including decorative patterns, finials, scalloping, lancet windows, hood mouldings, the Gothic Revival movement emerged in 19th-century England. Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with a re-awakening of High Church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism, ultimately, the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became widespread for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century. The Gothic Revival was paralleled and supported by medievalism, which had its roots in antiquarian concerns with survivals, as industrialisation progressed, a reaction against machine production and the appearance of factories also grew. Proponents of the such as Thomas Carlyle and Augustus Pugin took a critical view of industrial society. To Pugin, Gothic architecture was infused with the Christian values that had been supplanted by classicism and were being destroyed by industrialisation, poems such as Idylls of the King by Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson recast specifically modern themes in medieval settings of Arthurian romance. In German literature, the Gothic Revival also had a grounding in literary fashions, guarino Guarini, a 17th-century Theatine monk active primarily in Turin, recognized the Gothic order as one of the primary systems of architecture and made use of it in his practice. Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland, inveraray Castle, constructed from 1746, with design input from William Adam, displays the incorporation of turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some features of the Scots baronial style. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to improve Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions, a younger generation, taking Gothic architecture more seriously, provided the readership for J. Brittens series of Cathedral Antiquities, which began appearing in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt. to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, the categories he used were Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular. It went through numerous editions and was still being republished by 1881. The largest and most famous Gothic cathedrals in the U. S. A. are St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City and Washington National Cathedral on Mount St. Alban in northwest Washington, D. C. One of the biggest churches in Gothic Revival style in Canada is Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate in Ontario, Gothic Revival architecture was to remain one of the most popular and long-lived of the Gothic Revival styles of architecture. The revived Gothic style was not limited to architecture, classical Gothic buildings of the 12th to 16th Centuries were a source of inspiration to 19th-century designers in numerous fields of work. Architectural elements such as pointed arches, steep-sloping roofs and fancy carvings like lace ant lattice work were applied to a range of Gothic Revival objects. Sir Walter Scotts Abbotsford exemplifies in its furnishings the Regency Gothic style, parties in medieval historical dress and entertainment were popular among the wealthy in the 1800s but has spread in the late 20th century to the well-educated middle class as well. By the mid-19th century, Gothic traceries and niches could be inexpensively re-created in wallpaper, the illustrated catalogue for the Great Exhibition of 1851 is replete with Gothic detail, from lacemaking and carpet designs to heavy machinery
3.
Walter Scott
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Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright and poet. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature, famous titles include Ivanhoe, Rob Roy, Old Mortality, The Lady of the Lake, Waverley, The Heart of Midlothian and The Bride of Lammermoor. A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an member of the Highland Society. He survived a bout of polio in 1773 that left him lame. To cure his lameness he was sent in 1773 to live in the rural Scottish Borders at his grandparents farm at Sandyknowe, adjacent to the ruin of Smailholm Tower. Here he was taught to read by his aunt Jenny, and learned from her the speech patterns and many of the tales and legends that characterised much of his work. In January 1775 he returned to Edinburgh, and that went with his aunt Jenny to take spa treatment at Bath in England. In the winter of 1776 he went back to Sandyknowe, with another attempt at a cure at Prestonpans during the following summer. In 1778, Scott returned to Edinburgh for private education to him for school. In October 1779 he began at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and he was now well able to walk and explore the city and the surrounding countryside. His reading included chivalric romances, poems, history and travel books and he was given private tuition by James Mitchell in arithmetic and writing, and learned from him the history of the Church of Scotland with emphasis on the Covenanters. Scott began studying classics at the University of Edinburgh in November 1783, at the age of 12, in March 1786 he began an apprenticeship in his fathers office to become a Writer to the Signet. While at the university Scott had become a friend of Adam Ferguson, Scott met the blind poet Thomas Blacklock, who lent him books and introduced him to James Macphersons Ossian cycle of poems. During the winter of 1786–87 the 15-year-old Scott saw Robert Burns at one of these salons, for what was to be their only meeting. When Burns noticed a print illustrating the poem The Justice of the Peace and asked who had written the poem, only Scott knew that it was by John Langhorne, and was thanked by Burns. When it was decided that he would become a lawyer, he returned to the university to study law, first taking classes in Moral Philosophy, after completing his studies in law, he became a lawyer in Edinburgh. As a lawyers clerk he made his first visit to the Scottish Highlands directing an eviction and he was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1792. He had an unsuccessful love suit with Williamina Belsches of Fettercairn, as a boy, youth and young man, Scott was fascinated by the oral traditions of the Scottish Borders
4.
Princes Street Gardens
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Princes Street Gardens is a public park in the centre of Edinburgh, Scotland, in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle. The Gardens were created in two phases in the 1770s and 1820s following the draining of the Nor Loch and building of the New Town. The loch, situated on the side of the town, was originally an artificial creation forming part of its medieval defences. The water was habitually polluted from sewage draining downhill from the Old Town, in 1846 the railway was built in the valley to connect the Edinburgh-Glasgow line at Haymarket with the new northern terminus of the North British line from Berwick-upon-Tweed at Waverley Station. The gardens run along the side of Princes Street and are divided by The Mound. East Princes Street Gardens run from The Mound to Waverley Bridge, the larger West Princes Street Gardens cover 29 acres and extend to the adjacent churches of St. Johns and St. Cuthberts, near Lothian Road in the west. The Gardens are the best known park in Edinburgh, having the highest awareness, various concerts and other events are held at the Ross Bandstand including the Festival Fireworks Concert, Mens Health Survival of the Fittest, and during the citys Hogmanay celebrations. In 1771 the council acquired the land as part of the First New Town development and it began feuing ground on the south side of Princes Street for the building of houses and workshops for a coach-builder and a furniture-maker. West Princes Street Gardens were originally the property of the Princes Street Proprietors who overlooked them from their houses on the western half of the street. This was passed to them from the council in 1816, in 1876, despite much opposition from residents, the town council reacquired the ground for use as a public park. The new park was laid out by the City Architect Robert Morham including the building of a very picturesque gardeners cottage at the east end of the West Gardens, as part of a later agreement the council widened Princes Street. A series of statues were erected along the edge of the widened road, in 1939 four huge air-raid shelters were created within this northern embankment. The Ross Bandstand is named after William Henry Ross, Chairman of the Distillers Company Ltd. who gifted the first bandstand on the site in 1877, the present building and terraces date from 1935. The Princes Street proprietors contributed £500 as a gesture to the cost of the bandstand. The distinctive shelters on the upper walkway date from 1950 and were designed by Alexander Garden Forgie, as with most structures in the gardens they are listed buildings. This involved constructing the Haymarket Tunnel,910 metres long, between the end of the gardens and Haymarket Station. A shorter tunnel was dug through the Mound dividing the East and West Gardens. Within the gardens and running along the side of Princes Street are many statues
5.
Jenners
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The store was run for many years by the Douglas-Miller family, who were descendants of James Kennedy, who took charge of Jenners in 1881. The new store included many innovations such as electric lighting. Known as the Harrods of the North, it has held a Royal Warrant since 1911, in 2004 it changed its vision statement from its goal to be the most exciting department store outside London to Confidently Independent. The store made national news in 2007 when it publicised that it would stop selling pate de foie gras, following a boycott by the Duke, while other acquisitions by House of Fraser have been renamed, Jenners has managed to keep its identity. In 2008, House of Fraser invested £3m in improvements to the store, there is another branch of House of Fraser at the other end of Princes Street. Jenners said that security measures introduced in UK airports following the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot had led to a significant downturn in trade at the shops, Queen Victoria Building Media related to Jenners at Wikimedia Commons Official website
6.
Princes Street
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Princes Street is one of the major thoroughfares in central Edinburgh, Scotland, and its main shopping street. It is the southernmost street of Edinburghs New Town, stretching around 1 mile from Lothian Road in the west to Leith Street in the east, the street is mostly closed to private cars, with public transport given priority. The street has no buildings on the south side, allowing panoramic views of the Old Town, Edinburgh Castle. Only the east end of the street is open to all traffic, the bulk of the street is limited to trams, buses and taxis. Princes Street was originally to have been called St Giles Street after the saint of Edinburgh. However, King George III rejected the name, St Giles being also the saint of lepers. The street is named after King Georges two eldest sons, the Prince George, Duke of Rothesay and the Prince Frederick, Duke of York and it was laid out according to formal plans for Edinburghs New Town, now known as the First New Town. These were devised by the architect James Craig and building began around 1770, Princes Street represented a critical part of the plan, being the outer edge, facing Edinburgh Castle and the original city, Edinburgh Old Town. Originally all buildings had the format, set back from the street with stairs down to a basement. Of this original format only one such property remains in its original form, through the 19th century most buildings were redeveloped at a larger scale and the street evolved from residential to mainly retail uses. By the 1930s the architecture of Princes Street had a mixed character. The Abercrombie Plan of 1949 proposed tighter control of design to create a coherent appearance. The plan was put into operation, resulting in the erection of seven buildings before the approach was dropped in the 1970s. Two of the new buildings, British Home Stores at no.64, during the construction of the New Town, the polluted waters of the Nor Loch were drained, and the area was converted into private gardens called Princes Street Gardens. This was taken over by the Edinburgh Council in the late 19th century, by which time most of the street was commercial, the width of Princes Street was greatly increased soon after, onto what was the northern edge of the gardens. Due to the lower position of the gardens this led to the creation of the steep embankment on the north side. The gardens are one of the green spaces in the heart of Edinburgh. Princes Street was the scene of rioting in 2005 related to the 31st G8 summit referred to in the press as The Battle of Princes Street
7.
Edinburgh Waverley railway station
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Edinburgh Waverley railway station is the principal station serving Edinburgh, the capital city of Scotland. Waverley station is situated in a steep, narrow valley between the medieval Old Town and the 18th century New Town, Princes Street, the premier shopping street, runs close to its north side. The valley is bridged by the North Bridge, rebuilt in 1897 as an iron and steel bridge. This passes high above the central section, directly over the central booking hall. The valley to the west, formerly the site of the Nor Loch, is the parkland of Princes Street Gardens. Edinburghs Old Town, perched on a sloping ridge, was bounded on the north by a valley in which the Nor Loch had been formed. In the 1750s overcrowding led to proposals to link across this valley to allow development to the north, the noxious lake was to be narrowed into a canal of running water, with a bridge formed across the east end of the loch adjacent to the physic garden. The loch was drained as work on the bridge proceeded, the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway opened in 1842 with its terminus at Haymarket railway station, stopping short of Princes Street. The North Bridge station was opened on 22 June 1846 by the North British Railway as the terminus for its line from Berwick-upon-Tweed. The collective name Waverley, after the Waverley Novels by Sir Walter Scott, was used for the three from around 1854 when the through Waverley route to Carlisle opened. In 1868 the North British Railway acquired the stations of its rivals, the present Victorian station was built on the site, and extended in the late 19th century. Waverley has been in use since, under the auspices of the North British. From its opening in its current form by the eastward tunnelled extension from Haymarket, from 1870 to 1965 the city had a second major station, Princes Street, operated by the rival Caledonian Railway, but this was never as important as Waverley. As at other railway stations of the Victorian and Edwardian eras. The North British Hotel, adjacent to the station at the corner between Princes Street and North Bridge opened in 1902, in 1983 British Rail sold it to the Forte hotel group. In 1988 Forte closed the hotel for a year to extensively remodel, when it reopened it was rechristened The New Balmoral Hotel, maintaining the NB initials in what has proved to be an astute marketing move, despite the hotel being 115 miles from Balmoral Castle. Subsequently, New was dropped from the name, the hotel enjoys commanding views over central Edinburgh and is one of the most luxurious hotels in the UK. There is no longer an entrance from the station
8.
John Steell
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Sir John Robert Steell RSA was a Scottish sculptor. He is best known for a number of sculptures displayed in Edinburgh, Steell was born in Aberdeen, but his family moved to 5 Calton Hill in Edinburgh in 1806. He was one of the thirteen children of John Steell senior, a carver and guilder, and Margaret Gourlay, the daughter of William Gourlay, as the family grew they moved to a larger house at 20 Calton Hill. Due to his fathers own fame as a sculptor, for much of his working career he is referred to as John Steel Junior. Steell initially followed his father, training to be a carver himself, in 1819 his father was declared bankript by the Trades of Calton, bringing much shame on the family. However, John junior showed artistic talent, and despite this, the work appears closely based on a sketch of a statue of St Andrew in Rome by François Duquesnoy. As the office stood immediately opposite the Royal Scottish Academy it was noticed by Edinburghs artistic society. In 1829, spurred on by the success of this work, the first work to attract international attention was Alexander taming Bucephalus carved in 1832–33. Around 1838 he was appointed as Sculptor to Her Majesty the Queen, in 1840 he opened Scotlands first foundry on Grove Street in Edinburgh, dedicated to sculpture, in order to cast his statue of Wellington himself. In 1854 he commissioned a new house for himself at 24 Greenhill Gardens and his fame by then was international, receiving commissions from the United States, Canada and New Zealand. Prior to this he had lived at 3 Randolph Place on the edge of the Moray Estate in Edinburghs West End, Steell died at home,24 Greenhill Gardens in Edinburghs southern suburbs, on 15 September 1891 and is buried in an unmarked grave in Edinburghs Old Calton Cemetery. This grave was purchased by his father John Steell senior and many members of the Steell, in 1826 he married Elizabeth Graham, daughter of John Graham, an Edinburgh merchant. His son, William Steell, appears to have been an architect, one of his few recorded works is the pedestal for Johns statue of Dr Thomas Chalmers on George Street in Edinburgh. Sir John Steells brother Gourlay Steell was himself a noted painter, he was Queen Victorias animal painter. Many of Gourlay Steells paintings remain in the collection of Queen Elizabeth II. His portrait was painted by Robert Scott Lauder and William Grant Stevenson, Steells works include, a wooden statue of St Andrew in the Dalkeith Kilwinning No. X masonic lodge, Dalkeith - the work originally at 1 Hanover Street in Edinburgh, a stone statue of Queen Victoria on top of the Royal Scottish Academy,1844. A bust of the Duke of Wellington at Eton College,1845, a bust of the Duke of Wellington at Apsley House,1846
9.
Middle Ages
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In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance, the Middle Ages is the middle period of the three traditional divisions of Western history, classical antiquity, the medieval period, and the modern period. The medieval period is subdivided into the Early, High. Population decline, counterurbanisation, invasion, and movement of peoples, the large-scale movements of the Migration Period, including various Germanic peoples, formed new kingdoms in what remained of the Western Roman Empire. In the seventh century, North Africa and the Middle East—once part of the Byzantine Empire—came under the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate, although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, the break with classical antiquity was not complete. The still-sizeable Byzantine Empire survived in the east and remained a major power, the empires law code, the Corpus Juris Civilis or Code of Justinian, was rediscovered in Northern Italy in 1070 and became widely admired later in the Middle Ages. In the West, most kingdoms incorporated the few extant Roman institutions, monasteries were founded as campaigns to Christianise pagan Europe continued. The Franks, under the Carolingian dynasty, briefly established the Carolingian Empire during the later 8th, the Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence, intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the conflict, civil strife. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages, the Middle Ages is one of the three major periods in the most enduring scheme for analysing European history, classical civilisation, or Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Modern Period. Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the Six Ages or the Four Empires, when referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being modern. In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua, leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People. Bruni and later argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarchs time. The Middle Ages first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or middle season, in early usage, there were many variants, including medium aevum, or middle age, first recorded in 1604, and media saecula, or middle ages, first recorded in 1625. The alternative term medieval derives from medium aevum, tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th-century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods, Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, for Europe as a whole,1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. English historians often use the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 to mark the end of the period
10.
Melrose Abbey
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St Marys Abbey, Melrose is a partly ruined monastery of the Cistercian order in Melrose, Roxburghshire, in the Scottish Borders. It was founded in 1136 by Cistercian monks at the request of King David I of Scotland and it was headed by the Abbot or Commendator of Melrose. Today the abbey is maintained by Historic Scotland, the east end of the abbey was completed in 1146. Other buildings in the complex were added over the next 50 years, the abbey was built in the Gothic manner, and in the form of a St. Johns Cross. A considerable portion of the abbey is now in ruins, a structure dating from 1590 is maintained as a museum open to the public. Alexander II and other Scottish kings and nobles are buried at the abbey, a lead container believed to hold the embalmed heart of Robert the Bruce was found in 1921 below the Chapter House site, it was found again in a 1998 excavation. This was documented in records of his death, the rest of his body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey. The abbey is known for its many carved decorative details, including likenesses of saints, dragons, gargoyles, on one of the abbeys stairways is an inscription by John Morow, a master mason, which says, Be halde to ye hende. This has become the motto of the town of Melrose, an earlier monastery was founded by, then later dedicated to, Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne. This was shortly before his death in 651 at Old Melrose, then within the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, set in a bend of the River Tweed, a graveyard marks the site. St. Cuthbert, who grew up nearby, trained at Old Melrose abbey and he was prior from 662 before he was moved to Lindisfarne. The abbey site was raided by Kenneth I of Scotland in 839, Melrose was the first Cistercian abbey in Scotland. King David I wanted the new abbey to be built on the same site and it was said to have been built in ten years. The church of the convent was dedicated to St. Mary on 28 July 1146, the abbey became the mother church of the order in Scotland. Its first community came from Rielvaux, the Yorkshire house colonized from Cîteaux, in the 12th century, around Melrose, the Cistercians implemented new farming techniques and marketed Melrose wool throughout the great trading ports across northern Europe. A town slowly grew up around the abbey, during a time of famine four thousand starving people were fed by the monastery for three months. The monastery had 100 monks, exclusive of the abbot and dignitaries, the last abbot was James Stewart, natural son of James V, who died in 1559. The privileges and possessions of the abbey were very extensive and its founder David endowed it with the lands of Melrose, Eildon, and other places, and the right of fishery on the River Tweed
11.
George Meikle Kemp
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George Meikle Kemp was a Scottish carpenter/joiner, draughtsman, and self-taught architect. He is best known as the designer of the Scott Monument in central Edinburgh, Kemp was born the son of a shepherd in Moorfoot, Midlothian, near Gladhouse Reservoir on the southern slopes of the Pentland Hills south of Edinburgh. The family moved shortly afterwards to Newhall near Carlops, around 14 miles west and he was educated at the school in Penicuik, and was inspired, at the age of ten, by a visit to Rosslyn Chapel and Roslin Castle. In 1809 he was apprenticed to Andrew Noble, a master wright in Redscarhead, during his four-year training he began his own study of the ancient architecture of the Scottish Borders, including Melrose Abbey. After a year working for a millwright in Galashiels, Kemp moved to Edinburgh, working as a carpenter, in 1817, Kemp moved to England, working in Lancashire and travelling, on foot, to draw Gothic architecture as far away as York Minster. He returned to Scotland, basing himself in Glasgow for four years, here he continued to study architecture, but could not find permanent employment, so instead set off for France. He spent a year working there, viewing Gothic architecture in Bolougne, Amiens and Paris, in Edinburgh, he attempted to set up as a carpenter and joiner, and meanwhile continued his own studies. He was introduced to the architect William Burn by his brother Thomas, Burn engaged Kemp as a competent draughtsman, entrusting him with drawings for Bowhill House, the Dukes seat in the Borders. Kemp also produced a model of a proposed new house for the Duke at Dalkeith. Kemp exhibited his own drawings of Melrose Abbey at the Scottish Academy exhibition of 1830, in 1832 he married Elizabeth Bonnar, daughter of William Bonnar, an Edinburgh painter whom Kemp would have encountered in the Academy. Like Walter Scott, Kemp was a Freemason, being initiated in Lodge Edinburgh St Andrew, No.48, in the early 1830s Kemp was engaged to produce measured drawings of historic Scottish buildings for a proposed book on Scotlands cathedrals and other antiquities. Although the project was abandoned, Kemp completed a series of drawings of Glasgow Cathedral. He included a drawing showing how the cathedral may have looked, had it been completed as intended, even preparing a model and costs for the works. In 1836, these proposals were publicised by a set up to investigate the restoration of the cathedral. Kemp was even accused of copying Grahams design, and was not vindicated until 1840, after the death of the poet and novelist Sir Walter Scott in September 1832, a movement to erect a major monument was begun almost immediately. Fundraising began after a meeting in Edinburgh in October 1832. Kemp prepared a design in the space of five days, and submitted it under the pseudonym John Morvo, Kemp had feared his lack of architectural qualifications and reputation would disqualify him. A total of 54 competition entries were submitted, of which the top three were to receive premiums of 50 guineas, english architects Thomas Rickman and Charles Fowler were placed first and second, John Morvos design won the third premium
