1.
Washington (state)
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It was admitted to the Union as the 42nd state in 1889. Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State or the State of Washington to distinguish it from Washington, Washington is the 18th largest state with an area of 71,362 square miles, and the 13th most populous state with over 7 million people. Washington is the second most populous state on the West Coast and in the Western United States, Mount Rainier, an active stratovolcano, is the states highest elevation at almost 14,411 feet and is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States. Washington is a leading lumber producer and its rugged surface is rich in stands of Douglas fir, hemlock, ponderosa pine, white pine, spruce, larch, and cedar. Manufacturing industries in Washington include aircraft and missiles, shipbuilding and other equipment, lumber, food processing, metals and metal products, chemicals. Washington has over 1,000 dams, including the Grand Coulee Dam, built for a variety of purposes including irrigation, power, flood control, the Washington Territory was named after George Washington, the first President of the United States. The area was part of a region called the Columbia District after the Columbia River. The area was renamed Washington in order to avoid confusion with the District of Columbia, Washington is the only U. S. state named after a president. To distinguish it from the U. S. capital, which is named for George Washington, Washington is sometimes referred to as Washington State, or, in more formal contexts. Washingtonians and other residents of the Pacific Northwest refer to the state simply as Washington, calling the nations capital Washington, D. C. or, often, Washington is the northwestern-most state of the contiguous United States. Washington is bordered by Oregon to the south, with the Columbia River forming the western part, to the west of Washington lies the Pacific Ocean. The high mountains of the Cascade Range run north-south, bisecting the state, from the Cascade Mountains westward, Western Washington has a mostly marine west coast climate, with mild temperatures and wet winters, autumns and springs, and relatively dry summers. The Cascade Range contains several volcanoes, which reach altitudes significantly higher than the rest of the mountains, from the north to the south, these major volcanoes are Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. Mount Rainier, the tallest mountain in the state, is 50 miles south of the city of Seattle and it is also covered with more glacial ice than any other peak in the contiguous 48 states. Western Washington also is home of the Olympic Mountains, far west on the Olympic Peninsula and these deep forests, such as the Hoh Rainforest, are among the only temperate rainforests in the continental United States. Eastern Washington – the part of the state east of the Cascades – has a dry climate. It includes large areas of steppe and a few truly arid deserts lying in the rain shadow of the Cascades. Farther east, the climate becomes less arid, with annual rainfall increasing as one goes east to 21.2 inches in Pullman, the Okanogan Highlands and the rugged Kettle River Range and Selkirk Mountains cover much of the northeastern quadrant of the state
2.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
3.
Standard gauge
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The standard gauge is a widely used railway track gauge. Approximately 55% of the lines in the world are this gauge, all high-speed rail lines, except those in Russia, Uzbekistan, and Finland, are standard gauge. The distance between the edges of the rails is defined to be 1435 mm except in the United States. It is also called the UIC gauge or UIC track gauge, as railways developed and expanded, one of the key issues was the track gauge to be used. The result was the adoption throughout a large part of the world of a gauge of 1435 mm. In North East England, some lines in colliery areas were 4 ft 8 in. All these lines had been widened to standard gauge by 1846, parts of the United States, mainly in the Northeast, adopted the same gauge, because some early trains were purchased from Britain. However, until well into the half of the 19th century, Britain. The American gauges converged as the advantages of equipment interchange became increasingly apparent, notably, all the 5 ft broad gauge track in the South was converted to standard gauge over the course of two days beginning on 31 May 1886. See Track gauge in the United States, snopes categorized this legend as false, but commented that. It is perhaps more fairly labelled as True, but for trivial, the historical tendency to place the wheels of horse-drawn vehicles approximately 5 feet apart probably derives from the width needed to fit a carthorse in between the shafts. Others were 4 ft 4 in or 4 ft 7 1⁄2 in, the English railway pioneer George Stephenson spent much of his early engineering career working for the coal mines of County Durham. He favoured 4 ft 8 in for wagonways in Northumberland and Durham, the Hetton and Springwell wagonways also used this gauge. Stephensons Stockton and Darlington railway was primarily to transport coal from mines near Shildon to the port at Stockton-on-Tees. The initial gauge of 4 ft 8 in was set to accommodate the existing gauge of hundreds of horse-drawn chaldron wagons that were already in use on the wagonways in the mines. The railway used this gauge for 15 years before a change was made to 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge, George Stephenson used the 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in gauge for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, authorised in 1826 and opened 30 September 1830. The success of this led to Stephenson and his son Robert being employed to engineer several other larger railway projects. Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway, authorised 1824 and opened 1825, used 4 ft 6 in, Dundee and Newtyle Railway, authorised 1829 and opened 1831, used 4 ft 6 1⁄2 in
4.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
5.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
6.
Cascade Range
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The Cascade Range or Cascades is a major mountain range of western North America, extending from southern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California. It includes both non-volcanic mountains, such as the North Cascades, and the notable volcanoes known as the High Cascades, the small part of the range in British Columbia is referred to as the Canadian Cascades or, locally, as the Cascade Mountains. The highest peak in the range is Mount Rainier in Washington at 14,411 feet, the Cascades are part of the Pacific Oceans Ring of Fire, the ring of volcanoes and associated mountains around the Pacific Ocean. All of the eruptions in the contiguous United States over the last 200 years have been from Cascade volcanoes, the two most recent were Lassen Peak from 1914 to 1921 and a major eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980. Minor eruptions of Mount St. Helens have also occurred since, the Cascade Range is a part of the American Cordillera, a nearly continuous chain of mountain ranges that form the western backbone of North America, Central America, and South America. The Cascades extend northward from Lassen Peak in northern California to the confluence of the Nicola, the Fraser River separates the Cascades from the Coast Mountains. The highest volcanoes of the Cascades, known as the High Cascades, dominate their surroundings and they often have a visual height of one mile or more. The highest peaks, such as the 14, 411-foot Mount Rainier, Mount Baker in Washington recorded a world-record single-season snowfall in the winter of 1998–99 with 1,140 inches. Prior to that year, Mount Rainier held the record for snow accumulation at Paradise in 1978. It is not uncommon for some places in the Cascades to have over 500 inches of snow accumulation, such as at Lake Helen. Most of the High Cascades are therefore white with snow and ice year-round, annual rainfall is as low as 9 inches on the eastern foothills due to a rain shadow effect. Beyond the eastern foothills is a plateau that was largely created 17 to 14 million years ago by the many flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group. Together, these sequences of fluid volcanic rock form the 200, 000-square-mile Columbia Plateau in eastern Washington, Oregon, the Columbia River Gorge is the only major break of the range in the United States. When the Cascades began to rise 7 million years ago in the Pliocene, as the range grew, erosion from the Columbia River was able to keep pace, creating the gorge and major pass seen today. The gorge also exposes uplifted and warped layers of basalt from the plateau, in early 1792, British navigator George Vancouver explored Puget Sound and gave English names to the high mountains he saw. Mount Baker was named for Vancouvers third lieutenant, Joseph Baker, although the first European to see it was Manuel Quimper, Mount Rainier was named after Admiral Peter Rainier. Later in 1792, Vancouver had his lieutenant William Robert Broughton explore the lower Columbia River and he named Mount Hood after Lord Samuel Hood, an admiral of the Royal Navy. Mount St. Helens was sighted by Vancouver in May 1792 and it was named for Alleyne FitzHerbert, 1st Baron St Helens, a British diplomat
7.
Transcontinental railroad
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A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders. Such networks can be via the tracks of either a single railroad, although Europe is crisscrossed by railways, the railroads within Europe are usually not considered transcontinental, with the possible exception of the historic Orient Express. Transcontinental railroads helped open up unpopulated interior regions of continents to exploration, in many cases they also formed the backbones of cross-country passenger and freight transportation networks. In the United States of America, a series of railroads built over the last third of the 19th century created a nationwide transportation network that united the country by rail. Its construction was possible by the US Government under Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862,1864 and 1867. A transcontinental railroad in the United States is any continuous rail line connecting a location on the U. S, Pacific coast with one or more of the railroads of the nations eastern trunk line rail systems operating between the Missouri or Mississippi Rivers and the U. S. The first concrete plan for a railroad in the United States was presented to Congress by Asa Whitney in 1845. The worlds First Transcontinental Railroad was built between 1863 and 1869 to join the eastern and western halves of the United States, begun just before the American Civil War, its construction was considered to be one of the greatest American technological feats of the 19th century. Known as the Pacific Railroad when it opened, this served as a link for trade, commerce. Shipping and commerce could thrive away from navigable watercourses for the first time since the beginning of the nation, much of this line is currently used by Amtraks California Zephyr, although some parts were rerouted or abandoned. The transcontinental railroad provided fast, safe, and cheap travel, the fare for a one-week trip from Omaha to San Francisco on an emigrant sleeping car was about $65 for an adult. It replaced most of the far slower and more hazardous stagecoach lines, the number of emigrants taking the Oregon and California Trail declined dramatically. The sale of the land grant lands and the transport provided for timber. The Central Pacific Railroad faced a shortage in the more sparsely-settled West. It recruited Cantonese laborers in China, who did prodigious work building the line over and through the Sierra Nevada mountains, the Southern Pacific Railroad was completed in 1881. The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 authorized land grants for new lines that would aid in the construction of a railroad, although through train service was in operation as of that date, the road was not deemed to have been officially completed until November 6,1869. This distinction existed until March 25,1873, when the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge at Omaha was opened,1881 or 1882, the SP meets the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway at Deming, New Mexico, connecting Atchison, Kansas to Los Angeles. January 12,1883, the SP completes its own section, meeting the subsidiary Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railway at the Pecos River in Texas
8.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
9.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
10.
Canadian Pacific Railway
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The Canadian Pacific Railway, also known formerly as CP Rail between 1968 and 1996, is a historic Canadian Class I railroad incorporated in 1881. The railroad is owned by Canadian Pacific Railway Limited, which began operations as legal owner in a restructuring in 2001. Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, it owns approximately 20,000 kilometres of track all across Canada and into the United States, stretching from Montreal to Vancouver, and as far north as Edmonton. Its rail network also serves Minneapolis-St. Paul, Milwaukee, Detroit, Chicago, the railway was originally built between Eastern Canada and British Columbia between 1881 and 1885, fulfilling a promise extended to British Columbia when it entered Confederation in 1871. It was Canadas first transcontinental railway, but no longer reaches the Atlantic coast, the CPR became one of the largest and most powerful companies in Canada, a position it held as late as 1975. Its primary passenger services were eliminated in 1986, after being assumed by Via Rail Canada in 1978, a beaver was chosen as the railways logo because it is the national symbol of Canada and was seen as representing the hardworking character of the company. The company acquired two American lines in 2009, the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad and the Iowa, Chicago, the trackage of the ICE was at one time part of CP subsidiary Soo Line and predecessor line The Milwaukee Road. It is publicly traded on both the Toronto Stock Exchange and the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker CP and its U. S. headquarters are in Minneapolis. The creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task undertaken for a combination of reasons by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. He was helped by Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, who was the owner of the North Western Coal and his company went through several name changes during the process of the construction of the railway. British Columbia, a sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation. The government however proposed to build a railway linking the Pacific province to the Eastern provinces within 10 years of 20 July 1871, Macdonald saw it as essential to the creation of a unified Canadian nation that would stretch across the continent. Moreover, manufacturing interests in Quebec and Ontario wanted access to raw materials, the first obstacle to its construction was political. The logical route went through the American Midwest and the city of Chicago, to ensure this routing, the government offered huge incentives including vast grants of land in the West. Because of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873, surveying was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon. The Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875, by 1880, around 1,000 kilometres was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres of track. With Macdonalds return to power on 16 October 1878, an aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, in 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savonas Ferry, on Kamloops Lake
11.
Abbotsford, British Columbia
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Abbotsford is a city located in the Fraser Valley region of British Columbia, adjacent to Greater Vancouver. The Abbotsford–Mission metropolitan area of around 170,191 inhabitants as of the 2011 census is the 23rd largest census metropolitan area in Canada, Abbotsford has the third highest proportion of visible minorities among census metropolitan areas in Canada, after the Greater Toronto Area and the Greater Vancouver CMA. It has also named by Statistics Canada as Canada’s most generous city in terms of charitable donations for nine straight years. The community of 375.55 square kilometres is the largest city by area in British Columbia and it is home to the University of the Fraser Valley, Tradex and Abbotsford International Airport, which hosts the Abbotsford International Airshow. The municipalitys southern boundary is the Canada–United States border, across which is Sumas, in Canada, it is bordered by the Township of Langley to the west, the Fraser River and the District of Mission to the north, and the City of Chilliwack to the east. Much of Abbotsford enjoys views of Mount Baker and the Coast Mountains, Abbotsfords colonial development began when the Royal Engineers surveyed the area in response to the gold rush along the Fraser River in 1858. This led to the building of Yale Road, the first transportation route to link the Fraser Valley, the settlement grew and the production of butter, milk and tobacco began by the late 1860s. In 1889, former Royal Engineer John Cunningham Maclure applied for a Crown grant to obtain the 160 acres that would become Abbotsford, there is some controversy over the origin of the Abbotsford name. The most commonly cited origin is that Maclure named the land Abbotsford after family friend Henry Braithwaite Abbott, until 1922 the name was spelled Abottsford. The title passed hands to Robert Ward, who filed a subdivision on July 9,1891. Also in 1891, the CPR built a line through the area that connected Mission with the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway at Sumas. This route was the rail connection between Vancouver and Seattle until 1904. The Village of Abbotsford was incorporated in 1892, the British Columbia Electric Railway arrived in 1910. Service to Vancouver runs from neighbouring Mission by way of the West Coast Express, the most notable natural disaster to hit Abbotsford was a major flood of the Fraser River in 1948. In September 1984 Pope John Paul II held a mass for over 200,000 people at the Abbotsford International Airport. The amalgamation of the Village of Abbotsford and the District of Sumas into the District of Abbotsford occurred in 1972, the District of Abbotsford amalgamated with the District of Matsqui in 1995 to become the City of Abbotsford, raising the population significantly. In June 2013, the City of Abbotsford spread chicken manure on a camp located in the city. Abbotsford Mayor Bruce Banman publicly apologized for the incident, a lawsuit was launched on behalf of some of the homeless, stating that a bylaw which prevents overnight camping in Abbotsford parks is against their right to shelter
12.
Bothell, Washington
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Bothell /ˈbɒθəl/ BOTH-əl is a city located in King and Snohomish Counties in the State of Washington. It is part of the Seattle metropolitan area, bellevue, Bothell, Kenmore, Kirkland, Redmond, and Woodinville are suburban cities that are considered part of the Eastside, as they are situated on the east side of Lake Washington. Based on per capita income, Bothell ranks 78th of 614 areas in the state of Washington to be ranked, the Sammamish were relocated after the Puget Sound War in 1856 to reservations and non-reservation lands. In 1870, Columbus S. Greenleaf and George R. Wilson filed land claims in the formerly inhabited by the Sammamish near present-day Bothell. Eight families followed over the six years. In 1876, Canadian George Brackett bought land and began commercial logging out of a camp located on the bank of the Sammamish River in what is now the heart of downtown Bothell. A store, school, and sawmill followed over the several years. In 1885, Brackett sold 80 acres to David Bothell, a settler from Pennsylvania, the towns first postmaster, who bought his property from Bothell, named the town in his honor in 1888. Later that same year, a railroad was built through the town to transport coal from Issaquah. Bothell was officially incorporated on April 14,1909, Bothell continued to grow as logging expanded and boat traffic brought increasing amounts of goods and passengers up and down the river. As more people moved into the area, the Army Corps of Engineers decided to dredge, most boat traffic came to an abrupt end only a few years later when Lake Washington was lowered in 1917. Water transport also shifted to trucks after a road was built from Seattle. The logging economy declined quickly around the time, and the local economy shifted to farming. After World War II, better highways and a post-war boom brought suburban development to Bothell and these new neighborhoods and a series of annexations dramatically expanded Bothells population from about 1000 in 1950 to over 30,000 as of 2006. In 1990, a campus of the University of Washington opened in Bothell, a major fire in downtown broke out at the Mercantile Building on July 22,2016, and damaged and closed more than 20 businesses. The fire dealt a blow to the redevelopment program and required state aid for rebuilding, Bothell is located at 47°46′18″N 122°12′16″W. The largest river is the Sammamish, which connects Lake Sammamish to Lake Washington, according to the City of Bothell, the city has a total area of 13.7 square miles, all of it land. Bothell is an oddity in that it straddles two counties
13.
Woodinville, Washington
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Woodinville is a city in King County, Washington, United States. The population was 10,938 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Seattle metropolitan area. There is also a larger population with Woodinville mailing addresses in adjacent unincorporated areas of King. Woodinville has waterfront parks on the Sammamish River, sweeping winery and brewery grounds, prior to Anglo-American settlement, the Woodinville area was inhabited by the native Sammamish people. In 1871, Ira Woodin and his wife Susan moved from Seattle and traveled up the Sammamish River to build a cabin, log timber, a town gradually built up around the cabin, which served as its first school and Post Office, with Susan Woodin as Postmaster. Woodin and his son-in-law Thomas Sanders set up the first general store, like other nearby towns, Woodinville began as a logging community, became a farming center in the early decades of the 20th century, and developed into a suburb of Seattle after World War II. In 1969, rock bands including Led Zeppelin and The Guess Who performed at the Seattle Pop Festival at Woodinvilles Gold Creek Park. The growth of Bothell in the early 1990s led to plans for it to annex Woodinville, Woodinville was officially incorporated on March 31,1993. Woodinville contracts with the King County Sheriffs Office for law enforcement services, deputies assigned to Woodinville wear city uniforms and drive patrol cars marked with the city logo. There are currently 6 patrol officers, one school resource officer, one sergeant and it is located in northern King County east of the city of Bothell at approximately 47°459 North, 122°921 West. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.62 square miles. The United States Postal Service identifies those homes in the 98072 and 98077 zip codes as being within Woodinville, the 98072 zip code extends north into unincorporated Snohomish County and east of the city limits. The 98077 zip code falls entirely outside the city limits of Woodinville to the east, though the service still identifies it as Woodinville. It contains two historic and scenic rail lines, there has been a controversial push by some King County officials to remove both lines and replace them with bicycle trails. The Woodinville city government has created eleven geographically defined neighborhoods within the city limits, town Center - the retail center of Woodinville, including several shops and restaurants as well as some housing. Upper West Ridge - residential neighborhoods along the edge of the city. Valley Industrial - a mix of businesses along the Sammamish River Valley. Wedge - wedge-shaped residential neighborhood west of Highway 522, bear Creek Elementary Cottage Lake Elementary East Ridge Elementary Hollywood Hill Elementary Voted best of the 425 for 2014
14.
North Bend, Washington
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North Bend is a city in King County, Washington, United States. The population was 5,731 at the 2010 census, since the Weyerhaeuser sawmill closed, North Bend has become a bedroom community for Seattle, Washington. The town was famous by David Lynchs television series Twin Peaks. North Bend is home to Nintendo North Bend, the main North American production facility and distribution center for the video game console manufacturer Nintendo. Some of the soldiers in wars, such as the brothers and sisters Kellogg, established cabins near their blockhouses, however the first permanent settler in the valley was Jeremiah Borst. In 1865, Matts Peterson homesteaded the site ultimately became North Bend. Deeply in debt, he sold the property to Borst and moved east of the mountains, Borst wrote to Will Taylor, who had left the area to go mining in California, and offered him the Peterson place in exchange for labor. Taylor returned and prospered as a farmer and operator of a trading post and he platted North Bend as Snoqualmie but because another nearby town had the same name, renamed it Mountain View. However, the Post Office Department objected to the name Mountain View, North Bend was officially incorporated on March 12,1909. North Bend is located at 47°29′38″N 121°47′10″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.31 square miles, of which,4.27 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles is water. North Bend is located in the foothills of the Cascade Range just 31 miles east of Seattle in the valley of the Snoqualmie River. The nearest town, Snoqualmie, Washington, is located about 3 miles to the northwest, both towns lie near the center of the Mountains to Sound Greenway. The most prominent geological feature nearby, Mount Si looms over the town, to the south is Rattlesnake Ridge. Mount Si stands at 4,167 feet and towers above the town, a 4-mile trail zig zags up to the summit with a vertical climb of 3,500 feet. North Bend annexed Tanner, Washington and the Stilson area July 6,2009, the all-time record high temperature is 105 °F set in 2009. The warmest month of the year is July with an maximum temperature of 77 °F. The annual average precipitation in North Bend is 59.1 inches with 12.8 inches of snowfall, winter months tend to be wetter than summer months. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,731 people,2,210 households, the population density was 1,342.2 inhabitants per square mile
15.
Salmon Bay
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Salmon Bay is a portion of the Lake Washington Ship Canal—a canal which passes through the city of Seattle, linking Lake Washington to Puget Sound—that lies west of the Fremont Cut. It is the westernmost section of the canal, and empties into Puget Sounds Shilshole Bay, because of the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, the smaller, western half of the bay is salt water, and the eastern half is fresh water. Before construction of the Ship Canal, Salmon Bay was entirely salt water, east of the locks, Salmon Bay is spanned by the Ballard Bridge, a bascule bridge that carries 15th Avenue traffic between Ballard and Interbay. West of the locks, it is spanned by the Salmon Bay Bridge that carries the BNSF Railway railroad tracks between Ballard and Magnolia
16.
Ballard, Seattle
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Ballard is a neighborhood located in the northwestern part of Seattle, Washington. To the north it is bounded by Crown Hill, to the east by Greenwood, Phinney Ridge and Fremont, to the south by the Lake Washington Ship Canal, and to the west by Puget Sound’s Shilshole Bay. The neighborhood’s landmarks include the Hiram M. Chittenden Locks, the Nordic Heritage Museum, the Shilshole Bay Marina, the neighborhoods main thoroughfares running north-south are Seaview, 32nd, 24th, Leary, 15th, and 8th Avenues N. W. East-west traffic is carried by N. W. Leary Way, 85th, 80th, 65th, and Market Streets. The Ballard Bridge carries 15th Avenue over Salmon Bay to the Interbay neighborhood, before the settling of Seattle, the land surrounding Shilshole Bay was inhabited by the Shilshole Tribe who lived off the plentiful salmon and clams in the region. The first European resident, homesteader Ira Wilcox Utter, moved to his claim in 1853, Utter hoped to see a rapid expansion of population but that did not happen, so he sold the land to Thomas Burke, a judge. Thirty-six years later, Judge Burke, together with John Leary, the partners also built a spur from Fremont’s main line of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway. Today three miles of line, running along Salmon Bay from N. W. 40th Street to the BNSF Railway mainline at N. W. 67th, are operated as the Ballard Terminal Railroad, during the late 19th century Captain William Rankin Ballard, owner of land adjoining Judge Burkes holdings, joined the partnership with Burke, Leary, and Gilman. Then, in 1887 the partnership was dissolved and the assets divided, capt. Ballard lost the coin-toss and ended up with the undesirable 160-acre tract. The railroad to Seattle ended at Salmon Bay because the company was unwilling to build a trestle to cross the bay. From the stop at Ballard Junction, passengers could walk across the wagon bridge, ability to ship products spurred the growth of mills of many types. Ballard’s first mill, built in 1888 by Mr. J Sinclair was a lumber mill, with the rapid population growth the residents realized that there might soon be a need for laws to keep order, a process that would require a formal government. In the late summer of 1889 the community discussed incorporating as a town, the issue pressed, however, so several months later, on November 4,1889, the residents again voted on the question and this time they voted to incorporate. The first mayor of Ballard was Charles F. Treat, by 1900, Ballards population had grown to 4,568 making it the seventh largest city in Washington, and the town was faced with many of the problems common to small towns. The city also faced problems with loose livestock, so the Cow Ordinance of 1903 made allowing cows to graze south of present-day 65th St. a punishable offense. The city faced more problems, however, with two of the most difficult being the lack of both a proper water supply and a sewer system. The one weakness of the location on Salmon Bay was the lack of freshwater springs
17.
Spokane, Washington
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Spokane is a city in the state of Washington, in the northwestern United States. It is the seat of Spokane County, and the economic and cultural center of the Spokane Metropolitan Area, the Greater Spokane Area, the city, along with the whole Inland Northwest, is served by Spokane International Airport,5 miles west of downtown Spokane. According to the 2010 Census, Spokane had a population of 208,916, making it the second largest city in Washington and the 102nd largest city in the United States. The first humans to live in the area, the Spokane people, known as the birthplace of Fathers Day, Spokane is officially nicknamed the Lilac City. David Thompson explored the area with the expansion and establishment of the North West Companys Spokane House in 1810. This trading post was the first long-term European settlement in Washington, completion of the Northern Pacific Railway in 1881 brought settlers to the Spokane area, and that same year it was officially incorporated as a city with the name of Spokan Falls. In the late 19th century, gold and silver were discovered in the Inland Northwest, the local economy depended on mining, timber, and agriculture until the 1980s. Spokane hosted the first environmentally themed Worlds Fair at Expo 74, many of the older Romanesque Revival-style buildings in the downtown area were designed by architect Kirtland Kelsey Cutter after the Great Fire of 1889. The city also features Riverfront and Manito parks, the Smithsonian-affiliated Northwest Museum of Arts and Culture, the Davenport Hotel, and the Fox and Bing Crosby theaters. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Lourdes serves as the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane, the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist represents the Anglican community. Gonzaga University was established in 1887 by the Jesuits, and the private Presbyterian Whitworth University opened three years later in north Spokane, in sports, the Gonzaga Bulldogs collegiate basketball team competes at the Division I level. Professional and semi-professional sports teams include the Spokane Indians in Minor League Baseball, Spokane Empire in arena football, as of 2010, Spokanes only major daily newspaper, The Spokesman-Review, has a daily circulation of over 76,000. The first humans to live in the Spokane area arrived between 13,000 and 8,000 years ago and were hunter-gatherer societies that lived off plentiful game. The Spokane tribe, after which the city is named, are believed to be either their direct descendants, when asked by early white explorers, the Spokanes said their ancestors came from up North. Early in the 19th century, the Northwest Fur Company sent two white fur trappers west of the Rocky Mountains to search for fur. These were the first white men met by the Spokanes, who believed they were sacred, the explorer-geographer David Thompson, working as head of the North West Companys Columbia Department, became the first European to explore the Inland Empire. Crossing what is now the Canada–US border from British Columbia, Thompson wanted to expand the North West Company further south in search of furs, after establishing the Kullyspell House and Saleesh House trading posts in what are now Idaho and Montana, Thompson then attempted to expand further west. He sent out two trappers, Jacques Raphael Finlay and Finan McDonald, to construct a fur trading post on the Spokane River in Washington and trade with the local Indians
18.
Davenport, Washington
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Davenport is the county seat of Lincoln County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,734 at the 2010 census, Davenport was first settled in 1880, and was named in 1882 for resident J. C. Davenport. The city was made the county seat of Lincoln County on December 15,1896, after an election that chosen Davenport over then-seat Sprague, which had destroyed in a fire. Davenport was officially incorporated on June 9,1890, the transcontinental Northern Pacific Railway established a subsidiary, the Central Washington Railroad, to build a competing railroad line that reached Davenport in February 1889. A branch line of the Great Northern Railway was built to Davenport from Bluestem in the 1920s, Davenport Union Warehouse and Odessa Union Warehouse operate multiple elevators of varying age and design on the southern part of the city. A few of these date to the early days of the city. Davenport still serves as a collection point for wheat, with most of it shipped out by truck or railcar. While most of the wheat goes to export, some of it does find its way to the ADM flour mills in Spokane, locally grown barley also finds its way to various west coast breweries and other users. Primary State Highway #2 closely followed the CW railroad from Coulee City through Davenport to Spokane, the route is now known as U. S. Route 2, but does not follow the original Sunset Highway in many places. Primary State Highway #7 also intersected with PSH #2 in Davenport, PSH #22 ran north from Davenport to the Canada–US border near Northport. This is State Route 25 now, Davenport is located at 47°39′4″N 118°9′6″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.82 square miles. Davenport experiences a continental climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,734 people,694 households, the population density was 952.7 inhabitants per square mile. There were 750 housing units at a density of 412.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 3% White,0. 1% African American,1. 2% Native American,0. 1% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,0. 6% from other races, and 2. 6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 7% of the population,31. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the family size was 3.03
19.
North Dakota
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North Dakota is the 39th state of the United States, having been admitted to the union on November 2,1889. The state capital is Bismarck, and the largest city is Fargo, North Dakota is the 19th most extensive but the 4th least populous and the 4th least densely populated of the 50 United States. The development has driven strong job and population growth, and low unemployment, North Dakota is located in the U. S. region known as the Great Plains. The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota on the east, South Dakota is to the south, Montana is to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north. North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a marker in Rugby. With an area of 70,762 square miles, North Dakota is the 19th largest state, the western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands, which are to the west of the Missouri River. The states high point, White Butte at 3,506 feet, the region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas, crude oil and lignite coal. The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea, the third largest man-made lake in the United States, the central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau. The eastern part of the consists of the flat Red River Valley. Its fertile soil, drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg, Devils Lake, the largest natural lake in the state, is also found in the east. Eastern North Dakota is overall flat, however, there are significant hills, most of the state is covered in grassland, crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west. This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants, the state of North Dakota is home to the geographical center of North America located near Rugby, North Dakota North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters. The temperature differences are rather extreme because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere, with equal distances to the North Pole. As such, summers are almost subtropical in nature, but winters are cold enough to plant hardiness is very low. Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans and their tribes included the Mandan people, the Dakota people and the Yanktonai, the latter two from the Lakota peoples. The first European to reach the area was the French-Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier, sieur de La Vérendrye, in 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802. Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century, with the advantage of grants of land, they vigorously marketed their properties, extolling the region as ideal for agriculture. An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and his successor, Benjamin Harrison, signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2,1889
20.
Wallula, Washington
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Wallula is a census-designated place in Walla Walla County, Washington, United States. The population was 179 at the 2010 census, the Lewis and Clark Expedition reached this area April 27,1806, on their return journey from the Pacific. The expedition spent three days at the village of Chief Yallept and his tribe of Walla Walla people, in the company of about a hundred Yakama people, meriwether Lewis estimated the total of Native American people at around 550. There the expedition learned of a route to the Nez Perce homelands. During David Thompsons 1811 voyage down the Columbia River, he camped at the Snake River confluence on July 9,1811. There he erected a pole and notice claiming the country for Great Britain, european settlement of the area began in 1818, when the North West Company built Fort Nez Perce at the mouth of the Walla Walla River. The location was chosen to compete with the Hudsons Bay Company for the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest and that site was maintained until 1855. The first railroad to connect Walla Walla with the Columbia River at Wallula was begun in 1871, the 30-mile line, called the Walla Walla and Columbia River Railroad, was completed October 23,1875. The line was absorbed into the Northern Pacific Railroad. To save money, the rails were wooden, with strap iron on the upper surface. In 1883, the Northern Pacific completed its line from St. Paul, Minnesota and it built a railroad bridge across the river to connect to the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company tracks along the south side of the Columbia River. Wallula is located at 46°5′4″N 118°54′23″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.1 square mile, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 197 people,60 households, the population density was 1,978.5 people per square mile. There were 64 housing units at a density of 642. 8/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 87. 31% White,1. 02% Native American,11. 68% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 16. 75% of the population. 8. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 1. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.28 and the average family size was 3.38. In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 39. 6% under the age of 18,2. 5% from 18 to 24,26. 9% from 25 to 44,20. 8% from 45 to 64, the median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 91.3 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males
21.
Columbia River
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The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada and it flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is 1,243 miles long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River and its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. By volume, the Columbia is the fourth-largest river in the United States, the rivers heavy flow and relatively steep gradient gives it tremendous potential for the generation of electricity. The Columbia and its tributaries have been central to the regions culture and they have been used for transportation since ancient times, linking the many cultural groups of the region. The river system hosts many species of fish, which migrate between freshwater habitats and the saline waters of the Pacific Ocean. In the following decades, fur trading companies used the Columbia as a key transportation route, steamships along the river linked communities and facilitated trade, the arrival of railroads in the late 19th century, many running along the river, supplemented these links. Since the late 19th century, public and private sectors have developed the river. The development, commonly referred to as taming or harnessing of the river, has been massive, to aid ship and barge navigation, locks have been built along the lower Columbia and its tributaries, and dredging has opened, maintained, and enlarged shipping channels. Since the early 20th century, dams have been built across the river for the purposes of power generation, navigation, irrigation, and flood control. Today, a reservoir lies along nearly every US mile of the once free-flowing river. Production of nuclear power has taken place at two sites along the river, plutonium for nuclear weapons was produced for decades at the Hanford Site, which is now the most contaminated nuclear site in the US. All these developments have had a impact on river environments, mainly through industrial pollution. The Columbia begins its 1, 243-mile journey in the southern Rocky Mountain Trench in British Columbia, Columbia Lake –2,690 feet above sea level – and the adjoining Columbia Wetlands form the rivers headwaters. The trench is a broad, deep, and long glacial valley between the Canadian Rockies and the Columbia Mountains in BC. Rounding the northern end of the Selkirk Mountains, the river turns south through a region known as the Big Bend Country, passing through Revelstoke Lake. Revelstoke, the Big Bend, and the Columbia Valley combined are referred to in BC parlance as the Columbia Country. Below the Arrow Lakes, the Columbia passes the cities of Castlegar, located at the Columbias confluence with the Kootenay River, the Pend Oreille River joins the Columbia about 2 miles north of the US–Canada border
22.
Tri-Cities, Washington
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Each city borders at least one other city or one of the areas rivers, making the Tri-Cities seem like one uninterrupted mid-sized city. The three cities function as the center of the Tri-Cities metropolitan area, which includes the city of West Richland. The combined population of the four cities was 193,567 at the 2010 Census, Pasco is the seat of Franklin County, while the other cities are located in Benton County. Both counties are defined as the Kennewick-Richland, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Pasco was the first of the Tri-Cities to be incorporated, in 1891, Kennewick was incorporated in 1904, and Richland followed in 1910. West Richland was founded by dissatisfied residents of Richland, who wished to be home owners rather than renters of government-owned houses, despite attempts by Richland to annex the community, they remained separate and eventually became incorporated in 1955. Pasco was the largest city in the Tri-Cities, mostly due to its railroad station and it also had the most land for easy irrigation and farming and was still the largest up until the founding of Hanford near Richland. Farming was the basis of every sector of the economy in the early years. Indeed, the area remained mostly rural well into the 1940s and it did not have a daily newspaper or radio station until the mid-1940s. Even today, agriculture is a big part of the Tri-Cities, after the founding of the Hanford Site in 1943, Richland became the largest city of the three overnight. Richlands Columbia High School adopted Bombers as its mascot, in 1970, Kamiakin High School was founded in response to the continued influx of people. The economy continued to grow, but not without some turbulence, every time the federal government cut funding at Hanford, thousands of talented, credentialed people would suddenly become jobless and leave for other jobs. During this time, other employers slowly made their way into the area, during the 1970s, Kennewick overtook Richland as the largest city of the three and has not surrendered the title since. The Columbia Center Mall was built on land newly incorporated into Kennewick, drawing growth to western Kennewick, completion of the Interstate 182 Bridge in 1984 made Pasco much more accessible, fueling the growth of that city. With the end of the Cold War, many in the area feared a shutdown of Hanford and these fears were allayed after the United States Department of Energy switched the facilitys purpose from the creation of nuclear weapons to the effective sealing and disposal of radioactive waste. During the 1990s, several major corporations entered the Tri-Cities, which helped to begin diversifying the economy apart from the Hanford sector, in 1995, a sixth public high school, Southridge High, was founded in south Kennewick. The 2000s saw continued growth as the Hanford site hired hundreds of workers to help with the cleanup effort. Additionally, the Tri-Cities saw an influx of retirees from various areas of the Northwest
23.
Bill Speidel
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Speidel is also credited with being one of the leaders of the movement to preserve and restore Pioneer Square, one of Seattles oldest neighborhoods. By the 1960s, this area was run down and in disrepair, in danger of being demolished, through the efforts of many people, Pioneer Square is once again a bustling center of activity and tourism with dozens of original buildings that have been restored to their original luster. In 1964, Speidel received and printed a letter from a reader asking about the areas of Pioneer Square. He replied via the paper that he did not know much about it, but that he would research it and get back to her. Once he did the research, he printed a response telling her to him at 3 p. m. the next Saturday in Pioneer Square. The reader did show up, along with 500 other people, Speidel quickly took up a collection of $1 from each of the visitors and proceeded on the first tour of the Seattle Underground. Since Memorial Day weekend 1965, the Underground Tour has given several tours a day every day except holidays and is one of the citys best known tourist attractions, as a Seattle historian, Speidel was something of a revisionist and the narration of the Underground Tour reflects that. Speidel also made claims for brothel-owner Lou Graham as a key figure in the growth of the city and you Still Cant Eat Mount Rainier. Seattle underground, a story with historical footnotes and interesting anecdotes about the forgotten city beneath modern Seattle. The Wet Side Of The Mountains and it Was a Hell of a Blast. Doc Maynard, The Man Who Invented Seattle, through the Eye of the Needle
24.
Henry Villard
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Henry Villard was an American journalist and financier who was an early president of the Northern Pacific Railway. As a teenager, he emigrated to the United States without his parents knowledge and he changed his name to avoid being sent back to Europe, and began making his way west, briefly studying law as he developed a career in journalism. Frémont of the newly established Republican Party in his campaign in 1856. Villard became a war correspondent, first covering the American Civil War and he became a pacifist as a result of his experiences covering the Civil War. In the late 1860s he married womens suffrage advocate Helen Frances Garrison, while in Germany, Villard became involved in investments in American railroads, and returned to the U. S. in 1874 to oversee German investments in the Oregon and California Railroad. He visited Oregon that summer, and being impressed with the natural resources. Villard returned to Europe, helping German investors acquire stakes in the transportation network, also in the 1880s, Villard acquired the New York Evening Post and The Nation, and established the predecessor of General Electric. He was the first benefactor of the University of Oregon, and contributed to other universities, churches, hospitals and he died of a stroke at his country home in New York in 1900. He was born in Speyer, Palatinate, Kingdom of Bavaria and his parents moved to Zweibrücken in 1839, and in 1856 his father, Gustav Leonhard Hilgard, became a justice of the Supreme Court of Bavaria, at Munich. He belonged to the Reformed Church and his mother, Katharina Antonia Elisabeth Pfeiffer, was Catholic. While he had aristocratic tendencies, he shared the republican interests of much of the Hilgard clan, Villard was also a distant relative of the physician and botanist George Engelmann who resided in St. Louis, Missouri. Villard entered a Gymnasium in Zweibrücken in 1848, which he had to leave because he sympathized with the revolutions of 1848 in Germany. He had broken up a class by refusing to mention the King of Bavaria in a prayer, another time, after watching a session of the Frankfurt Parliament, he came home in a Hecker hat with a red feather in it. Originally his punishment was to be apprenticed, but his father compromised on the military school, Villard showed up for classes a month early so he could be tutored in the French language beforehand by the novelist Alexandre Chatrian. He later attended the Gymnasium of Speyer in 1850-52, and the universities of Munich, in Munich he was a member of the student fraternity Corps Franconia. In 1853, having had a disagreement with his father, he emigrated—without his parents knowledge—to the United States. On emigrating to America, he adopted the name Villard, the surname of a French schoolmate at Phalsbourg, to conceal his identity from anyone intent on making him return to Germany. Making his way westward in 1854, he lived in turn at Cincinnati, Belleville, Illinois and Peoria, Illinois where he studied law for a time, and Chicago where he wrote for newspapers
25.
Northern Pacific Railway
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The Northern Pacific Railway was a transcontinental railroad that operated across the northern tier of the western United States from Minnesota to the Pacific Coast. It was approved by Congress in 1864 and given nearly 40 million acres of land grants, which it used to raise money in Europe for construction. The railroad had about 6800 miles of track and served an area, including extensive trackage in the states of Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, Washington. In addition the company had a branch to Winnipeg, Manitoba. The main activities were shipping wheat and other products, cattle, timber and minerals, bringing in consumer goods, transporting passengers. The company was headquartered first in Brainerd, Minnesota, then in Saint Paul and it had a tumultuous financial history, and in 1970 it merged with other lines to form the Burlington Northern Railroad. Congress granted the railroad a potential 60 million acres of land in exchange for building rail transportation to an undeveloped territory, Josiah Perham was elected its first president on December 7,1864. It could not use all the land and in the end took just under 40 million acres, for the next six years, backers of the road struggled to find financing. Though John Gregory Smith succeeded Perham as president on January 5,1865, groundbreaking did not take place until February 15,1870, at Carlton, Minnesota,25 miles west of Duluth, Minnesota. The backing and promotions of famed financier Jay Cooke in the summer of 1870 brought the first real momentum to the company, over the course of 1871, the Northern Pacific pushed westward from Minnesota into present-day North Dakota. Surveyors and construction crews had to maneuver through swamps, bogs, the difficult terrain and insufficient funding delayed by six months the construction phase in Minnesota. The NP also began building its line north from Kalama, Washington Territory, on the Columbia River outside of Portland, Oregon, towards Puget Sound. Four small construction engines were purchased, the Minnetonka, Itaska, Ottertail and St. Cloud, in Minnesota, the Lake Superior and Mississippi Railroad completed construction of its 155-mile line stretching from Saint Paul to Lake Superior at Duluth in 1875. It was leased to the Northern Pacific the following year, and was absorbed by the Northern Pacific. The Northern Pacific Railroad reached Fargo, Dakota Territory, early in June 1872, the following year, in June 1873, the N. P. reached the shores of the Missouri River, at Edwinton D. T. In the west, the track extended 25 miles north from Kalama, surveys were carried out in North Dakota protected by 600 troops under General Winfield Scott Hancock. Headquarters and shops were established in Brainerd, Minnesota, a named for the President John Gregory Smiths wife Anna Elizabeth Brainerd. A severe stock market crash and financial collapse after 1873, led by the Credit Mobilier Scandal, in 1886, the company put down 164 miles of main line across North Dakota, with an additional 45 miles in Washington
26.
Downtown, Seattle, Washington
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Downtown is the central business district of Seattle, Washington. It is fairly compact compared with other city centers on the West Coast of the United States because of its geographical situation. It is hemmed in on the north and east by hills, on the west by Elliott Bay, near the center of downtown is the Metropolitan Tract, owned by the University of Washington, the location of the universitys pre-1895 campus. Downtown is Seattles finance hub, its commercial maritime hub, its center of nightlife, Downtown Seattles Columbia Center has a greater number of floors than any other building west of the Mississippi River, at 76, though there are taller buildings in Texas and California by height. Downtown parks include Westlake Park, Freeway Park, and Victor Steinbrueck Park, the Olympic Sculpture Park was completed on the Belltown waterfront in January 2007. The area is home to the landmark Pike Place Market, the oldest continually-operating farmers market in the United States. In the late 1850s, present day Downtown Seattle became the residential outskirts of the city. But after the Great Seattle Fire, the district was moved here. Because of the fire the city had to be built at a higher elevation to avoid past drainage problems. Since that time the area had been filled with newly established jobs, Seattle became an industrial hub in 1897 when the Klondike Gold Rush made the city a gateway for discovering gold. Starting in the late 1960s, Downtown has been being filled with dozens of skyscrapers and most famously for changing the Seattle skyline, with about 65,000 now living in Seattles core neighborhoods, Downtown Seattles population is growing. Downtown saw a 10 percent increase in the number of occupied housing units, as of the end of 2014, there were 32 apartment and 2 condominium projects under construction, representing over 5,000 units. In 1989, building heights in Downtown and adjoining Seattle suburbs were tightly restricted following a voter initiative and these restrictions were dramatically loosened in 2006, leading to the increase in Downtown high-rise construction. This policy change has divided commentators between those who support the increased density and those who criticize it as Manhattanization, several Fortune 500 companies headquartered in Downtown Seattle include Amazon. com, Starbucks, Nordstrom, and Expeditors International. The United States Postal Service operates the Seattle Main Post Office at 301 Union Street at Third Avenue, Seattle City Hall is located at 600 4th Ave, adjacent from the King County Courthouse. Downtown is serviced by the Transit Tunnel, in which the Link Light Rail runs through, the terminus for both the Light Rail and the Seattle Center Monorail is located at Westlake Center. Downtown skyline from the Smith Tower
27.
Elliott Bay
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Elliott Bay is a part of the Central Basin region of Puget Sound in the U. S. state of Washington that extends southeastward between West Point in the north and Alki Point in the south. Seattle was founded on this body of water in the 1850s and has grown to encompass it completely. The waterway it provides to the Pacific Ocean has served as a key element of the citys economy, the bay was named during the Wilkes expedition in 1841, however it is not known for whom the bay is named. Candidates include members of the expedition, ships chaplain Jared Elliott, ships boy George Elliott, the last has been deemed the most likely namesake. Commodore Jesse Elliott has also proposed as a possible source of the name. The bay has been referred to as Duwamish Bay and Seattle Harbor, the Duwamish people lived in the vicinity of Elliott Bay and the Duwamish River for thousands of years and had established at least 17 settlements by the time white settlers came in the 1850s. Over the years the city expanded to all of the waterfront on Elliott Bay. Two notable sinkings related to the Mosquito Fleet occurred in the bay, the Dix in 1906, taking with it dozens of lives, eventually these commercial passenger services faded as automobiles and ferries rose in popularity. The last remaining model of the Boeing 307 ditched into Elliott Bay in 2002 during a final test flight from Boeing Field to Everett. The craft, named the Flying Cloud, had been the subject of a restoration project meant to ready it for display at the National Air. Despite the incident, the aircraft was restored, flew to the Smithsonian. West Point and Alki Point are the headlands into Puget Sound recognized as the northern and southern entrances of Elliott Bay respectively, a line drawn between these two points demarcates the bay to the east from the open sound to the west. More precisely, the bay has been defined as being east from a line drawn from Duwamish Head north to Magnolia Bluff, the Duwamish River empties into the southeastern part of the bay. This area was modified by human development in the 20th century to channelize the river and fill in tideflats to create Harbor Island. West of the river delta the land juts north into the bay at Duwamish Head, to the east running north and northwest is the heart of Seattle, the Alaskan Way Seawall, the Central Waterfront, and Smith Cove. Elliott Bay is home to the Port of Seattle, which, in 2002, was the 9th busiest port in the United States by TEUs of container traffic, cruise ship business, serving Alaskan cruises, became increasingly important in the 2000s. The bay is home to Colman Dock, the main Seattle terminal of the states ferry system. Sailings regularly depart from Seattle to Bainbridge Island and Bremerton, the Seattle–Winslow route is the most heavily used in the state ferry system in terms of number of vehicles and passengers transported
28.
Burke-Gilman Trail
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The Burke-Gilman Sammamish Trail is a rail trail in King County, Washington. The 27-mile multi-use recreational trail is part of the King County Regional Trail System and occupies an abandoned Seattle, Lake Shore, the Burke-Gilman segment is managed by the City of Seattle south of NE 145th Street. The trail begins at 11th Avenue NW in Ballard and follows along the Lake Washington Ship Canal, at Blyth Park in Bothell the trail becomes the Sammamish River Trail and continues for 10 miles to Marymoor Park, Redmond, on Lake Sammamish. With the completion of a trail through Marymoor Park in May,2009 the trail network continues to the city of Issaquah via the East Lake Sammamish Trail. With the addition of the connector, the longest unbroken segment of the trail currently extends 42 miles and it runs 14.1 miles between Ballard and Tracy Owen Station in Kenmore, or 17 miles to Blyth Park.8 mi. King County considers that the divide in Bothell, Judge Burke and Daniel Gilmans original Road east ran past Snoqualmie Falls. The trail is a part of the 90 miles of signed bike routes in Seattle. The newest segment of the Burke-Gilman part, opened in July 2005, runs for 0.7 miles from NW 60th Street, the main trail resumes at 11th Avenue NW and NW 45th Street and runs 17 miles to Blyth Park in Bothell. There, it becomes the Sammamish River Trail segment, which parallels the Sammamish River for 10 miles to Redmond, currently the trail runs along the Fremont Cut, Lake Union, and through the University of Washington campus. The trail throughout is nearly level with few large intersection crossings — it is a former railroad right-of-way. The trail can trace its origins to the founding of the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway on 15 April 1885, by ten men headed by judge Thomas Burke and Daniel Gilman. In its heyday Burke and Gilmans road extended from Downtown north to Arlington, taken over by the Northern Pacific Railway around 1890, the line became part of the Burlington Northern Railroad in 1970, and was abandoned in 1971. In 1978, the first 12.1 miles of the right-of-way, from Seattles Gas Works Park to Kenmores Tracy Owen Station, was opened as a public trail, the Snoqualmie Falls-North Bend link of Burke and Gilmans old SLS&E has become the line of the Northwest Railway Museum. A major point of regarding the remaining missing link project is the industrial nature of the Salmon Bay waterfront. The trail overall can at times be busy and even crowded, a two-mile section of the trail within Lake Forest Park was temporarily closed for redevelopment from June 2011 to February 2012. Seattles Bicycle Program, Bicycle Maps, Seattle Department of Transportation Bicycle Program, also links to PDF format maps. Seattles Urban Trails System, Seattle Department of Transportation Bicycle Program, Map and description of city-wide system, completed, funded, planned. Burke-Gilman trail on a Google Map TrailLink. com - Burke Gilman Trail
29.
Ravenna, Seattle
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Ravenna is a neighborhood in northeastern Seattle, Washington named after Ravenna, Italy. Though Ravenna is considered a neighborhood, it also is home to several businesses, many of which are located in the University Village. Ravenna-Cowen Park, located near University Village and the walking or biking route connecting Green Lake to Burke-Gilman Trail, is a feature of the neighborhood. What is now Ravenna has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period. The Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway was built c.1886 along what is now the Burke-Gilman Trail, following what was the shoreline past where the UW power plant and University Village are today. In 1891, a line followed 14th Avenue NE, then followed near the southern boundary of what is now Ravenna Park. Ravenna Boulevard was built in 1903 as a part of the Olmsted Brothers grand plan for Seattle streets. Ravenna incorporated as an independent town in 1906, which permitted Seattle to annex it in 1907. The original boundary of the Town of Ravenna when it was annexed extended from 15th Avenue NE eastward to 20th Avenue NE and eastward to 30th Ave NE, bounded on the south by 55th Street. Ravenna south of the Burke-Gilman Trail is filled land from dump sites at 26th Avenue, filling the drained Union Bay Marsh, University Village was built on the southernmost reclaimed land in Ravenna. University Village and Calvary Cemetery are in south Ravenna, the adjacent Bryant neighborhood, or Ravenna-Bryant, extends the neighborhood east to 45th Avenue NE, south of NE 75th Street and north of Sand Point Way NE. The principal arterial is 25th Avenue NE, minor arterials are 15th and 35th Avenues NE, besides the eponymous boulevard, arguably its most well-known street is Candy Cane Lane. On the length of Park Road residents have been creating an elaborate Christmas display since 1951, the 20th Avenue NE collector arterial has become increasingly bike- and pedestrian-friendly with the closure of the park bridge to motor vehicles. NE Ravenna Boulevard is a popular bikeway, an eponymous grocery has been at the same location on the boulevard since the 1920s. Most emblematic of the neighborhood are Queen Mary, serving Victorian English Tea, the only Volvo dealership in town is family-owned and in Ravenna-Bryant. The accompanying photograph shows an area around the depot in the late 19th century. Between the depot and the mill could now be 25th Avenue NE at the Burke-Gilman Trail, left of the mill is the Ravenna Depot, center. Behind the hamlet of Ravenna, middle background, is the new Seattle Female College, non-sectarian, distinctly Christian, the stable for the college is beyond the depot
30.
University District, Seattle
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The University District is a district of neighborhoods in Seattle, Washington, so named because the main campus of the University of Washington is located there. The UW moved in two years after the area was annexed to Seattle, while much of the area was clear cut forest or stump farmland. The district of neighborhoods grew with the university to become like a version of urban American cities. Neighborhoods within the district include University Park, Greek Row, University Heights and it also includes, east of these boundaries, a small district on the north shore of Union Bay, bounded on the north by NE 45th Street and on the east by 35th Avenue NE. This extension consists mainly of the east campus and extensive parking lots of the University and its main commercial street, University Way NE, is known throughout the city as The Ave in the U District. Some parts of the University District have had names of their own, what is now the University District has been inhabited since the end of the last glacial period. The Duwamish, tribe had the prominent village of SWAH-tsoo-gweel on then-adjacent Union Bay, in spring, people dispersed from their winter villages of longhouses to camps, gathering in summer for salmon. Gaps in the forest were maintained to encourage game and food supplies, such prairies were cultivated in what is now the University District. They were connected by a path along what is now the Lake Washington Ship Canal. Surveyors noted several large Douglas-firs and western red cedars, the U. District was first surveyed in 1855, and its first white settlers arrived 12 years later. In 1890, that part of the due west of the present UW campus was laid out as the Brooklyn Addition. One year later much of the north of the Ship Canal. The UW moved from Downtown in 1893, and the first university building was built in 1895, an 1894 report describes a train wreck just west of the current University District. Latona has now cut off from the University by Interstate 5. Wreck on Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern just west of Latone, freight train from Gilman hit a cow. Ixer freight train,10 col cars, logs and box cars, train had slowed down at Brooklyn for cows. Engineer saw cows on a bank beyond Latona looking one another, one cow was tossed over bank and hit the track just as engine came by. Ngine was raised off the track and when it came down wheels went off the rails, Engineer reversed but was too late
31.
Mudflat
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Mudflats or mud flats, also known as tidal flats, are coastal wetlands that form when mud is deposited by tides or rivers. They are found in sheltered areas such as bays, bayous, lagoons, mudflats may be viewed geologically as exposed layers of bay mud, resulting from deposition of estuarine silts, clays and marine animal detritus. Most of the sediment within a mudflat is within the intertidal zone, in the past tidal flats were considered unhealthy, economically unimportant areas and were often dredged and developed into agricultural land. Several especially shallow mudflat areas, such as the Wadden Sea, are now popular among those practising the sport of mudflat hiking. On the Baltic Sea coast of Germany in places, mudflats are exposed not by tidal action and these wind-affected mudflats are called windwatts in German. Tidal flats, along with salt marshes and mangrove forests, are important ecosystems. They are often of importance to migratory birds, as well as certain species of crabs, mollusks. In the United Kingdom mudflats have been classified as a Biodiversity Action Plan priority habitat, the maintenance of mudflats is important in preventing coastal erosion. However, mudflats worldwide are under threat from predicted sea level rises, land claims for development, dredging due to shipping purposes, in some parts of the world, such as East and South-East Asia, mudflats have been reclaimed for aquaculture, agriculture, and industrial development. For example, around the Yellow Sea region of East Asia, mudflat sediment deposits are focused into the intertidal zone which is composed of a barren zone, marsh and salt pan. Within these areas are various ratios of sand and mud that make up the sedimentary layers, the associated growth of coastal sediment deposits can be attributed to rates of subsidence along with rates of deposition and changes in sea level. Barren zones extend from the lowest portion of the zone to the marsh areas. Beginning in close proximity to the bars, sand dominated layers are prominent. Common bedding types include laminated sand, ripple bedding, and bay mud, bioturbation also has a strong presence in barren zones. Marshes contain an abundance of plants while the sediment layers consist of thin sand. Mudcracks are a common as well as wavy bedding planes, marshes are also the origins of coal/peat layers because of the abundant decaying plant life. Salt pans can be distinguished in that they contain thinly laminated layers of clayey silt, the main source of the silt comes from rivers. Dried up mud along with wind erosion forms silt dunes, when flooding, rain or tides come in, the dried sediment is then re-distributed
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Sumas, Washington
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Sumas is a small town in Whatcom County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,307 at the 2010 census, Sumas is located adjacent to the Canada–US border and borders the city of Abbotsford, British Columbia. The Sumas-Huntingdon port of entry at the end of State Route 9 operates 24 hours a day. Sumas shares Nooksack Valley School District with the towns of Nooksack, Sumas is the northernmost settlement on Washington State Route 9, and experiences Astronomical Twilight for 22 days during the months of June and July. A post office called Sumas has been in operation since 1897, the community was named after the Sumas First Nation. Sumas was officially incorporated on June 18,1891, Sumas is located at 48°59′50″N 122°15′56″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.48 square miles. At the 2010 census, there were 1,307 people,482 households and 329 families residing in the city, the population density was 883.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 531 housing units at a density of 358.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 83. 7% White,1. 5% African American,2. 4% Native American,1. 5% Asian,6. 6% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 15. 8% of the population. 26. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.27. The median age in the city was 30.6 years. 28. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,12. 1% were between the ages of 18 and 24,27. 2% were from 25 to 44,21. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 10. 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49. 2% male and 50. 8% female, at the 2000 census, there were 960 people,346 households and 236 families residing in the town. The population density was 687.5 per square mile, there were 401 housing units at an average density of 287.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 86. 15% White,3. 23% Native American,4. 17% Asian,4. 79% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 81% of the population. 26. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.42. 35. 0% of the population were under the age of 18,8. 2% from 18 to 24,29. 0% from 25 to 44,17. 6% from 45 to 64, the median age was 31 years
33.
Cape Horn
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Cabo de Hornos is a Chilean commune located in the south of Tierra del Fuego archipelago, in Antártica Province, Magallanes Region. The municipality of Cabo de Hornos, located in the town of Puerto Williams and it is named for Cape Horn. According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Cabo de Hornos spans an area of 15,853.7 km2 and has 2,262 inhabitants, of these,1,952 lived in urban areas and 310 in rural areas. The population grew by 24. 7% between the 1992 and 2002 censuses, as a commune, Cabo de Hornos is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2016-2020 alcalde is Patricio Fernández, the commune is represented in the Senate by Carlos Bianchi Chelech and Carolina Goic as part of the 19th senatorial constituency. Murray Channel Cabo de Hornos commune,2006 Official website of the Municipality of Cabo de Hornos Official website of Puerto Williams Gobierno Regional Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Official website Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve
34.
Union Pacific Railroad
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The Union Pacific Railroad is a freight hauling railroad that operates 8,500 locomotives over 32,100 route-miles in 23 states west of Chicago, Illinois and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Union Pacific Railroad network is the largest in the United States and it is also one of the worlds largest transportation companies. Union Pacific Railroad is the operating company of Union Pacific Corporation. Union Pacific Corporations main competitor is the BNSF Railway, the second largest freight railroad. Together, the two railroads have a duopoly on all freight rail lines in the U. S. The original company was incorporated on July 1,1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, the line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during the recent Civil War. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah,53 miles west of Ogden on May 10,1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha. It built or purchased local lines that gave it access to Denver, Colorado, to Portland, Oregon and it also owned narrow gauge trackage into the heart of the Colorado Rockies and a standard gauge line south from Denver across New Mexico into Texas. UP was entangled in the Crédit Mobilier scandal, exposed in 1872 and its independent construction company the Crédit Mobilier had bribed congressmen. The UP itself was not guilty but it did get bad publicity, the financial crisis of 1873 led to financial troubles but not bankruptcy. The company was reorganized as the Union Pacific Railway on January 24,1880, the new company declared bankruptcy during the Panic of 1893. When it emerged in 1897 it reverted to the original name, the corporate headquarters of the Union Pacific Corporation were located in New York City from its initial founding in the 1860s until Drew Lewis became CEO in the mid-1980s. He relocated it to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, later the headquarters was shifted to Dallas, Texas, before relocating to Omaha to join the operating headquarters. From the ICC annual reports, except 1979 is from Moodys, on December 31,1925 UP-OSL-OWRN-LA&SL-StJ&GI operated 9,834 route-miles and 15,265 track-miles. At the end of 1980, Union Pacific operated 9,266 route-miles and 15,647 miles of track, Moodys shows 220,697 million revenue ton-miles in 1993 on the expanded system
35.
San Francisco
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San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California. It is the birthplace of the United Nations, the California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. San Francisco became a consolidated city-county in 1856, after three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, San Francisco was a port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. Politically, the city votes strongly along liberal Democratic Party lines, San Francisco is also the headquarters of five major banking institutions and various other companies such as Levi Strauss & Co. Dolby, Airbnb, Weebly, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Yelp, Pinterest, Twitter, Uber, Lyft, Mozilla, Wikimedia Foundation, as of 2016, San Francisco is ranked high on world liveability rankings. The earliest archaeological evidence of habitation of the territory of the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Upon independence from Spain in 1821, the became part of Mexico. Under Mexican rule, the system gradually ended, and its lands became privatized. In 1835, Englishman William Richardson erected the first independent homestead, together with Alcalde Francisco de Haro, he laid out a street plan for the expanded settlement, and the town, named Yerba Buena, began to attract American settlers. Commodore John D. Sloat claimed California for the United States on July 7,1846, during the Mexican–American War, montgomery arrived to claim Yerba Buena two days later. Yerba Buena was renamed San Francisco on January 30 of the next year, despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. The California Gold Rush brought a flood of treasure seekers, with their sourdough bread in tow, prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia, raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. The promise of fabulous riches was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships, saloons and hotels, many were left to rot, by 1851 the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870 Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land, buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. California was quickly granted statehood in 1850 and the U. S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate, silver discoveries, including the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further drove rapid population growth. With hordes of fortune seekers streaming through the city, lawlessness was common, and the Barbary Coast section of town gained notoriety as a haven for criminals, prostitution, entrepreneurs sought to capitalize on the wealth generated by the Gold Rush
36.
Tacoma, Washington
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Tacoma is a mid-sized urban port city in and the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States. The city is on Washingtons Puget Sound,32 miles southwest of Seattle,31 miles northeast of the capital, Olympia. The population was 198,397, according to the 2010 census, Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third largest in the state. Tacoma also serves as the center of activity for the South Sound region. Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier, originally called Takhoma or Tahoma and it is locally known as the City of Destiny because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century. The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacomas neighboring deep-water harbor, by connecting the bay with the railroad, Tacomas motto became When rails meet sails. Today, Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma, a center of trade on the Pacific Coast. Like most central cities, Tacoma suffered a decline in the mid-20th century as a result of suburbanization. Neighborhoods such as the 6th Avenue District have become revitalized, tacoma-Pierce County has been named one of the most livable areas in the United States. In 2006, Tacoma was listed as one of the most walkable cities in the country and that same year, the womens magazine Self named Tacoma the Most Sexually Healthy City in the United States. In contrast, Tacoma was also ranked as the most stressed-out city in the country in a 2004 survey, Tacoma gained notoriety in 1940 for the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which earned the nickname Galloping Gertie. The city of Tacoma and surrounding areas were inhabited for thousands of years by American Indians, predominantly the Puyallup people, mcCarver, who named his project Tacoma City, derived from the indigenous name for the mountain. Tacoma was incorporated on November 12,1875, following the merger of Old Tacoma, the transcontinental link was effected in 1887, but the railroad built its depot on New Tacoma, two miles south of the Carr-McCarver development. The two communities together and joined. The population grew from 1,098 in 1880 to 36,006 in 1890, rudyard Kipling visited Tacoma in 1889 and said it was literally staggering under a boom of the boomiest. George Francis Train was a resident for a few years in the late 19th century, in 1890, he staged a global circumnavigation starting and ending in Tacoma to promote the city. A plaque in downtown Tacoma marks the start and finish line, in November 1885, white citizens led by then-mayor Jacob Weisbach expelled several hundred Chinese residents peacefully living in the city. The next day two Chinese settlements were burned to the ground, the discovery of gold in the Klondike in 1898 led Tacomas prominence in the region to be eclipsed by the booming development of Seattle
37.
Insider trading
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Insider trading is the trading of a public companys stock or other securities by individuals with access to nonpublic information about the company. In various countries, some kinds of trading based on insider information is illegal, the authors of one study claim that illegal insider trading raises the cost of capital for securities issuers, thus decreasing overall economic growth. However, some economists have argued that insider trading should be allowed and could, in fact, Trading by specific insiders, such as employees, is commonly permitted as long as it does not rely on material information not in the public domain. Many jurisdictions require that such trading be reported so that the transactions can be monitored, in these cases, insiders in the United States are required to file a Form 4 with the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission when buying or selling shares of their own companies. The rules governing insider trading are complex and vary significantly from country to country, the extent of enforcement also varies from one country to another. The definition of insider in one jurisdiction can be broad, and may not only insiders themselves but also any persons related to them, such as brokers, associates. A person who becomes aware of information and trades on that basis may be guilty. Rules prohibiting or criminalizing insider trading on material non-public information exist in most jurisdictions around the world, but the details, in the United States, Sections 16 and 10 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 directly and indirectly address insider trading. The U. S. Congress enacted this law after the market crash of 1929. UKs Financial Conduct Authority has the responsibility to investigate and prosecute insider dealing, the corporate insider, simply by accepting employment, has undertaken a legal obligation to the shareholders to put the shareholders interests before their own, in matters related to the corporation. When insiders buy or sell based upon company-owned information, they are violating their obligation to the shareholders, in the United States, at least one court has indicated that the insider who releases the non-public information must have done so for an improper purpose. In the case of a person who receives the insider information, a newer view of insider trading, the misappropriation theory, is now accepted in U. S. law. It states that anyone who misappropriates information from his or her employer, proving that someone has been responsible for a trade can be difficult because traders may try to hide behind nominees, offshore companies, and other proxies. The Securities and Exchange Commission prosecutes over 50 cases each year, the SEC and several stock exchanges actively monitor trading, looking for suspicious activity. The SEC does not have enforcement authority, but can refer serious matters to the U. S. Attorneys Office for further investigation and prosecution. In the Unites States and most non-European jurisdictions not all trading on non-public information is illegal insider trading, notwithstanding, information about a tender offer is held to a higher standard. If this type of information is obtained and there is reason to believe it is nonpublic, the punishment for insider trading depends on a few different factors. There are three factors, which can be identified
38.
Snoqualmie Pass
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Snoqualmie Pass is a mountain pass that carries Interstate 90 through the Cascade Range in the U. S. State of Washington. The pass summit at an elevation of 3,015 feet is on the county line between Kittitas County and King County, I-90 is the primary commercial artery between Seattle and points east, carrying an average of 29,000 vehicles through the pass per day. The pass is also the only divided highway crossing East-West through Washington State, the pass lends its name to a census-designated place located at the summit. Both the CDP and Snoqualmie Pass are named after the Snoqualmie people of the valley to the west, Snoqualmie Pass as it climbs into the Cascades passes through a micro-climate characterized by considerable precipitation, and at times hazardous conditions for travelers. The average annual precipitation is over 100 inches, snowfall averages over 400 inches, the average annual number of days with measurable precipitation is over 170. The rapidly changing conditions require special cautions, relayed to motorists via variable message displays along I-90, depending on traction they may call for tire chains to be installed, usually on large trucks but occasionally on smaller vehicles as well. Chain-up areas are provided along the side of the Interstate to facilitate the placement of chains, the pass has been subjected to closures when weather conditions become extreme. A snow shed, constructed in 1950 when the road was known as US-10, formerly covered the westbound lanes, the use of sheds is an admission that plowing cannot keep up with snowfall and avalanches. WSDOT maintains cameras at selected locations along the pass to monitor weather conditions, some of these cameras can be viewed via the internet. The area around Snoqualmie Pass consists of mountain chalets that are seasonally occupied by residents of the Seattle metropolitan area. Winter sports are the draw, but outdoor recreation is available year-round. Snoqualmie Pass is also the site of the Summit at Snoqualmie, the Summit consists of four ski areas, Alpental, Summit West, Summit Central, and Summit East. The Summit at Snoqualmie is the closest ski area to Seattle, snowmobiling just east of the pass is also popular during the winter months. Also in the summer and fall, paragliders and hang gliders may be seen flying above the valley, along the ridge, Snoqualmie Pass was well known to the Native Americans of the region. Hudsons Bay Company trappers and traders were active in the Snoqualmie and they knew about Snoqualmie Pass but information about their use of it is vague. A possible early use of the pass was that of A. C. Anderson, george B. McClellan and his lieutenant Abiel W. Tinkham explored the Snoqualmie Pass region in 1853 and 1854. Their goal was to find a better suited for a railroad than Naches Pass. They explored from the east side of the mountains, reaching the vicinity of Yakima Pass, Tinkham continued down the west side via the Cedar River
39.
Snoqualmie Falls
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Snoqualmie Falls is a 268 ft waterfall on the Snoqualmie River between Snoqualmie and Fall City, Washington, United States. It is one of Washingtons most popular attractions, but is perhaps best known internationally for its appearance in the cult television series Twin Peaks. More than 1.5 million visitors come to the Falls every year, where there is a park, an observation deck. Most of the river is diverted into the plants, but at times the river is high enough to flow across the entire precipice. High water occurs following a period of heavy rains or snow followed by rainy weather. This can occur during the season which lasts from November through March. During high water, the take on a curtain form. For the Snoqualmie People, who have lived for centuries in the Snoqualmie Valley in western Washington, Snoqualmie Falls is central to their culture, beliefs, the mists rising from the base of the waterfall are said to serve to connect Heaven and Earth. The falls were first nominated for the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 as a Traditional Cultural Property for its association with the beliefs of the Snoqualmie people, however, the property owner, Puget Sound Energy, objected to the listing. The falls were subsequently determined eligible for listing in the National Register, the owners rescinded their objection and on September 2,2009, the falls were formally listed in the National Register. The Snoqualmie Falls Hydroelectric Plant is at Snoqualmie Falls, currently operated by Puget Sound Energy and it is made of two power houses, Plant 1 and Plant 2. Plant 1 was built in 1899 and operates at the base of the falls embedded in the rock 270 feet below the surface and it was the worlds first completely underground power plant. Plant 2 was built in 1910 and further expanded in 1957, approximately 1% of Puget Sound Energy sales comes from the plant. The 1899 generating system was designated an ASCE Civil Engineering Landmark in 1981, the town of Snoqualmie Falls was located near the waterfall. It was associated with the Weyerhaeuser mill there and it had many structures, including a hospital, a school, community center, and many homes. When the town disbanded, many houses were moved to the town of Snoqualmie. The top of the waterfall is less than 100 yards from the lot, which has a gift shop, espresso stand. The main views are from the side of the falls, with a fence separating visitors from the edge of a cliff and this area has picnic tables and benches, and a small grassy meadow called the Centennial Green, where weddings are performed through the summer
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Arlington, Washington
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Arlington is a city in northern Snohomish County, Washington, United States, bordered by the city of Marysville to the south. The population was 17,926 at the 2010 census, prior to European settlement, the area was long inhabited by indigenous peoples. Their historic descendants have identified as the Stillaquamish Tribe, Arlington was platted by European Americans in 1900, and was named after Lord Henry Arlington, a member of the cabinet of King Charles II of England. Haller City was a town founded April 24,1890, by Theodore Haller and his parents Henrietta. When Arlington was incorporated as a city in May 5,1903, Arlington is home to the Stillaguamish Valley Pioneer Museum. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 9.26 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 17,926 people,6,563 households, the population density was 1,937.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 6,929 housing units at a density of 749.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 85. 6% White,1. 2% African American,1. 4% Native American,3. 3% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,3. 9% from other races, and 4. 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 5% of the population,24. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.21. The median age in the city was 34.3 years. 28. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,29. 2% were from 25 to 44,22. 4% were from 45 to 64, and 11. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 6% male and 51. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 12,750 people,4,281 households, and 3,095 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,548.4 people per square mile, there were 4,516 housing units at an average density of 597.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 01% White,1. 13% African American,1. 04% Native American,2. 20% Asian,0. 32% Pacific Islander,2. 47% from other races, and 2. 83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 83% of the population,22. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the family size was 3.19
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Great Northern Railway (U.S.)
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The Great Northern Railway was an American Class I railroad. Running from Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Seattle, Washington, the Great Northerns route was the northernmost transcontinental railroad route in the U. S. The Great Northern was the privately funded – and successfully built – transcontinental railroad in U. S. history. No federal land grants were used during its construction, unlike all other transcontinental railroads, the Great Northern was built in stages, slowly to create profitable lines, before extending the road further into the undeveloped Western territories. In a series of the earliest public relations campaigns, contests were held to promote interest in the railroad, fred J. Adams used promotional incentives such as feed and seed donations to farmers getting started along the line. Contests were all-inclusive, from largest farm animals to largest freight carload capacity and were promoted heavily to immigrants & newcomers from the East. The earliest predecessor railroad to the GN was the St. Paul & Pacific Railroad, James Jerome Hill convinced John S. Kennedy, Norman Kittson, Donald Smith, George Stephen, and others to invest $5.5 million in purchasing the railroad. On March 13,1878, the roads creditors formally signed an agreement transferring their bonds, on September 18,1889, Hill changed the name of the Minneapolis and St. Cloud Railway to the Great Northern Railway. On February 1,1890, he transferred ownership of the StPM&M, Montana Central Railway, the Great Northern had branches that ran north to the Canada–US border in Minnesota, North Dakota, and Montana. It also had branches that ran to Superior, Wisconsin, and Butte, Montana, connecting with the mining fields of Minnesota. In 1898 Hill purchased control of parts of the Messabe Range iron mining district in Minnesota. The Great Northern began large-scale shipment of ore to the mills of the Midwest. At its height, Great Northern operated over 8,000 miles, the railroad’s best known engineer,1889 to 1903, was John Frank Stevens. Stevens earned wide acclaim in 1889 when he explored Marias Pass, Montana, Stevens was an efficient administrator with remarkable technical skills and imagination. He discovered Stevens Pass through the Cascade Mountains, set railroad construction standards in the Mesabi Range of northern Minnesota and he then became the chief engineer in charge of building the Panama Canal. The logo of the railroad, a Rocky Mountain goat, was based on a goat William Kenney, the mainline began at Saint Paul, Minnesota, heading west and topping the bluffs of the Mississippi River, crossing the river to Minneapolis on a massive multi-piered stone bridge. The Stone Arch Bridge stands in Minneapolis, near the Saint Anthony Falls, the mainline headed northwest from the Twin Cities, across North Dakota and eastern Montana. The line then crossed the Rocky Mountains at Marias Pass, and then followed the Flathead River and then Kootenai River to Athol, Idaho and Spokane, the main line west of Marias Pass has been relocated twice
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Snoqualmie, Washington
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This article refers to the city of Snoqualmie, Washington. For the Native American tribe, see Snoqualmie, for the river, see Snoqualmie River. Snoqualmie is a city next to Snoqualmie Falls in King County, the city is home to the Northwest Railway Museum. The population was 10,670 at the 2010 census, movie actress Ella Raines was born on August 6,1920, in Snoqualmie Falls, a mill town across the Snoqualmie River that is now part of Snoqualmie. Many of the shots for David Lynchs Twin Peaks television series and movie were filmed in Snoqualmie and in the neighboring towns of North Bend. The second written record of the exploration of the Snoqualmie Valley comes from the notes of Samuel Hancock, near the current location of Meadowbrook Bridge, Hancock was told by his guides that the land was known as Hyas Kloshe Illahee, or good/productive land. Hancock took this information back with him to the area now known as Tacoma. During the 1850s, tensions were high between the native populations and the new settlers claiming the land as their own. In 1856, in response to tensions, Fort Alden was built in the area that would become Snoqualmie. No alliances were made between the tribes in the east and the tribes in the west, and Fort Alden was abandoned. The most successful early pioneer in the Valley was Jeremiah Borst and he settled in the area that formerly held Fort Alden, and used his sales of pigs and apples in Seattle to buy out many of the surrounding land from other settlers. As successful as farming was, other settlers had different methods of working the land, the very first mill in Snoqualmie was established at the mouth of Tokul Creek around 1872 by Watson Allen. Within 5 years, there were 12 logging operations on the Snoqualmie River, within 15 years, logging and mill work was employing 140 men and sending millions of board feet of logs down the river. This extremely successful venture would fall prey to a combination of market and pest factors, by the late 19th century, the Puget Sound region was growing, but bypassed by the major railways. In response, a group of Seattle entrepreneurs funded and built their own railway in an attempt to cross the Cascade mountains, of course, a by-product of this sudden massive increase in interest in the area was a marked increase in speculation. Originally, the area that would become North Bend was platted as Snoqualmie in February 1889 by Will Taylor, the area that is currently Snoqualmie was platted in August of that same year as Snoqualmie Falls by investors from Seattle. Two of their sons are most famous for their photography documenting the early works in the region. This development provided both power and jobs to the region, and a company town grew up near the Falls to house the workers
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Issaquah, Washington
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Issaquah is a city in King County, Washington, United States. The population was 30,434 at the 2010 census, according to the Washington State Office of Financial Management, Issaquah ranked 6th of 279 eligible incorporated communities in population growth between 2000 and 2005. Forbes. com ranked Issaquah the 2nd fastest-growing suburb in the state, Issaquah is an anglicized word for a local Native American name, meaning either the sound of birds, snake, or little stream. Squak Valley, a name for the area, also derives from this same Native-American name. In 1885, the unincorporated area was the scene of an attack on Chinese laborers who had come to pick hops from local fields. The city itself was incorporated on April 29,1892. Initially a small mining town, this town has changed noticeably both in its appearance and economic focus, Issaquah was originally developed to service the mining industry on nearby Squak and Cougar mountain, and began as the town of Gilman, Washington. As the mining deposits neared depletion in the late 1890s, other companies started to realize Issaquahs potential to support a lumber business. These companies exported timber from Issaquah and other small, local towns to Seattle and larger and these early boom industries, however, faded into a period of relative quiet by the time of the Great Depression. The town remained fairly placid through the decades, with The Boeing Company providing the majority of employment in the area. Microsoft and other industries moved into Redmond, Washington and other cities in the area. Both Boeing and Microsoft have significantly affected Issaquahs history, cultural development, in June 1996, Costco moved its global headquarters to Issaquah from nearby Kirkland, Washington. Other Issaquah employers include Siemens Medical Solutions Ultrasound Group, GoldSim Technology Group, Overtime Technologies, Boehms Candies, Issaquah is located 15 miles east-southeast of Seattle at the south end of Lake Sammamish. Neighboring cities include Bellevue, and Redmond, both 8 miles away, Issaquah resides within the Mountains to Sound Greenway. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 11.40 square miles. Issaquah is surrounded on three sides by the Issaquah Alps, Cougar Mountain on the west, Squak Mountain to the south, to the north of Issaquah is Lake Sammamish. They believe that these three mountains are the remains of an older mountain range long since eroded by earthquakes, volcanic action. According to a 2012 estimate, the income for a household in the city was $87,074
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Fremont, Seattle
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Fremont is a neighborhood in Seattle, Washington. Originally a separate city, it was annexed to Seattle in 1891, and is named after Fremont, Nebraska, the hometown of two of its founders Luther H. Griffith and Edward Blewett. It is situated along the Fremont Cut of the Lake Washington Ship Canal to the north of Queen Anne, the east of Ballard, the south of Phinney Ridge, and the southwest of Wallingford. Its boundaries are not formally fixed, but they can be thought of as consisting of the Ship Canal to the south, Stone Way N. to the east, N. 50th Street to the north, and 8th Avenue N. W. to the west. The neighborhoods main thoroughfares are Fremont and Aurora Avenues N. and N. 46th, 45th, 36th, and 34th Streets. The Aurora Bridge carries Aurora Avenue over the Ship Canal to the top of Queen Anne Hill, a major shopping district is centered on Fremont Avenue N. just north of the bridge. Sometimes referred to as The Peoples Republic of Fremont or The Artists Republic of Fremont, the neighborhood remains home to a controversial statue of Vladimir Lenin salvaged from Slovakia by a local art lover who was teaching in the area at the time. After the 1989 fall of the Communist government, he brought the statue to Fremont with money raised through a mortgage on his house, the street running under the bridge and ending at the Troll was renamed Troll Avenue N. in 2005. In addition, signs throughout Fremont give advice such as, set your watch back five minutes, set your watch forward five minutes, other landmarks include the Fremont Rocket, a Fairchild C-119 tail boom modified to resemble a missile, and the outdoor sculpture Waiting for the Interurban. Since the early 1970s some Fremont residents have been referring to their neighborhood as The Center of the Universe, an unofficial motto De Libertas Quirkas appears in brochures and websites about the area. The Fremont Arts Council sponsors several highly attended events in Fremont. One of those events is the Summer Solstice Parade & Pageant, also important to Fremont is the large block on Linden Avenue N. that contains the B. F. Day is the longest continually operating school in the Seattle school district, another longstanding institution is the Fremont branch of the Seattle Public Library. An informal library predated the 1891 annexation of Fremont to Seattle, the present structure dates from 1921. Day playfield, Fremont has three public parks, Fremont Peak Park just south of N. 45th Street, Ross Park and Playground at 3rd Avenue NW and NW 43rd Street. Ernst Park next to the library, Ernst Park was named for Ambrose Ernst, a Fremont resident. He was known as the Father of City Playfields and he served on the Board of Park Commissioners from 1906 to 1913 and helped implement Seattles Olmsted parks plan. The Burke-Gilman Trail passes through Fremont just north of the Lake Washington Ship Canal, the large Gas Works Park is just east of Fremont on the north shore of Lake Union
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Wallingford, Seattle
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Wallingford is a neighborhood in north central Seattle, lying on a hill above the north shore of Lake Union about four miles from the downtown core. The neighborhood developed quickly during the early 20th century after the establishment of the University of Washington to the east, with trolley tracks laid through the neighborhood as early as 1907, Wallingford is a classic streetcar suburb, typified by its many 1920s era box houses and bungalows. While Wallingford is mostly residential in nature, the southern edge. In recent years, numerous buildings have been developed as an extension of the burgeoning business center in neighboring Fremont. In 2014 Brooks Sports moved its headquarters from Bothell to a new office building at the southwestern edge of Wallingford. Like all Seattle neighborhoods, there are no boundaries for Wallingford. The Seattle City Clerk defines the south of 45th and west of Stone Way as part of Fremont. The cultural center of the neighborhood is considered the intersection of 45th street. John Noble Wallingford Jr. was a local landowner and real estate speculator, at one time his holdings included most of what is now Wallingford. He traveled a lot up and down the West Coast of the United States, Public spaces include Gas Works Park, Meridian Playground, and Wallingford playfield. Gas Works Park on Lake Union borders the Burke-Gilman Trail and provides an extension into Lake Union. Meridian playground features a former Roman Catholic home for girls called the Good Shepherd Center. Major tenants include Seattle Tilth, Meridian School, the Wallingford Senior Center, Wallingford playfield borders recently renovated Hamilton International Middle School and features views and a wading pool open in summer months. To the north lies Lower Woodland Park, which features athletic fields, a park, tennis courts. The University of Wallingford began in 1984, to religious training. It is located in the Seattle First Church of the Nazarene, Wallingford is home to several community organizations. The Wallingford Neighborhood Office, located behind Tullys helps organize local events, the Wallingford Community Council meets the first Wednesday every month in the Good Shepherd Center and engages the community with government organizations. Sustainable Wallingford is a group dedicated to sustainable living
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Laurelhurst, Seattle
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Laurelhurst is a residential neighborhood in Seattle, Washington, USA. Seattle Childrens Hospital is located in its northwest corner, the area has been a part of Seattle since 1910. The community center is a city landmark. The Laurelhurst Beach Club, Laurelhurst Park, and its Laurelhurst Community Center serve as gathering places, the median home price in the neighborhood is $785,000, over double the regional figure of $325,000. The name Laurelhurst dates from between 1906 and 1909, when Joseph McLaughlin and R. F, booth, incorporated under the name McLaughlin Realty Company, acquired property from several owners in the already established areas of Scottish Heights and Yesler Village. They established a new plat, introduced the new name, brought in water, electricity, and sewer services, Laurel stands for the plant name Laurel and hurst means wood in archaic English. Laurelhust is home to Laurelhurst Elementary School, Villa Academy, an independent grade school, the Wu Hsing Tao School, and the Seattle Midwifery School. The community is served by the North Seattle Herald-Outlook, which prints an edition, and the Laurelhurst Blog
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Wikisource
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Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
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Saint Paul, Minnesota
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Saint Paul is the capital and second-most populous city of the U. S. state of Minnesota. As of 2015, the estimated population was 300,851. Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota. The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the states largest city. Known as the Twin Cities, the two form the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.52 million residents. Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center, the Dakota name for Saint Paul is Imnizaska. Though Minneapolis is better-known nationally, Saint Paul contains the state government, regionally, the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center, home of the Minnesota Wild, and for the Science Museum of Minnesota. As a business hub of the Upper Midwest, it is the headquarters of such as Ecolab. Saint Paul, along with its Twin City, Minneapolis, is known for its literacy rate. It was the city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007. The settlement originally began at present-day Lamberts Landing, but was known as Pigs Eye after Pierre Pigs Eye Parrant established a tavern there. Burial mounds in present-day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago. From the early 17th century until 1837, the Mdewakanton Dakota and they called the area I-mni-za ska dan for its exposed white sandstone cliffs. Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a U. S. Army officer named Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 in order to establish a fort. The negotiated territory was located on banks of the Mississippi River, starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present-day Minneapolis, to its confluence with the Saint Croix River. Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, the 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U. S. Government. Taoyateduta moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south, fur traders, explorers, and missionaries came to the area for the forts protection. Many of the settlers were French-Canadians who lived nearby, however, as a whiskey trade flourished, military officers banned settlers from the fort-controlled lands
