1.
Label
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A label is a piece of paper, polymer, cloth, metal, or other material affixed to a container or product, on which is written or printed information or symbols about the product or item. Information printed directly on a container or article can also be considered labeling, methods of production and attachment to packaging are many and various and may also be subject to internationally recognised standards. In many countries, hazardous products such as poisons or flammable liquids must have a warning label, labels may be used for any combination of identification, information, warning, instructions for use, environmental advice or advertising. They may be stickers, permanent or temporary labels or printed packaging, Permanent product identification by a label is commonplace, labels need to remain secure throughout the life of the product. For example, a VIN plate on an automobile must be resistant to heat, oils and tampering, similarly, removable product labels need to bond until they are removed. For example, a label on a new refrigerator has installation, usage and environmental information, packaging may have labeling attached to or integral with the package. These may carry pricing, barcodes, UPC identification, usage guidance, addresses, advertising, recipes and they also may be used to help resist or indicate tampering or pilferage. In industrial or military environments, asset labeling is used to identify assets for maintenance. Such labels are made of engraved Traffolyte or a similar material. They are usually tamper-evident, permanent or frangible and usually contain a barcode for electronic identification using readers, for example, the US Military uses a UID system for its assets. Garments normally carry separate care/treatment labels which, in regions, are subject to legislation. These labels typically indicate how the item should be washed, whether bleach can be used, textile labels may be woven into the garment or attached, and may be heat resistant, colorfast, washable, leather or PVC/Plastic. Printed labels are an alternative to woven labels, some upholstered furniture and mattresses have labels that are required by law, describing the contents of the stuffing. Textiles containing pesticides as an ingredient may also require government approval, a label including a company name or identification number and a material content list may also be required. Mailing labels identify the addressee, the sender and any information which may be useful in transit. Many software packages such as word processor and contact manager programs produce standardized mailing labels from a set that comply with postal standards. These labels may also include routing barcodes and special handling requirements to expedite delivery, piggyback labels are made from combining two layers of adhesive substrate. The bottom layer forms the backing for the top, the label can be applied to any object as normal, the top layer can be a removable label that can be applied elsewhere, which may change the message or marking on the remaining label underneath
2.
Bottle
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A bottle is a rigid container with a neck that is narrower than the body and a mouth. By contrast, a jar has a large mouth or opening which may be as wide as the overall container. A device applied in the line to seal the mouth of a bottle is termed an external bottle cap, closure. A bottle can also be sealed by a conductive innerseal by using induction sealing, the bottle has developed over millennia of use, with some of the earliest examples appearing in China, Phoenicia, Rome and Crete. Bottles are often recycled according to the SPI recycling code for the material, some regions have a legally mandated deposit which is refunded after returning the bottle to the retailer. The glass bottle was an important development in the history of wine, because, glass has all the qualities required for long-term storage. It eventually gave rise to château bottling, the practice where a wine is put in a bottle at the source. Prior to this, wine would be sold by the barrel and put into bottles only at the merchants shop and this left a large and often abused opportunity for fraud and adulteration, as the consumer had to trust the merchant as to the contents. It is thought that most wine consumed outside of wine-producing regions had been tampered with in some way, also, not all merchants were careful to avoid oxidation or contamination while bottling, leading to large bottle variation. Particularly in the case of port, certain conscientious merchants bottling of old ports fetch higher prices even today, to avoid these problems, most fine wine is bottled at the place of production. There are many sizes and shapes of bottles used for wine, some of the known shapes, Bordeaux, This bottle is roughly straight sided with a curved shoulder that is useful for catching sediment and is also the easiest to stack. Traditionally used in Bordeaux but now worldwide, this is probably the most common type, Burgundy, Traditionally used in Burgundy, this has sides that taper down about 2/3 of the height to a short cylindrical section, and does not have a shoulder. Champagne, Traditionally used for Champagne, it is similar to a Burgundy bottle, in 1872, British soft drink maker Hiram Codd of Camberwell, London, designed and patented a bottle designed specifically for carbonated drinks. The Codd-neck bottle was designed and manufactured to enclose a marble, the bottles were filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation. The bottle was pinched into a shape, as can be seen in the photo to the left. This prevented the marble from blocking the neck as the drink was poured, one etymology of the term codswallop originates from beer sold in Codd bottles, though this is generally dismissed as a folk etymology. The bottles were produced for many decades, but gradually declined in usage. Since children smashed the bottles to retrieve the marbles, they are scarce and have become collector items
3.
Carton
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A carton is a box or container usually made of paperboard and sometimes of corrugated fiberboard. Many types of cartons are used in packaging, sometimes a carton is also called a box. A carton is a type of packaging suitable for food, pharmaceuticals, hardware, folding cartons are usually combined into a tube at the manufacturer and shipped flat to the packager. Tray styles have a bottom and are often shipped as flat blanks. High-speed equipment is available to set up, load, and close the cartons, egg cartons or trays are designed to protect whole eggs while in transit. Traditionally these have made of molded pulp. This uses recycled newsprint which is molded into a shape which protects the eggs, more recently egg cartons have also been made from expanded polystyrene and PET. Cartons for liquids can be fabricated from laminates of liquid packaging board, foil, most are based on either Tetra Pak or SIG Combibloc systems. One option is to have the printed laminate supplied on a roll, the carton is cut, scored, and formed at the packager. A second option is to have the pre-assembled tubes delivered to the packager for completion and these are suited for aseptic processing and are used for milk, soup, juice, etc. Gable top cartons are used for liquid products such as milk, juice. These use polyethylene-coated liquid packaging board and sometimes a foil laminate, most are opened by pushing open the gables at the top back and pulling the top out. Some have fitments to assist in opening and pouring the contents, the history of the carton goes as far back as 1879 in a Brooklyn, New York, factory operated by Robert Gair. A die-ruled, cut, and scored paperboard into an impression of a folded carton. By 1896, the National Biscuit Company was the first to use cartons to package crackers, the inventor of this carton was G. W. However, it was in 1915 that John Van Wormer of Toledo, Ohio, was granted the first patent for the first paper bottle, which was the first folded blank box for holding milk. The milk carton was original in the sense that it could be folded, glued, filled with milk, the early 1960s brought many automated systems to help with production of repeatable processes. It was at time that an engineer from Detroit, Michigan, named Mario Lepore developed a machine to fold
4.
Shipping container
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A shipping container is a container with strength suitable to withstand shipment, storage, and handling. Shipping containers range from large steel boxes used for intermodal shipments to the ubiquitous corrugated boxes. In the context of international shipping trade, container or shipping container is virtually synonymous with intermodal freight container, freight containers are a reusable transport and storage unit for moving products and raw materials between locations or countries. In addition, its estimated that several million of these containers have now been discarded due to the shipping cost of sending back to their port of origin. Corrugated boxes are used as shipping containers. They are made of corrugated fiberboard which is lightweight, recyclable, wooden boxes are often used for shipping heavy and dense products. They are sometimes specified for shipments of government or military shipments, a crate is a large container, often made of wood, used to transport large, heavy or awkward items. A crate has a structure, with or without sheathing. An Intermediate bulk container is a used for transport and storage of fluids. The construction may be plastic, composite, steel, stainless steel and it is often made of a woven synthetic material. A bulk box, bulk bin, skid box, or tote box is a pallet size box used for storage, drums are cylindrical shipping containers made of steel, plastic or fiber. They are often used for liquids and granular materials, insulated shipping containers are a type of packaging used to ship temperature sensitive products such as foods, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. They are used as part of a chain to help maintain product freshness. Some pails are used as shipping containers, a Unit Load Device, or ULD, is a container used to transport cargo on commercial aircraft. A ULD can be a pallet or container used to load luggage, freight and it allows a large quantity of cargo to be bundled into a single unit. Since this leads to fewer units to load, it saves ground crews time and effort, customized cushioning, blocking and bracing, carrying handles, lift rings, locks, etc. are common to facilitate handling and to protect the contents. Often, these containers are reusable. Specialized shipping containers include, High Cube Containers, pallet wides, open tops, side loaders, double door or tunnel-tainers, another specialized container known as Transtainer is a portable fuel and oil freight container
5.
Holography
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Holography is the science and practice of making holograms. The hologram itself is not an image and it is usually unintelligible when viewed under diffuse ambient light and it is an encoding of the light field as an interference pattern of seemingly random variations in the opacity, density, or surface profile of the photographic medium. In its pure form, holography requires the use of light for illuminating the subject. A microscopic level of detail throughout the volume of space can be reproduced. Holograms can now also be entirely computer-generated and show objects or scenes that never existed, stage illusions such as Peppers Ghost and other unusual, baffling, or seemingly magical images are also often incorrectly called holograms. The Hungarian-British physicist Dennis Gabor, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971 for his invention and development of the holographic method. His work, done in the late 1940s, was built on pioneering work in the field of X-ray microscopy by other scientists including Mieczysław Wolfke in 1920 and William Lawrence Bragg in 1939. The discovery was a result of research into improving electron microscopes at the British Thomson-Houston Company in Rugby, England. The word holography comes from the Greek words ὅλος and γραφή, early holograms used silver halide photographic emulsions as the recording medium. They were not very efficient as the produced grating absorbed much of the incident light, various methods of converting the variation in transmission to a variation in refractive index were developed which enabled much more efficient holograms to be produced. Several types of holograms can be made, a later refinement, the rainbow transmission hologram, allows more convenient illumination by white light rather than by lasers. Rainbow holograms are used for security and authentication, for example, on credit cards. They are also capable of multicolour-image reproduction, specular holography is a related technique for making three-dimensional images by controlling the motion of specularities on a two-dimensional surface. It works by reflectively or refractively manipulating bundles of light rays, most holograms produced are of static objects but systems for displaying changing scenes on a holographic volumetric display are now being developed. Holograms can also be used to store, retrieve, and process information optically and it was thought that it would be possible to use X-rays to make holograms of very small objects and view them using visible light. Today, holograms with x-rays are generated by using synchrotrons or x-ray free-electron lasers as radiation sources, the reconstruction is then retrieved via computation. Due to the wavelength of x-rays compared to visible light. As free-electron lasers can provide ultrashort and x-ray pulses in the range of femtoseconds which are intense and coherent, in laser holography, the hologram is recorded using a source of laser light, which is very pure in its color and orderly in its composition
6.
Paper embossing
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Embossing and debossing are the processes of creating either raised or recessed relief images and designs in paper and other materials. An embossed pattern is raised against the background, while a pattern is sunken into the surface of the material. Often used in combination with foil stamping, embossing alters the surface of paper stock or other substrates by providing a three-dimensional or raised effect on selected areas, the procedure requires the use of two dies, one that is raised and one that is recessed. The dies fit into each other so that when the paper is pressed between them, the raised die forces the stock into the die and creates the embossed impression. A thorough understanding the process will enable a successful result. Generally, embossing is the process most often employed to attract attention or convey a high quality textural contrast in relation to the area of the paper stock. Debossing is similar to embossing, but recesses the design rather than raising it, rather than the paper being raised in specific areas, it is indented. The process involves applying pressure to the front side of a substrate, although it is not as common as embossing, it is occasionally used to provide a different effect or appearance that fits a particular theme. Embossing and debossing on digitally printed applications is an off-line process, embossing is basically used to create a distinctive effect. The greatest concern and emphasis on the clients behalf should be placed on the outcome of the embossed effect, pressure, the intensity of the impact on the weight of the stock being embossed. Heat, the ability to maintain a consistent heat level for the best impression, most types of paper can be embossed, and size is not normally a consideration. Embossing without ink, so that the image is raised but not colored, is called blind embossing, embossing used in conjunction with ink, so that the raised area is colored, is called color register embossing. Embossing used in conjunction with foil stamping is called combination stamping or combo stamping, embossing involves a separate stage in the production process, after any varnishing and laminating. It requires a press run, and is priced accordingly. In addition to being used as an element, embossing can be used to improve the performance of paper products like napkins, diapers. The metals most often used for die construction are zinc, magnesium, copper, the material used for a specific application depends upon a number of factors. Blind embossing does not include the use of ink or foil to highlight the embossed area, the change in the dimensional appearance of the material is the only noticeable difference resulting from the embossing. The blind embossing process provides a clean and distinctive or subtle image on paper stock and it is best used to create a subtle impression or low level of attention to the piece, yet provide some slight form of differentiation for the finished work
7.
Radio-frequency identification
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Radio-frequency identification uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information, Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID readers interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a power source such as a battery. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data Capture. These concerns resulted in standard specifications development addressing privacy and security issues, ISO/IEC18000 and ISO/IEC29167 use on-chip cryptography methods for untraceability, tag and reader authentication, and over-the-air privacy. ISO/IEC20248 specifies a digital data structure for RFID and barcodes providing data, source. This work is done within ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC31 Automatic identification, in 2014, the world RFID market is worth US$8.89 billion, up from US$7.77 billion in 2013 and US$6.96 billion in 2012. This includes tags, readers, and software/services for RFID cards, labels, fobs, the market value is expected to rise to US$18.68 billion by 2026. In 1945, Léon Theremin invented a tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with the audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, similar technology, such as the IFF transponder, was routinely used by the allies and Germany in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by most powered aircraft to this day, another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman. Considerable research and development work has to be done before the basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved. Mario Cardullos device, patented on January 23,1973, was the first true ancestor of modern RFID, the basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission media. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation, banking, security and medical. An early demonstration of reflected power RFID tags, both passive and semi-passive, was performed by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Frayman at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1973, the portable system operated at 915 MHz and used 12-bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of todays UHFID and microwave RFID tags, the first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton in 1983. A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be identified, two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a signal to the tag and read its response. RFID tags can be passive, active or battery-assisted passive
8.
Perforation
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A perforation is a small hole in a thin material or web. There is usually more than one perforation in an organized fashion, the process of creating perforations is called perforating, which involves puncturing the workpiece with a tool. Perforations are usually used to allow separation of two sections of the material, such as allowing paper to be torn easily along the line. Packaging with perforations in paperboard or plastic film is easy for consumers to open, other purposes include filtrating fluids, sound deadening, allowing light or fluids to pass through, and to create an aesthetic design. Various applications include plastic films to allow the packages to breathe, medical films, micro perforated plate and sound, perforation can be created by pins, needles, die and punch or laser. Rotary pinned perforation rollers are precision tools that can be used to perforate a wide variety of materials, the pins or needles can be used cold or heated. Cold perforation tools include needle punches, there are a handful of manufacturers that specialize in hot and cold needle perforation tooling and equipment. In materials that have elasticity this can result in a hole that is preferred in many applications. Pinned rollers can be made from a variety of materials, including plastic, steel, in more brittle films, cold perforation can cause slitting rather than creating a round hole, which can jeopardize the materials integrity under pressure. The solution to this is often heating the pin, i. e. hot pin perforation, hot perforation melts a hole in the material, causing a reinforced ring around the hole. Hot needle perforation also assists when high density pin patterns are utilized, die and punch sets can be used for thicker materials or materials that require large holes, this process is the most common for metalworking. The workpiece is sheared by pressing the punch through the workpiece, the middle section of the workpiece is scrap, commonly known as the chad in paper and similar materials. The punch and die are shaped to produce the desired shaped hole, the clearance must be properly maintained to ensure a clean cut. Burrs are produced on the side of the workpiece that is against the die, common applications are fruit and vegetable bags, hole punching and ticket punching. Laser cutting can place many precise holes in a web, laser perforations look similar in many respects to hot needle perforations. The big advantage of laser perforation is the consistency of the hole size and this is very important in modified atmosphere packaging for fresh produce. The laser perforation is often carried out on roll slitting machines as the material is slit down to the finished roll size. Perforation frequently refers to the practice of creating a series of holes or slits so that paper or plastics can be torn more easily along a given line
9.
Electronic article surveillance
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Electronic article surveillance is a technological method for preventing shoplifting from retail stores, pilferage of books from libraries or removal of properties from office buildings. Special tags are fixed to merchandise or books and these tags are removed or deactivated by the clerks when the item is properly bought or checked out. At the exits of the store, a detection system sounds an alarm or otherwise alerts the staff when it senses active tags. Some stores also have detection systems at the entrance to the restrooms that sound an alarm if someone tries to take unpaid merchandise with them into the restroom. For high-value goods that are to be manipulated by the patrons, surveillance tags that could be attached to items in stores were first invented by Arthur Minasy in 1966. Except for permanent tags, this strip is also lined with a strip of material with a moderate coercive field. Detection is achieved by sensing harmonics and sum or difference signals generated by the magnetic response of the material under a mixture of low-frequency magnetic fields. When the ferromagnetic material is magnetized, it biases the amorphous metal strip into saturation, deactivation of these tags is therefore done with magnetization. This system is suitable for items in libraries since the tags can be deactivated when items are borrowed and re-activated upon return and it is also suitable for merchandise in retail stores, due to the small size and very low cost of the tags. Electro-magnetic systems are no common in food or apparel retail environments, most having been replaced by radio frequency. These strips are not bound together but free to oscillate mechanically, amorphous metals are used in such systems due to their good magnetoelastic coupling, which implies that they can efficiently convert magnetic energy into mechanical vibrations. The detectors for such tags emit periodic tonal bursts at about 58 kHz and this causes the strip to vibrate longitudinally by magnetostriction, and it continues to oscillate after the burst is over. The vibration causes a change in magnetization in the amorphous strip, if this signal meets the required parameters, the alarm is activated. When the semi-hard magnet is magnetized, the tag is activated, the tag can also be deactivated by demagnetizing the strip, making the response small enough so that it will not be detected by the detectors. AM tags are three dimensional plastic tags, much thicker than electro-magnetic strips and are seldom used for books. However, they are inexpensive and have better detection rates than magnetic tags. Called Emtag by B&G International, this type tag is attached to the inside of a plastic surround permanently attached to the power cords of hand tools. These tags are essentially an LC tank circuit that has a peak anywhere from 1.75 MHz to 9.5 MHz
10.
Packaging and labeling
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Packaging is the technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, in many countries it is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and personal use. Package labeling or labelling is any written, electronic, or graphic communication on the package or on a separate but associated label. The first packages used the materials available at the time, baskets of reeds, wineskins, wooden boxes, pottery vases, ceramic amphorae, wooden barrels, woven bags. Processed materials were used to form packages as they were developed, for example, early glass, the study of old packages is an important aspect of archaeology. The use of tinplate for packaging dates back to the 18th century, by 1697, John Hanbury had a rolling mill at Pontypool for making Pontypoole Plates. The method pioneered there of rolling iron plates by means of cylinders enabled more uniform black plates to be produced than was possible with the practice of hammering. Tinplate boxes first began to be sold from ports in the Bristol Channel in 1725, the tinplate was shipped from Newport, Monmouthshire. By 1805,80,000 boxes were made and 50,000 exported, tobacconists in London began packaging snuff in metal-plated canisters from the 1760s onwards. With the discovery of the importance of airtight containers for food preservation by French inventor Nicholas Appert, after receiving the patent, Durand did not himself follow up with canning food. By 1813, they were producing the first canned goods for the Royal Navy, the progressive improvement in canning stimulated the 1855 invention of the can opener. In 1858, another lever-type opener of a complex shape was patented in the United States by Ezra Warner of Waterbury. Set-up boxes were first used in the 16th century and modern folding cartons date back to 1839, the first corrugated box was produced commercially in 1817 in England. Corrugated paper received a British patent in 1856 and was used as a liner for tall hats, scottish-born Robert Gair invented the pre-cut paperboard box in 1890—flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing in one operation he could make prefabricated paperboard boxes, commercial paper bags were first manufactured in Bristol, England, in 1844, and the American Francis Wolle patented a machine for automated bag-making in 1852. Packaging advancements in the early 20th century included Bakelite closures on bottles, transparent cellophane overwraps and these innovations increased processing efficiency and improved food safety. As additional materials such as aluminum and several types of plastic were developed, they were incorporated into packages to improve performance, in 1952, Michigan State University became the first university in the world to offer a degree in Packaging Engineering
11.
Package testing
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Package testing or packaging testing involves the measurement of a characteristic or property involved with packaging. This includes packaging materials, packaging components, primary packages, shipping containers, testing measures the effects and interactions of the levels of packaging, the package contents, external forces, and end-use. It can involve controlled laboratory experiments, subjective evaluations by people, documentation is important, formal test method, test report, photographs, video, etc. Testing can be a qualitative or quantitative procedure, package testing is often a physical test. With some types of packaging such as food and pharmaceuticals, chemical tests are conducted to determine suitability of food contact materials, testing programs range from simple tests with little replication to more thorough experimental designs. Package testing can extend for the life cycle. Packages can be tested for their ability to be recycled and their ability to degrade as surface litter, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, dangerous goods, etc. This may cover both the qualification, periodic retesting, and control of the packaging processes. Processes may be controlled by a variety of quality management systems such as HACCP, statistical process control, validation protocols, ISO9000, for unregulated products, testing can be required by a contract or governing specification. The degree of testing can often be a business decision. With distribution packaging, one vital packaging development consideration is to determine if a packaged-product is likely to be damaged in the process of getting to the final customer, a primary purpose of a package is to ensure the safety of a product during transportation and storage. Package testing is often a part of Project management programs. Packages are usually tested when there is a new packaging design, a revision to a current design, a change in packaging material, testing a new packaging design before full scale manufacturing can save time and money. Many suppliers or vendors offer limited material and package testing as a service to customers. It is common for packagers to partner with reputable suppliers, Many suppliers have certified quality management systems such as ISO9000 or allow customers to conduct technical, data from testing is commonly shared. There is sometimes a risk that supplier testing may tend to be self-serving, large companies often have their own packaging staff and a package testing and development laboratory. Corporate engineers know their products, manufacturing capabilities, logistics system, cost reduction of existing products and cost avoidance for new products have been documented. Another option is to use a paid consultant, Independent contractor and they are commonly chosen for specialized expertise, for access to certain test equipment, for surge projects, or where independent testing is otherwise required
12.
Reusable packaging
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Reusable packaging is manufactured of durable materials and is specifically designed for multiple trips and extended life. A reusable package or container is “designed for reuse without impairment of its protective function. ”The term returnable is sometimes used interchangeably but it can also include returning packages or components for other than reuse, recycling, disposal, incineration, etc. Typically, the used to make returnable packaging include steel, wood. Reusability of packaging is an important consideration of the credo of “reduce, reuse. It is also important to the movement toward more sustainable packaging, returnable packaging is encouraged by regulators. For many years, several types of shipping containers have been returnable and reusable and these have made most sense when a reverse logistics system is available or can be readily developed. A return, recondioning, and reuse system can save money on the cost per shipment, manufacturing, particularly the automobile industry, has used heavy-duty returnable racks for shipping hoods, fenders, engines, dashboards, etc. from suppliers to final assembly plants. The racks are then returned for the next shipment cycle, bulk foods, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals are often shipped in reusable and returnable containers. These need to be inspected, cleaned and sanitized as part of the reuse cycle. An effective Quality Management System is necessary, wooden pallets are often made to be expendable, for a single shipment. Others are heavy duty and intended for multiple shipments, some are in “pallet pools” which are used, inspected, and refurbished for extended usage. Often reusable industrial shipping containers have bar code labels or RFID chips to help identify, automotive OEM manufacturers use and encourage the use of returnable packaging to move components from their vendors to their factories. The components are placed in packaging and are at times. Such packaging replaces traditional corrugated cartons, thereby helping companies cut costs by avoiding wastage and it also helps in reducing the environmental footprint of the automotive industry. Other advantages of using returnable packaging include avoiding damages to parts in while in transit, parts are at times placed in specially designed receptacles for easy picking on the assembly line contributing to fewer mistakes and simpler inventory management. A few examples of packaging in automotive industry, Several types of consumer containers have been in reuse systems. Reusable bottles for milk, soda, and beer have been part of closed-loop use-return-clean-refill-reuse cycles, home canning often uses glass mason jars which are often reused several times. With any food packaging, proper cleaning and disinfecting between each use is critical to health, used packages are often reused for purposes other than their primary use
