1.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
2.
Punk rock
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Punk rock is a rock music genre that developed in the early to mid-1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Rooted in 1960s garage rock and other forms of what is now known as proto-punk music, Punk bands typically produced short or fast-paced songs, with hard-edged melodies and singing styles, stripped-down instrumentation, and often political, anti-establishment lyrics. Punk embraces a DIY ethic, many bands self-produce recordings and distribute them through informal channels, the term punk was first used in relation to rock music by some American critics in the early 1970s, to describe garage bands and their devotees. The following year saw punk rock spreading around the world, for the most part, punk took root in local scenes that tended to reject association with the mainstream. An associated punk subculture emerged, expressing youthful rebellion and characterized by distinctive styles of clothing and adornment, by the beginning of the 1980s, faster, more aggressive styles such as hardcore and street punk had become the predominant mode of punk rock. Musicians identifying with or inspired by punk also pursued a range of other variations, giving rise to post-punk. At the end of the 20th century, punk rock had been adopted by the mainstream, as pop punk and punk bands such as Green Day. The first wave of rock was aggressively modern, distancing itself from the bombast. According to Ramones drummer Tommy Ramone, In its initial form, unfortunately, what happens is that people who could not hold a candle to the likes of Hendrix started noodling away. Soon you had endless solos that went nowhere, by 1973, I knew that what was needed was some pure, stripped down, no bullshit rock n roll. In critic Robert Christgaus description, It was also a subculture that rejected the political idealism. Technical accessibility and a DIY spirit are prized in punk rock, in the early days of punk rock, this ethic stood in marked contrast to what those in the scene regarded as the ostentatious musical effects and technological demands of many mainstream rock bands. Musical virtuosity was often looked on with suspicion, according to Holmstrom, punk rock was rock and roll by people who didnt have very many skills as musicians but still felt the need to express themselves through music. In December 1976, the English fanzine Sideburns published an illustration of three chords, captioned This is a chord, this is another, this is a third. The title of a 1980 single by the New York punk band Stimulators, inscribed a catchphrase for punks basic musical approach. The previous year, when the rock revolution began in Great Britain, was to be both a musical and a cultural Year Zero. As a Clash associate describes singer Joe Strummers outlook, Punk rock is meant to be our freedom, were meant to be able to do what we want to do. Scholar Daniel S. Traber argues that attaining authenticity in the identity can be difficult, as the punk scene matured, he observes
3.
Conceptual art
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Conceptual art, sometimes simply called conceptualism, is art in which the concept or idea involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Some works of art, sometimes called installations, may be constructed by anyone simply by following a set of written instructions. The notion that art should examine its own nature was already a potent aspect of the art critic Clement Greenbergs vision of Modern art during the 1950s. One of the first and most important things they questioned was the assumption that the role of the artist was to create special kinds of material objects. Thus, in describing or defining a work of art as conceptual it is important not to confuse what is referred to as conceptual with an artists intention. The French artist Marcel Duchamp paved the way for the conceptualists, providing them examples of prototypically conceptual works — the readymades. The artistic tradition does not see an object as art because it is not made by an artist or with any intention of being art. This concept, also called Art esthapériste, derived from the infinitesimals of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz - quantities which could not actually exist except conceptually, the current incarnation of the Isouian movement, Excoördism, self-defines as the art of the infinitely large and the infinitely small. In 1961 the term art, coined by the artist Henry Flynt in his article bearing the term as its title. By the mid-1970s they had produced publications, indices, performances, texts, in 1970 Conceptual Art and Conceptual Aspects, the first dedicated conceptual-art exhibition, took place at the New York Cultural Center. Conceptual art emerged as a movement during the 1960s - in part as a reaction against formalism as then articulated by the influential New York art critic Clement Greenberg. According to Greenberg Modern art followed a process of progressive reduction and those elements that ran counter to this nature were to be reduced. The task of painting, for example, was to define precisely what kind of object a painting truly is, later artists continued to share a preference for art to be self-critical, as well as a distaste for illusion. Lawrence Weiner said, Once you know about a work of mine you own it, theres no way I can climb inside somebodys head and remove it. It is sometimes reduced to a set of written instructions describing a work, Language was a central concern for the first wave of conceptual artists of the 1960s and early 1970s. This linguistic turn reinforced and legitimized the direction the artists took. Osborne also notes that the early conceptualists were the first generation of artists to complete degree-based university training in art, osborne later made the observation that contemporary art is post-conceptual in a public lecture delivered at the Fondazione Antonio Ratti, Villa Sucota in Como on July 9,2010. It is a claim made at the level of the ontology of the work of art
4.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
5.
Mad (magazine)
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Mad is an American humor magazine founded in 1952 by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines, launched as a comic book before it became a magazine. As of January 2017, Mad has published 544 regular issues, as well as hundreds of reprint Specials, original material paperbacks, compilation books and other print projects. The magazine is the last surviving title from the EC Comics line, offering satire on all aspects of life and popular culture, politics, entertainment and its format is divided into a number of recurring segments such as TV and movie parodies, as well as freeform articles. Mads mascot, Alfred E. Neuman, is typically the point of the magazines cover. Mad began as a book published by EC, debuting in August 1952. In the early 1960s, the Mad office moved to 485 Madison Avenue, the title is trademarked in capitals as MAD. The first issue was written almost entirely by Harvey Kurtzman, and featured illustrations by Kurtzman, along with Wally Wood, Will Elder, Jack Davis, Wood, Elder, and Davis were the three main illustrators throughout the 23-issue run of the comic book. To retain Kurtzman as its editor, the comic book converted to magazine format as of issue #24, the switchover only induced Kurtzman to remain for one more year, but crucially, the move had removed Mad from the strictures of the Comics Code Authority. The magazines circulation more than quadrupled during Feldsteins tenure, peaking at 2,132,655 in 1974, when Feldstein retired in 1984, he was replaced by the team of Nick Meglin and John Ficarra, who co-edited Mad for the next two decades. Since Meglins retirement in 2004, Ficarra has continued to edit the magazine, Gaines sold his company in the early 1960s to the Kinney Parking Company, which also acquired National Periodicals and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade. Gaines was named a Kinney board member, and was permitted to run Mad as he saw fit without corporate interference. Following Gaines death, Mad became more ingrained within the Time Warner corporate structure, eventually, the magazine was obliged to abandon its long-time home at 485 Madison Avenue, and in the mid-1990s it moved into DC Comics offices at the same time that DC relocated to 1700 Broadway. In 2001, the magazine broke its long-standing taboo and began running paid advertising, the outside revenue allowed the introduction of color printing and improved paper stock. In its earliest incarnation, new issues of the magazine appeared erratically, by the end of 1958, Mad had settled on an unusual eight-times-a-year schedule, which lasted almost four decades. Gaines felt the timing was necessary to maintain the magazines level of quality. Mad then began producing additional issues, until it reached a monthly schedule with the January 1997 issue. With its 500th issue, amid company-wide cutbacks at Time Warner, though there are antecedents to Mads style of humor in print, radio and film, Mad became a pioneering example of it. Bob and Ray, Kovacs and Freberg all became contributors to Mad, Mads consciousness of itself, as trash, as comic book, as enemy of parents and teachers, even as money-making enterprise, thrilled kids
6.
Ramones
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The Ramones were an American punk rock band that formed in the New York City neighborhood of Forest Hills, Queens, in 1974. They are often cited as the first band to define the punk-rock sound, despite achieving only limited commercial success, the band was a major influence on the 1970s punk movement in both the United States and United Kingdom. All of the members adopted pseudonyms ending with the surname Ramone. They performed 2,263 concerts, touring virtually nonstop for 22 years, in 1996, after a tour with the Lollapalooza music festival, the band played a farewell concert and disbanded. By 2014, all four of the original members, lead singer Joey Ramone, bass guitarist Dee Dee Ramone, lead guitarist Johnny Ramone. In 2002, the Ramones were ranked the second-greatest band of all time by Spin magazine, on March 18,2002, the original four members and Tommys replacement on drums, Marky Ramone, were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2011, the group was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, the original members of the band met in and around the middle-class neighborhood of Forest Hills in the New York City borough of Queens. John Cummings and Thomas Erdelyi had both been in a garage band from 1965 to 1967 known as the Tangerine Puppets. They became friends with Douglas Colvin, who had moved to the area from Germany, and Jeffrey Hyman. The Ramones began taking shape in early 1974 when Cummings and Colvin invited Hyman to join them in a band, the initial line-up featured Colvin on lead vocals, rhythm and bass guitars, Cummings on lead guitar, and Hyman on drums. Hyman soon switched from drums to vocals, Colvin was the first to adopt the name Ramone, calling himself Dee Dee Ramone. He was inspired by Paul McCartneys use of the pseudonym Paul Ramon during his Silver Beetles days, Dee Dee convinced the other members to take on the name and came up with the idea of calling the band the Ramones. Hyman and Cummings became Joey and Johnny Ramone, respectively, a friend of the band, Monte A. Melnick, helped to arrange rehearsal time for them at Manhattans Performance Studios, where he worked. Johnnys former bandmate Erdelyi was set to become their manager, soon after the band was formed, Dee Dee realized that he could not sing and play his bass guitar simultaneously, with Erdelyis encouragement, Joey became the bands new lead singer. Dee Dee would continue, however, to count off each songs tempo with his signature shout of 1-2-3-4. Joey soon similarly realized that he could not sing and play drums simultaneously, while auditioning prospective replacements, Erdelyi would often take to the drums and demonstrate how to play the songs. It became apparent that he was able to perform the music better than anyone else. The Ramones played before an audience for the first time on March 30,1974, the songs they played were very fast and very short, most clocked in at under two minutes
7.
Church of the SubGenius
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The Church of the SubGenius is a parody religion that satirizes better-known belief systems. It teaches a complex philosophy that focuses on J. R. Bob Dobbs, purportedly a salesman from the 1950s, SubGenius leaders have developed detailed narratives about Dobbs and his relationship to various gods and conspiracies. Their central deity, Jehovah 1, is accompanied by other gods drawn from ancient mythology, SubGenius literature describes a grand conspiracy that seeks to brainwash the world and oppress Dobbs followers. In its narratives, the Church presents a blend of cultural references in a remix of the sources. Ivan Stang, who co-founded the Church of the SubGenius in the 1970s, serves as its leader and he has imitated actions of other religious leaders, using the tactic of culture jamming in an attempt to undermine better-known faiths. Church leaders instruct their followers to avoid mainstream commercialism and the belief in absolute truths, the group holds that the quality of Slack is of utmost importance—it is never clearly defined. The number of followers is unknown, although the Churchs message has been welcomed by students and artists in the United States. The group is compared to Discordianism. Journalists often consider the Church to be a joke, but a few academics have defended it as an honest system of deeply held beliefs. The Church of the SubGenius was founded by Ivan Stang and Philo Drummond as the SubGenius Foundation, dr. X was also present at the groups inception. The organizations first recorded activity was the publication of a document, known as the Sub Genius Pamphlet #1. The document announced the end of the world and the possible deaths of its readers. It criticized Christian conceptions of God and New Age perceptions of spirituality, Church leaders maintain that a man named J. R. Bob Dobbs founded the group in 1953. SubGenius members constructed an account of the life of Dobbs. They assert that he telepathically contacted Drummond in 1972, before meeting him in person the next year, Stang describes himself as the sacred scribe of Dobbs and a professional maven of weirdness. The Church of the SubGenius ostensible beliefs defy categorization or a narrative, often striking outside observers as bizarre. The group has developed an intricate mythology involving gods, aliens, and mutants and their primary deity, generally known as Jehovah 1, is cast as an extraterrestrial, who contacted Dobbs in the 1940s. Various accounts state that the encounter occurred while Dobbs was building a television or watching late-night television, Jehovah 1 gave him supernatural knowledge of the past and future, in addition to incredible power
8.
Zine
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A zine is most commonly a small-circulation self-published work of original or appropriated texts and images, usually reproduced via photocopier. Usually zines are the product of a person, or a very small group. Zines first emerged in the United States, where the photocopier was invented, popularly defined as having a circulation of 1,000 or fewer copies, in practice many zines are produced in editions of fewer than 100. The primary intent of publication is to advance the views of the rather than profit, since the time. Zines have served as a significant medium of communication in various subcultures, Zines are written in a variety of formats, from desktop-published text to comics to handwritten text. Print remains the most popular format, usually photocopied with a small circulation. Zines are typically experimental cultural fragments defined by being created and distributed outside of mainstream publication centers and they have the opportunity to reach selected, specific audiences, and often create pockets of intimate, subcultural communities. In recent years a number of photocopied zines have risen to prominence or professional status and have found wide bookstore, notable among these are Giant Robot, Dazed & Confused, Bust, Bitch, Cometbus, Doris, Brainscan, The Miscreant, and Maximum RocknRoll. The word zine is short for magazine or fanzine, and refers to self-publications, motivated by a desire for self-expression, not for profit, the Oxford English Dictionary defines zine exclusively as a shortened form of fanzine. Dissidents and members of marginalized groups have published their own opinions in leaflet and pamphlet form for as long as such technology has been available. In the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin also started a magazine for psychiatric patients at a Pennsylvania hospital. This could be considered the first zine, since it captures the essence of the philosophy, author H. P. Lovecraft had a major preoccupation with the amateur press movement. During and after the Great Depression, editors of pulp fiction magazines became increasingly frustrated with letters detailing the impossibilities of their science fiction stories. Over time they began to publish these letters, complete with their return addresses. This allowed these fans to begin writing to other, now complete with a mailing list for their own science fiction fanzines. Fanzines enabled fans to not only about science fiction but about fandom itself and, in self-proclaimed perzines. The Damien Broderick novel Transmitters illustrates how, unlike the typically isolated self-publisher, the relationships between fans were as important as the literature that inspired them. A number of leading science fiction and fantasy authors rose through the ranks of fandom, such as Frederik Pohl and Isaac Asimov
9.
Ralph Bakshi
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Ralph Bakshi is an American director of animated and live-action films. In the 1970s, he established an alternative to mainstream animation through independent, between 1972 and 1992, he directed nine theatrically released feature films, five of which he wrote. He has been involved in television projects as director, writer, producer. Beginning his career at the Terrytoons television cartoon studio as a cel polisher, Bakshi was eventually promoted to animator and he moved to the animation division of Paramount Pictures in 1967 and started his own studio, Bakshi Productions, in 1968. Through producer Steve Krantz, Bakshi made his feature film, Fritz the Cat. It was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the Motion Picture Association of America, over the next eleven years, Bakshi directed seven additional animated features. He is well known for films as Wizards, The Lord of the Rings, American Pop and Fire. In 1987, Bakshi returned to work, producing the series Mighty Mouse, The New Adventures. After a nine-year hiatus from films, he directed Cool World. Bakshi returned to television with the live-action film Cool and the Crazy, during the 2000s, he focused largely on fine art and painting and in 2003 co-founded The Bakshi School of Animation with his son Eddie and Jess Gorell. Ralph Bakshi was born to a Jewish family on October 29,1938, in Haifa, in 1939, his family immigrated to New York City to escape World War II, and he grew up in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn. The family lived in a low-rent apartment, where Bakshi became fascinated with the urban milieu, as a child, he enjoyed comic books, and often dug through trash cans to find them. In the spring of 1947, Bakshis father and uncle traveled to Washington, D. C. in search of business opportunities, Bakshi recalled, All my friends were black, everyone we did business with was black, the school across the street was black. It was segregated, so everything was black, I went to see black movies, black girls sat on my lap. I was another kid on the block. The racial segregation of schools meant that the nearest white school was several miles away. Bakshi was the white student in the classroom. Most of the students had no problem with Bakshis presence, but a teacher sought advice from the principal, fearing that segregated whites would riot if they learned that a white student was attending a black school, the police removed Bakshi from his classroom
10.
Basil Wolverton
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Basil Wolverton was an American cartoonist and illustrator, and Producer of Preposterous Pictures of Peculiar People who Prowl this Perplexing Planet. His many publishers included Marvel Comics and Mad magazine and his drawings have elicited a wide range of reactions. Cartoonist Will Elder said he found Wolvertons technique outrageously inventive, defying every conventional standard yet upholding a very unusual sense of humor, but Jules Feiffer stated, I dont like his work. He was posthumously inducted into the book industrys Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1991. Born in Central Point, Oregon, he moved to Vancouver, Washington, and worked as a vaudeville performer. At age 16 he sold his first nationally published work and began pitching comic strips to newspaper syndicates. His comic strip, Marco of Mars, was accepted by the Independent Syndicate of New York in 1929 but never distributed because it was deemed too similar to Buck Rogers, disk-Eyes the Detective and Spacehawks were published in 1938 in Circus comics. In 1940, Spacehawk made its debut in Target Comics, published by Novelty Press and it ran for 30 episodes until 1942. Bingbang Buster and his Horse Hedy was a backup story in Lev Gleasons Black Diamond Western #16–28. The strip was characterized by alliterative, rhyming dialogue, screwball comedy, five issues of a Powerhouse Pepper comic book were released in 1943 and 1948 by Timely, but not all the covers were by Wolverton and many interior pages were also not devoted to Wolverton strips. Capp, responding to demand, announced a contest for artists to submit their interpretations. Among 500,000 entries, Wolvertons was the winner, it appeared in a Lil Abner daily, Wolvertons fame briefly led to Life and Pageant printing his caricatures. The Lena portrait typified the unique spaghetti and meatballs style he employed regularly thereafter. E. C. s other title, Panic, edited by Al Feldstein also used Wolvertons art on a Panic cover. Other humor magazines from other such as Cracked, From Here to Insanity and Cockeyed also featured Wolvertons work. In 1968, Wolverton did the Ugly Posters series of trading cards for Topps, in 1973, he returned to mainstream comics, illustrating several covers for Joe Orlandos satiric Plop. at DC Comics. Comix Book, a joint production of Marvel Comics and Denis Kitchens Kitchen Sink Press, Wolverton was baptized into Herbert W. Armstrongs Radio Church of God in 1941 and was ordained as an elder in 1943. Wolverton died on December 31,1978, at age 69, Wolvertons son, editorial cartoonist Monte Wolverton, draws in a style similar to his fathers, the younger Wolverton also worked for The Plain Truth and contributed to Mad
11.
Robert Crumb
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Robert Dennis Crumb is an American cartoonist and musician who often signs his work R. Crumb. His work displays a nostalgia for American folk culture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and he was additionally contributing to the East Village Other and many other publications, including a variety of one-off and anthology comics. Natural, and the images from his Keep on Truckin strip, sexual themes abounded in all these projects, often shading into scatological and pornographic comics. Much of his appeared in a magazine he founded, Weirdo. As his career progressed, his work became more autobiographical. In 1991, Crumb was inducted into the book industrys Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame. He is married to cartoonist Aline Kominsky-Crumb, with whom he has frequently collaborated and their daughter Sophie Crumb has also followed a cartooning career. Robert Crumb was born on August 30,1943, in Philadelphia to a Catholic household of English and Scottish ancestry and his father, Charles V. Crumb, authored the book Training People Effectively, and was a Combat Illustrator for 20 years in the United States Marine Corps. His mother Beatrice was a housewife who reportedly abused diet pills, Charles and Beatrices marriage was unhappy and the children were frequent witnesses to their parents arguments. The couple had four children, sons Charles Junior and Maxon. The family moved to Milford, Delaware, when Crumb was twelve, inspired by the works of Walt Kelly, Fleischer Brothers animation, and others, Crumb and his brothers drew their own comics. Crumbs cartooning developed as his older brother Charles pushed him and provided him with constant critical feedback on his work, in 1958 the brothers self-published three issues of Foo in imitation of Harvey Kurtzmans satirical Humbug and Mad. They sold them door-to-door with little success, souring the young Crumb on the comic-book business, at fifteen, Crumb became obsessed with collecting jazz and blues records from the 1920s to the 1940s. At age 16, he abandoned the Catholic faith, Crumbs father gave him $40 when he left home after high school. His first job, in 1962, was drawing novelty greeting cards for American Greetings in Cleveland, in Cleveland he met a group of young bohemians such as Buzzy Linhart, Liz Johnston, and Harvey Pekar. Dissatisfied with greeting card work, he tried to sell cartoons to comic book companies, in 1965, cartoonist Harvey Kurtzman printed some of Crumbs work in the humor magazine he edited, Help. Crumb moved to New York, intending to work with Kurtzman, Crumb briefly illustrated bubblegum cards for Topps before returning to Cleveland and American Greetings. Crumb married Dana Morgan in 1964, nearly destitute, the couple traveled in Europe, during which Crumb continued to produce work for Kurtzman and American Greetings, and Dana stole food
12.
Kustom Kulture
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It was born out of the hot rod culture of Southern California of the 1960s. In the early days of hot rodding, many fashions and styles developed, over time, each of these distinct styles of customizing have blended and reshaped our everyday life. Custom Culture is usually identified with the greasers of the 1950s, the racers of the 1960s. Each separate culture has added their own customizations to the cars, their own fashions, influenced the music, and added their own ideas of what is cool, of what is acceptable, and what is not. In the 1990s and 2000s, Custom Culture had taken on a rebirth of American subcultures from the 1950s and 1960s with DIY activities, each style is distinct, and has its roots in American automobile history. Many styles that would not have tolerated each other in the past now come together in large car shows. The rebirth of Custom Culture has seen the use of the term “Custom Graphics” to describe the style of artwork associated with the subculture when applied to posters, flyers, T-shirts, cool Cars, High Art The Rise of Custom Culture
