A second language is a language spoken in addition to one's first language. A second language may be a neighbouring language, another language of the speaker's home country, or a foreign language.
Blackboard used in class at Harvard shows students' efforts at placing the diaeresis and acute accent diacritics used in Spanish orthography.
A German student learning French. English (1.5 billion learners), French (82 million learners) and Chinese (30 million learners) are the three most commonly studied foreign languages.
Spanish taught as a second language to a class of native English speakers at an American private school in Massachusetts
The global language system is the "ingenious pattern of connections between language groups". Dutch sociologist Abram de Swaan developed this theory in 2001 in his book Words of the World: The Global
This flowchart depicts the hierarchy of the languages in de Swaan's (2001) global language system theory.
This pyramid illustrates the hierarchy of the world's languages as proposed by Graddol (1997) in his book, 'The future of English? A guide to forecasting the popularity of the English language in the 21st century', published by the British Council.