1.
Serbian language
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Serbian is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs. It is the language of Serbia and one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, it is a minority language in Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia. Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, which is also the basis of Standard Croatian, Bosnian, the other dialect spoken by Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian. Serbian is practically the only European standard language with complete synchronic digraphia, the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet was designed by Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1830, Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, a Slavic language, of the South Slavic subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are Bosnian, Croatian, and Montenegrin and it has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian, than with Slovene. The 2011 census show that 42. 88% still declare Serbian to be their native language, Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic and Latin script. Even in official government documents this constitutional requirement is rarely enforced, Serbian is a rare example of synchronic digraphia, a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or another, for example, the public broadcaster, Radio Television of Serbia, predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, like RTV Pink, predominantly use the Latin script. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors the Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one and these are the tenses of the indicative mood. Apart from the mood, there is also the imperative mood. The conditional mood has two more tenses, the first conditional and the second conditional, Serbian has active and passive voice. As for the verb forms, Serbian has one infinitive. Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to the Proto-Slavic language, there are many loanwords from different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, Russian, Serbian literature emerged in the Middle Ages, and included such works as Miroslavljevo jevanđelje in 1192 and Dušanov zakonik in 1349. In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, however, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature, the most notable form being Serbian epic poetry. The epic poems were written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s
2.
Central Serbia
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Central Serbia, also referred to as Serbia proper, is the part of Serbia lying outside of the provinces of Vojvodina and the disputed territory of Kosovo. Central Serbia is a term of convenience, not a division of Serbia as such. Broadly speaking, Central Serbia is the core of modern Serbia. The current borders of Central Serbia were defined after World War II, Macedonia, and to the east with Bulgaria, with a small strip of the Danube with Romania in the northeast. The Danube and Sava divides central Serbia from the Serbian province of Vojvodina, while the Drina divides Serbia from Bosnia, the Great Morava, a major river, goes through central Serbia. Extensions of three mountain chains are located within Serbia proper, Dinaric Alps in the west and south. Some notable geographical regions located in central Serbia are, Šumadija, Mačva, Timočka Krajina, Pomoravlje, Podunavlje, Posavina, Podrinje, Zlatibor, Raška, Sandžak, in the Roman period, Moesia was the name for a region that included Serbia proper. Viminacium was the capital of the province of Moesia Superior, slavs overwhelmed the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries. Raška, situated in the southwest, was the core of the medieval Serbian state, Serbia eventually expanded its borders to the east. King Stefan Dragutin of Syrmia had two capitals, Debrc and Belgrade, after the fall of the Serbian Empire, the Moravian Serbia under Lazar and Stefan Lazarević corresponded roughly to Serbia proper. Kruševac was the capital of Moravian Serbia, until the Ottoman conquests in the 15th century, after the Ottoman conquest of the Serbian Despotate, the Sanjak of Smederevo was established, initially seated in Smederevo, and eventually, in Belgrade after its fall in 1521. Between 1718 and 1739, the Sanjak of Smederevo was occupied by the Habsburg Monarchy, the Serbian Militia operated throughout Serbia proper during the 1737–39 war. The war ended in Ottoman victory, and returning of the sanjak, the northern half of Serbia proper was briefly under Habsburg occupation during the 1787–91 war, then returned. With the First Serbian Uprising, the became a de facto Serbian state. It was retaken by the Ottomans in 1813, however, the Second Serbian Uprising saw Serbia recognized as a principality within the Ottoman Empire. In 1878, Serbia became an independent state, also enlarging its territory to the south-east. The 1878 borders correspond to present-day Central Serbia save for parts in the south-west. In the Balkan Wars, Serbia further expanded its borders to the south, taking control of much of present-day Kosovo, further territorial gains were made in the north and south-west in 1918, after World War I
3.
Serbia
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Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. Relative to its territory, it is a diverse country distinguished by a transitional character, situated along cultural, geographic, climatic. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents, and its capital, Belgrade, following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans from the 6th century onwards, Serbs established several states in the early Middle Ages. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by Rome and the Byzantine Empire in 1217, in the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the regions first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro which dissolved peacefully in 2006, in 2008 the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community. Serbia is a member of organizations such as the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC. An EU membership candidate since 2012, Serbia has been negotiating its EU accession since January 2014, the country is acceding to the WTO and is a militarily neutral state. Serbia is an income economy with dominant service sector, followed by the industrial sector. The country ranks high on the Social Progress Index as well as the Global Peace Index, relatively high on the Human Development Index, located at the crossroads between Central and Southern Europe, Serbia is found in the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes 41° and 47° N, and longitudes 18° and 23° E. The country covers a total of 88,361 km2, which places it at 113th place in the world, with Kosovo excluded, the area is 77,474 km2. Its total border length amounts to 2,027 km, all of Kosovos border with Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro are under control of the Kosovo border police. The Pannonian Plain covers the third of the country while the easternmost tip of Serbia extends into the Wallachian Plain. The terrain of the part of the country, with the region of Šumadija at its heart. Mountains dominate the third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west and the southwest, following the flow of the rivers Drina, the Carpathian Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in a north–south direction in eastern Serbia. Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to the Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system, elevation ranges from the Midžor peak of the Balkan Mountains at 2,169 metres to the lowest point of just 17 metres near the Danube river at Prahovo. The largest lake is Đerdap Lake and the longest river passing through Serbia is the Danube, the climate of Serbia is under the influences of the landmass of Eurasia and the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
4.
Carpathian Mountains
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The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a mountain range system forming an arc roughly 1,500 km long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe. The Carpathians and their foothills also have many thermal and mineral waters, the Carpathians consist of a chain of mountain ranges that stretch in an arc from the Czech Republic in the northwest through Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and Ukraine to Romania and Serbia. The highest range within the Carpathians is the Tatras, on the border of Slovakia and Poland, the second-highest range is the Southern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks exceed 2,500 m. The divisions of the Carpathians are usually in three sections, Western Carpathians — Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia. Eastern Carpathians — southeastern Poland, eastern Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, the term Outer Carpathians is frequently used to describe the northern rim of the Western and Eastern Carpathians. The most important cities in or near the Carpathians are, Bratislava and Košice in Slovakia, Kraków in Poland, Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu and Braşov in Romania, and Uzhhorod in Ukraine. In modern times, the range is called Karpaty in Czech, Polish, Slovak and Карпати in Ukrainian, Carpați in Romanian, Karpaten in German, Kárpátok in Hungarian and Karpati or Карпати in Serbian. Although the toponym was recorded already by Ptolemy in the 2nd century CE, for instance, Havasok was its medieval Hungarian name, Rus and Romanian chronicles referred to it as Hungarian Mountains. The archaic Polish word karpa meant rugged irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, the more common word skarpa means a sharp cliff or other vertical terrain. In late Roman documents, the Eastern Carpathian Mountains were referred to as Montes Sarmatici, the Western Carpathians were called Carpates, a name that is first recorded in Ptolemys Geographia. In the Scandinavian Hervarar saga, which relates ancient Germanic legends about battles between Goths and Huns, the name Karpates appears in the predictable Germanic form as Harvaða fjöllum, inter Alpes Huniae et Oceanum est Polonia by Gervase of Tilbury, has described in his Otia Imperialia in 1211. Thirteenth- to fifteenth-century Hungarian documents named the mountains Thorchal, Tarczal or less frequently Montes Nivium, the northwestern Carpathians begin in Slovakia and southern Poland. They surround Transcarpathia and Transylvania in a semicircle, sweeping towards the southeast. The total length of the Carpathians is over 1,500 km, the highest altitudes of the Carpathians occur where they are widest. The Carpathians cover an area of 190,000 km2 and, after the Alps, although commonly referred to as a mountain chain, the Carpathians do not actually form an uninterrupted chain of mountains. Rather, they consist of several orographically and geologically distinctive groups, the Carpathians at their highest altitude are only as high as the middle region of the Alps, with which they share a common appearance, climate, and flora. The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the Danube, the two ranges meet at only one point, the Leitha Mountains at Bratislava. The river also separates them from the Balkan Mountains at Orşova in Romania, the valley of the March and Oder separates the Carpathians from the Silesian and Moravian chains, which belong to the middle wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe
5.
Danube
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The Danube is Europes second-longest river, after the Volga River, and also the longest river in the European Union region. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe, the Danube was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, and today flows through 10 countries, more than any other river in the world. Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries, the Latin name Dānuvius is one of a number of Old European river names derived from a Proto-Indo-European *dānu. Other river names from the root include the Dunajec, Dzvina/Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, dānu means fluid, drop, in Avestan, in the Rigveda, Dānu once appears as the mother of Vrtra. Known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros a borrowing from a Daco-Thracian name meaning strong, in Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius or as Ister. The Dacian/Thracian name was Donaris for the upper Danube and Istros for the lower Danube, the Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas, the bringer of luck. The Latin name is masculine, as are all its Slavic names, the German Donau is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix -ouwe wetland. Classified as a waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,800 km, passing through four capital cities before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and its drainage basin extends into nine more. The highest point of the basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy–Switzerland border. The land drained by the Danube extends into other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges, from its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are, The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals, more than any other river in the world. Danube remains a mountain river until Passau, with average bottom gradient 0. 0012%. Middle Section, From Devín Gate to Iron Gate, at the border of Serbia and Romania, the riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0. 00006%. Lower Section, From Iron Gate to Sulina, with average gradient as little as 0. 00003%, about 60 of its tributaries are also navigable. In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central, the amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War
6.
Balkan Mountains
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The Balkan mountain range is a mountain range in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. The Balkan range runs 560 km from the Vrashka Chuka Peak on the border between Bulgaria and Serbia eastward through central Bulgaria to Cape Emine on the Black Sea, the highest peaks of the Balkan Mountains are in central Bulgaria. The highest peak is Botev at 2,376 m, which makes the range the third highest in the country, after Rila. The mountains are the source of the name of the Balkan Peninsula, the mountain range forms the watershed between the Black Sea and Aegean Sea catchment areas, with the exception of an area in west, where it is crossed by the spectacular Iskar Gorge. The karst relief determines the number of caves, including Magura, featuring the most important and extended European post-Palaeolithic cave painting, Ledenika, Saeva dupka, Bacho Kiro. The most notable formation are the Belogradchik Rocks in the west. There are several important protected areas, Central Balkan National Park, Vrachanski Balkan Nature Park, Bulgarka Nature Park and Sinite Kamani Nature Park, the Balkan Mountains are remarkable for their flora and fauna. Edelweiss grows there in the region of Kozyata stena, some of the most striking landscapes are included in the Central Balkan National Park with steep cliffs, the highest waterfalls in the Balkan Peninsula and lush vegetation. There are a number of important nature reserves such as Chuprene, Kozyata stena, most of Europes large mammals inhabit the area including the brown bear, wolf, boar, chamois and deer. The Balkan Mountains played a role in the history of Bulgaria since its foundation in 681 AD. It is believed the name was brought to the region in the 7th century by Bulgars who applied it to the area, in Bulgarian, the word balkan means mountain. It may have derived from the Persian bālkāneh or bālākhāna, meaning high, above, the name is still preserved in Central Asia with the Balkan Daglary and the Balkan Province of Turkmenistan. In Turkish balkan means a chain of wooded mountains In the Antiquity and the Middle Ages the mountains were known by their Thracian name, scholars consider that Haemus is believed that the name is derived from a Thracian word *saimon, mountain ridge. The name of the place where the range meets the Black Sea, other names used to refer to the mountains in different time periods include Aemon, Haemimons, Hem, Emus, the Slavonic Matorni gori and the Turkish Kodzhabalkan. Geologically, the Balkan Mountains are a part of the Alp-Himalayan chain that stretches across most of Europe. It can be divided into two parts, the main Balkan Chain and the Pre-Balkans to the north, which intrude slightly into the Danubian Plain, the range consists of around 30 portions called mountains. The Eastern Balkan Mountains from the Vratnik Pass to Cape Emine with a length of 160 kilometres, the eastern Balkan Mountains forms the lowest part of the range. The Balkan Mountains form a divide between the rivers flowing to the Danube in the north and those flowing to the Aegean Sea in the south
7.
Great Morava
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The Great Morava is the final section of the Morava, a major river system in Serbia. The Velika Morava begins at the confluence of the South Morava and the West Morava, located near the town of Stalać. From there to its confluence with the Danube northeast of the city of Smederevo, with its longer branch, the West Morava, it is 493 km long. The South Morava, which represents the natural headwaters of the Morava, used to be longer than the West Morava, at one time the Morava was over 600 km long. The drainage basin of the Velika Morava is 6,126 km², and of the whole Morava system is 37,444 km², Velika Morava flows through the most fertile and densely populated area of Central Serbia, called the Morava river valley or Pomoravlje. Pomoravlje was formed in a bay of a vast, ancient Pannonian Sea which dried out 200,000 years ago. Through about half of its length it passes through beautiful Bagrdan gorge, in past centuries, it was known for its seemingly endless forests, but there is almost nothing left today of those old woods. It flows into the Danube between the villages of Kulič & Dubravica, in the coal mining basin of Kostolac, one of two mines in its drainage basin. The average discharge of the Velika Morava on its confluence with Danube is 255 m³/s, tributaries of the Velika Morava are short, the longest one being the Jasenica and others rarely exceeding 50 km. Right tributaries are, Jovanovačka reka, Crnica, Ravanica, Resava, left tributaries are more numerous, including, Kalenićka reka, Lugomir, Belica River, Lepenica, Rača, and Jasenica. Many of them dont carry much water, but in years, they are known for causing major floods. Before it meets the Danube, the Velika Morava splits, creating a 47 km long arm called the Jezava and its joined by a longer river, the Ralja, from the left. The Velika Morava represents an example of a meandering river. It used to be 245 km long, but directly from its origin to the Danube, there is only 118 km in distance, its ratio is 118,245. The river bed is 80–200 m wide, and the depth as much as 10 m, notorious for its flooding, the Morava has changed its course many times, and old river bends have become small lakes, known as moravište. Južna Morava, with high erosion in its drainage basin, brings huge amounts of silt which is elevating Velika Moravas river bed. Beginning in 1966, huge works began on all three rivers to prevent future floodings, series of reservoirs were made on tributaries, and meanders were cut through, making river courses straightened, which made them shorter. It was projected that it would shorten by as much as 152 km, altogether,18 reservoirs are projected,23 meanders are to be cut, a series of embankments are to be built and intensive afforestation is to be started
8.
Karst
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Karst topography is a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves and it has also been documented for more weathering-resistant rocks, such as quartzite, given the right conditions. Subterranean drainage may limit surface water, with few to no rivers or lakes, the English word karst was borrowed from German Karst in the late 19th century. The German word came into use before the 19th century, according to the prevalent interpretation, the term is derived from the German name for the Karst region, a limestone plateau above the city of Trieste in the northern Adriatic. Scholars disagree, however, on whether the German word was borrowed from Slovene, the Slovene common noun kras was first attested in the 18th century, and the adjective form kraški in the 16th century. The Slovene words arose through metathesis from the reconstructed form *korsъ, ultimately, the word is of Mediterranean origin, believed to derive from some Romanized Illyrian base. It has been suggested that the word may derive from the Proto-Indo-European root karra- rock, the name may also be connected to the oronym Karsádios oros cited by Ptolemy, and perhaps also to Latin Carusardius. The development of karst occurs whenever acidic water starts to break down the surface of bedrock near its cracks, as the bedrock continues to degrade, its cracks tend to get bigger. As time goes on, these fractures will become wider, if this underground drainage system does form, it will speed up the development of karst formations there because more water will be able to flow through the region, giving it more erosive power. The carbonic acid that causes karstic features is formed as rain passes through the atmosphere picking up carbon dioxide, once the rain reaches the ground, it may pass through soil that can provide much more CO2 to form a weak carbonic acid solution, which dissolves calcium carbonate. The oxidation of sulfides leading to the formation of acid can also be one of the corrosion factors in karst formation. As oxygen -rich surface waters seep into deep anoxic karst systems, they bring oxygen, sulfuric acid then reacts with calcium carbonate, causing increased erosion within the limestone formation. This chain of reactions is, This reaction chain forms gypsum, the karstification of a landscape may result in a variety of large- or small-scale features both on the surface and beneath. On exposed surfaces, small features may include solution flutes, runnels, limestone pavement, medium-sized surface features may include sinkholes or cenotes, vertical shafts, foibe, disappearing streams, and reappearing springs. Large-scale features may include limestone pavements, poljes, and karst valleys, mature karst landscapes, where more bedrock has been removed than remains, may result in karst towers, or haystack/eggbox landscapes. Beneath the surface, complex underground systems and extensive caves. Some of the most dramatic of these formations can be seen in Thailands Phangnga Bay, calcium carbonate dissolved into water may precipitate out where the water discharges some of its dissolved carbon dioxide. Rivers which emerge from springs may produce tufa terraces, consisting of layers of calcite deposited over extended periods of time, in caves, a variety of features collectively called speleothems are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate and other dissolved minerals
9.
Limestone
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Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs. Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate, about 10% of sedimentary rocks are limestones. The solubility of limestone in water and weak acid solutions leads to karst landscapes, most cave systems are through limestone bedrock. The first geologist to distinguish limestone from dolomite was Belsazar Hacquet in 1778, like most other sedimentary rocks, most limestone is composed of grains. Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of organisms such as coral or foraminifera. Other carbonate grains comprising limestones are ooids, peloids, intraclasts and these organisms secrete shells made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these shells behind when they die. Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert or siliceous skeletal fragment, some limestones do not consist of grains at all, and are formed completely by the chemical precipitation of calcite or aragonite, i. e. travertine. Secondary calcite may be deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters and this produces speleothems, such as stalagmites and stalactites. Another form taken by calcite is oolitic limestone, which can be recognized by its granular appearance, the primary source of the calcite in limestone is most commonly marine organisms. Some of these organisms can construct mounds of rock known as reefs, below about 3,000 meters, water pressure and temperature conditions cause the dissolution of calcite to increase nonlinearly, so limestone typically does not form in deeper waters. Limestones may also form in lacustrine and evaporite depositional environments, calcite can be dissolved or precipitated by groundwater, depending on several factors, including the water temperature, pH, and dissolved ion concentrations. Calcite exhibits a characteristic called retrograde solubility, in which it becomes less soluble in water as the temperature increases. Impurities will cause limestones to exhibit different colors, especially with weathered surfaces, Limestone may be crystalline, clastic, granular, or massive, depending on the method of formation. Crystals of calcite, quartz, dolomite or barite may line small cavities in the rock, when conditions are right for precipitation, calcite forms mineral coatings that cement the existing rock grains together, or it can fill fractures. Travertine is a banded, compact variety of limestone formed along streams, particularly there are waterfalls. Calcium carbonate is deposited where evaporation of the leaves a solution supersaturated with the chemical constituents of calcite. Tufa, a porous or cellular variety of travertine, is found near waterfalls, coquina is a poorly consolidated limestone composed of pieces of coral or shells. During regional metamorphism that occurs during the building process, limestone recrystallizes into marble
10.
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
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The Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts is a national academy and the most prominent academic institution in Serbia, founded in 1841. The Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences was led by members, such as Jovan Cvijić, since the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts was founded by law of 1 November 1886, it has been the highest academic institution in Serbia. According to the Royal Academy Founding Act, King Milan was to appoint the first academic, the names of the first academics were announced by King Milan on 5 April 1887. At that time, there existed four sections in the academy, from 1909 till 1952 Serbian Academy of Science and Arts Building was located at 15 Brankova Street. Unfortunately, this building was demolished in 1963, after that the Academy was moved to 35 Knez Mihailova Street, in a magnificent building in the city centre, where it has remained up to now. In the following years SRA considered various ways of forming funds, affirmed architect of domestic architecture Кonstantin Jovanović was hired to make the design in 1900. At the same time, with the attempts to obtain the adequate design, dealing with the problem of permanent location, in 1908 SRA got to use the space in the building of Sima Igumanović endowment at 15 Brankova Street. After more than two decades of attempting to obtain its own building, the Presidency of SRA, by the end of 1910 decided to entrust the design to Dragutin Đorđević and Andra Stevanović. The cornerstone was laid on 27 March 1914, by the Crown Prince Аleksandar Karađorđević in the presence of the academics, the construction works were assigned to the Matija Blehs company, whereas the facade plastics and sculptural program were done by Jungmann and Sunko. However, the construction was interrupted by the beginning of the First World War, the object was finished in 1924, but due to high construction expenses, SRA failed to move into its new building, instead of that, the entire object was rented. Large sized building, which takes over the plot, was designed with the apartments and stores for rent. The architectural plastic in the shape of floral arabesques, garlands and Art Nouveau masks, one of those female sculptures is holding a torch in her hand, and the other one a pigeon. SRA was in the building in Brankova Street when the Second World War ended. The creation of the entrance from Knez Mihailova Street and designing of the access to the conference contributed to the realization of the representative space. According to the new concept, Samojlov designed the exterior in the academic style with purified geometrized decorative repertoire. At the same time, the Congress hall was adapted, gaining the gallery, the building was officially and solemnly opened on 24 February 1952, when the Academy finally and permanently moved in into the building. In 1967, Samojlov did the design for the adaptation of the gallery on the corner of Knez Mihailova, perfectly composed interior left room for additional improvement during the next couple of years, so that until today it has been enriched by our eminent artists. Taking into consideration the undeniable values and the importance, it was designated as a monument in 1992
11.
Iron Gates
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The Iron Gates is a gorge on the Danube River. It forms part of the boundary between Serbia and Romania, the gorge lies between Romania to the north and Serbia to the south. At this point, the river separates the southern Carpathian Mountains from the foothills of the Balkan Mountains. The Romanian side of the gorge constitutes the Iron Gates natural park, in English, the gorge is known as Iron Gates or Iron Gate. An 1853 article about the Danube in The Times of London referred to it as the Iron Gate, or the Gate of Trajan. In languages of the region including Romanian, Hungarian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, German and Bulgarian and these names are Romanian, Porțile de Fier. An alternative Romanian name for the last part of the route is Defileul Dunării, in Serbian, the gorge is known as Đerdap, with the last part named Đerdapska klisura from the Byzantine Greek Κλεισούρα, enclosure or pass. The first narrowing of the Danube lies beyond the Romanian isle of Moldova Veche and is known as the Golubac gorge and it is 14.5 km long and 230 m wide at the narrowest point. At its head, there is a fort at Golubac. Through the valley of Ljupovska lies the second gorge, Gospodjin Vir, the cliffs scale to 500 m and are the most difficult to reach here from land. The broader Donji Milanovac forms the connection with the Great and the Small Kazan gorge, the Orșova valley is the last broad section before the river reaches the plains of Wallachia at the last gorge, the Sip gorge. The Great Kazan is the most famous and the most narrow gorge of the whole route, east of this site the Roman emperor Trajan had built the legendary bridge erected by Apollodorus of Damascus. Construction of the bridge ran from 103 through 105, preceding Trajans final conquest of Dacia, on the right bank a Roman plaque commemorates him. On the Romanian bank, at the Small Kazan, the likeness of Trajans Dacian opponent Decebalus was carved in rock from 1994 through 2004, the sandstone statues dated to the early neolithic era are particularly splendid. Together with many other findings in the Iron Gates gorges area, the riverbed rocks and the associated rapids made the gorge valley an infamous passage for shipping. In German, the passage is known as the Kataraktenstrecke. Near the actual Iron Gates strait the Prigrada rock was the most important obstacle until 1896, the river widened considerably here, upstream, the Greben rock near the Kazan gorge was notorious. In 1831 a plan had already been drafted to make the passage navigable, finally Gábor Baross, Hungarys Iron Minister, succeeded in financing this project
12.
Tekija (Kladovo)
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Tekija is a village in the municipality of Kladovo in eastern Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 967 people, tekija is an important strategic and tourist point on the Danube river. It lies in the Iron Gates gorge, below the Miroč mountain, along with the houses, the nearby island of Ada Kale, last sanctuary of ethnic Turks from the region, sunk under the river. Tekija lies at the heart of the national park. It is a destination for fishermen. Traditional festival Zlatna bućka, held annually, end of August, attracts numerous fishermen and other tourists
13.
Golubac
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Golubac is a village and municipality located in the Braničevo District of the eastern Serbia. It is situated on the side of the Danube river. It is bordered by Romania to the east, Veliko Gradište to the west, the population of the village is 1,655 and the population of the municipality is 8,161. In Serbian, the town is known as Golubac, in Romanian as Golumbacu Mare or Columbaci, in Hungarian as Galambóc, in German as Taubenberg and in Turkish as Güvercinlik which means dovecote. The name Golubac is derived from golub, which is Serbian for pigeon or dove and its historical names were Columbria, in Latin, as a contraction of Columbaria that means city of pigeons, and as a city derived from Cuppae during pre-Roman times. It was a stronghold called Cuppae during Roman and Early Byzantine times, due to many nearby archeological sites and the Đerdap national park, the village is a popular tourist, fishing and sailing destination. The archeological sites include the remnants of one of Roman Emperor Trajans tables near Trajans Bridge, found along his road through the Danubes Iron Gates, Golubac fortress,4 km downstream, is from the 14th century and also of interest. The fortress was the scene of a battle against the Turks in 1428, from 1929 to 1941, Golubac was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The villages quay along the Danube river is popular for more relaxed hiking, Golubac has become a famous sailing site. The Sailing Center of the Sailing Association of Serbia, which the Serbian National Team uses for ground preparations before every big sailing event, is located in Golubac, one of the events is a sailing Regatta, which is traditionally held in August. During the summer, the Center holds an Optimist Class sailing camp, where beginners can learn from the best Serbian sailors and their international guests
14.
Majdanpek
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Majdanpek is a town and municipality located in the Bor District of the eastern Serbia. According to 2011 census, the municipality of Majdanpek had a population of 18,686 people, while the town of Majdanpek had a population of 10,109. The name Majdanpek is derived from the words majdan meaning quarry and pek meaning much, big, in Serbian Vlach, the town is known as simply Maidan. The transition out of the Stone Age occurred between 6000 BCE and 2500 BCE for much of humanity living in North Africa and Eurasia, chalcolithic excavations exist in Kapetanova Pecina, Praurija, Kameni Rog and Roman site of Kamenjar. The town is famous as a copper mine district, since the early 17th century, the origin of the name is based on words majdan and river Pek - mine on river Pek. Throughout its history, mining development was held by foreign owners. The town was industrialized in the century, by the industrial program supported by SFR Yugoslavias Government of that time. Through the late 20th century, the town was in a period of progress and one of the most developed areas in copper mining. Most of the settlements in the Majdanpek municipality have Serb ethnic majority, the settlement with Vlach ethnic majority is Vlaole. Ethnically mixed settlement with relative Vlach majority is Jasikovo, the ethnic composition of the municipality, Dejan Petkovic, Serbian football player One of the best tourist attractions in Majdanpek is Rajkova Pećina, one of the most beautiful caves in Serbia. For more info about this area or travel guidance - contact travel agency Mirno More, information and news from this area can be found at website of Radio Televizija Majdanpek. Subdivisions of Serbia Radio television Bor
15.
Kladovo
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Kladovo is a town and municipality located in the Bor District of the eastern Serbia. It is situated on the bank of the Danube river. The population of the town is 8,913, while the population of the municipality is 20,635, in Serbian, the town is known as Kladovo, in Romanian Cladova, in German as Kladowo or Kladovo and in Latin and Romanised Greek as Zanes. In the time of the Roman Empire, the name of the town was Zanes while the fortifications was known as Diana, Emperor Trajan had a number of fortications constructed in the area during the Roman times, such as the well-known Trajans Bridge. Later, Slavs founded a settlement that was named Novi Grad, while Ottomans built a fortress here, the present-day name of Kladovo is first recorded in 1596 in an Austrian military document. There are several theories about the origin of the current name of the town, According to one theory, According to another theory, the name derived from the word klad. A third theory has it that the name derives from the Slavic word kladenac meaning a well in English or from the Slavic word klada meaning stump. There is also a theory that the name back to the Bulgarian duke Glad. There is a settlement with the name in Russia near Moscow. One of the suburbs of Berlin also has this name, which originates from the Slavic Lusatian Serbs who live in eastern Germany, bronze Age necropolis with rituals, pottery and other significant archaeological items were found in Korbovo. In ancient times, a fortification near Trajans bridge named Zanes/Pontes existed at this location, in the Middle Ages, the Slavs founded here new town named Novi Grad, but it was razed by the Hungarians in 1502. It was rebuilt in 1524 by the Ottomans and received new name, According to Ottoman traveler, Evliya Chelebi, who visited the town in 1666, most of its inhabitants spoke local Slavic language and Turkish language, while some also spoke Vlach. In 1784, the population of Kladovo numbered 140 Muslim and 50 Christian houses, from 1929 to 1941, Kladovo was part of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The ethnic composition of the municipality, The main business are the power plants of Đerdap, Iron Gate I. Other businesses began primarily to support the building and operation of the plant. Kladovo has one hospital, two daycare and kindergarten centers, one school, one high school and several vocational schools. Though the river Danube is very polluted by international standards, many people fish in it. Before the power plant was built, sturgeon caviar from this area was popular and was exported as a delicacy to the western Europe
16.
Stol (Serbia)
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Stol is a mountain in eastern Serbia, near the town of Bor. Its highest peak has an elevation of 1,156 meters above sea level, like nearby Veliki Krš and Mali Krš, Stol has a number of pronounced karst formations. There is a hut with around 35 beds, maintained by the mountaineering society Crni vrh from Bor. Tamo gde se Boru vraća oduzeto, TK Info
17.
Rtanj
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Rtanj is a mountain situated in eastern Serbia, approximately 200 km southeast of Belgrade, between towns of Boljevac on north and Sokobanja on south. It belongs to the Serbian Carpathians and its highest peak is Šiljak, a natural phenomenon of karst terrain. The north side of the mountain is covered with forests and shrubs, full of plant species. A hunting ground covers 6368 ha, the most common prey are roe deer and wild boar. According to a legend, the castle of a wizard was situated on Rtanj Mountain, in which a treasure was guarded. However, the castle has disappeared within the mountain, trapping the wealthy sorcerer inside, on the peak Šiljak, there is a now the ruins of a little chapel dedicated to St. George. It was built in 1932 by the wife of a local miner. Today, the chapel is in ruins, as it was destroyed by dynamite. There is an initiative to reconstruct the chapel, for some New Age believers, the pyramidal shape of the mountain is due to it containing an alien pyramid emitting mystical energies. Many people have flocked here prior to the predicted Mayan Doomsday, a widely known traditional product of Rtanj is the Rtanj tea, made from herbal of winter savory. It is celebrated for its antiseptic and aromatic properties, and is allegedly an aphrodisiac
18.
Devica
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Devica is a mountain in eastern Serbia, near the town of Sokobanja. Its highest peak, Čapljinac has an elevation of 1,187 m above sea level and it belongs to the boundary of Carpatian and Balkan mountain ranges, which meet in eastern Serbia. It is bounded by the spa town on Sokobanja and river Moravica on north, Labukovo on south, road Sokobanja-Labukovo on west, the deep canyon of Moravica is cut into Devicas northern edge, dominated by the old fortress Soko Grad. At the height of around 1100 m there is a plateau, with several caves. Except for parts near Sokobanja, it has no tourist facilities and is unknown to the wider public
19.
South Morava
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South Morava or in the past Bulgarian Morava is a river in eastern Kosovo and in southern Serbia, which represents the shorter headwater of Great Morava. Today, it is 295 km long and it flows generally in the south to north direction, from Macedonian border to Kosovo and onwards to Central Serbia, where it meets West Morava at Stalać, to create Great Morava. The river rises in the Skopska Crna Gora mountain in Macedonia, streams of Ključevska reka and Slatinska reka join together to form the river Golema, which is, after passing the Macedonian-Serbian border, known as Binačka Morava. After 49 km it meets Preševska Moravica at Bujanovac, and for the remaining of 246 km flows as South Morava. South Morava belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin, and its own drainage area is 15,469 km² and its average discharge at the mouth is 100 m³/s and it is not navigable. After breaking through the last, Stalać gorge, it meets West Morava, in macro-geological point of view, South Morava connects Aegean basin with Pannonian basin. This creates a phenomenon named apparent flow inversion, because it seems that river from one lowland climbs up the mountains, South Morava used to be 318 km long and represented longer and natural headwater of Great Morava. Causing severe floods in history, meandering river has been shortened by almost 30 km until today, however, West Morava has always had bigger discharge. Areas in southern Serbia where South Morava flows have been almost completely deforested, as a result of this, the river brings large amount of materials to the Great Morava, filling and elevating its river bed, which helps the huge floods of its daughter river. The most important left ones are, Jablanica, Veternica, Pusta reka, right tributaries are, Vrla, Vlasina, Nišava and Sokobanjska Moravica. South Morava has a significant potential for electricity production, but this has not been used at all, huge hydroelectrical system has been constructed in its drainage basin, though. To a certain extent, its waters are used for irrigation, the most important role river valley has in transportation. It is the route for both railway and highway Belgrade–Skopje–Thessaloniki. It is part of the Pan-European corridor X, and the route of E75 Highway, Great Morava West Morava Nišava River Pčinja River Notes General Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition, Prosveta, ISBN 86-07-00001-2 Jovan Đ
20.
Proterozoic
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The Proterozoic is a geological eon representing the time just before the proliferation of complex life on Earth. The name Proterozoic comes from Greek and means life, the Greek root protero-, means former, earlier and zoic-, means animal. The Proterozoic Eon extended from 2500 Ma to 541 Ma, and is the most recent part of the Precambrian Supereon and it is subdivided into three geologic eras, the Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic. The geologic record of the Proterozoic Eon is more complete than that for the preceding Archean Eon, studies of these rocks have shown that the eon continued the massive continental accretion that had begun late in the Archean Eon. The Proterozoic Eon also featured the first definitive supercontinent cycles and wholly modern mountain building activity, there is evidence that the first known glaciations occurred during the Proterozoic. One of the most important events of the Proterozoic was the accumulation of oxygen in the Earths atmosphere, until roughly 2.3 billion years ago, oxygen was probably only 1% to 2% of its current level. The Banded iron formations, which provide most of the iron ore, are one mark of that mineral sink process. Their accumulation ceased after 1.9 billion years ago, after the iron in the oceans had all been oxidized, red beds, which are colored by hematite, indicate an increase in atmospheric oxygen 2 billion years ago. Such massive iron oxide formations are not found in older rocks, the Proterozoic Eon was a very tectonically active period in the Earth’s history. The late Archean Eon to Early Proterozoic Eon corresponds to a period of increasing crustal recycling, suggesting subduction, evidence for this increased subduction activity comes from the abundance of old granites originating mostly after 2.6 Ga. The appearance of eclogites, which metamorphic rocks created by pressure, are explained using a model that incorporates subduction. As a result of remelting of basaltic oceanic crust due to subduction, the long-term tectonic stability of those cratons is why we find continental crust ranging up to a few billion years in age. It is believed that 43% of modern continental crust was formed in the Proterozoic, 39% formed in the Archean, studies by Condie 2000 and Rino et al.2004 suggest that crust production happened episodically. By isotopically calculating the ages of Proterozoic granitoids it was determined there were several episodes of rapid increase in continental crust production. The reason for these pulses is unknown, but they seemed to have decreased in magnitude after every period, evidence of collision and rifting between continents raises the question as to what exactly were the movements of the Archean cratons composing Proterozoic continents. Paleomagnetic and geochronological dating mechanisms have allowed the deciphering of Precambrian Supereon tectonics and it is known that tectonic processes of the Proterozoic Eon resemble greatly the evidence of tectonic activity, such as orogenic belts or ophiolite complexes, we see today. Hence, most geologists would conclude that the Earth was active at that time and it is also commonly accepted that during the Precambrian, the Earth went through several supercontinent breakup and rebuilding cycles. In the late Proterozoic, the dominant supercontinent was Rodinia and it consisted of a series of continents attached to a central craton that forms the core of the North American Continent called Laurentia
21.
Quaternary
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Quaternary is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy. It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.588 ±0.005 million years ago to the present, the Quaternary Period is divided into two epochs, the Pleistocene and the Holocene. The informal term Late Quaternary refers to the past 0. 5–1.0 million years, the Quaternary Period is typically defined by the cyclic growth and decay of continental ice sheets driven by Milankovitch cycles and the associated climate and environmental changes that occurred. The term Quaternary was proposed by Giovanni Arduino in 1759 for alluvial deposits in the Po River valley in northern Italy and it was introduced by Jules Desnoyers in 1829 for sediments of Frances Seine Basin that seemed clearly to be younger than Tertiary Period rocks. The Quaternary Period follows the Neogene Period and extends to the present, the Quaternary covers the time span of glaciations classified as the Pleistocene, and includes the present interglacial time-period, the Holocene. This places the start of the Quaternary at the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation approximately 2.6 million years ago, Quaternary stratigraphers usually worked with regional subdivisions. From the 1970s, the International Commission on Stratigraphy tried to make a single geologic time scale based on GSSPs, the Quaternary subdivisions were defined based on biostratigraphy instead of paleoclimate. This led to the problem that the base of the Pleistocene was at 1.805 Mya. The ICS then proposed to use of the name Quaternary altogether. The Anthropocene has been proposed as an epoch as a mark of the anthropogenic impact on the global environment starting with the Industrial Revolution. The Anthropocene is not officially designated by the ICS, however, the 2.6 million years of the Quaternary represents the time during which recognizable humans existed. Over this short period, there has been relatively little change in the distribution of the continents due to plate tectonics. The Quaternary geological record is preserved in detail than that for earlier periods. The climate was one of periodic glaciations with continental glaciers moving as far from the poles as 40 degrees latitude, there was a major extinction of large mammals in Northern areas at the end of the Pleistocene Epoch. Many forms such as saber-toothed cats, mammoths, mastodons, glyptodonts, others, including horses, camels and American cheetahs became extinct in North America. Glaciation took place repeatedly during the Quaternary Ice Age – a term coined by Schimper in 1839 that began with the start of the Quaternary about 2.58 Mya and continues to the present-day. In 1821, a Swiss engineer, Ignaz Venetz, presented an article in which he suggested the presence of traces of the passage of a glacier at a distance from the Alps. This idea was initially disputed by another Swiss scientist, Louis Agassiz, a year later, Agassiz raised the hypothesis of a great glacial period that would have had long-reaching general effects
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Jurassic
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The Jurassic is a geologic period and system that spans 56.3 million years from the end of the Triassic Period 201.3 million years ago to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period 145 Mya. The Jurassic constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era, also known as the Age of Reptiles, the start of the period is marked by the major Triassic–Jurassic extinction event. The Jurassic is named after the Jura Mountains within the European Alps, by the beginning of the Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea had begun rifting into two landmasses, Laurasia to the north and Gondwana to the south. This created more coastlines and shifted the continental climate from dry to humid, on land, the fauna transitioned from the Triassic fauna, dominated by both dinosauromorph and crocodylomorph archosaurs, to one dominated by dinosaurs alone. The first birds also appeared during the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs, other major events include the appearance of the earliest lizards, and the evolution of therian mammals, including primitive placentals. Crocodilians made the transition from a terrestrial to a mode of life. The oceans were inhabited by marine reptiles such as ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs, the chronostratigraphic term Jurassic is directly linked to the Jura Mountains. The name Jura is derived from the Celtic root jor, which was Latinised into juria, the Jurassic period is divided into the Early Jurassic, Middle, and Late Jurassic epochs. The Jurassic System, in stratigraphy, is divided into the Lower Jurassic, Middle, the separation of the term Jurassic into three sections goes back to Leopold von Buch. The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous period, the Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation, as in the Triassic, there was apparently no land over either pole, and no extensive ice caps existed. In contrast, the North American Jurassic record is the poorest of the Mesozoic, the Jurassic was a time of calcite sea geochemistry in which low-magnesium calcite was the primary inorganic marine precipitate of calcium carbonate. Carbonate hardgrounds were thus very common, along with calcitic ooids, calcitic cements, the first of several massive batholiths were emplaced in the northern American cordillera beginning in the mid-Jurassic, marking the Nevadan orogeny. Important Jurassic exposures are found in Russia, India, South America, Japan, Australasia. As the Jurassic proceeded, larger and more groups of dinosaurs like sauropods and ornithopods proliferated in Africa. Middle Jurassic strata are well represented nor well studied in Africa. Late Jurassic strata are also poorly represented apart from the spectacular Tendaguru fauna in Tanzania, the Late Jurassic life of Tendaguru is very similar to that found in western North Americas Morrison Formation. During the Jurassic period, the primary living in the sea were fish
23.
Serbs
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The Serbs are a South Slavic ethnic group that formed in the Balkans. The majority of Serbs inhabit the state of Serbia, as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina. They form significant minorities in Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia, there is a large Serb diaspora in Western Europe, and outside Europe there are significant communities in North America and Australia. The Serbs share many traits with the rest of the peoples of Southeast Europe. They are predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christians by religion, the Serbian language is official in Serbia, co-official in Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is spoken by the majority in Montenegro. The modern identity of Serbs is rooted in Eastern Orthodoxy and traditions, in the 19th century, the Serbian national identity was manifested, with awareness of history and tradition, medieval heritage, cultural unity, despite living under different empires. When the Principality of Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire, Orthodoxy became crucial in defining the national identity, instead of language which was shared by other South Slavs. The tradition of slava, the family saint feast day, is an important ethnic marker of Serb identity, the origin of the ethnonym is unclear. Serbia has among the tallest people in the world, after Montenegro and Netherlands, Slavs invaded and settled the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries. Up until the late 560s their activity was raiding, crossing from the Danube, the Danube and Sava frontier was overwhelmed by large-scale Slavic settlement in the late 6th and early 7th century. What is today central Serbia was an important geo-strategical province, through which the Via Militaris crossed and this area was frequently intruded by barbarians in the 5th and 6th centuries. The numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population, numerous small Serbian states were created, located in modern Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia. With the decline of the Serbian state of Duklja in the late 11th century, Raška separated from it, prince Stefan Nemanja conquered the neighbouring territories of Kosovo, Duklja and Zachlumia. The Nemanjić dynasty ruled over Serbia until the 14th century, over the next 140 years, Serbia expanded its borders. Its cultural model remained Byzantine, despite political ambitions directed against the empire, the medieval power and influence of Serbia culminated in the reign of Stefan Dušan, who ruled the state from 1331 until his death in 1355. Ruling as Emperor from 1346, his territory included Macedonia, northern Greece, Montenegro, when Dušan died, his son Stephen Uroš V became Emperor. With the death of two important Serb leaders in the battle, and with the death of Stephen Uroš that same year, hrebeljanović was subsequently accepted as the titular leader of the Serbs because he was married to a member of the Nemanjić dynasty. In 1389, the Serbs faced the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo on the plain of Kosovo Polje, both Lazar and Sultan Murad I were killed in the fighting
24.
Vlachs of Serbia
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The Vlachs are an ethnic minority in eastern Serbia, culturally and linguistically related to Romanians. They mostly live in the Timočka Krajina region, but also in Braničevo, a small Vlach population also exists in Smederevo and Velika Plana, and in the municipalities of Aleksinac and Kruševac. Northeastern Serbia was settled by Romance-speaking communities from Banat, parts of Transylvania and these are the Ungureni, Munteni and Bufeni. Today, about three quarters of the Vlach population speak the Ungurean subdialect which is similar to the Romanian language spoken in Banat, in the 19th century other groups of Romanians originating in Oltenia also settled south of the Danube. These are the Țărani, who form some 25% of the modern population, from the 15th through the 18th centuries large numbers of Serbs also migrated across the Danube, but in the opposite direction, to both Banat and Țara Româneasca. Significant migration ended by the establishment of the kingdoms of Serbia and Romania in the half of the 19th century. The Vlachs of northeastern Serbia share close linguistic and cultural ties with the Vlachs in the region of Vidin in Bulgaria as well as the Romanians of Banat and Oltenia. Some authors consider that the majority of Vlachs/Romanians in Timočka Krajina are descendants of Romanians that migrated from Hungary in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Romanian Orthodox Church in Malajnica, built in 2004, is the first Romanian church in eastern Serbia in 170 years. Before its construction, Romanians in Timoč were not allowed to hear liturgical services in their native language, most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia are Orthodox Christians who had belonged to the Serbian Orthodox Church since the 19th century. This changed on 24 March 2009, when Serbia recognized the authority of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Valea Timocului, at Malajnica, a Vlach priest belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church encountered deliberately-raised administrative barriers when he attempted to build a church. Other Romanian Orthodox churches are planned or under construction in Jasikovo, Ćuprija, Bigrenica, additionally, a Romanian Orthodox monastery is under construction in Malajnica. The Romanian Orthodox churches in Eastern Central Serbia are subordinated to the Protopresbyteriat Dacia Ripensis with its seat in Negotin, the protopresbyteriat is subordinated to the Romanian Orthodox diocese Dacia Felix with its seat in Vršac. The relative isolation of the Vlachs has permitted the survival of various pre-Christian religious customs, Vlach magic rituals are well known across modern Serbia. The Vlachs celebrate the Ospăț, called in Serbian praznik or slava, the customs of the Vlachs are very similar to those from Southern Romania. The Vlach community is divided several groups, each speaking their own dialectal variant. The Ţărani have the saying Nu dau un leu pe el, in the Romanian principalities, as well as in Bulgaria, the leeuwendaalder came to symbolize a strong currency. Indeed, on gaining independence in the 19th century both countries adopted this name for their new currencies. Since newly independent Serbia named its currency after the Roman denarius, there is also a sub-group known as Ungureni Munteni, the ungureni from the mountains
25.
Bor, Serbia
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Bor is a town, municipality and the administrative center of the Bor District in eastern Serbia. It has one of the largest European copper mines - RTB Bor and it has been a mining center since 1904, when a French company began operations there. It is the center of the Bor District of Serbia. The population of the town is 34,160, while municipality has 48,615, the name is derived from the Serbian word Bor, meaning pine. Bor is surrounded by beautiful places such as Banjsko Polje, the spa-town Brestovačka Banja, the lake Borsko Jezero, and the mountain Stol. Neolithic Bubanj-Salkuca culture ceramics and anthropomorphic-zoomorphic figurines were found in Krivelj, in 1903 the mine of Bor was opened which was important moment for the development of Bor. The poet Miklós Radnóti wrote here some of the most beautiful ever written in Hungarian during his forced labour in the copper mines. During World War II, the mines were under German rule. During the period, roughly 6,000 people were imprisoned at the camp, the prisoners were mostly of Jewish descent, as well as Sabbatarians and Jehovahs Witnesses. Later on, shortly before World War II ended, the mines were evacuated, in 1947 Bor officially had a town status - at the time its population was 11,000. The number of residents has dropped over the years since air pollution by RTB Bor has caused people to leave the town. With the total of 32 different ethnics being represented among the population, according to the 2002 census, the settlements in the Bor municipality with Serb ethnic majority were, Bor, Brestovac, Donja Bela Reka, and Oštrelj. The settlements with Vlach ethnic majority were, Bučje, Gornjane, Krivelj, Luka, Metovnica, Tanda, Topla, ethnically mixed settlements were, Zlot and Slatina. Ethnic composition of the municipality, Copper mining, mainly of the biggest employer RTB Bor, is the key basis of the Bors economy, the Faculty was accredited as a scientific-research organisation in the area of technical-technological science in 2007. So far 1804 students graduated at this faculty, in addition to 18 students that completed specialist studies,122 master studies and 70 students that defended doctoral theses. Tennis Academy Viktor Troicki On 16 December 2010, it was announced that from 2011 in this city will start Troickis Tennis Academy. The Academy will cover 12,000 square meters, close to five-stars hotel Jezero, Troicki said that he will use every free moment to stay in Bor, especially to spend time in his academy. Sport Center Sport Center Bor is a sporting arena
26.
Negotin
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Negotin is a town and municipality located in the Bor District of the eastern Serbia. It is situated near the borders between Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria and it is the judicial center of the Bor District. The population of the town is 16,716 while municipality has 36,879, there is also the Slavonic origin hypothesis, Proto-Slavonic. Negotin may yet have been derived from Celtic words neges and tin, Negotin is first mentioned in 1530 as a settlement. The Thracians dominated the region with the Celtic Scordisci advancing after 279 BC, the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC weakened the Paleo-Balkan tribes. The Moesi, a Thracio-Dacian tribe, were defeated by the Roman army under the Marcus Licinius Crassus who was Roman consul in 30 BC, the region was organized into Moesia Inferior in 87 AD by Emperor Domitian. Hellenistic religious influence is attested through archeological findings in Rovine and Tamnič where Heracles was worshipped, the Roman site of Selište with necropolis has been excavated in the village of Rogljevo. Silver and gold fibulae from 250-320 AD have been found at sites in Negotin, until the beginning of the 18th century, Negotin was a small town, with no strategic or cultural importance. At the beginning of the 18th century, however, Austrians conducted a major build-up as a fortified town, after a period of renewed Turkish occupation, Negotin was liberated in 1804 by Hajduk Veljkos rebels during the First Serbian Uprising. After being liberated in 1804-10, Negotin quickly gained on importance, the civilized life thrived and the government, as in the most parts of then-liberated Serbia, achieved much in matters of education and modernization. The defenders of Negotin chose not to evacuate and became besieged in the then-fortified town, eventually, a Turkish gunman sighted Hajduk Veljko and shot his cannon. Veljko was hit in the chest by a cannonball and died immediately and his co-fighters buried him in an unmarked grave, so that the Turks couldnt exhume and decapitate him, as they used to do with all fallen Christian fighters. The Second Serbian Uprising of 1815 brought nothing to Negotin initially, having only liberated Belgrade, thanks to the smart diplomacy of the Prince Miloš Obrenović, this part of the country was once and for all liberated in 1833, with practically no fighting. Until the formal declaration of independence in 1878, Negotin had achieved much in a build-up of its position as a regional cultural, education. The first state school was opened in 1824, followed by a gymnasium in 1839, in time, the old Church of Our Lady became too small for the bishop of Negotin, so a grand new cathedral church was built in 1876. Cultural life thrived, with choral and other artistic societies. Most of the institutions had been opened in a matter of months after being opened in Belgrade. In this period the idea of moving the town to the banks of the Danube first took a stronghold with the government and this has never happened, although other administrations have tried to do this
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Divisions of the Carpathians
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Divisions of the Carpathians are categorization of the Carpathian mountains system. Below is an overview of the major subdivisions and ranges of the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpathians are a subsystem of a bigger Alps-Himalaya System that stretches from the western Europe all the way to southern Asia, the last level of the division, i. e. the actual mountain ranges and basins, is usually classified as units. The main divisions are shown in the map on the right, to generalize, there are three major provinces, Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, and Southern Carpathians. The division is largely undisputed at the lowest level, but various divisions are given for the higher levels, a geomorphological division has been used as much as the data was available, other new physiogeographic divisions were used in other cases. Where the classification of a higher title is known/sure, it is added at the end of the name in brackets. Their geologic features are distinct, but multiple traditions, languages and nationalities have developed overlapping variants for the divisions. In Romania, it is usual to divide the Eastern Carpathians in Romanian territory into three groups, instead in Outer and Inner Eastern Carpathians. But it is not a region and its inclusion is disputed in some sources. The Serbian Carpathians are sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians, with the difficulty of finding their exact subdivisions, they are given only as a list of the final units from the west to the east and south, in a separate listing at the end. In Poland Central Beskidian Piedmont and Lower Beskids belongs to Western Carpathians province, note that there are many variants for the divisions and names of these ranges. Wooded Beskids, Bieszczady or Western Bieszczady + Bukovské vrchy Mts. e. e, the term Bihor Massif is sometimes used for the Apuseni Mountains and Poiana Ruscă. Trascău Mountains RO, Munții Poiana Ruscă Poiana Ruscă Lipova Plateau Bega-Timiș Groove Orăștie Groove, hațeg Depression RO, Munții Banatului Banat Mountains sensu stricto, i. e. Semenic Mountains, Locva Mountains, Anina Mountains and Dognecea Mountains Almăj Mountains Timiș-Cerna Gap, incl. Almăj Depression Caraș Hills RO, Depresiunea Transilvaniei, i. e. Transylvanian Depression, some authors do not consider it to be part of the Carpathians. Mureș-Turda Depression Sibiu Depression Făgăraș Depression Transylvanian Plateau, Târnava Plateau, hârtibaci Plateau and Secașe Plateau Transylvanian Plain, or Transylvanian Plateau sensu stricto Someș Plateau Serbian, Karpatske planine, i. e. Carpathian Mountains. Sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians, sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all, origin and growth of the Western Carpathian orogenetic wedge during the mesozoic. Geologica Carpathica Special Issues,53, Proceedings of XVII, congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, September 1 -42002 Mazúr, E. Lukniš M. Geomorphological division of SSR and ČSSR. Moravo-Silesian Beskids, Collection of tourist maps 1,50000, geology of the Carpathian Region, pp.106,108,109,172,554, etc
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Western Carpathians
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The Western Carpathians are a mountain range and geomorphological province that forms the western part of the Carpathian Mountains. In the south the North Hungarian Mountains cover northern Hungary, the area of the Western Carpathians comprises about 70,000 km². The highest elevation is the Gerlachovský štít, most of the perimeter of the Western Carpathians is quite sharply defined by valleys. To the northwest and north they are separated from the Bohemian Massif by the Forecarpathian Lowland, to the south the mountain chain falls away towards the Pannonian Plain, a large plain situated between the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, and the main mass of the Eastern Carpathians. The boundary between the Western Carpathians and the Eastern Alps is formed by the Vienna Basin, the Hainburg Hills of the Little Carpathians at Devín Gate, and a gap carved by the Danube. To the east and northeast the mountains are bounded by the East Slovak and Sandomierz Basins, the Western Carpathians are part of the northern branch of alpine orogeny, which was formed by the closure of the Tethys Ocean millions of years ago. The Western Carpathians are part of the Alpide belt, to the west they longitudinally join the Alps, but the exact boundary is hidden under the Neogene sedimentary fill of the Vienna Basin. To the east, their boundary with the Eastern Carpathians is the valley of the Hornád or Uzh River, the northern boundary with the East European craton and Bohemian Massif is well marked by the thrust of nappes of the Carpathian flysch belt. The southern boundary is clear, because later postorogenetic evolution caused formation of basins. The Western Carpathians have a geological structure, that has been formed since the Paleozoic era. The oldest Paleozoic rocks experienced the first stage of deformation during the Hercynian orogeny, Alpine orogeny affected the area in several stages from Jurassic to Neogene. During this period, parts of Tethys Ocean were subducted under the African plate, tectonic units of the Western Carpathians are arranged in belt-like order, with the external units in the north and internal units in the south. After a subduction of the Meliata Ocean, the Internal Western Carpathians were formed
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Inner Western Carpathians
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Divisions of the Carpathians are categorization of the Carpathian mountains system. Below is an overview of the major subdivisions and ranges of the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpathians are a subsystem of a bigger Alps-Himalaya System that stretches from the western Europe all the way to southern Asia, the last level of the division, i. e. the actual mountain ranges and basins, is usually classified as units. The main divisions are shown in the map on the right, to generalize, there are three major provinces, Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, and Southern Carpathians. The division is largely undisputed at the lowest level, but various divisions are given for the higher levels, a geomorphological division has been used as much as the data was available, other new physiogeographic divisions were used in other cases. Where the classification of a higher title is known/sure, it is added at the end of the name in brackets. Their geologic features are distinct, but multiple traditions, languages and nationalities have developed overlapping variants for the divisions. In Romania, it is usual to divide the Eastern Carpathians in Romanian territory into three groups, instead in Outer and Inner Eastern Carpathians. But it is not a region and its inclusion is disputed in some sources. The Serbian Carpathians are sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians, with the difficulty of finding their exact subdivisions, they are given only as a list of the final units from the west to the east and south, in a separate listing at the end. In Poland Central Beskidian Piedmont and Lower Beskids belongs to Western Carpathians province, note that there are many variants for the divisions and names of these ranges. Wooded Beskids, Bieszczady or Western Bieszczady + Bukovské vrchy Mts. e. e, the term Bihor Massif is sometimes used for the Apuseni Mountains and Poiana Ruscă. Trascău Mountains RO, Munții Poiana Ruscă Poiana Ruscă Lipova Plateau Bega-Timiș Groove Orăștie Groove, hațeg Depression RO, Munții Banatului Banat Mountains sensu stricto, i. e. Semenic Mountains, Locva Mountains, Anina Mountains and Dognecea Mountains Almăj Mountains Timiș-Cerna Gap, incl. Almăj Depression Caraș Hills RO, Depresiunea Transilvaniei, i. e. Transylvanian Depression, some authors do not consider it to be part of the Carpathians. Mureș-Turda Depression Sibiu Depression Făgăraș Depression Transylvanian Plateau, Târnava Plateau, hârtibaci Plateau and Secașe Plateau Transylvanian Plain, or Transylvanian Plateau sensu stricto Someș Plateau Serbian, Karpatske planine, i. e. Carpathian Mountains. Sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians, sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all, origin and growth of the Western Carpathian orogenetic wedge during the mesozoic. Geologica Carpathica Special Issues,53, Proceedings of XVII, congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, September 1 -42002 Mazúr, E. Lukniš M. Geomorphological division of SSR and ČSSR. Moravo-Silesian Beskids, Collection of tourist maps 1,50000, geology of the Carpathian Region, pp.106,108,109,172,554, etc
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Slovak Ore Mountains
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The Slovak Ore Mountains are an extensive mountainous region of Slovakias Spiš and Gemer region, and in small part in northern Hungary, within the Carpathians. It is the largest mountain range in Slovakia, in the geomorphological system, the Slovak Ore Mountains belong to the Inner Western Carpathians. The mountains are bordered by Zvolen in the west, Košice in the east, the rivers Hron and Hornád in the north, the region includes the Domica Cave, one of the biggest caves in Europe, Zádiel canyon and Krásna Hôrka Castle. Geomorphologically, the Slovak Ore Mountains are grouped within the Inner Western Carpathians,140 km width, app.40 km area, app.4000 km² Since this is a very extensive geomorphological unit, no general characterization is appropriate. The geomorphological structure is varied and has crystalline, Mesozoic and volcanic rocks, since time immemorial, especially in the early modern period, the mountains were, as the name suggests, heavily mined but are not any more. Slovenské rudohorie contains the Muránska planina National Park, Slovak Karst National Park and Slovak Paradise National Park
