1.
Dixie Chicks
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The Dixie Chicks are an American country music band which has also crossed over into other genres, including pop and alternative country. The band is composed of founding members Martie Erwin Maguire and Emily Erwin Robison, Dixie Chicks were founded by Laura Lynch on upright bass, guitarist Robin Lynn Macy, and the multi-instrumentalist sisters Martie and Emily Erwin in 1989. The Erwin sisters have married and changed their names to Martie Maguire. The four took their name from the song Dixie Chicken by Lowell George of Little Feat, originally playing predominantly bluegrass. All four women played and sang, though Maguire and Robison provided most of the accompaniment for the band while Lynch. Maguire primarily played fiddle, mandolin, and viola, while Robisons specialties included five-stringed banjo and they paid $5,000 for the 14-track album. The album included two instrumental tunes, in 1987, Maguire had won second place, and in 1989, third place in the National fiddle championships held at the Walnut Valley Festival in Winfield, Kansas. A Christmas single was released at the end of the year – a 45 RPM vinyl record titled Home on the Radar Range, with Christmas Swing on one side and the song on the flip side named The Flip Side. The record titles were significant, during period of time, the bandmates dressed up as cowgirls. However, even with an appearance at the Grand Ole Opry, with few exceptions, such as Garrison Keillors radio show A Prairie Home Companion, Robin Lynn Macy was not pleased with their change in sound, however. She left in late 1992 to devote herself to a bluegrass sound, remaining active in the Dallas. It was during this period that professional steel guitarist Lloyd Maines introduced them to his daughter, Natalie and her distinctive voice was a match for Maguires soprano and Robisons alto harmonies. If their show at the Birchmere last week was any indication, new manager Simon Renshaw approached music executive Scott Siman and he signed them to a developmental deal with Sony Music Entertainments Nashville division. The deal was finalized with Sony over the summer of 1995, the Chicks then replaced Lynch with singer Maines. Accounts of the departure have varied, at the time, the sisters stated that Lynch had been considering leaving the band for over a year, weary of touring, and hoping to spend more time with her daughter at home. She offered to stay for the first cuts on the new album for Sony, in a later interview, Lynch said, It cant really be characterized as a resignation. There are three Dixie Chicks, and Im only one, by her own account Lynch has noted that she had no regrets about leaving. With the addition of Natalie Maines, the new lineup had a contemporary sound, as well as a new look, leaving their cowgirl dresses with their past
2.
Key (music)
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In music theory, the key of a piece is a group of pitches, or scale upon which a music composition is created in classical, Western art, and Western pop music. Notes and chords other than the tonic in a piece create varying degrees of tension, the key may be in the major or minor mode, although major is assumed in a phrase like this piece is in C. Popular songs are usually in a key, and so is classical music during the common practice period, longer pieces in the classical repertoire may have sections in contrasting keys. Methods that establish the key for a piece can be complicated to explain. The key signature is not always a reliable guide to the key of a written piece, occasionally, a piece in a mode such as Mixolydian or Dorian is written with a major or minor key signature appropriate to the tonic, and accidentals throughout the piece. Pieces in modes not corresponding to major or minor keys may sometimes be referred to as being in the key of the tonic. A piece using some type of harmony, resolving e. g. to A. An instrument may be said to be in a key, an unrelated usage referring to the pitches considered natural for that instrument. For example, modern trumpets are usually in the key of B♭, a key relationship is the relationship between keys, measured by common tones and nearness on the circle of fifths. The key usually identifies the tonic note and/or chord, the note and/or major or minor triad that represents the point of rest for a piece. For example, the key of G includes the following pitches, G, A, B, C, D, E, and F♯, and its corresponding tonic chord is G—B—D. Most often at the beginning and end of traditional pieces during the common practice period, a key may be major or minor. Music can be described as being in the Dorian mode, or Phrygian, languages other than English may use other key naming systems. Although many musicians confuse key with scale, a scale is a set of notes typically used in a key, while the key is the center of gravity. All of these notes and chords, however, are used in patterns that serve to establish the primacy of the tonic note. Cadences are particularly important in the establishment of key, even cadences that do not include the tonic note or triad, such as half cadences and deceptive cadences, serve to establish key because those chord sequences imply a unique diatonic context. Short pieces may stay in a single key throughout, more elaborate pieces may establish the main key, then modulate to another key, or a series of keys, then back to the original key. In the Baroque it was common to repeat a phrase of music, called a ritornello
3.
X (American band)
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X is an American punk rock band, formed in Los Angeles in 1977, among the first wave of American punk. The original members are vocalist Exene Cervenka, vocalist/bassist John Doe, guitarist Billy Zoom, the band released seven studio albums from 1980 to 1993. After a period of inactivity during the mid to late 1990s, X reunited in the early 2000s, X achieved limited mainstream success but influenced various genres of music, including punk rock and folk rock. In 2003, Xs first two albums, Los Angeles and Wild Gift, were ranked by Rolling Stone as being among the 500 greatest albums of all time. Los Angeles was ranked 91st on Pitchforks Top 100 Albums of the 1980s, the band received an Official Certificate of Recognition from the City of Los Angeles in acknowledgment of its contribution to Los Angeles music and culture. X was founded by bassist/singer Doe and guitarist Zoom, Doe brought his poetry-writing girlfriend Cervenka to band practices, and she eventually joined the band as a vocalist. Drummer Bonebrake was the last of the members to join after leaving local group the Eyes. Xs first record deal was with independent label Dangerhouse, for which the band produced one single, as the band became the flag bearer for the local scene, a larger independent label, Slash Records, signed the band to issue its first album. The result was their debut, Los Angeles produced by the Doors keyboard player and it was a minor hit and was well received by the underground press and mainstream media. Much of Xs early material had a rockabilly edge, Doe and Cervenka co-wrote most of the groups songs, with their slightly off-kilter harmony vocals serving as the groups most distinctive element. Their lyrics tended to be poetry, comparisons to Charles Bukowski. Their follow-up effort, 1981s Wild Gift, broadened the bands profile when it was named Record of the Year by Rolling Stone, The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times and Village Voice. During 1981, both Doe and Bonebrake (along with Dave Alvin, guitarist served as members of the Flesh Eaters, performing on that second album, A Minute to Pray. X then signed to Elektra in 1982 to release Under the Big Black Sun, while still fast and loud, with raw punk guitars, the album displayed evolving country leanings. The album was influenced by the death of Cervenkas elder sister Mirielle in a 1980 automobile accident. Three songs on the album all directly related to the tragedy, a fourth, a high-speed version of Al Dubin and Joe Burkes Dancing With Tears in My Eyes, was, years later, indirectly attributed to Cervenkas mournful state of mind. The stark black-and-white cover art and title were also a reflection of the mood of the band during this time. Cervenka has said it is her favorite X album You know, my record is Under the Big Black Sun
4.
Theatre of Living Arts
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The Theatre of Living Arts is a concert venue located on South Street in Philadelphia, PA. The venue, which opened in 1988, dates back to the late 1900s as a nickelodeon, over the years, the venue has seen many incarnations ranging from concert hall to movie theatre to theatre. Known for its acoustics, it was voted as one of the best concert venues in America by Complex, the theatre opened in 1908 as the Crystal Palace, a nickelodeon seating nearly 700. In 1927, the became a concert hall. In 1941, the venue was taken over by the Warner Bros, circuit Management Corporation and converted into a movie theatre. Along with the changes came a new name, the New Palace Theatre, the theatre’s popularity declined in the 50s. By 1959, the theatre saw another reincarnation, this time as a repertory theatre, the theatre was during the direction of stage veteran Anne Ramsey and her husband Logan Ramsey. This is also when the name, Theatre of the Living Arts came into being, in 1964, Andre Gregory took over from the Ramseys as artistic director. The theatre proved to be a success, presenting 10 productions per season, some troupe members included, Danny DeVito, Judd Hirsch, Sally Kirkland, Ron Leibman and Morgan Freeman. In 1967, a dispute between Gregory and the board of directors saw the leaving the theatre on February 17,1967. At this time, the theatre was taken over by a new firm and christened as the Bandbox Living Arts, the theatre saw a decline in popularity and closed in 1969 due to financial issues. In 1970, it was purchased by Al Malmfelt, a business entrepreneur and it opened a year later as a single screen cinema, specializing in hard to see films. Nearly 20 films were shown per week, the movie house showed classic films, alongside art films, foreigns, serials and controversial films. There was also a monsters at midnight film series, with the venue showing horror films, in 1976, it premiered The Rocky Horror Picture Show. The success led to weekly showings, encouraging the audience to dress as their favorite character, in 1978, the venue was also utilized by the American Theater Arts for Youth. The company did several productions during its tenure including, Babes in Toyland, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and they left the venue in 1982 to seek a bigger audience. By November 1980, the theatre was again in final trouble. The theatre folded once again in 1981, stephen Starr purchased the building for $600,000 in March 1981
5.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
6.
Concert
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A concert is a live music performance in front of an audience. A recital is a concert by a soloist or small group which follows a program, a recitalist is a musician who gives frequent recitals. The invention of the piano recital has been attributed to Franz Liszt. The performance may be by a musician, sometimes then called a recital, or by a musical ensemble, such as an orchestra, choir. Indoor concerts held in the largest venues are sometimes called arena concerts or amphitheatre concerts, informal names for a concert include show and gig. Regardless of the venue, musicians perform on a stage. Concerts often require live event support with professional audio equipment, before recorded music, concerts provided the main opportunity to hear musicians play. The nature of a concert varies by musical genre, individual performers, concerts by a small jazz combo or small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume—but vary in music and dress. In a similar way, a musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle. For example, concert goers in the 1960s often had hair, sandals. Regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a style that comprises that venues scene. Other Types of concerts, To plan or arrange by mutual agreement, some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive shows. To create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, some singers, especially popular music, augment concert sound with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singers own voice. Activities during these concerts can include dancing, sing-alongs, and moshing, concerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for multiple days, are known as festivals. Unlike other concerts, which remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music. Due to their size, festivals are almost exclusively held outdoors, new platforms for festivals are becoming increasingly popular such as Jam Cruise, which is a festival held on a cruise ship, as well as Mayan Holidaze, which is a destination festival held in Tulum. Often concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist, different segments of longer concert tours are known as legs. In the largest concert tours it is becoming common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment
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Paper
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Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production, the oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch, with paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age. Because of papers introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, in the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres, before the industrialisation of the paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from hemp, linen and cotton, a process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774. Today this method is called deinking and it was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers. The word paper is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek πάπυρος, although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second. Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have changed by maceration. To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres and this is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose, this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers–not to be confused with paper, this is because they do not contain lignin. The pulp can also be bleached to produce paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres, chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton. There are three main chemical pulping processes, the process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before the second world war. Most pulping operations using the process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents, soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high silicate content. There are two major mechanical pulps, thermomechanical pulp and groundwood pulp, in the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres
8.
Corrugated fiberboard
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Corrugated fiberboard is a material consisting of a fluted corrugated sheet and one or two flat linerboards. It is made on flute lamination machines or corrugators and is used in the manufacture of shipping containers, the corrugated medium and linerboard board both are made of kraft containerboard, a paperboard material usually over 0.01 inches thick. Corrugated fiberboard and paperboard are sometimes called corrugated cardboard, although cardboard might be any heavy paper-pulp based board. Corrugated paper was patented in England in 1856, and used as a liner for tall hats, the patent was issued to Albert Jones of New York City for single-sided corrugated board. Jones used the board for wrapping bottles and glass lantern chimneys. The first machine for producing large quantities of corrugated board was built in 1874 by G, the Scottish-born Robert Gair invented the pre-cut paperboard box in 1890 – flat pieces manufactured in bulk that folded into boxes. Gair discovered that by cutting and creasing in one operation he could make prefabricated paperboard boxes, applying this idea to corrugated boxboard was a straightforward development when the material became available in the early twentieth century. The corrugated box was used for packaging glass and pottery containers. Later, in the mid-1950s, the case enabled fruit and produce to be brought from the farm to the retailer without bruising, improving the return to the producers, several properties and characteristics can be measured for corrugated board. Included are, Edge crush test Burst strength Flat crush test Bending resistance Impact resistance Cushioning, shock absorption Tear resistance Grammage for components, Corrugated fiberboard is anisotropic, many of its properties a highly directional. For example, edge crush, bending stiffness, tensile, and surface characteristics are different, depending on the orientation to the flutes, Corrugated board is manufactured on large high-precision machinery lines called corrugators, usually running at about 500 feet per minute or more. These machines, over time, have very complex with the objective of avoiding some common problems in corrugated board production, such as warp. The key raw material in corrugating is paper, different grades for each layer making up the corrugated box, due to supply chain and scale considerations, paper is produced in separate plants called paper mills. Most corrugating plants keep an inventory of paper reels, in the classical corrugator, the paper is softened with high-pressure steam. After the board is formed it is dried in the so-called dry-end, here the newly formed corrugated board is heated from the bottom by hot plates. On the top, various pressures are applied by a system on the belt. The corrugated medium is often 0.026 pounds per foot basis weight in the U. S. in the UK. At the single-facer, it is heated, moistened, and formed into a pattern on geared wheels
