1.
Motto
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A motto is a maxim, a phrase meant to formally summarize the general motivation or intention of an individual, family, social group or organization. A motto may be in any language, but Latin has been widely used, especially in the Western world. In heraldry, a motto is depicted below the shield in a banderole, this placement stems from the Middle Ages, in which the vast majority of nobles possessed a coat of arms. In the case of Scottish heraldry it is mandated to appear above the crest, spanish coats of arms may display a motto in the bordure of the shield. In heraldic literature, the rallying cry respectively battle banner are also common, which date back to the battle cry. In English heraldry mottos are not granted with armorial bearings, in Scottish heraldry, mottos can only be changed by re-matriculation, with the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Although very unusual and perhaps outside standard heraldic practice, there are examples of the particular appearance of the motto scroll. Ships and submarines in the Royal Navy each have a badge and motto, Latin has been very common for mottos, but for nation states their official language is generally chosen. A canting motto is one that contains word play, for example, the motto of the Earl of Onslow is Festina lente, punningly interpreting on-slow. In literature, a motto is a sentence, phrase, poem, or word prefixed to an essay, chapter, novel and it is a short, suggestive expression of a guiding principle for the written material that follows. For example, Robert Louis Stevensons Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes uses mottos at the start of each section, epigram Hendiatris Inscription List of Latin phrases List of mottos List of national mottos Slogan Tagline United in diversity United we stand, divided we fall
2.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
3.
Secretary of State of Colorado
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The Secretary of State of Colorado is the secretary of state of the state of Colorado in the United States. The office is one of five elected offices in the state. The current Secretary of State is Wayne W. Williams, information Technology Division, Supports the information systems needs of the entire Secretary of States office. Also supports the Web presence of the Secretary of State, list of company registers Official website
4.
Eye of Providence
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The Eye of Providence is a symbol showing an eye often surrounded by rays of light or a glory and usually enclosed by a triangle. It represents the eye of God watching over mankind, in the modern era, a notable depiction of the eye is the reverse of the Great Seal of the United States, which appears on the United States one-dollar bill. Seventeenth-century depictions of the Eye of Providence sometimes show it surrounded by clouds or sunbursts, in 1782, the Eye of Providence was adopted as part of the symbolism on the reverse side of the Great Seal of the United States. It was first suggested as an element of the Great Seal by the first of three committees in 1776 and is thought to be the suggestion of the artistic consultant. In his original proposal to the committee, Du Simitiere placed the Eye over shields symbolizing each of the thirteen states of the Union. On the version of the seal that was approved, the Eye is positioned above an unfinished pyramid of thirteen steps. The symbolism is explained by the motto that appears above the Eye, Annuit Cœptis, meaning approves undertakings. Perhaps due to its use in the design of the Great Seal, the Eye has made its way into other American seals and logos, for example, today, the Eye of Providence is often associated with Freemasonry. The Eye first appeared as part of the iconography of the Freemasons in 1797. Here, it represents the eye of God and is a reminder that mans thoughts. Typically, the Masonic Eye of Providence has a semi-circular glory below the eye, sometimes the Eye is enclosed by a triangle. However, common Masonic use of the Eye dates to 14 years after the creation of the Great Seal, furthermore, among the members of the various design committees for the Great Seal, only Benjamin Franklin was a Mason. Indeed, many Masonic organizations have explicitly denied any connection to the creation of the Seal, a common occurrence is in the context of a reference to the Illuminati. The logo for the WWE tag team, The Ascension, media related to Eye of Providence at Wikimedia Commons
5.
Fasces
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Fasces (/ˈfæsiːz/, is a bound bundle of wooden rods, sometimes including an axe with its blade emerging. The fasces had its origin in the Etruscan civilization, and was passed on to ancient Rome, the image has survived in the modern world as a representation of magisterial or collective power. It should not be confused with the related term fess, which in French heraldry is called a fasce, little is known about the Etruscans, but a few artifacts have been found showing a thin bundle of rods surrounding a two-headed axe. Fasces symbolism might be derived via the Etruscans from the eastern Mediterranean, with the labrys, the Anatolian, and Minoan double-headed axe, later incorporated into the praetorial fasces. By the time of the Roman Republic, the fasces had developed into a bundle of birch rods, sometimes surrounding a single-headed axe. On certain special occasions, the fasces might be decorated with a laurel wreath, the symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity, a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is very difficult to break. This symbolism occurs in Aesops fable The Old Man and his Sons, a similar story is told about the Bulgar Khan Kubrat, giving rise to the Bulgarian National motto Union gives strength. The axe represented the power over life or death through the death penalty, bundled birch twigs symbolise corporal punishment. The fasces lictoriae symbolised power and authority in ancient Rome, beginning with the early Roman Kingdom and continuing through the Republican, by Republican times, use of the fasces was surrounded with tradition and protocol. A corps of apparitores called lictors each carried fasces before a magistrate, the highest magistrate, the dictator, was entitled to twenty-four lictors and fasces, the consul to twelve, the proconsul eleven, the praetor six, the propraetor five, and the curule aediles two. Another part of the symbolism developed in Republican Rome was the inclusion of an axe in the fasces. The axe indicated that the judicial powers included capital punishment. Lictors attending the dictator kept the axes in their fasces even inside the Pomerium—a sign that the dictator had the power in his own hands. An occasional variation on the fasces was the addition of a laurel wreath and this occurred during the celebration of a Triumph - essentially a victory parade through Rome by a returning victorious general. Previously, all Republican Roman commanding generals had held office with imperium. The term is related to the modern Italian word fascio, used in the century to designate peasant cooperatives. Numerous governments and other authorities have used the image of the fasces for a symbol of power since the end of the Roman Empire. It also has used to hearken back to the Roman republic
6.
Heraldry
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The beauty and pageantry of heraldic designs allowed them to survive the gradual abandonment of armour on the battlefield during the seventeenth century. Heraldry has been described poetically as the handmaid of history, the shorthand of history, in modern times, heraldry is used by individuals, public and private organizations, corporations, cities, towns, and regions to symbolize their heritage, achievements, and aspirations. Various symbols have been used to represent individuals or groups for thousands of years, similar emblems and devices are found in ancient Mesopotamian art of the same period, and the precursors of heraldic beasts such as the griffin can also be found. In the Bible, the Book of Numbers refers to the standards and ensigns of the children of Israel, the Greek and Latin writers frequently describe the shields and symbols of various heroes, and units of the Roman army were sometimes identified by distinctive markings on their shields. The Book of Saint Albans, compiled in 1486, declares that Christ himself was a gentleman of coat armour, the medieval heralds also devised arms for various knights and lords from history and literature. Notable examples include the toads attributed to Pharamond, the cross and martlets of Edward the Confessor, and the arms attributed to the Nine Worthies. These too are now regarded as an invention, rather than evidence of the antiquity of heraldry. The development of the modern heraldic language cannot be attributed to an individual, time. Yet no individual is depicted twice bearing the arms, nor are any of the descendants of the various persons depicted known to have borne devices resembling those in the tapestry. A Spanish manuscript from 1109 describes both plain and decorated shields, none of which appears to have been heraldic, in England, from the time of the Norman conquest, official documents had to be sealed. A notable example of an armorial seal is attached to a charter granted by Philip I, Count of Flanders. Seals from the part of the eleventh and early twelfth centuries show no evidence of heraldic symbolism. One of the earliest known examples of armory as it came to be practiced can be seen on the tomb of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. An enamel, probably commissioned by Geoffreys widow between 1155 and 1160, depicts him carrying a shield decorated with six golden lions rampant. He wears a helmet adorned with another lion, and his cloak is lined in vair. A medieval chronicle states that Geoffrey was given a shield of this description when he was knighted by his father-in-law, Henry I, in 1128, but this account probably dates to about 1175. Since Henry was the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, it seems reasonable to suppose that the adoption of lions as an emblem by Henry or his sons might have been inspired by Geoffreys shield. Richard is also credited with having originated the English crest of a lion statant and it is from this garment that the phrase coat of arms is derived
7.
Hammer and pick
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The hammer and pick, rarely referred to as hammer and chisel, is a symbol of mining, often used in heraldry. It can indicate mining, mines, or miners, and is borne as a charge in the coats of arms of mining towns. The symbol represents the traditional tools of the miner, a hammer and a chisel on a handle, similar to a pickaxe, but with one blunt end. The handle of the pick protrudes over the head, because the head is not permanently fixed, in coats of arms the symbol is often shown in black, but also in natural colours or in gold and/or silver. The hammer and pick is used to indicate the working day, in Unicode, the hammer and pick symbol is U+2692 ⚒
8.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
9.
William Gilpin (governor)
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William Gilpin was a 19th-century US explorer, politician, land speculator, and futurist writer about the American West. He served as officer in the United States Army during several wars. Frémont on his expedition through the West, and was instrumental in the formation of the government of the Oregon Territory. Gilpin served as the first governor of the Colorado Territory and his administration was consumed largely with the defense of the new territory in the early days of the American Civil War and was brought down after only one year by scandalous financial dealings. After the demise of his career, he made a large fortune as a land speculator in New Mexico, although his dealings were questionable. Gilpin was born near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania a son of Joshua Gilpin and they were wealthy family of Quakers. He was educated by tutors and studied abroad in England for two years before attending the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1833. He attended the West Point from 1834 to 1835, but did not graduate and he received a commission as second lieutenant with the 2nd Dragoon Regiment in June 1836 and served in the Seminole Wars. He also served as a recruiter in Missouri, while in Missouri, he became attracted to opportunities on the frontier and to the idea of westward expansion of the nation. After resigning in April 1838, he moved to St. Louis where he became a newspaper editor, after three years in St. Louis, he moved across the state to Independence, where he interacted with emigrants about to embark on the Oregon Trail. In 1843 he encountered John C, Frémont along the Santa Fe Trail and embarked westward with Frémont on his expedition to find a route over the continental divide. While passing through the region of present-day Colorado, he encountered evidence of gold in the region. When the party reached Walla Walla in the Oregon Country, Gilpin continued westward on his own while Frémont continued on to California. At the time, the Oregon Country was under joint administration by the United States and the United Kingdom, Gilpin settled among the growing community of U. S. settlers in the Willamette Valley and became active in the organization of a provisional government. At the landmark convention at Champoeg, he helped draft a petition requesting support for the government from the United States Congress. Gilpin himself was charged with carrying the Willamette petition back east, on his way back through Missouri, he helped publicize the Pacific Northwest and stir up Oregon fever. He delivered the petition to Congress in 1845, then wrote memoirs of his travels in the Pacific Northwest to emphasize its potential for trade and settlement. He was considered to have served with distinction in the campaign and was given command of a mounted infantry battalion to protect the Santa Fe Trail against attacks by Native Americans
10.
Virgil
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Publius Vergilius Maro, usually called Virgil or Vergil /ˈvɜːrdʒᵻl/ in English, was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He wrote three of the most famous poems in Latin literature, the Eclogues, the Georgics, a number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him. Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Romes greatest poets and his Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Virgils work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature, most notably Dantes Divine Comedy, in which Virgil appears as Dantes guide through Hell, the tradition holds that Virgil was born in the village of Andes, near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. Analysis of his name has led to beliefs that he descended from earlier Roman colonists, modern speculation ultimately is not supported by narrative evidence either from his own writings or his later biographers. Macrobius says that Virgils father was of a background, however. He attended schools in Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples, after considering briefly a career in rhetoric and law, the young Virgil turned his talents to poetry. From Virgils admiring references to the neoteric writers Pollio and Cinna, it has been inferred that he was, for a time, according to Servius, schoolmates considered Virgil extremely shy and reserved, and he was nicknamed Parthenias or maiden because of his social aloofness. Virgil also seems to have suffered bad health throughout his life, according to the Catalepton, he began to write poetry while in the Epicurean school of Siro the Epicurean at Naples. A group of works attributed to the youthful Virgil by the commentators survive collected under the title Appendix Vergiliana. One, the Catalepton, consists of fourteen poems, some of which may be Virgils, and another. The biographical tradition asserts that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39–38 BC, the Eclogues are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameter poetry of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus. The loss of his farm and the attempt through poetic petitions to regain his property have traditionally been seen as Virgils motives in the composition of the Eclogues. This is now thought to be an unsupported inference from interpretations of the Eclogues, the ten Eclogues present traditional pastoral themes with a fresh perspective. Eclogues 1 and 9 address the land confiscations and their effects on the Italian countryside,2 and 3 are pastoral and erotic, discussing both homosexual love and attraction toward people of any gender. Eclogue 4, addressed to Asinius Pollio, the so-called Messianic Eclogue uses the imagery of the age in connection with the birth of a child. Virgil came to many of the other leading literary figures of the time, including Horace, in whose poetry he is often mentioned, and Varius Rufus. At Maecenas insistence Virgil spent the years on the long didactic hexameter poem called the Georgics which he dedicated to Maecenas
11.
Aeneid
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The Aeneid is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It comprises 9,896 lines in dactylic hexameter, the hero Aeneas was already known to Greco-Roman legend and myth, having been a character in the Iliad. The Aeneid is widely regarded as Virgils masterpiece and one of the greatest works of Latin literature, the Aeneid can be divided into two halves based on the disparate subject matter of Books 1–6 and Books 7–12. These two halves are commonly regarded as reflecting Virgils ambition to rival Homer by treating both the Odysseys wandering theme and the Iliads warfare themes and this is, however, a rough correspondence, the limitations of which should be borne in mind. Virgil begins his poem with a statement of his theme and an invocation to the Muse and he then explains the reason for the principal conflict in the story, the resentment held by the goddess Juno against the Trojan people. This is consistent with her throughout the Homeric epics. Also in the manner of Homer, the story begins in medias res, with the Trojan fleet in the eastern Mediterranean. The fleet, led by Aeneas, is on a voyage to find a second home and it has been foretold that in Italy, he will give rise to a race both noble and courageous, a race which will become known to all nations. Juno is wrathful, because she had not been chosen in the judgment of Paris, also, Ganymede, a Trojan prince, was chosen to be the cup bearer to her husband, Jupiter—replacing Junos daughter, Hebe. Juno proceeds to Aeolus, King of the Winds, and asks that he release the winds to stir up a storm in exchange for a bribe, Aeolus does not accept the bribe, but agrees to carry out Junos orders, the storm then devastates the fleet. The fleet takes shelter on the coast of Africa, where Aeneas rouses the spirits of his men, There, Aeneass mother, Venus, in the form of a hunting woman very similar to the goddess Diana, encourages him and recounts to him the history of Carthage. At a banquet given in honour of the Trojans, Aeneas sadly recounts the events that occasioned the Trojans arrival. He begins the tale shortly after the war described in the Iliad, Cunning Ulysses devised a way for Greek warriors to gain entry into the walled city of Troy by hiding in a large wooden horse. The Greeks pretended to sail away, leaving a warrior, Sinon, to inform the Trojans that the horse was an offering and that if it were taken into the city, the Trojans would be able to conquer Greece. The Trojan priest Laocoön saw through the Greek plot and urged the horses destruction, then, in what would be seen by the Trojans as punishment from the gods, two serpents emerged from the sea and devoured Laocoön, along with his two sons. The Trojans then took the horse inside the walls, and after nightfall the armed Greeks emerged from it. In a dream, Hector, the fallen Trojan prince, advised Aeneas to flee with his family, Aeneas awoke and saw with horror what was happening to his beloved city. At first he tried to fight the enemy, but soon he lost his comrades and was alone to fend off the Greeks
12.
Numen
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Numen, pl. numina, is a Latin term for divinity, or a divine presence, divine will. The Latin authors defined it as follows, cicero writes of a divine mind, a god whose numen everything obeys, and a divine power which pervades the lives of men. It causes the motions and cries of birds during augury, in Virgils recounting of the blinding of the one-eyed giant, Polyphemus, from the Odyssey, in his Aeneid, he has Odysseus and his men first ask for the assistance of the great numina. Pliny the younger in a letter to Paternus raves about the power, the dignity, and the majesty, in short, the numen of history. Lucretius uses the expression numen mentis, or bidding of the mind, where bidding is numen, not, however, the numen, unless the mind is to be considered divine. Since the early 20th century, numen has sometimes been treated in the history of religion as a phase, that is. Numen is also used by sociologists to refer to the idea of magical power residing in an object, when used in this sense, numen is nearly synonymous with mana. However, some authors use of mana for ideas about magic from Polynesia. It came to mean the product or expression of power — not, be it noted, thus, numen is not personified and should be distinguished from deus. The cult of Augustus was promoted by Tiberius, who dedicated the Ara Numinis Augusti, in this context, a distinction can be made between the terms numen and genius. The expression Numen inest appears in Ovids Fasti and has been translated as There is a spirit here and its interpretation, and in particular the exact sense of numen has been discussed extensively in the literature. The phrase numen eris caeloque redux mirabere regna appears on line 129 of the poem Metrum in Genesin, nil sine numine is the state motto of Colorado. Its origin could be the phrase. non haec sine numine divum eveniunt from Virgils Aeneid, Numen lumen is the motto of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Elon University. The term numen appears three times in James Joyces Finnegans Wake, animism Lares Penates Sacred Fishwick, Duncan. The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, the Idea of the Holy, An Inquiry Into the Non Rational Factor in the Idea of the Divine 1926
13.
Lulworth Castle
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Lulworth Castle, in East Lulworth, Dorset, England, situated south of Wool, is an early 17th-century mock castle. The stone building has now been re-built as a museum, the castle is surrounded by Lulworth Park and the Lulworth Estate. The foundations for Lulworth Castle were laid in 1588, and it was completed in 1609, the castle was built as a hunting lodge by Thomas Howard, 3rd Viscount Howard of Bindon, a grandson of the 3rd Duke of Norfolk. In 1641, Humphrey Weld, a grandson of Humphrey Weld, purchased it from Howards heir, the castle was seized by the Roundheads during the English Civil War, who used it as a garrison. Weld regained the property after the war finished, a Roman Catholic Chapel was built in the grounds in 1786. Following the French Revolution, the members of the French Royal Family were allowed to use Lulworth as one of their residences-in-exile. Charles X of France also stayed there briefly following the Revolution of July 1830, the castle was gutted by fire on 29 August 1929 and was left as a roofless ruin, the family building a new residence for themselves nearby. In the 1970s, restoration began with the help of English Heritage. The restoration, finished in 1998, included a new roof and restored surviving walls in the interior, the castle is still owned by the Weld Family and is a tourist attraction, holding medieval-themed events. Part of the Lulworth Estate is in use as an MoD firing range as well as a conservation area
14.
Dorset
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Dorset /ˈdɔːrsᵻt/ is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the county, which is governed by Dorset County Council. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres, Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, the county town is Dorchester which is in the south. After the reorganisation of government in 1974 the countys border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth. Around half of the lives in the South East Dorset conurbation. The county has a history of human settlement stretching back to the Neolithic era. The Romans conquered Dorsets indigenous Celtic tribe, and during the early Middle Ages, the first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century, and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348. During the Second World War, Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy, the former was the sailing venue in the 2012 Summer Olympics, and both have clubs or hire venues for sailing, Cornish pilot gig rowing, sea kayaking and powerboating. Dorset has a varied landscape featuring broad elevated chalk downs, steep limestone ridges, over half the county is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Three-quarters of its coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast Natural World Heritage Site due to its geological and it features notable landforms such as Lulworth Cove, the Isle of Portland, Chesil Beach and Durdle Door. Agriculture was traditionally the major industry of Dorset but is now in decline, there are no motorways in Dorset but a network of A roads cross the county and two railway main lines connect to London. Dorset has ports at Poole, Weymouth and Portland, and an international airport, the county has a variety of museums, theatres and festivals, and is host to one of Europes largest outdoor shows. It is the birthplace of Thomas Hardy, who used the county as the setting of his novels. Dorset derives its name from the county town of Dorchester, the Romans established the settlement in the 1st century and named it Durnovaria which was a Latinised version of a Common Brittonic word possibly meaning place with fist-sized pebbles. It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in AD845 and in the 10th century the countys archaic name, the first human visitors to Dorset were Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BC. The first permanent Neolithic settlers appeared around 3000 BC and were responsible for the creation of the Dorset Cursus, from 2800 BC onwards Bronze Age farmers cleared Dorsets woodlands for agricultural use and Dorsets high chalk hills provided a location for numerous round barrows. During the Iron Age, the British tribe known as the Durotriges established a series of forts across the county—most notably Maiden Castle which is one of the largest in Europe. The Romans arrived in Dorset during their conquest of Britain in AD43, Maiden Castle was captured by a Roman legion under the command of Vespasian, and the Roman settlement of Durnovaria was established nearby
15.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
16.
Lord Mayor of London
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The Lord Mayor of London is the City of Londons mayor and leader of the City of London Corporation. This office differs from the Mayor of London, which is an elected position. However, the legal and commonly used title remains Lord Mayor of London, the Lord Mayor is elected at Common Hall each year on Michaelmas, and takes office on the Friday before the second Saturday in November, at The Silent Ceremony. One of the worlds oldest continuously elected civic offices, the Lord Mayors main role nowadays is to represent, support and promote the businesses and residents in the City of London. As leader of the Corporation of the City of London, the Lord Mayor serves as the key spokesman for the local authority, all Lord Mayors of London are apolitical. The Lord Mayor of London typically delivers dozens of speeches and addresses per year, many incumbents of the office make overseas visits while Lord Mayor of London. Currently serving is the 689th Lord Mayor Dr Andrew Parmley Of the 69 cities in the United Kingdom, the City of London is among the 30 that have Lord Mayors. The Lord Mayor is entitled to the style The Right Honourable, the same privilege extends only to the Lord Mayors of York, Cardiff and Belfast, the latter prefix applies only to Privy Counsellors. A woman who holds the office is known as a Lord Mayor. The wife of a male Lord Mayor is styled as Lady Mayoress, a female Lord Mayor or an unmarried male Lord Mayor may appoint a female consort, usually a fellow member of the corporation, to the role of Lady Mayoress. In speech, a Lord Mayor is referred to as My Lord Mayor, and it was once customary for Lord Mayors to be appointed knights upon taking office and baronets upon retirement, unless they already held such a title. This custom was followed with a few inconsistencies from the 16th until the 19th centuries, however, from 1964 onwards, the regular creation of hereditary titles such as baronetcies was phased out, so subsequent Lord Mayors were offered knighthoods. Furthermore, foreign Heads of State visiting the City of London on a UK State Visit, for example, in 2001, Sir David Howard was created a Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence of Jordan by King Abdullah II. Recently Lord Mayors have been appointed at the beginning of their term of office Knights or Dames of St John, as a mark of respect, by HM The Queen, Sovereign Head of the Order of St John. The office of Lord Mayor was instituted in 1189, the first holder of the office being Henry Fitz-Ailwin de Londonestone. The Mayor of the City of London has been elected by the City, rather than appointed by the Sovereign, the title Lord Mayor came to be used after 1354, when it was granted to Thomas Legge by King Edward III. Lord Mayors are elected for terms, by custom, they do not now serve more than one consecutive term. Almost 700 people have served as Lord Mayor, Dame Mary Donaldson, elected in 1983, and Dame Fiona Woolf, elected in 2013, are the only women to have held the office
17.
Recusancy
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Recusancy was the state of those who refused to attend Anglican services during the history of England and Wales, these individuals were known as recusants. The Recusancy Acts began during the reign of Elizabeth I and were repealed in 1650 and they imposed various types of punishment on those who did not participate in Anglican religious activity, such as fines, property confiscation, and imprisonment. As far as the term is used in the present day, recusant applies to the descendants of Roman Catholic British gentry and peerage families. Catholicism was the majority religion in various pockets, notably in parts of Lancashire, Yorkshire and Cumbria, and in Scotland, in parts of the Highlands and the Southern Hebrides. The term recusant is also used generally to refer to non-compliance with a perceived innovation of questionable orthodoxy. Some traditional Catholics have used the term following Vatican II, particularly in defence of the Latin mass, Catholics formed a large proportion, if not a plurality, of recusants, and it was to Catholics that the term initially was applied. Non-Catholic groups composed of Reformed Christians or Protestant dissenters from the Church of England were later labelled recusants as well, the recusancy laws were in force from the reign of Elizabeth I to that of George III, but not always enforced with equal intensity. Other Acts targeted Catholic recusants, including statutes passed under James I and Charles I, recusants were subject to various civil disabilities and penalties under English penal laws, most of which were repealed during the Regency and the reign of George IV. The Nuttall Encyclopædia notes that Dissenters were largely forgiven by the Act of Toleration under William III, early recusants included Protestant dissenters, whose confessions derived from the Calvinistic Reformers or Radical Reformers. With the growth of these groups after the Restoration of Charles II. The recusant period reaped an extensive harvest of saints and martyrs, among the recusants were some high-profile Catholic aristocrats such as the Howards and, for a time, the Plantagenet-descended Beauforts. In the English-speaking world, the Douay-Rheims Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate by expatriate recusants in Rheims, France, in 1582 and in Douai and it was revised by Bishop Richard Challoner in the years 1749–52. The 1750 revision is still printed today, the Douay-Rheims Challoner Bible is still often preferred by more conservative or Traditionalist Catholics. Other members of the Howard family, the Earls of Carlisle, Effingham, Recusancy was historically focused in Northern England, particularly Cumbria, Lancashire and Yorkshire. The Acton family is another well-known recusant family, the will of a William Latewise who died in 1603 in Goosnargh – part of the parish of Kirkham – states he was of Culcheth in the parish of Winwick. One of those preparing his inventory in 1608 was John Sterrope, around this time the area around Goosnargh was home to several Catholic families – Beesley, Hesketh, Keighley, Marsden, and Threlfall. Records show that members of the Latewysse family were fined for recusancy. In Wales, the few recusant families include Mostyn, Herbert, Morgan and, most notably and they helped to provide a resurgent Catholic Church in England with financial support
18.
Catholic emancipation
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Requirements to abjure the temporal and spiritual authority of the Pope and transubstantiation placed major burdens on Roman Catholics. The penal laws started to be dismantled from 1766, the most significant measure was the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman Catholicism in the United Kingdom. In Canada, British since 1763, the Quebec Act of 1774 ended some restrictions on Roman Catholics, reaction against this led to riots in Scotland in 1779 and then the Gordon Riots in London on June 2,1780. Further relief was given by an Act of 1782 allowing the establishment of Roman Catholic schools, the British Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 was adopted by the Irish Parliament in 1792–93. Since the electoral franchise at the time was determined by property. Non-conformists also suffered discrimination at this time, but it was expected to be a consequence given the proportionately small number of Roman Catholics in the United Kingdom as a whole. William Pitt the Younger, the Prime Minister, had promised emancipation to accompany the Act, no further steps were taken at that stage, however, in part because of the belief of King George III that it would violate his Coronation Oath. Pitt resigned when the Kings opposition became known, as he was unable to fulfill his pledge, Catholic emancipation then became a debating point rather than a major political issue. The increasing number of Irish Catholics serving in the British army led to the army giving freedom of worship to Catholic soldiers in 1811 and their contribution in the Napoleonic wars may have contributed to the support of Wellington for emancipation. In 1823, Daniel OConnell started a campaign for emancipation by establishing the Catholic Association, in 1828 he stood for election in County Clare in Ireland and was elected even though he could not take his seat in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. He repeated this feat in 1829, oConnells manoeuvres were important, but the decisive turning point came with the change in public opinion in Britain in favour of emancipation. Politicians understood the importance of public opinion. They were influenced as well by the support for the measure by the Whigs in the House of Lords. The balance of opinion in the House of Lords shifted abruptly in 1828–29 in response to public opinion, in 1828 the Sacramental Test Act removed the barrier that required certain public officials to be members of the Established Church. Finally, the Duke of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel changed positions and this removed many of the remaining substantial restrictions on Roman Catholics throughout the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The major beneficiaries were the Roman Catholic middle classes, who could now enter careers in the civil service. The year 1829 is therefore regarded as marking the chief moment of Emancipation in Britain. The obligation, however, to pay tithes to the established Anglican church in Ireland remained, resulting in the Tithe War of the 1830s, a series of further reforms were introduced over time
19.
Luttrell Psalter
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Along with the psalms, the Luttrell Psalter contains a calendar, canticles, the Mass and an antiphon for the dead. The pages vary in their degree of illumination, but many are richly covered with both decorated text and marginal pictures of saints and Bible stories, and scenes of rural life and it is considered one of the richest sources for visual depictions of everyday rural life in medieval England. It is at present in the collection of the British Library in London, the Luttrell Psalter was created in England sometime between 1320 and 1345 to the order of Sir Geoffrey Luttrell, lord of the manor of Irnham in Lincolnshire. The date of its completion has not been established with certainty, lucy Sandler prefers to date the creation around 1325–30 because the styles are similar to the other manuscripts of that time. Michelle Brown believes it was made and planned much later, around 1330–45, Luttrell, a wealthy land owner, felt his death was coming and wanted to account for all his actions, as is stated in the colophon of the psalter. Such indications are present in the illustrations in the manuscript, the psalter contains a portrait of Luttrell, at the end of Psalm 109, fully armed and mounted on a war-horse, with an extravagant display of the Luttrell arms. The image is believed to have served to emphasise his status during a marriage union of a family member. To assert his role as patron of the work, line Dominus Galfridus Louterell me fieri fecit appears above the portrait, the Luttrell Psalter was composed by many artists, all of them with slightly different styles. The First Luttrell Artist is referred to as the decorator and he used a linear style of drawing rather than a two-dimensional approach. The Second Luttrell Artist, the Colourist often drew images that were round and modelled in the fashion of the previously drawn figures. He took more notice of human form and posture in his drawings, the Third Luttrell Artist, the Illustrator, favoured a two-dimensional style. The Fourth Luttrell Artist, the Luttrell Master, was skilled in rural themes and he also drew the depictions of the Luttrell family. He shows great skill at producing effects of shadow and texture and his technique is very similar to the style used in most of the East Anglian manuscripts of the period. The manuscript came to notice in 1794, when miniatures of Sir Geoffrey Luttrell, his wife. The Luttrell Psalter measures 370 x 270 mm and it is written in Latin and comprises 309 high-quality vellum leaves with flyleaves of paper. Most of the pages are decorated in red paint with details in gold, silver, the illustrations are stamped and tooled into the paper. The manuscript has eight cords which attach the pages together securely and it is sewn together and has a modern binding of dark brown Morocco leather. The scribes used ruling as a method of scribing, an expensive method, each frame of the manuscript has about fourteen full lines of text
20.
Colorado School of Mines
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CSM placed 88th in the 2017 US News & World Report Best National Universities ranking. In the 2016–17 QS World University Rankings by subject, the university was ranked as the top institution in the world for mineral, Golden, Colorado, established in 1859 as Golden City, served as a supply center for miners and settlers in the area. Tuition was originally free to residents of Colorado, the schools logo was designed by prominent architect Jacques Benedict. The first building on the current site of the school was built in 1880 with additions completed in 1882 and 1890, the building, known as Chemistry Hall, stood where Hill Hall is now located. The next building to be added to the campus was Engineering Hall, built in 1894, in 1879, there was some discussion about merging School of Mines and the State University in Boulder. Apparently, because of the focus of School of Mines. During the early years of the institution, the administrator was the Professor in Charge. The designation President was first used in 1880, the M on Mt. Zion, a prominent feature in the Golden area, was constructed in 1908 and lighted in 1932. Early academic departments were drafting, physics, metallurgy, chemistry, in the 1920s, departments formed in geology, petroleum engineering and geophysics. Petroleum refining was added in 1946, the Division of Liberal Arts and International Studies and the Department of Physical Education and Athletics provide nontechnical educational opportunities for Mines students. Other facilities include, Ben Parker Student Center, Arthur Lakes Library, Green Center, the Colorado School of Mines is a public research university devoted to engineering and applied science. In August 2007, a new student recreation center was completed, in 2008, the school finished expanding its main computer center, the Center for Technology and Learning Media. The school operates the Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum, which displays rock, Mines is the host of the annual Colorado State Science Olympiad, which draws teams from both the northern regional and southern regional competitions. One or two teams advance to the national finals, depending on the number of teams registered to compete. Mines also hosts the Colorado Regional Science Bowl, and shares hosting of the Colorado State MathCounts Competition with University of Denver, since 1964, the Colorado School of Mines has hosted the annual oil shale symposium, one of the most important international oil shale conferences. Although the series of symposia stopped after 1992, the tradition was restored in 2006, roeschlaub, Jacques Benedict, and Temple Hoyne Buell. To date two main buildings are gone, while the present campus includes, Major open-air athletic facilities of the Colorado School of Mines include historic Campbell Field. The honorary named Colorado School of Mines buildings commemorate Dr. Victor C, 38th in U. S. News & World Reports 2015 Top Public Schools
21.
High Point University
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High Point University is a private liberal arts university in High Point, North Carolina, U. S. affiliated with the United Methodist Church. Founded as High Point College in 1924, it became High Point University in October 1991, HPU offers 47 undergraduate majors,51 undergraduate minors and 12 graduate-degree majors. In the mid-19th century, the Methodist Protestant Church, which is now part of the United Methodist Church, in 1921, after some years of consideration, the statewide governing body of the Methodist Protestant Church voted to establish a college. Shortly afterwards the church accepted an offer from the citizens of High Point to contribute 60 acres of land and $100,000 to the project, placing the new school in the city of High Point. The campus was designed by R. E. Mitchell of Washington, D. C. assisted by Herbert Hunter of High Point, in the English Renaissance style. The school was founded in 1924 as High Point College, a joint venture between the Methodist Protestant Church and the citizens of High Point, and officially opened its doors on September 14,1924. When the college opened, the campus consisted of three buildings, attended by nine faculty members, with a student enrollment of 122, the steadfast growth that characterized the birth of the College ended abruptly with the Great Depression. This period was difficult for the College in 1932–33, as faculty salaries were cut, despite a $50,000 fund raising campaign, the College declared bankruptcy on June 15,1934 and reorganization in an effort to reduce its indebtedness. Subsequent reorganization enabled the College to move forward with business and renewed expansion, on October 9,1991, under the guidance of President Dr. Jacob C. Martinson, Jr. and the Board of Trustees, High Point College changed its name to High Point University to reflect post-graduate degree programs, martinson, Jr. stepped down as President in 2005, he was the longest serving United Methodist college president in the country. In 2005, the university was only 92 acres and landlocked with an undergraduate enrollment of 1,450. The universitys operating budget was only $35 million with approximately 100 faculty members, since Dr. Nido R. Qubein became President of High Point University in 2005 the growth of the university has had significant impact on the city, region and the state of North Carolina. Qubein is the fourth highest paid college president, paid $2.9 million a year, the Chronicle of Higher Education Almanac, April 19,2016 noted Nido R Qubein is the third highest donor university president in the country from 2006-2016. He committed $10 million to High Point University, donations from alumni, parents and supporters of HPU total about $214 million since 2006. In 2010, the university announced plans to invest about $2.1 billion in growth in the next decade. To date, High Point University has spent $1.2 billion on four new schools facilities, faculty. Ashley Furniture Industries Chairman Ron Wanek donated $10 million to High Point University in 2013 after visiting HPUs president Dr. Nido R. Qubein, waneks gift to the university is the 10th contribution of $10 million or more that Qubein has received during his tenure. On September 14,2014, the university celebrated its 90th anniversary, as part of the commemoration,90 facts about the university were featured in the News and Record on High Point Universitys Founders Day
22.
Virginia Intermont College
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Virginia Intermont College was a private, four-year liberal arts college in Bristol, Virginia. Founded in 1884 to create additional education opportunities for women, the College had been coeducational since 1972 and it experienced significant financial difficulties during the last years of its existence, was denied accreditation in 2013, and announced its closure on May 20,2014. The name Intermont was a reference to the Colleges mountain setting, instructing both boarding and day students, the school steadily grew until it outgrew its facilities in less than ten years. The College began moving to a new site in Bristol, Virginia in 1891, shortly after the move, the name was changed to Virginia Institute, then to Virginia Intermont College in 1908. During the 1960s, five new buildings were constructed to accommodate the schools growth, in the early 1970s, Virginia Intermont became a four-year institution granting baccalaureate degrees. 1972 marked another milestone as VI admitted men and became a coeducational institution. In July 2010, the College hired its first female president, Dr. E. Clorisa Phillips, Phillips worked on fundraising initiatives for ongoing renovations and upgrades to the historic campus, and added academic and athletic programs for the 2012-13 academic year. In January 2014, faced with declining enrollment, the announced plans to merge with Webber International University in Babson Park, Florida. On May 4,2014, faculty president, Dr. Robert Rainwater announced during the 2014 graduation ceremony, just one day after the 2014 graduation, the board of trustees accepted the resignation of President Clorisa Phillips. A statement issued by the college said Phillips stepped down due to personal reasons and she served as president for nearly four years. The board of trustees placed the day-to-day leadership of the college with Compass Executives of Nashville with Art Rebrovick serving as interim president, the College set up teach out programs so that students may complete their undergraduate educations with other colleges. On June 1,2014, Virginia Intermont released custodianship of student academic records to King University for the purpose of issuing official academic transcripts, Virginia Intermonts accreditation was reaffirmed in early December 2011, but the College was issued a one-year warning for not meeting the agencys financial standards. In December 2012, the accreditation was not renewed and the college was placed on probation for six months. At the end of that period, the SACS board of trustees recommended the college be removed from SACS membership for failure to comply with requirements for financial resources. The college appealed and won a court injunction to retain its accreditation albeit in a probationary status. The original campus built between 1891 and 1893 consisted of the main hall as well as a fine arts building. The original structure, which consists of the main hall today, was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 4,1984. The first major addition to the school was in the early 1920s when Hodges Hall and these were followed by the construction of what is currently known as East Hall in 1922
23.
Flag of Colorado
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The flag of the state of Colorado consists of three horizontal stripes of equal width, the top and bottom stripes are blue, and the middle stripe white. On top of these stripes sits a circular red C, filled with a golden disk. The blue is meant to represent the skies, the stands for the sunshine enjoyed by the state, the white represents the snowcapped mountains. The flag was designed by Andrew Carlisle Johnson in 1911 and adopted by the Colorado General Assembly on June 5 of the same year, however, the legislature did not specify the size of the C or the exact shade of blue or red. Thus, some flags were in different colors and had the C wholly within the center stripe. On February 28,1929, the General Assembly added to the description of the flag that the blue, on March 31,1964, the legislature further dictated the diameter of the gold disc to be equal to the center stripe. In a 2001 survey of 72 state, provincial, and territorial flags conducted by the North American Vexillological Association, the Colorado state flag is also incorporated into the design of Colorados state highway markers. Colorado is the state to incorporate its entire, unaltered flag design into its State Route Marker
24.
Rocky Mountain News
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The Rocky Mountain News was a daily newspaper published in Denver, Colorado, United States from April 23,1859, until February 27,2009. It was owned by the E. W. Scripps Company from 1926 until its closing, as of March 2006, the Monday–Friday circulation was 255,427. From the 1940s until 2009, the newspaper was printed in a tabloid format, under the leadership of president, publisher, and editor John Temple, the Rocky Mountain News had won four Pulitzer Prizes since 2000. Most recently in 2006, the newspaper won two Pulitzers, in Feature Writing and Feature Photography, the papers final issue appeared on Friday, February 27,2009, less than two months shy of its 150th anniversary. Its demise left Denver a one-newspaper town, with The Denver Post as the sole remaining large-circulation daily and it became Colorados oldest newspaper and possibly its longest continuously operated business. Its first issue was printed on a press from Omaha, Nebraska. That first issue was printed only 20 minutes ahead of its rival, the Rocky went from a weekly to a daily newspaper in August 1860, and from an evening to a morning newspaper in July 1870. In 1883, the took a stand against corruption and crime in Denver. One of its primary targets was city crime boss Jefferson Randolph Smith, the News continued its crusade to rid Denver of its most celebrated bad man, which took nearly a decade to complete. The E. W. Scripps Company bought the Rocky Mountain News in 1926, the Rocky Mountain News and its competitors, including The Denver Post, resorted to gasoline giveaways and other promotions in an attempt to boost circulation. By the early 1940s, the Rocky had nearly died and it was saved by then editor Jack Foster when he convinced Scripps to approve changing the newspaper from a broadsheet format to a tabloid design. Foster reasoned that the new format would make it easier for readers to hold and navigate, fosters wife, Frances, introduced Americas first advice column, called Molly Mayfield. It became an instant favorite among readers and was adopted in many other newspapers, paving the way for advice columnists such as Ann Landers. After a continued rivalry that almost put both out of business, the Rocky and The Post merged operations in 2001 under a joint operating agreement. Through the agreement, the Denver Newspaper Agency was formed, the new company ran all noneditorial operations of both papers, namely advertising and circulation, and was equally owned by the E. W. Scripps Company and by MediaNews Group, which owns The Post. The Rocky was considered more conservative than the Post. The redesign was the result of new presses that allowed the newspaper to print about 25% faster than its old presses, at an average speed of 60,000 issues per hour. On December 4,2008, E. W. Scripps put the News up for sale, following the shutdown of the Rocky, the Post, now the only daily newspaper in Denver, resumed seven-day-a-week publication
25.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
26.
Seal of Alabama
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The Great Seal of the State of Alabama is the state seal of the U. S. state of Alabama. The first seal was designed in 1817 by William Wyatt Bibb, the governor of the Alabama Territory, when Alabama became a state in 1819, the state legislature adopted the design as the official state seal. The seal prominently features a map showing one of the states most valuable resources—its major rivers, the map was shown affixed to a living tree, with no motto. The design was replaced with a new seal on December 29,1868, in the centre of the seal an eagle is represented with raised wings alighting upon the national shield, with three arrows in his left talon. The eagle holds in his beak a streamer, on which immediately over the wings are the words HERE WE REST, the crest-word, which give name to the State, signifies The land of rest. This design is used by the Alabama Department of Labor. In 1939, at the request of Governor Frank M. Dixon, the new seal was adopted during a special session called by the Governor. In the center of the seal there shall be a representation of a map of the state with its principal rivers, the seal shall be called the Great Seal of the State of Alabama. The seal shall be kept and used as required by the Constitution, there are several seals of the government of Alabama, which use a variety of designs, including the coat of arms of Alabama, the state seal, and other distinct elements. List of Alabama state symbols Coat of arms of Alabama Flag of Alabama Alabama Great Seal for Kids, the former here we rest seal
27.
Seal of Alaska
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The Seal of the State of Alaska was first adopted before statehood, when the area was known as the District of Alaska. The first governor designated a seal of the district, which featured glaciers, northern lights, igloos, in 1910, this seal was replaced with a design more representative of the states industrial and natural wealth. Todays seal contains rays above the mountains represent the famous Alaskan northern lights. The smelter symbolizes mining, the stands for Alaskas railroads. The trees pictured in the seal symbolize the states wealth of timber, and the farmer, his horse, the fish and the seals signify the importance of fishing and seal rookeries to Alaskas economy. Alaska is the state which displays a seal on its seal. State of Alaska List of Alaska state symbols Flag of Alaska The Seal of the State of Alaska
28.
Seal of Arizona
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The Great Seal of the State of Arizona 20. Design of state seal Section 20, to the left in the middle distance on a mountain side is a quartz mill in front of which and in the foreground is a miner standing with pick and shovel. Above this device shall be the motto, Ditat Deus, in a circular band surrounding the whole device shall be inscribed, Great Seal of The State of Arizona, with the year of admission of the State into the Union. The use of the seal cannot be used outside of state government, any person who knowingly violates the law is guilty of a Class 3 misdemeanor. It cannot be used for commercial purposes under Arizona state law, source, Arizona Department of State, Office of the Secretary of States website Permission to Use the State Seal The official Arizona State Seal was designed by Phoenix newspaper artist, E. E. Motter. Source, Arizona Department of State, Office of the Secretary of States website Permission to Use the State Seal List of Arizona state symbols Flag of Arizona The Great Seal of the State of Arizona
29.
Seal of Arkansas
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The Arkansas State Seal was adopted in 1864 and modified to its present form on May 23,1907. The outer ring of the seal contains the text Great Seal of the State of Arkansas, the inner seal contains the Angel of Mercy, the Sword of Justice and the Goddess of Liberty surrounded by a bald eagle. The eagle holds in its beak a scroll inscribed with the Latin phrase Regnat Populus, the state motto, on the shield of the seal are a steamboat, a plow, a beehive and a sheaf of wheat, symbols of Arkansass industrial and agricultural wealth. State of Arkansas Symbols of the State of Arkansas Flag of Arkansas The Great Seal of the State of Arkansas
30.
Great Seal of California
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The word Eureka, meaning I have found it, is the California state motto. The original design of the seal was by U. S. Army Major Robert S. Garnett, Garnett later became the first general to be killed in the Civil War, where he served as a Confederate general. The legal definition of the Great Seal of the State of California is found in the California Government Code, Sections 399-405. In 1928, due to the number of details that had crept into the seal over the years, state printer Carroll H. Smith was authorized to prepare a new. His design was not adopted as the seal, although it was used by the State Printing Office. Both features remain to this day, the 1937 standardization came about when state employees, wishing to print the seal on blotters for the State Fair, could not find any official design of the seal. Also in the 1937 standardized seal there is a building on the far left rear hill that has interpreted in a variety of ways. The building, along with the break in the mountains, may have added to give San Francisco Bay a stronger claim on its location being the landscape portrayed in the seal. This building first appeared in versions of the seal in the mid-1880s, and in most of these. Fort Point has no dome, and it is unknown what building the 1895 artist was attempting to portray, two years later, Harold F. Wilson, in his interpretation created for the old State Building in Los Angeles, retained the dome. In 1952, the structure, again with dome, was cast in bronze in the seal at the west steps of the California State Capitol in Sacramento. The rumor states it was added as a signature of the inmates who cast it. The unsanctioned addition, so the story goes, was not noticed until it was too late to do anything about it and that places the building on the wrong side of the Gate to be San Quentin. No building in form, including the chapel, has ever existed at San Quentin. The building first appeared in artistic renditions of the seal as early as 1886, decades before this seal was cast in 1952, and was officially added in 1937. The configuration of the building on this seal is similar to its appearance in the 1937 standardization. Four detailed, post-1952 accounts of the seal make no mention of the rumor and this seal features what appears to be two structures combined into one. The right half, with imagination, resembles the front gates of San Quentin State Prison
31.
Seal of Connecticut
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The Great Seal of the State of Connecticut has been the coat of arms of the U. S. state of Connecticut since May 1784. It depicts three grapevines and a ribbon below with the Latin motto, Qui Transtulit Sustinet, with SIGILLUM REIPUBLICÆ CONNECTICUTENSIS in the border, the first seal of Connecticut was brought from England by Colonel George Fenwick in 1639. It was the seal of the Saybrook Colony and was turned over to the Connecticut Colony at about the time that it purchased the land and fort at Saybrook Point from Colonel Fenwick in 1644. The seal was used by the General Court from that time forward, on October 9,1662 the assembly formally declared that the seal would be kept by the Secretary of the Colony and used as the Seal of the Colony on necessary occasions. It remained the seal until October 1687, when Sir Edmund Andros took control of the colonys government. The new, less elaborately decorated seal was larger in size, the words of the motto remained the same, but the number of grape vines was reduced to three and the legend Sigillum Coloniae Connecticutensis is added to the edge of the seal. The three vines may have intended to represent the three colonies, New Haven Colony, Saybrook Colony and Connecticut Colony. After the conclusion of the Revolutionary War, the inscription on the seal was no longer appropriate. Therefore, in May 1784 the General Assembly directed the Secretary to alter the inscription to read SIGILL, however, when a new version of the seal was prepared, the inscription contained the words spelled out, SIGILLUM REIPUBLICÆ CONNECTICUTENSIS. There has been no subsequent alteration to the state seal. In 1931 the General Assembly required that all representations of the state seal conform to the description in chapter 54 of the Public Acts of that year and this legislation also prohibited reproduction of the seal except by or under the direction of the Secretary of the State. It is the only non-circular state seal out of the fifty states, Qui transtulit sustinet is the state motto of Connecticut depicted on a blue ribbon below the grapevines. The motto has been re-used for the name of Connecticuts SustiNet program to provide care to state residents. The current motto looks a little different than the 1639 version and it was first seen in the colonies in 1639 on a seal brought from England by Colonel George Fenwick. However, this explanation for the origin of the motto is questionable, in 1889, State Librarian Charles J. Hoadly published an article, The Public Seal of Connecticut that indicated the 80th Psalm as a possible source. The article stated, The vines symbolize the Colony brought over, the grapevines are said to represent more specifically either early towns or the early individual colonies. Some 19th-century versions of the Connecticut Great Seal show several grapevines, there is also a seal of the Governor of Connecticut. Unlike the State Seal however, it uses the coat of arms of Connecticut as its central motif, list of Connecticut state symbols Symbols of the State of Connecticut The Great Seal of the State of Connecticut
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Seal of Delaware
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The great seal of the state of Delaware was first adopted on January 17,1777, with the current version being adopted April 29,2004. It contains the coat of arms surrounded by an inscription. At the center of the coat of arms is a shield of horizontal red, blue, on the red stripe is hay and a cob of corn. On the white stripe is an ox standing on grass, above the shield is a sailing ship. Supporting the shield are a farmer on the left and a militiaman on the right, underneath the shield is the state motto. The sheaf of wheat is taken from the Sussex County seal, the ear of corn was taken from the Kent County seal and symbolizes the agricultural basis of the states economy. The blue stripe, above the ox, represents the Delaware River, the ox represents the importance of animal husbandry to the states economy. The ship is a symbol of New Castle Countys ship building industry, the farmer with the hoe represents the central role of farming to the state. The soldier, a militiaman with his musket, recognizes the role of the citizen-soldier to the maintenance of American liberties. The motto Liberty and Independence was provided by the Order of the Cincinnati, the surrounding inscription reads, Great Seal of the State of Delaware and the dates 1704,1776 and 1787. The seal was adopted in 1777 with minor changes made in 1793,1847. The current version was adopted in 2004, from 1793 until 1847 the figures of the farmer and the soldier were eliminated from the seal. In 1847 the motto Liberty and Independence, was added on a ribbon underneath the shield, in 1907 the seal was modernized and THE DELAWARE STATE was changed to THE STATE OF DELAWARE. The seal now used as the Great Seal of this State,89, §1, Code 1915, §387, Code 1935, §361,29 Del. C. 1953, §501,70 Del. Laws, c,186, §1,74 Del. Laws, c. Title 29 of the state constitution
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Seal of Florida
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The Great Seal of the State of Florida is used to represent the government of the state of Florida, and for various official purposes, such as to seal official documents and legislation. It is also used on state government buildings, vehicles. It also appears on the flag of Florida. The seal features a shoreline on which a Seminole woman is spreading hibiscus flowers, in the background a steamboat sails before a sun breaking the horizon, with rays of sunlight extending into the sky. The seal is encircled with the words Great Seal of the State of Florida, the Florida Secretary of State is the official custodian of the seal. Use or display of the seal must be for an official purpose, one exception is that other Florida state or local agencies can use or display the seal for official business if approved by head of their agency. Illegal use of the seal in Florida is a second-degree misdemeanor, list of Florida state symbols Flag of Florida The Great Seal of the State of Florida
34.
Seal of Georgia (U.S. state)
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The Great Seal of the State of Georgia is a device that has historically been used to authenticate government documents executed by the state of Georgia. The first great seal of the state was specified in the State Constitution of 1777 and its specifications are currently spelled out by statute. The words of the state motto, Wisdom, Justice. A man stands between the second and third columns, holding a sword in his right hand, representing the militarys defense of the Constitution. A border surrounds the coat of arms, and the motto State of Georgia,1776 is inscribed outside the arms, the reverse of the seal contains an image of Georgias coast, with a ship arriving to take aboard tobacco and cotton, symbolizing Georgias export trade. A second, smaller boat represents the internal traffic. Towards the left of the image, there is a man plowing, the motto Agriculture and Commerce,1776 is inscribed around the outside of the image. The dates listed on the obverse and reverse of the seal were originally 1799, the dates were changed by the Georgia state legislature in 1914 to reflect the date of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. By law, the Secretary of State is the custodian of the Great Seal. This custodianship has led to controversies, From 1868 to 1871, during the era of Reconstruction. It had been hidden under the home of wartime Secretary of State Nathan C, Barnett, to prevent its use by Federal forces. The Reconstruction government, having failed to locate the official seal, had a duplicate seal fabricated, the duplicate was a perfect match for the original, except for one small detail, the soldier held his sword in his left hand. The era of Reconstruction government in Georgia became known as the Period of the False Seal, in 1872, when Georgians re-took control of the government, Barnett unearthed the original seal and returned it to the Capitol. In December 1946, Governor-elect Eugene Talmadge died before assuming office, talmadges son, Herman, was appointed governor by the State Legislature. This was challenged by the Lieutenant Governor-elect Melvin Thompson, who maintained that the constitution authorized him to assume the office upon the death of the governor. Outgoing governor Ellis Arnall announced that he would not relinquish the office until it was clear who the new governor was, the political turmoil that ensued became known as the Three Governors Controversy. In January 1947, while all three governors occupied different portions of the State Capitol, Secretary of State Ben W. Fortson, Jr. took the seal and hid it. This prevented any of the claimants to the governorship from executing any business until the Supreme Court of Georgia could make a ruling on the rightful winner, Thompson was eventually declared acting governor until a special election could be held to fill the remainder of the original term
35.
Seal of Hawaii
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The Great Seal of the State of Hawaii was designated officially by Act 272 of the 1959 Territorial Legislature and is based on the territorial seal. Modifications to the seal included the use of the words State of Hawaii at the top and 1959 within the circle. Provisions for a seal for the state of Hawaii was enacted by the Territorial Legislator, the passage of the Admission Act in 1959, admitted Hawaii as the 50th State of the United States of America on August 21,1959. The seal of the Territory of Hawaiʻi was the same as the seal of the republic, the 1901 Territorial Legislature authorized the modified republic seal as the Seal of the Territory of Hawaii. The seal of the Republic of Hawaiʻi had the words Republic of Hawaii at the top, the year 1894 signified the date that the republic was established. The Great Seal of the State of Hawaii is circular in shape, the Hawaii state seal represents Hawaiis nation. In the center of the seal is a shield which is quartered. The first and fourth quarters display the white, red, the second and third quarters are on a yellow field with a white Puloʻuloʻu, or kapu sticks with tapa-covered balls on the end. In the center of the shield is a green escutcheon with a five-pointed yellow star in the center. On the left side is Kamehameha I, standing in the attitude as represented by the statue in front of Aliiolani Hale. His cloak and helmet are in yellow, Kamehameha Is figure is in proper. Kamehameha I unified the Hawaiian Islands into a united kingdom. On the right side is goddess Liberty also wearing a Phrygian cap and she is holding Ka Hae Hawaiʻi in her right hand that is partly unfurled. A rising sun irradiated in gold surrounded by the legend State of Hawaii,1959 on a scroll in black lettering, the state motto, Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono is on the scroll on the seals bottom in gold lettering. Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono is roughly translated into English as The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness. The motto was adopted by the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi in 1843 and was used in an address by King Kamehameha III at ceremonies following the return of his kingdom from the British. After Kamehameha III notified London of the actions, Admiral Richard Darton Thomas returned sovereignty back to the King. The motto is also featured in Israel Kamakawiwooles song Hawaii 78 and is used on the Hawaii state quarter, below the heraldic shield, the bird phoenix has it wings outstretched arising from flames
36.
Flag and seal of Idaho
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The Seal of the Territory of Idaho was adopted in 1863, and redrawn several times before statehood in 1890. The state Great Seal was designed by Emma Edwards Green, the woman to design a state seal. The flag of the state of Idaho consists of the seal on a field of blue. The words “State of Idaho” appear in letters on a red. The seal depicts a miner and a woman representing equality, liberty, the symbols on the seal represent some of Idaho’s natural resources, mines, forests, farmland, and wildlife. The current seal contains the text Great Seal of the State of Idaho in the outer ring, the inner ring contains a banner with the Latin motto, Esto perpetua. A woman, signifying justice, and a man, dressed as a miner, the miner reminds us of the chief industry of the State at the time of statehood. Inside, the shield bears images symbolic of the State, the pine tree in the foreground refers to Idahos immense timber interests. Idaho has a law, which protects the elk and moose. The state flower, the wild Syringa or Mock Orange, grows at the womans feet, the river depicted in the shield is the Snake or Shoshone River. In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of all 72 Canadian provincial, U. S. state and U. S. territorial flags, Idaho finished in the bottom ten, finishing 64th out of the 72. Idaho Symbols of Idaho The Great Seal of the State of Idaho Facts About Idaho
37.
Flag and seal of Illinois
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The Great Seal of the State of Illinois is the official emblem of the state, and signifies the official nature of a document produced by the state of Illinois. The flag of the state of Illinois consists of the seal of Illinois on a white background, the present seal was adopted in 1869, the flag bearing the central elements of the seal was adopted in 1915, and the word Illinois was added to the flag in 1970. The current flag depicts the Great Seal of Illinois, which was designed in 1819. In the eagles beak there is a banner with the motto, State Sovereignty. The dates on the seal,1818 and 1868, represent the year Illinois became a state, although State Sovereignty comes first in the motto, State is at the bottom and Sovereignty is upside-down. The first Great Seal of the State of Illinois was adopted in 1819 by the first Illinois General Assembly, the first law authorizing the Great Seal required the Secretary of State of Illinois to procure and keep the seal. The first seal engraved was essentially a duplicate of the Great Seal of the United States and it was used until 1839, when it was recut. The seal designed in 1839 became the Second Great Seal, Illinois Secretary of State Sharon Tyndale spearheaded the drive to create a third state seal for Illinois. In 1867, he asked State Senator Allen C, however, the bill passed by the legislature on March 7,1867, kept the original wording. Despite declining his suggestion, the legislature nonetheless entrusted Tyndale with designing the new seal, tyndales seal features a bald eagle pitched on a rock carrying a shield in its talons and a banner with the state motto in its beak. Thirteen stars and thirteen stripes on the represent the original thirteen states of the Union. This basic design has survived through several modifications since it was first conceived. The Illinois Secretary of State is still the keeper of the Great Seal of the State of Illinois, during her time as state regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1912, Ella Park Lawrence began a campaign to have Illinois adopt a state flag. Thirty-five designs were submitted in response to this contest, the contest was judged by a panel chaired by Lewis Stevenson, Illinois Secretary of State. They selected the design of Lucy Derwent, the flag became the official state banner on July 6,1915, following its passage in the Illinois State House and Senate. Governor Edward F. Dunne did not sign the bill, in the 1960s, Chief Petty Officer Bruce McDaniel petitioned to have the name of the state added to the flag. He noted that many of the people he served with during the Vietnam War did not recognize the banner. Ogilvie signed the addition to the flag into law on September 17,1969, for Illinoiss first 100 years of statehood in 1918, Wallace Rice, who designed Chicagos flag, designed a centennial flag for the state
38.
Seal of Indiana
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The Seal of the State of Indiana is used by the Governor of Indiana to certify official documents. The seal has gone through several revisions since the region was a part of the Northwest Territory and it is likely the original seal, which is similar to the current one, was created by William Henry Harrison during his administration of the Indiana Territory. The current design of the seal was standardized by the Indiana General Assembly in 1963, the state seal is maintained by the Governor of Indiana. It is used to certify the authenticity of official state documents, the seal is placed on departmental reports, bills the Governor signs into law, and official communications from the Governor to other high-ranking office holders. The seal is used on all commissions granted by the state as proof of the commissions authority. The United States Congress passed legislation on May 8,1792, Indiana was part of the Northwest Territory at that time and a seal was created by the United States Department of State to be used on official papers of the territory. The original seal was maintained by Governor Arthur St. Clair, on May 10,1800, the Indiana Territory was created by an act of Congress, but no provision for an official seal was included in the measure. The earliest recorded use of Indiana Territorys seal was on court documents that were signed by Governor William Henry Harrison in January 1801, the seal he used was an adaptation of the original seal created for the Northwest Territory. Although its origin is uncertain, it is likely that it was Harrison who made the alterations, the constitution of 1816 contained a clause that stated the governor should maintain a state seal and use it in official communication. The design of the seal was first proposed during the first session of the Indiana General Assembly in 1816, the bill was put through a joint conference of both houses of the General Assembly and funds where voted to purchase a printer to create the seal. In 1819, the seal was part of a state crisis. Lieutenant Governor Christopher Harrison became acting-governor when Governor Jonathan Jennings was away conducting negotiations with northern Indianas native tribes, when Jennings returned, Harrison refused to step down as governor, claiming that Jennings actions had invalidated his governorship. Harrison seized the state seal and set up his own governors office, after several weeks of debate in the state legislature, Harrison was forced to return the seal to Jennings and vacate the office of the governor. During 1895, Robert S. Hatcher, the clerk of the Indiana Senate, was directed to ascertain the legal status of the design of the state seal. After a thorough review, Hatcher found that the laws that authorized the seal did not explicitly state what its design should be and he recommended that a bill be passed to standardize the seal. Senator McCord submitted legislation for that purpose, but no action was taken on it, on January 28,1905, an article ran in the Indianapolis News containing information on the origin of the seal, some of it dubious. The article received much attention and started an inquiry into the history of the seal. Jacob Piatt Dunn, the preeminent Indiana historian of the time, consulted several history, Dunn cited the fact the state was young, and the mountains were to the east of the state, not the west—clearly indicating the sun was rising
39.
Seal of Iowa
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An eagle overhead bears the state motto. The Seal of Iowa is described carefully under Iowa Code 1A and it was approved by the First Iowa General Assembly on February 25,1847. Since that date, there have been no revisions to the code governing this Seal, the Seal of Iowa is kept and used by the Governor for official purposes. Because the seal was not illustrated in the Iowa code, over the years there have been several variations with differences in color and arrangement of objects. Gov. Lowe, who, with every gentleman of refinement, cannot. The symbols presented on the seal reflect things important to early Iowa settlers, the seal was approved during the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848, and the citizen soldier depicted with a liberty cap represents volunteer soldiers from Iowa. Battles of the Mexican-American war are also memorialized in several names, including the counties of Buena Vista, Palo Alto. As is traditional in official symbols, weapons are held in the left hand. A liberty cap, also called a Phrygian cap, is a hat resembling a tall beret that is an ancient Greek symbol of freedom. However, the soldier on the seal typically wears a hat that resembles a Civil War-era Cavalry hat. Early settlers in the 1840s primarily planted wheat, it was not until the introduction of the railroad in the 1850s and 1860s that corn became the crop of Iowa. Lead mining in the Dubuque region was an economic force. A pig is a slab of lead shaped in a furnace mold with four corners that protrude slightly to facilitate handling. The Mississippi was the route of transportation in Iowa in the 1840s. The federal eagle was used in the earlier Seal of the Iowa Territory, concerned about portraying members of the Iowa National Guard in a poor light, in 2010 Rep. His proposal was not considered in 2010 because of time constraints, the state seal supplanted the Iowa Territory seal, which consisted of a Federal eagle holding an arrow in its mouth and a bow in its talon. The Seal of Iowa contains the simple device, An Eagle In the attitude of flight grasping in its dexter talon a Bow. Around the border of the seal are the words, SEAL OF THE TERRITORY OF IOWA, the Territorial seal was well-liked as a simple image of the state and was used on state documents well into the 1860s, even after it had been officially replaced
40.
Seal of Kansas
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The Great Seal of the State of Kansas tells the history of Kansas. State motto Ad Astra per Aspera The seal is used on the Flag of the State of Kansas, the design for the Great Seal of Kansas was submitted by John J. Ingalls, a state senator from Atchison. Ingalls also proposed the motto, Ad astra per aspera. The Great Seal of the State of Kansas was established by a joint resolution adopted by the Kansas Legislature May 25,1861, the circle is surrounded by the words, Great seal of the state of Kansas. List of Kansas state symbols Flag of Kansas The Great Seal of the State of Kansas
41.
Seal of Kentucky
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The Seal of the Commonwealth of Kentucky was adopted in December 1792. Since that time, it has undergone several revisions, the current seal depicts two men, one in buckskin, and the other in more formal dress. The men are facing each other and clasping hands, the outer ring of the seal is adorned with the words Commonwealth of Kentucky, and within the inner circle is the state motto United we stand, divided we fall. The official colors of the seal are blue and gold, a version of the seal appears on the flag of Kentucky. Provision for the creation of a seal for the Commonwealth was made during the first session of the Kentucky General Assembly and this depiction would represent a literal rendering of the state motto. Lexington silversmith David Humphries was charged with designing the seal in 1793, instead of hunting apparel, Humphries version depicted two men in swallowtail coats, and instead of a handshake, the two friends share a full embrace. This original seal was destroyed in a fire destroyed the state capitol in 1814. Different depictions of the seal have the friends outfitted in various clothing from coats, the embrace is shown as clasped hands, a hug, or a handshake combined with hands on one another shoulders. In 1857, an anonymous artist was commissioned to paint the seals of the states in the skylights in the House of Representatives chamber. This artists depiction showed one man in boots and a hat. The two are standing in front of a row of columns and wearing garments resembling togas as overcoats, a 1952 article in The Courier-Journal opined that They stand in a halfhearted embrace, as if each startled the other with his gesture. In 1954, Ward asked Louisville native Ernie Giancola to redesign the seal, using a neighbor as a model, Giancola created a more natural-looking handshake for the friends, and his design is still in use on the seal today. In 1962, the General Assembly further clarified the look of the seal to minimize variation in the future and they prescribed that the seal should depict a pioneer meeting a gentleman in a swallowtail coat. However, the explanation is that the men represent all frontiersmen and statesmen. The motto United we stand, divided we fall comes from the lyrics of The Liberty Song, list of Kentucky state symbols Flag of Kentucky The Seal of the Commonwealth of Kentucky
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