1.
Harry Potter
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Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the life of a wizard, Harry Potter. Since the release of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, on 26 June 1997, the series has now been translated into multiple languages including French, Irish, Spanish, German and Swedish to name a few. They have attracted a wide audience as well as younger readers. The series has also had its share of criticism, including concern about the dark tone as the series progressed, as well as the often gruesome. As of May 2013, the books have more than 500 million copies worldwide, making them the best-selling book series in history. The series was published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. The original seven books were adapted into a film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which has become the second highest-grossing film series of all time as of August 2015, in 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion, making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time. A series of genres, including fantasy, drama, coming of age and the British school story. According to Rowling, the theme is death. Other major themes in the series include prejudice, corruption, Rowling updates the series with new information and insight, and a pentalogy of spin-off films premiering in November 2016, among many other developments. Most recently, themed attractions, collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, have built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world. The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world, albeit hidden and his magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world. Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, each novel chronicles one year in Harrys life during the period from 1991 to 1998. The books also contain many flashbacks, which are experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve. The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality, the full background to this event and Harry Potters past is revealed gradually through the series. After the introductory chapter, the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potters eleventh birthday, Harrys first contact with the wizarding world is through a half-giant, Rubeus Hagrid, Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts
2.
Alan Rickman
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Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman was an English actor and director known for playing a variety of roles on stage and on screen. Rickman trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and his first big television part came in 1982, but his big break was as the Vicomte de Valmont in the stage production of Les Liaisons Dangereuses in 1985, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. Rickman gained wider notice for his performances as Hans Gruber in Die Hard. L. OHara in An Awfully Big Adventure, Dr. Rickman died of cancer on 14 January 2016 at the age of 69. His final film roles are as Lieutenant General Frank Benson in the thriller Eye in the Sky, and the voice of Absolem, Rickman was born in West London, to a working-class family, the son of Margaret Doreen Rose, a housewife, and Bernard William Rickman. Rickmans father was a worker, house painter and decorator. His ancestry was English, Irish and Welsh, his father was Catholic, Rickmans family also included brothers David and Michael, and sister Sheila. When he was eight years old, Rickmans father died of cancer, leaving his mother to raise him. She married again in 1960, but divorced Rickmans stepfather after three years, before he met Rima Horton at 19, he stated that his first crush was at 10 years old to a girl named Amanda at sports day. As a child, he excelled at calligraphy and watercolour painting, after leaving Latymer, he attended Chelsea College of Art and Design and then the Royal College of Art. He wrote to request an audition with the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, while there, he studied Shakespeare and supported himself by working as a dresser for Sir Nigel Hawthorne and Sir Ralph Richardson. In 1978, he performed with the Court Drama Group, gaining parts in Romeo and Juliet and A View from the Bridge, while working with the Royal Shakespeare Company, he was cast in As You Like It. He appeared in The Barchester Chronicles, the BBCs adaptation of Trollopes first two Barchester novels, as the Reverend Obadiah Slope. Rickman was given the lead, the Vicomte de Valmont, in the 1985 Royal Shakespeare Company production of Christopher Hamptons adaptation of Les Liaisons Dangereuses. After the RSC production transferred to Broadway in 1987, Rickman received both a Tony Award nomination and a Drama Desk Award nomination for his performance, Rickmans career was filled with a wide range of roles. Alfred Blalock in HBOs Something the Lord Made and the mad monk Rasputin in the HBO biopic Rasputin, Dark Servant of Destiny, for which he won a Golden Globe and an Emmy. His performance as the Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves also earned him praise as one of the best actors to portray a villain in films, Rickman took issue with being typecast as a villain, even though he was known for playing unsympathetic characters. His portrayal of Severus Snape, the master in the Harry Potter series, was dark
3.
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)
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Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 British-American fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. It is based on the novel of the name by J. K. Rowling. The film, which is the fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Michael Goldenberg and produced by David Heyman, the story follows Harry Potters fifth year at Hogwarts as the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemorts return. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harrys best friends Ron Weasley and it is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and is followed by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. Post-production on the film continued for months afterwards to add in visual effects. The films budget was reportedly between £75 and 100 million. Warner Bros. released the film in the United Kingdom on 12 July 2007 and in North America on 11 July, the film was nominated for two BAFTA Film Awards in 2008. While trying to outrun a storm Harry Potter and Dudley are attacked by Dementors, back at the dursleys Harry recevies a letter saying he is expelled from Hogwarts. The Order of the Phoenix, an organization founded by Albus Dumbledore. Then they take him to their headquarters and inform him that the Ministry of Magic is oblivious to Lord Voldemorts return, Harrys godfather, Sirius Black, mentions that Voldemort is after an object he did not have during his previous attack. Dumbledore arrives at the hearing and convinces the Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge to let Harry return to Hogwarts, at the school Harry learns that Fudge has appointed a new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor, Dolores Umbridge. She and Harry immediately clash, and she punishes Harry for his lies by forcing him to write a message with a magic quill, scarring his hand. When Ron and Hermione notice Harrys scars they are outraged, but Harry refuses to go to Dumbledore, as Umbridges control over the school increases, Ron and Hermione aid Harry in forming a secret group to train students in defensive spells, calling themselves Dumbledores Army. Umbridge recruits the Slytherin students to expose the group, meanwhile, Harry and Cho Chang develop romantic feelings for each other. Harry has an involving a attack upon Arthur Weasley, from the point of view of Arthurs attacker. Concerned that Voldemort will exploit this connection to Harry, Dumbledore instructs Severus Snape to give Harry Occlumency lessons to defend his mind from Voldemorts influence, the connection between Harry and Voldemort leads Harry to further isolate himself from his friends. Meanwhile, Bellatrix Lestrange, Siriuss deranged Death Eater cousin, escapes from Azkaban along with nine other Death Eaters, at Hogwarts, Umbridge and her Inquisitorial Squad expose Dumbledores Army. Dumbledore escapes as Fudge orders his arrest, Harrys relationship with Cho falls apart, as he believes she betrayed Dumbledores Army to Umbridge
4.
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
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Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowlings debut novel, first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury. It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998. The plot follows Harry Potter, a wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends. With the help of his friends, Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, who killed Harrys parents, the novel won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US. The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best-selling fiction in August 1999 and it has been translated into at least sixty-seven other languages and has been made into a feature-length film of the same name, as have all six of its sequels. Most reviews were favourable, commenting on Rowlings imagination, humour, simple, direct style and clever plot construction. The series has used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques, sociological analysis. The most evil and powerful wizard in history, Lord Voldemort, murdered James and Lily Potter but mysteriously disappeared after failing to kill their infant son. For ten years, living at number Four Privet Drive, Harry is treated by the Dursleys more like a servant than a member of the family and is forced to live in a cupboard under the stairs. Shortly before his birthday, a series of letters addressed to Harry arrive. To evade the pursuit of these letters, Vernon first takes the family to a hotel, but when the letters arrive there too, he hires a boat out to a hut on a small island. Hagrid takes Harry to a hidden London street called Diagon Alley, where he is surprised to discover how famous he is among the witches and wizards and he also finds that his parents inheritance is waiting for him at Gringotts Wizarding Bank. Guided by Hagrid, he buys the equipment he will need for his first year at Hogwarts, a month later, Harry leaves the Dursleys home to catch the Hogwarts Express from Kings Cross railway station. There he meets the Weasley family, who show him how to pass through the wall to Platform 9¾. While on the train, Harry meets two fellow first years, Ron Weasley, who becomes his friend, and Hermione Granger. Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first-year, Draco Malfoy, Draco offers to advise Harry, but Harry dislikes Draco for his arrogance and prejudice and rejects his offer of friendship. At Hogwarts, the first-years are assigned by the magical Sorting Hat to houses that best suit their personalities. While Harry is being sorted, the Hat suggests that he be placed into Slytherin which is known to house potential dark witches and wizards, but when Harry objects, Ron and Hermione are also sorted into Gryffindor
5.
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
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Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is the seventh and final novel of the Harry Potter series, written by British author J. K. Rowling. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in January 2007, before its release, Bloomsbury reportedly spent £10 million to keep the books contents safe before its release date. American publisher Arthur Levine refused any copies of the novel to be released in advance for press review, shortly before release, photos of all 759 pages of the U. S. edition were leaked and transcribed, leading Scholastic to look for the source that had leaked it. Released globally in 93 countries, Deathly Hallows broke sales records as the book ever. It sold 15 million copies in the first 24 hours following its release, including more than 11 million in the U. S. the previous record,9 million in its first day, had been held by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The novel has also translated into over 120 languages. The title proved difficult to translate and was often rendered closer to Harry Potter, major themes in the novel are death and living in a corrupted society, and critics have compared them to Christian allegories. Generally well-received, the won the 2008 Colorado Blue Spruce Book Award. A two-part film adaptation began showing in November 2010 when Harry Potter, as an orphan, Harry was placed in the care of his Muggle relatives Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon. In Philosophers Stone, Harry re-enters the wizarding world at age 11 and enrols in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and he makes friends with fellow students Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and is mentored by the schools headmaster, Albus Dumbledore. He also meets Professor Severus Snape, who dislikes and bullies him. Harry fights Voldemort several times while at school, as the tries to regain a physical form. During Order of the Phoenix, Harry and several of his friends face off against Voldemorts Death Eaters, a group of Dark witches and wizards, and narrowly defeat them. Two of these had already destroyed, one a diary destroyed by Harry in the events of Chamber of Secrets. Dumbledore takes Harry along in the attempt to destroy a third horcrux contained in a locket, however, the horcrux had been taken by an unknown wizard, and upon their return Dumbledore is ambushed and disarmed by Draco Malfoy who cannot bring himself to kill him. Dumbledore is subsequently killed by Snape, who finishes what Malfoy started, the Order of the Phoenix move Harry to a new location before his birthday, but are attacked upon departure. In the ensuing battle, Mad-Eye is killed and George Weasley wounded, Voldemort himself arrives to kill Harry, but Harrys wand fends him off of its own accord. At the Burrow, Harry, Ron and Hermione make preparations to abandon Hogwarts and hunt down Voldemorts four remaining Horcruxes, one is a locket once owned by Hogwarts co-founder Salazar Slytherin which was stolen by the mysterious R. A. B
6.
J. K. Rowling
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Joanne Jo Rowling, OBE, FRSL, pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, is a British novelist, screenwriter and film producer best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. The books have gained attention, won multiple awards. There were six sequels, the last, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Rowling has lived a rags to riches life story, in which she progressed from living on state benefits to multi-millionaire status within five years. She is the United Kingdoms best-selling living author, with sales in excess of £238M, the 2016 Sunday Times Rich List estimated Rowlings fortune at £600 million, ranking her as the joint 197th richest person in the UK. Time magazine named her as a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year, noting the social, moral, in October 2010, Rowling was named the Most Influential Woman in Britain by leading magazine editors. She has supported charities including Comic Relief, One Parent Families, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Great Britain, although she writes under the pen name J. K. Rowling, her name, before her remarriage, was simply Joanne Rowling. Anticipating that the audience of young boys might not want to read a book written by a woman. As she had no name, she chose K as the second initial of her pen name. Following her marriage, she has used the name Joanne Murray when conducting personal business. During the Leveson Inquiry she gave evidence under the name of Joanne Kathleen Rowling and her entry in Whos Who lists her name also as Joanne Kathleen Rowling. Rowling was born to Peter James Rowling, a Rolls-Royce aircraft engineer, and Anne Rowling and her parents first met on a train departing from Kings Cross Station bound for Arbroath in 1964. They married on 14 March 1965, One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Dugald Campbell, was Scottish, born in Lamlash on the Isle of Arran. Her mothers paternal grandfather, Louis Volant, was French, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre for exceptional bravery in defending the village of Courcelles-le-Comte during the First World War. Rowling originally believed he had won the Légion dhonneur during the war, as she said when she received it herself in 2009. She later discovered the truth when featured in an episode of the UK genealogy series Who Do You Think You Are. in which she found out it was a different Louis Volant who won the Legion of Honour. Rowlings sister Dianne was born at their home when Rowling was 23 months old, the family moved to the nearby village Winterbourne when Rowling was four. She attended St Michaels Primary School, a school founded by abolitionist William Wilberforce and her headmaster at St Michaels, Alfred Dunn, has been suggested as the inspiration for the Harry Potter headmaster Albus Dumbledore. As a child, Rowling often wrote stories which she frequently read to her sister
7.
Alec Hopkins
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Several actors of the United Kingdom and Ireland have voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the Harry Potter film series based on the book series by J. K. Rowling. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson have played Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, when they were cast only Radcliffe had previously acted in a film. Thirteen actors have appeared as the character in all eight films of the series. Some well-known British actors, who have not appeared in the series, were asked in jest why they had not been cast, when David Yates was directing the fifth film, Bill Nighy said that he hoped the director would cast him in Harry Potter. However, in 2009, Yates cast Nighy as Minister of Magic Rufus Scrimgeour in the seventh film, Nighy said, I am no longer the only English actor not to be in Harry Potter and I am very pleased. Jude Law once quipped, Nobodys asked me, I was a bit too old for Harry. I know some who are still waiting, Rowling gave a speech during the world premiere of the final film in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2, on 7 July 2011 in London. The list below is sorted by film and character since some characters have been portrayed by multiple actors. Key indicates the actor or actress lent only his or her voice for his or her film character indicates the actor or actress portrayed the role in a scene or when the character was young. Indicates the actor or actress did not appear in any new footage for the film, a light grey cell indicates the character was not in the film adaptation. A Often, minor child parts—in this case, Harry as an infant—are played by twins or triplets to avoid overworking the children, the given names of each of the Saunders triplets are unknown, they were credited in the film as Saunders triplets. B Michael Gambon replaced Richard Harris as Albus Dumbledore from Prisoner of Azkaban onwards after Harriss death, C Warwick Davis played Filius Flitwick in the first two films as an old dwarf-like man with gray hair. In pre-production for the film, the producers told Davis there was no role for Flitwick. Davis played a much younger-looking man with black hair and a moustache who directed the choir at the Hogwarts Welcome Feast, and was credited as portraying Wizard. During pre-production for the film, director Mike Newell told Davis he wanted to keep his look from the last film. Davis now considers the character he has played some relative of Flitwick, in the sixth film, Harry specifically calls him Professor Flitwick, as does McGonagall in the seventh, calling him Filius. D Rob Knox was stabbed to death on 24 May 2008 before Half-Blood Prince was released, the cast and crew of Half-Blood Prince wore white ribbons to the London premiere of the film in tribute to Knox. E Vincent Crabbe is a recurring, minor character who appears in every book, jamie Waylett portrays the character in the first six films
8.
Hogwarts
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Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, shortened Hogwarts, is a fictional British school of magic for students aged eleven to eighteen, and is the primary setting for the first six books in J. K. Hogwarts school was voted as the 36th best Scottish educational establishment in a 2008 online ranking, outranking Edinburghs Loretto School, according to a director of the Independent Schools Network Rankings, it was added to the schools listing for fun and was then voted on. J. K. Rowling says she visualises Hogwarts, in its entirety, to be, A huge, rambling, quite scary-looking castle, with a jumble of towers and battlements. Like the Weasleys house, it isnt a building that Muggles could build, in the novels, Hogwarts is somewhere in Scotland. The school is depicted as having numerous charms and spells on, Muggles cannot see the school, rather, they see only ruins and several warnings of danger. There is also an owlery, which all the owls owned by the school. Some rooms in the school tend to move around, and so do the stairs in the grand staircase, electricity and electronic devices are not found at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Hermione indicates that due to the levels of magic, substitutes for magic Muggles use such as computers, radar. Rowling explains this by saying that the radios are not powered by electricity, Hogwarts is on the shore of a lake, sometimes called the Black Lake. In that lake are merpeople, Grindylows, and a giant squid, the giant squid does not attack humans and sometimes acts as a lifeguard when students are in the lake. Hogwarts is a coeducational, secondary boarding school, taking children from eleven to eighteen. Education at Hogwarts is not compulsory, with students being home schooled as stated in the seventh book. Rowling initially said there are one thousand students at Hogwarts. She later suggested around six hundred, while acknowledging that this number was still inconsistent with the number of people in Harrys year. She further explained that this had resulted from her creating only 40 characters for Harrys year, Rowling has said that Hogwarts is a multifaith school. She has further stated on the subject, The only people I never imagined there are Wiccans, in response to the query, o you think there are a lot of LGBT students in modern age Hogwarts. I like to imagine they formed an LGBT club, Rowling replied, according to the novels, admission to Hogwarts is selective, in that children who show magical ability will automatically gain a place, and squibs cannot attend the school as students. A magical quill at Hogwarts detects the birth of children and writes their names into a large parchment book
9.
Harry Potter (character)
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Harry James Potter is the title character of J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. The majority of the books plot covers seven years in the life of the orphan Potter, thus, he attends Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry to practise magic under the guidance of the kindly headmaster Albus Dumbledore and other school professors. According to Rowling, the idea for both the Harry Potter books and its eponymous character came while waiting for a train from Manchester to London in 1990. She stated that her idea for this scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who didnt know he was a wizard became more and more real to me, while developing the ideas for her book, she also decided to make Harry an orphan who attended a boarding school called Hogwarts. She explained in a 1999 interview with The Guardian, Harry had to be an orphan—so that hes an agent, with no fear of letting down his parents. Hogwarts has to be a boarding school—half the important stuff happens at night, having a child of my own reinforces my belief that children above all want security, and thats what Hogwarts offers Harry. In a 2000 interview with The Guardian, Rowling also established that the character of Wart in T. H. Whites novel The Once, finally, she established Harrys birth date as 31 July, the same as her own. However, she maintained that Harry was not directly based on any real-life person, Rowling has also maintained that Harry is a suitable real-life role model for children. Harry first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, starting in 1981, when Harry was just one year old, his parents, James and Lily, were murdered by the most powerful Dark Wizard, Lord Voldemort. He attempted to kill Harry too, but was unsuccessful and only left a lightning bolt shaped scar on Harrys forehead, Voldemorts body was destroyed, but his soul was not. Harry later learns that the reason why he survived was because of Lily sacrificing herself for him, according to Rowling, fleshing out this back story was a matter of reverse planning, The basic idea Harry. Didnt know he was a wizard. and so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, when he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harrys parents, and then he tried to kill Harry—he tried to curse him, Harry has to find out, before we find out. And for some reason, the curse didnt work on Harry. So hes left with this lightning-bolt shaped scar on his forehead, as a result, Harry is written as an orphan living with his only remaining family, the Dursleys, who are neglectful and abusive. On his eleventh birthday, Harry learns he is a wizard when Rubeus Hagrid arrives to him that he is to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft. There he learns about the world, his parents. When he is sorted into Gryffindor House, he becomes fast friends with classmates Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, both feuds continue throughout the series
10.
Lord Voldemort
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Lord Voldemort is a fictional character and the central antagonist in J. K. Rowlings series of Harry Potter novels. Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, which was released in 1997. Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its adaptation in the series, except the third, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has the power to vanquish the Dark Lord, nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name, and refers to him instead with such expressions as You-Know-Who, He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named or the Dark Lord. Voldemorts obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the world of Muggle heritage. Through his mothers family, he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin, one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He is the leader of the Death Eaters, a group of wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles. According to Rowling, the t in Voldemort is silent, as it is in the French word for death, in a 2001 interview, Rowling said Voldemort was invented as a nemesis for Harry Potter, and she intentionally did not flesh out Voldemorts backstory at first. The basic idea didnt know he was a wizard And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be, when he was one year old, the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him. He killed Harrys parents, and then he tried to kill Harry — he tried to curse him, Harry has to find out, before we find out. And – so – but for some reason the curse didnt work on Harry. So hes left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard, in the second book, Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure-blood wizards, despite being a half-blood himself. In the same year, Rowling became more precise about Voldemort and she began to link him to real-life tyrants, describing him as a raging psychopath, devoid of the normal human responses to other peoples suffering. In 2004, though, Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person, in 2006, Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear, the fear of death. She said, Voldemorts fear is death, ignominious death, I mean, he regards death itself as ignominious. He thinks that its a human weakness, as you know. Throughout the series, Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name. Most characters in the novels refer to him as You-Know-Who or He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named rather than say his name aloud, in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, a Taboo is placed upon the name, such that Voldemort or his followers may trace anyone who utters it
11.
Fictional universe of Harry Potter
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The fictional universe of J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series of fantasy novels comprises two distinct societies, the Wizarding World and the Muggle world. Any new works taking place in this universe are released under the J. K. Rowlings Wizarding World brand, the depiction of the Wizarding World is centered on magic, which not only imbues objects such as wands, but is portrayed as an inborn ability. It is also centered on the separation of the world from the non-wizarding world. Despite being an inherent talent, magic is honed through study of branches of magic. A great deal of effort is expended in keeping the Muggles unaware of magic, exceptions to the secrecy include wizards Muggle relatives and the high political leaders, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for instance. Some aspects of the Wizarding World are depicted as being less-than-modern in comparison to the Muggle world, if one has instant access to magical power, the development of modern technology and science in the Wizarding World would seem to be almost unnecessary. However, a number of technologically complex devices do exist. Such examples are rare, however, wizards rarely make use of Muggle technology, nor do they have much interest in doing so, pure-blood Wizards are baffled by how Muggle technology works and most have no interest in understanding it. Muggle Studies classes are offered at Hogwarts for those students with an interest, the Wizarding World has also not embraced modern Muggle modes of information collection and transfer. For instance, instead of pen/pencil, paper and electronic equipment like computers, Hogwarts students use ink-dipped quills and parchment to take notes and do their homework. Money is also old-fashioned, when Muggle Britain was decimalised in 1971, Magical Britons continued with their system of 17 silver Sickles to a gold Galleon, many aspects of the British Wizarding World have Muggle equivalents. For example, after reaching age of 17 wizards can be licensed to apparate, while Muggles can learn, in the fifth and seventh years of Hogwarts or Muggle secondary school, external examinations take place. Some aspects of Muggle pop culture are also mirrored in the Wizarding World such as music, posters. Wizards and witches who are Muggle-born, or are half-bloods find it easier to integrate into Muggle society, Gryffindor student Dean Thomas has frequent references to the adorning of his part of the dormitory with posters of West Ham United Football Club. Albus Dumbledore has expressed interest in Muggle knitting patterns and ten pin bowling, there is no separate magical land in the Harry Potter universe. The wizarding world not only alongside the world of Muggles. Only one settlement in Britain, the village of Hogsmeade, is home to an entirely magical population, the vast majority of witches and wizards locations are integrated within the wider non-magical area. Wizards will often live in communities of several families within Muggle villages such as Godrics Hollow in the West Country or Tinworth in Cornwall
12.
Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation)
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The Order of the Phoenix is a secret organisation in the Harry Potter series of fiction books written by J. K. Rowling. Founded by Albus Dumbledore to fight Lord Voldemort and his followers, the Death Eaters, the Order lends its name to the book of the series, Harry Potter. Several characters joined the organisation, seeking to prevent Voldemort from taking over the wizarding world, the Longbottoms were also tortured to insanity at the hands of Bellatrix Lestrange. Voldemorts first reign of terror ended after the murders of James and Lily Potter, when Harry reported that Voldemort had returned, towards the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Dumbledore reactivated the Order. Many of the members returned and were soon joined by recruits who effectively replaced those who had died in service during the first conflict. The Order established their headquarters at Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place, Sirius Blacks family home, Dumbledore was the Secret-Keeper for the Order, meaning that only he could reveal the location of the Orders headquarters to others. Dumbledores death on his own request at the hands of Severus Snape in book six made the location vulnerable, the Order led the fight against Voldemort in the fifth instalment while the Minister of Magic refused to accept the return of Voldemort. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, some Order members take turns guarding Sybill Trelawneys prophecy, Rubeus Hagrid, the Hogwarts Grounds Keeper and an original Member of the Order, was accompanied by Olympe Maxime in an attempt to recruit the giants to the Orders cause. Some members also participated in a battle at the Department of Mysteries near the end of the fifth book, Order members patrolled Hogwarts, the Wizarding school, on the night of Dumbledores death in Half-Blood Prince, fighting the Death Eaters who managed to enter the castle. In the series finale, attention turns to escorting the Death Eaters main target, Harry Potter, the following characters were members of the Order of the Phoenix during Lord Voldemorts initial rise to power and several years prior to the main events of the Harry Potter series. Many of these characters later served as members of the revived Order and these characters joined the Order when Dumbledore reactivated it after Lord Voldemorts return at the end of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. This is a list of members of the Order of the Phoenix. Albus Dumbledore, Severus Snape and Rubeus Hagrid have their own pages, minerva McGonagall is listed under Hogwarts staff, Fred and George are listed under Dumbledores Army, and Peter Pettigrew is listed under Death Eater. Sirius Black, nicknamed Padfoot because his Animagus form takes the shape of a dog, is the last heir to the House of Black and he is the older brother of Regulus Arcturus Black and a cousin of Narcissa Malfoy, Andromeda Tonks, and Bellatrix Lestrange. He rejected his familys pure-blood elitism and reverence for the Dark Arts, in contrast to his home life, Sirius greatly enjoyed life at Hogwarts. He was proud of the fact that he was the only Black to be sorted into Gryffindor and he was inseparable from his best friend James Prongs Potter and befriended Remus Moony Lupin and Peter Wormtail Pettigrew. He was mentioned by Rubeus Hagrid in the first novel, but did not appear until the third in the series, Sirius, along with James, bullied Severus Snape while they were at school, nicknaming him Snivellus. Sirius left home at the age of sixteen and took refuge with James and his outraged mother burned his name off the family tree, but he was left financially independent by his Uncle Alphards generous bequest
13.
Death Eater
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Death Eaters are fictional characters in the Harry Potter series of novels and films. They are a group of wizards and witches, led by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort, Death Eaters recognise one another by the Dark Mark on their left forearm, a sign created by Voldemort to summon him instantly to them or vice versa. Their typical attire includes black hooded robes and masks, Death Eaters are wizards and witches led by Lord Voldemort. Some, like Bellatrix Lestrange, are the kind of Death Eaters that Voldemort is most close to, Death Eaters have a Dark Mark on their forearm, that Voldemort can use to summon all of the Death Eaters. When Voldemort failed to kill Harry Potter, he lost his powers and was upset when he returned because no Death Eater had come looking for him and they also did this to people who were blood traitors. Around 10 years after the Death Eaters first surfaced, a Seer named Sybill Trelawney made a prophecy about a boy who would have the power to defeat Voldemort forever. The prophecy could have referred to two different boys, Harry Potter or Neville Longbottom, however, Voldemort chose Harry as said in the prophecy, that the Dark Lord would mark him as his equal. As Voldemort was a half-blood, he chose his equal, Harry, whose mother was a Muggle-born witch, instead of Neville, acting on information from James and Lily Potters Secret-Keeper Peter Pettigrew, Voldemort attempted to complete the prophecy and kill his infant rival. Due to Harrys mothers sacrifice to save her son, Voldemorts deadly curse rebounded off Harry, with Voldemort vanquished after failing to kill Harry, the Death Eaters largely disbanded. The Lestranges are the only Death Eaters known to have sacrificed their freedom for Voldemort. This is something that does not go unnoticed by him, as he claims, when he returns, early in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire a group of Death Eaters rallies after the Quidditch World Cup. They gather to form a spectacle and disturbance which spreads instant chaos. Their appearance alone creates hysteria, and their numbers grow while they torture muggles and it concludes when the Dark Mark is produced in the sky by Barty Crouch Jr, frightening Death Eaters and Ministry officials alike. Voldemort, having regained his strength at the end of Harry Potter. Except for Severus Snape, those dead, imprisoned, or afraid to return, Voldemort states at his rebirth, And here we have six missing Death Eaters. three dead in my service. One, too cowardly to return. he will pay, one, who I believe has left me forever. he will be killed, of course. and one, who remains my most faithful servant, and who has already reentered my service. Based on later happenings in the books, it can be deduced that the one too cowardly to return is Igor Karkaroff. The one who I believe has left me forever is Severus Snape, the most faithful servant is Barty Crouch Jr. who has already been in place at Hogwarts working for Voldemort
14.
Albus Dumbledore
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Professor Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is a fictional character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. For most of the series, he is the headmaster of the wizarding school Hogwarts, as part of his backstory, it is revealed that he is the founder and leader of the Order of the Phoenix, an organisation dedicated to fighting Lord Voldemort. Dumbledore is portrayed by Richard Harris in the adaptations of Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone and Harry Potter. After Harris death, Michael Gambon portrayed Dumbledore for all of the remaining films, Rowling stated she chose the name Dumbledore, which is an Early Modern English word for bumblebee, because of Dumbledores love of music, she imagined him walking around humming to himself a lot. The author has stated that she enjoys writing Dumbledore because he is the epitome of goodness, Rowling said that Dumbledore speaks for her, as he knows pretty much everything about the Harry Potter universe. Rowling mentioned that Dumbledore regrets that he has always had to be the one who knew, and he would rather not know. As a mentor to the central character Harry Potter, Dumbledore is a wise man who knows that Harry is going to have to learn a few hard lessons to prepare him for what may be coming in his life. He allows Harry to get into what he wouldnt allow another pupil to do, in a 1999 interview, Rowling stated that she imagined Dumbledore more as a John Gielgud type, you know, quite elderly and – and quite stately. During his time as a student, Dumbledore was in Gryffindor House, Rowling said in an interview that Dumbledore was about 150 years old. However, on her website, she states that Dumbledore was born in 1881, on 19 October 2007, Rowling was asked by a young fan whether Dumbledore finds true love. He led a celibate and a bookish life, in the opening chapter of the first novel of the series, Dumbledore arrives at number four, Privet Drive in Little Whinging, Surrey. When the evil wizard Lord Voldemort kills Harrys parents before being reduced to a form, Dumbledore decides to place the now-orphaned Harry in the home of Vernon. This old magic of binding love renders Voldemort incapable of touching Harry, Dumbledore leaves Harry upon the doorstep of the Dursley home with a letter explaining the situation. He departs with the phrase, Good luck, Harry. When Harry arrives at Hogwarts, Dumbledore tells him about the secrets of the Mirror of Erised, claiming that when he looks into it, he sees himself holding a pair of thick, woollen socks. Harry later recalls in the book that this was probably the only dishonest answer Dumbledore ever gave him. He is also responsible for somehow enchanting the Mirror so that it hides the Philosophers Stone and only someone who looked into the Mirror, but not use it would receive it, as anybody else would only see themselves using the Stone due to the Mirrors special magic. He also has a conversation with Harry after the events down in the dungeons
15.
Elizabeth Hand
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Elizabeth Hand is an American writer. Hand grew up in Yonkers and Pound Ridge, New York and she studied drama and anthropology at The Catholic University of America. Since 1988, Hand has lived in coastal Maine, the setting for many of her stories and she also lives part-time in Camden Town, London which has been the setting for Mortal Love and the short story Cleopatra Brimstone. Hands first story, Prince of Flowers, was published in 1988 in Twilight Zone magazine, with Paul Witcover, she created and wrote DC Comics 1990s cult series Anima. Her story collections are Last Summer at Mars Hill, Bibliomancy, winner of the World Fantasy Award, and Saffron and Brimstone, Strange Stories, Mortal Love was also shortlisted for the 2005 Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature. Among Hands other recent short fiction, Pavane for a Prince of the Air, most recently, she won the Shirley Jackson Award for Generation Loss and the World Fantasy Award in 2008 for Illyria. She also writes movie and television spin-offs, including Star Wars tie-in novels and novelizations of films as X-Files. She contributed a Bride of Frankenstein novel to the recent series of classic movie monster novels published by Dark Horse Comics, one of Hands themes from the Winterlong saga is the remorseless exploitation of animal and plant species to create what she calls geneslaves. The story is a tribute to entertainers Sandy Becker and Joey Ramone, an online edition of Chip Crocketts Christmas Carol was serialized by Hand on her Livejournal community theinferior4. Hand writes a regular column for the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. com, August 24,2010 Elizabeth Hand at Library of Congress Authorities
16.
The Washington Post
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The Washington Post is an American daily newspaper. It is the most widely circulated newspaper published in Washington, D. C. and was founded on December 6,1877 and its current slogan is Democracy Dies in Darkness. Located in the city of the United States, the newspaper has a particular emphasis on national politics. Daily editions are printed for the District of Columbia, Maryland, the newspaper is published as a broadsheet, with photographs printed both in color and in black and white. The newspaper has won 47 Pulitzer Prizes and this includes six separate Pulitzers awarded in 2008, the second-highest number ever awarded to a single newspaper in one year, second only to The New York Times seven awards in 2002. Post journalists have also received 18 Nieman Fellowships and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, in years since, its investigations have led to increased review of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. In 2013, its owners, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur. The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition, the Washington Post is generally regarded as one of the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress. It is one of the two daily broadsheets published in Washington D. C. the other being its smaller rival The Washington Times, unlike The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post does not print an edition for distribution away from the East Coast. In 2009, the newspaper ceased publication of its National Weekly Edition, the majority of its newsprint readership is in District of Columbia and its suburbs in Maryland and Northern Virginia. The Sunday Style section differs slightly from the weekday Style section, it is in a tabloid format, and it houses the reader-written humor contest The Style Invitational. Additional weekly sections appear on weekdays, Health & Science on Tuesday, Food on Wednesday, Local Living on Thursday, the latter two are in a tabloid format. In November 2009, it announced the closure of its U. S. regional bureaus—Chicago, Los Angeles and New York—as part of a focus on. political stories. The newspaper has bureaus in Maryland and Virginia. While its circulation has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily, for many decades, the Post had its main office at 1150 15th Street NW. This real estate remained with Graham Holdings when the newspaper was sold to Jeff Bezos Nash Holdings in 2013, Graham Holdings sold 1150 15th Street for US$159 million in November 2013. The Washington Post continued to lease space at 1150 L Street NW, in May 2014, The Washington Post leased the west tower of One Franklin Square, a high-rise building at 1301 K Street NW in Washington, D. C
17.
Harry Potter (film series)
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Harry Potter is a British-American film series based on the Harry Potter novels by author J. K. Rowling. A spin-off prequel series will consist of five films, starting with Fantastic Beasts, the Fantastic Beasts films mark the beginning of a shared media franchise known as J. K. Rowlings Wizarding World. The series was produced by David Heyman, and stars Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint. Four directors worked on the series, Chris Columbus, Alfonso Cuarón, Mike Newell, the screenplays were written by Steve Kloves, with the exception of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, which was written by Michael Goldenberg. Production took over ten years to complete, with the story arc following Harry Potters quest to overcome his arch-enemy Lord Voldemort. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the seventh and final novel in the series, was adapted into two feature-length parts, Part 1 was released in November 2010, and Part 2 was released in July 2011. Without inflation adjustment, it is the second highest-grossing film series with $8.5 billion in worldwide receipts, late in 1997, film producer David Heymans London offices received a copy of the first book in what would become Rowlings series of seven Harry Potter novels. The book, Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, was relegated to a low-priority bookshelf, consequently, Heyman, who had originally disliked the rubbish title, read the book himself. Highly impressed by Rowlings work, he began the process led to one of the most successful cinematic franchises of all time. Heymans enthusiasm led to Rowlings 1999 sale of the rights for the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million. Although Steven Spielberg initially negotiated to direct the first film, he declined the offer, Spielberg wanted the adaptation to be an animated film, with American actor Haley Joel Osment to provide Harry Potters voice. Spielberg contended that, in his opinion, there was every expectation of profit in making the film and he claims that making money would have been like shooting ducks in a barrel. Its just like withdrawing a billion dollars and putting it into your personal bank accounts, petersen and Reiner both pulled out of the running in March 2000. It was then narrowed down to Columbus, Gilliam, Parker, Rowlings first choice was Terry Gilliam. Harry Potter is the kind of literary achievement that comes around once in a lifetime. Since the books have generated such a following across the world. I cant think of anyone more ideally suited for this job than Chris, Steve Kloves was selected to write the screenplay for the first film. He described adapting the book as tough since it did not lend itself to adaptation as well as the two books
18.
Hogwarts staff
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The following fictional characters are staff members and denizens of Hogwarts in the Harry Potter books written by J. K. Rowling. The following are notable teachers and staff members who do not have their own articles or who are not listed in other articles, argus Filch is the caretaker of Hogwarts. While he is not a character, he is ill-tempered, which makes him unpopular with the student body. He tends to favour almost sadistically harsh punishments, leading to his alliance with Umbridge and he has an obsessive dislike of mud, animate toys, and all other things that might interfere with his creation of an immaculately clean and orderly Hogwarts. He is also portrayed as having a constant antagonism towards Peeves the poltergeist and he also likes to wander Hogwarts corridors at night, presumably in the hope of catching a student out of bed. Filch is revealed to be a Squib in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets when Harry accidentally discovers that he is trying to teach himself basic magic from a Kwikspell correspondence course. Nonetheless, Filch is at least able to use wizarding devices that have their own magic, such as the Secrecy Sensor used in Harry Potter. It is hinted that his dislike of students may stem from his disappointment, in the Half Blood Prince, Harry and Hermione jokingly suspect that he is in a relationship with Irma Pince, the librarian at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the final book and he is later seen overseeing the evacuation of younger students. Filch has a cat named Mrs Norris to whom he has a particular and she acts as a hallway monitor or spy for Filch. If she observes students engaging in activity or out of bed after curfew, she finds Filch. She has been known to follow Hagrid everywhere he goes in the school, Rowling, there is nothing particularly magical about Mrs Norris, other than her being just an intelligent cat. Its the ambition of many Hogwarts students to give her a good kick, in the Chamber of Secrets incident, Mrs Norris is temporarily petrified by the Basilisk, which causes Filch extreme distress. David Bradley portrays Filch in the film series, Mrs Norris was played by a Maine Coon cat named Peebles. Filius Flitwick is the Charms Master at Hogwarts and the head of Ravenclaw house and he is described as being a very short, dwarf-like person. He is also mentioned as having been a student and a former duelling champion. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone he uses his skills to help decorate the Great Hall for Christmas. During Harrys second year, Flitwick helps Professor Sinistra carry a petrified Justin Finch-Fletchley to the hospital wing
19.
Chemistry
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Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is sometimes called the science because it bridges other natural sciences, including physics. For the differences between chemistry and physics see comparison of chemistry and physics, the history of chemistry can be traced to alchemy, which had been practiced for several millennia in various parts of the world. The word chemistry comes from alchemy, which referred to a set of practices that encompassed elements of chemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism. An alchemist was called a chemist in popular speech, and later the suffix -ry was added to this to describe the art of the chemist as chemistry, the modern word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā. In origin, the term is borrowed from the Greek χημία or χημεία and this may have Egyptian origins since al-kīmīā is derived from the Greek χημία, which is in turn derived from the word Chemi or Kimi, which is the ancient name of Egypt in Egyptian. Alternately, al-kīmīā may derive from χημεία, meaning cast together, in retrospect, the definition of chemistry has changed over time, as new discoveries and theories add to the functionality of the science. The term chymistry, in the view of noted scientist Robert Boyle in 1661, in 1837, Jean-Baptiste Dumas considered the word chemistry to refer to the science concerned with the laws and effects of molecular forces. More recently, in 1998, Professor Raymond Chang broadened the definition of chemistry to mean the study of matter, early civilizations, such as the Egyptians Babylonians, Indians amassed practical knowledge concerning the arts of metallurgy, pottery and dyes, but didnt develop a systematic theory. Greek atomism dates back to 440 BC, arising in works by such as Democritus and Epicurus. In 50 BC, the Roman philosopher Lucretius expanded upon the theory in his book De rerum natura, unlike modern concepts of science, Greek atomism was purely philosophical in nature, with little concern for empirical observations and no concern for chemical experiments. Work, particularly the development of distillation, continued in the early Byzantine period with the most famous practitioner being the 4th century Greek-Egyptian Zosimos of Panopolis. He formulated Boyles law, rejected the four elements and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms. Before his work, though, many important discoveries had been made, the Scottish chemist Joseph Black and the Dutchman J. B. English scientist John Dalton proposed the theory of atoms, that all substances are composed of indivisible atoms of matter. Davy discovered nine new elements including the alkali metals by extracting them from their oxides with electric current, british William Prout first proposed ordering all the elements by their atomic weight as all atoms had a weight that was an exact multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen. The inert gases, later called the noble gases were discovered by William Ramsay in collaboration with Lord Rayleigh at the end of the century, thereby filling in the basic structure of the table. Organic chemistry was developed by Justus von Liebig and others, following Friedrich Wöhlers synthesis of urea which proved that organisms were, in theory
20.
Wyedean School
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Wyedean School and Sixth Form Centre is a secondary school with academy status in Sedbury, Gloucestershire, England, just across the border from Chepstow, Wales. Wyedean School was rated Good by OfSTED in Nov 2014, the school is close to the A48 road and less than a mile from the Welsh border and as such, it accepts pupils from across the border. Wyedean School is a comprehensive school, with 1,242 pupils. It was first set up in 1973 and was moved in 1976 to its present location. The school is located in Gloucestershire, and falls within the English, not Welsh, although the majority of its pupils live in the Forest of Dean area of England, a significant number travel from within Wales. It was also the school of J. K, Rowling, author of the Harry Potter Series. The Sixth Form block has been built to accommodate increased numbers of A-Level students, admittance to Wyedean School and Sixth Form Centre is non-denominational and Wyedean accepts both male and female students between the ages of 11 and 18. The Headteacher/principal of Wyedean is Rob Ford, who took over the role in September 2015 from his predecessor Clive Pemberton, Rob Wagland is deputy headteacher/vice principal. The Sixth Form has two Head Boys and two Head Girls, known as The Team Leaders, every year a new set of team leaders is elected to represent the students, by the students. The Team Leaders also head a network of teams within the sixth form and these teams include Press and Promotions, International Team and the Community and Eco Team. The summer 2015 A Level results were the best ever for the school with 62% achieving A*, A, B grades, J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter books, was Head Girl in 1982. Her mother, Anne Rowling, had worked there as a technician in the Science Department from 1978, during July 2006, the school library was dedicated to J. K. Rowling. Although she has made it clear that she did not always enjoy her time at Wyedean, citing teachers and loneliness, her states that she. She has stated that the character of Professor Snape was partly based on a master who taught at the school. When she returned to the area in 2001 to film part of a biographical TV programme, she visited the nearby Tutshill Primary School, Welsh actor Owain Yeoman, who stars in the US series, The Mentalist, was a student at Wyedean School
21.
Chepstow
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Chepstow is a town in Monmouthshire, Wales, adjoining the border with Gloucestershire, England. It is located on the River Wye, about 2 miles above its confluence with the River Severn and it is 16 miles east of Newport,18 miles north-west of Bristol and 110 miles west of London. Chepstow Castle, situated on a clifftop above the Wye and its bridge, is cited as the oldest surviving stone castle in Britain. The castle was established by William FitzOsbern immediately after the Norman conquest, a Benedictine priory was also established within the walled town, which was the centre of the Marcher lordship of Striguil. In the late eighteenth century the town was a focus of tourism as part of the Wye Tour. Chepstow is also known for its racecourse, which has hosted the Welsh National each year since 1949. The town had a population of 10,821 according to the 2001 census and it is served by the M48 motorway, and its accessibility to the cities of Bristol, Newport and Cardiff means it has a large number of commuters. It is administered as part of Monmouthshire County Council, and is within the Monmouth parliamentary constituency, Chepstow is on the western bank of the Wye, while adjoining villages on the eastern bank of the river, Tutshill and Sedbury, are located in England. The name Chepstow derives from the old English ceap / chepe stowe, the word stow usually denotes a place of special significance, and the root chep is the same as that in other placenames such as Chipping Sodbury and Cheapside. The name is first recorded in 1307, but may have used by the English in earlier centuries. However, the used by the Normans for the castle and lordship was Striguil, probably from a Welsh word ystraigyl. The Welsh name Cas-gwent refers to the castle of Gwent. There are also Iron Age fortified camps in the area, dating from the time of the Silures, at Bulwark,1 mile south of the town centre, and at Piercefield and Lancaut, some 1.5 miles to the north. During the Roman occupation, there was a bridge or causeway across the Wye, Chepstow is located at a crossing point directly between the Roman towns at Gloucester and Caerwent. Although historians think it likely that there was a small Roman fort in the area, after the Romans left, Chepstow was within the southern part of the Welsh kingdom of Gwent, known as Gwent Is-coed. To the north of the town centre, a small church was established dedicated to St. Cynfarch. This later became an Augustinian priory on what is now Kingsmark Lane, the town is close to the southern point of Offas Dyke, which begins on the east bank of the Wye at Sedbury and runs all the way to the Irish Sea in north Wales. It is possible, though not clearly substantiated, that Chepstow may have superseded Caerwent as a trading centre, after the Norman conquest of England, Chepstow was a key location
22.
Snape, Suffolk
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Snape is a small village in the English county of Suffolk, on the River Alde close to Aldeburgh. It has about 600 inhabitants, measured at 611 at the 2011 Census, Snape is now best known for Snape Maltings, no longer in commercial use, but converted into a tourist centre together with a concert hall that hosts the major part of the annual Aldeburgh Festival. In Anglo-Saxon England, Snape was the site of an Anglo-Saxon ship burial, J. K. Rowling named the character of Severus Snape in the Harry Potter books after the village. There has been human habitation at Snape for some 2,000 years though the village stood on higher ground, around the present church. The Romans established a settlement here, centred on salt production, in Anglo-Saxon times the Wuffings used Snape largely as a burial site, and archaeological investigations have revealed boat burials and other graves. In 1085 the Domesday Book recorded forty-nine men, the book also mentions a church, standing in eight acres, and valued at sixteen pence. The present church, however, originally thatched, was built in the 13th century, with the 15th-century additions of a porch and tower. Snape priory was founded in 1155 downriver from the village, by William Martell, a local landowner and it survived until 1525, when it was closed and stripped of its wealth by Cardinal Wolsey. One of its barns, built by the monks, is all that stands, and has been dated to 1295 The monks also built a water mill. This was wooden at first, though in 1802 a brick bridge was built, in the 15th century Snape shared its own rotten borough Member of Parliament for Snape-cum-Aldeburgh. An electoral ward in the name exists. This ward stretches north to Benhall with a population at the 2011 Census of 1,911. Snape has had five main industries throughout its history, under the Romans it was salt production, but in the 19th century it was fertiliser, created from coprolite found locally. The discovery of the viability of this process led to what has been dubbed the Suffolk Gold Rush. Sugar beet was also an important product, it was first grown commercially in, the Maltings, producing and exporting high-quality malted barley, was a fourth important industry, which bequeathed buildings to the fifth significant industry, tourism. As a result of fertiliser, sugar beet, and malted barley, in particular, the famous Aldeburgh Festival is now held in the Maltings, emphasising the areas links with Benjamin Britten. Parish Council maintained site for Snape Village, Suffolk
23.
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
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Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the fifth novel in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. It follows Harry Potters struggles through his year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, including the surreptitious return of the antagonist Lord Voldemort. Exams, and an obstructive Ministry of Magic, the novel was published on 21 June 2003 by Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom, Scholastic in the United States, and Raincoast in Canada. Five million copies were sold in the first 24 hours of publication and it is the longest book of the series. Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix has won several awards, the book has also been made into a film, which was released in 2007, and into a video game by Electronic Arts. During another summer with his Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon, Harry Potter, after using magic to save Dudley and himself, Harry is expelled from Hogwarts, but the decision is later rescinded. Harry is whisked off by a group of wizards to Number 12, Grimmauld Place, the house also serves as the headquarters of the Order of the Phoenix, of which Mr. and Mrs. Weasley, Lupin, Mad-Eye, and Sirius are members. From the members of the Order, Harry and the others learn that Voldemort is seeking an object that he did not have prior to his first defeat, and assume this object to be a weapon of some sort. At Hogwarts, Harry learns that Dolores Umbridge, an employee under the Minister of Magic, Cornelius Fudge. Umbridge and Harry clash, as she, like Fudge, refuses to believe that Voldemort has returned and she punishes Harry for his rebellious outbursts by having him write I must not tell lies with a cursed quill that carves the phrase into his skin. She also refuses to teach her students how to perform spells, prompting Harry, Ron and Hermione to form their own Defence Against the Dark Arts group. Many students sign up, including Neville Longbottom, Fred and George Weasley, Ginny Weasley, struggling to find a place to practise, Dobby the house elf tells him about the Room of Requirement and its uses. The club meet there to learn and practise defensive spells under Harrys instruction, meanwhile, Rubeus Hagrid has not yet returned from the secret mission given to him by Dumbledore at the end of the previous book, and is absent for the first part of the school year. Upon his return, Harry, Ron, and Hermione learn that his mission, one night, Harry has a vision through the eyes of Voldemorts snake Nagini, possessed by Voldemort, attacking Rons father Arthur Weasley. Harry informs Professor McGonagall and Dumbledore, and Mr. Weasley is rescued, Dumbledore arranges for Harry to take Occlumency lessons with Professor Snape to protect his mind against further invasions by Voldemort. Soon after, Umbridge is given a tip-off about Dumbledores Army by Marietta Edgecombe, despite Dobbys warning, the gang are caught and get into trouble with Fudge. When Dumbledore takes responsibility for the organisation, he is forced to leave the school. Dolores Umbridge becomes headmistress, and Fred and George cause pandemonium around the school in revenge, during one Occlumency lesson, Snape is called away and Harry, left alone, looks into Snapes Pensieve, viewing a memory of his time as a student at Hogwarts
24.
Magical objects in Harry Potter
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The following is a list of magical objects used in the Harry Potter series. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Hermione Granger creates fake, due to the coins being infused with a Protean Charm, once Harry Potter alters his, every coin changes to suit. The coins grow hot when the change to alert the members to look at their coins. Draco reveals he got the idea from Hermiones DA coins, which were inspired by Lord Voldemorts use of the Dark Mark to communicate with his Death Eaters. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Neville Longbottom uses the DAs coins to alert people such as Luna Lovegood and Ginny Weasley that Harry, Ron and they then arrive at the Room of Requirement to fight in the Battle of Hogwarts on May 2,1998. A Howler is a letter sent to signify extreme anger or to convey a message very loudly and publicly. When it is opened, the voice, which has been magically magnified to a deafening volume, bellows a message at the recipient. If it is not opened or there is a delay in opening it, the letter smolders, explodes violently, and shouts the message out even louder than normal. In the film version, the Howler folds itself into a set of lips and eyes. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Ron Weasley receives a Howler from his mother, Molly Weasley, after he steals his fathers enchanted car and flies it to Hogwarts with Harry. Neville Longbottom confessed that he once got a Howler from his grandmother, stating that he ignored it, subsequently, Neville receives another Howler from his grandmother after Sirius Black uses his list of passwords to enter the Gryffindor Common Room in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Hermione receives one in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire after Rita Skeeter publishes an article about the relationship between Hermione and Harry. In the film Harry receives a Howler from Mafalda Hopkirk to announce he has been expelled from Hogwarts for using magic outside school. A Deluminator is a device invented by Albus Dumbledore that resembles a cigarette lighter and it is used to remove or absorb the light from any light source to provide cover to the user. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, Dumbledore uses the Deluminator to darken Privet Drive and it was next seen in Order of the Phoenix where Dumbledore loans the Deluminator to Moody, who uses it when transporting Harry from the Dursleys home to Number 12, Grimmauld Place. In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore uses the Deluminator again to darken Privet Drive before collecting Harry, in Deathly Hallows, it is bequeathed to Ron by Dumbledore. After Ron had left his friends in anger, the Deluminator demonstrated an additional capability, Rowling stated that Dumbledore left it to Ron because he believed he might have needed a little more guidance than Harry and Hermione. Within the Harry Potter universe, an invisibility cloak is used to make the wearer invisible, all are very rare and expensive, and may be spun from pelts of the Demiguise, magical herbivores that are found in the Far East
25.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
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Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is the second novel in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. These threats are found after attacks which leave residents of the school petrified, throughout the year, Harry and his friends Ron and Hermione investigate the attacks. The book was published in the United Kingdom on 2 July 1998 by Bloomsbury, several commentators have noted that personal identity is a strong theme in the book, and that it addresses issues of racism through the treatment of non-magical, non-human and non-living characters. Some commentators regard the diary as a warning against uncritical acceptance of information from sources whose motives, institutional authority is portrayed as self-serving and incompetent. The book is known to have some connections to the sixth novel of the series, Harry Potter. The film adaptation of the novel, released in 2002, became the seventh highest-grossing film ever, video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets were also released for several platforms, and most obtained favourable reviews. This comes to nothing, as Draco’s father only told his son the general facts of the opening of the Chamber. Hermione provides the last set of clues that inform them of the identity, It is a basilisk, that kills with a stare. Harry, Ron, and Lockhart enter the Chamber, but the dunderheaded professor causes a rockfall upon attempt to modify the boys’ memories with Ron’s damaged wand, and Harry must enter alone. Harry, Ron, Ginny, and Lockhart return to the castle and reunite with McGonagall, Dumbledore. Lucius Malfoy bursts in after this meeting, demanding to know why and how Dumbledore has returned to the school and accompanied by Dobby, revealing the family to whom he is enslaved. The petrified students are cured, the exams are cancelled, Hagrid comes back in the middle of the final feast. Rowling found it difficult to finish Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets because she was afraid it would not live up to the expectations raised by Harry Potter, after delivering the manuscript to Bloomsbury on schedule, she took it back for six weeks of revision. In early drafts of the book, the ghost Nearly Headless Nick sang a song explaining his condition. This was cut as the editor did not care for the poem. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was published in the UK on 2 July 1998, in June 1999, it went straight to the top of three US best-seller lists, including The New York Times. First edition printings had several errors, which were fixed in subsequent reprints, initially Dumbledore said that Voldemort was the last remaining ancestor of Salazar Slytherin, instead of his descendant. Gilderoy Lockharts book on werewolves is entitled Weekends with Werewolves at one point, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was met with near universal acclaim
26.
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
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Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third novel in the Harry Potter series, written by J. K. Rowling. The book follows Harry Potter, a wizard, in his third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft. Along with friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, Harry investigates Sirius Black, the book was published in the United Kingdom on 8 July 1999 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 8 September 1999 by Scholastic Inc. Rowling found the book easy to write, finishing it just a year after she had begun writing it, the book sold 68,000 copies in just three days after its release in the United Kingdom, and since has sold over three million in the country. The book won the 1999 Whitbread Childrens Book Award, the Bram Stoker Award, the 2000 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel, the film adaptation of the novel was released in 2004, grossing more than $796 million and earned notable critical acclaim. Video games loosely based on Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban were also released for several platforms, Harry is back at the Dursleys, where he sees on Muggle television that a prisoner named Sirius Black has escaped. Harry involuntarily inflates Aunt Marge when she comes to visit after she insults Harry and this leads to his running away and getting picked up by the Knight Bus. The night before he is expected to leave for Hogwarts, Harry learns that the prisoner, Sirius Black, is a convicted murderer. On the way to Hogwarts, a Dementor boards the train, causing Harry to faint, Harry, Ron, and Hermione learn that the Dementors will be patrolling the school in an attempt to protect Harry from Black. Later on, Lupins Defence Against the Dark Arts sessions prove far better than those of Gilderoy Lockharts. At Hogwarts, Harry has several problems with the Dementors, including an episode at a Quidditch match, during which he faints and his broom is smashed by the Whomping Willow. Working with Harry outside class, Lupin teaches him the Patronus Charm to repel Dementors, Ron and Hermiones friendship later suffers when Ron believes that Hermiones cat, Crookshanks, ate his rat, Scabbers. At Christmas, Harry receives a present, a late-model Firebolt broom. Fearing it might be cursed, Hermione reports the gift to Professor McGonagall, Ron, Hermione, and Harry join the effort to save Hagrids hippogriff, Buckbeak, from being executed for attacking Draco Malfoy, after Draco provoked him. Their efforts are unsuccessful, but Scabbers reappears shortly after they hear Buckbeak being executed, Ron chases Scabbers, only to be attacked by a big black dog, which Harry has seen several times before. The dog drags Ron through a tunnel under the Whomping Willow into the Shrieking Shack, Harry and Hermione follow, and there is a brief standoff when they find Ron and Sirius, who has transformed from the dog. Lupin enters, and they explain the situation to Harry and his friends, Lupin is a werewolf, which led to his friends James Potter, Sirius Black, and Peter Pettigrew becoming animagi. Lupin explains that Scabbers is Pettigrew in his form, he has been hiding from Black, whom he had framed for the murders of Harrys parents
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Magical creatures in Harry Potter
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Magical creatures are a colourful aspect of the fictional wizarding world contained in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling. Throughout the seven books of the series, Harry and his friends come across many of these creatures on their adventures, Rowling has also written Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, a guide to the magical beasts found in the series. Many of these are derived from folklore, primarily Greek mythology, many of the legends surrounding mythical creatures are also incorporated in the books. Know that I didnt invent unicorns, but Ive had to explain frequently that I didnt actually invent hippogriffs, when I do use a creature that I know is a mythological entity, I like to find out as much as I can about it. I might not use it, but to make it as consistent as I feel is good for my plot, many pets in the series are ordinary animals with magical properties. In the Harry Potter series, Magizoology is the study of magical creatures, a person who studies Magizoology is known as a magizoologist. There are magizoologists who work in the Ministry of Magic, particularly in the Department for the Regulation, the Department for the Regulation and Control of Magical Creatures of the Ministry of Magic is responsible for overseeing and regulating magical creatures. It is divided into three divisions, the Beast Division, the Being Division, and the Spirit Division and this includes humans, goblins, hags, Werewolves, and vampires. According to this definition, fairies, pixies, gnomes, Centaurs and merpeople are said to have rejected being status in favour of beast status, as have leprechauns. Their classification is unclear, and offices responsible for werewolves exist in both the Beast and Being Divisions. A number of creatures, such as house-elves, giants, banshees, veelas, dwarfs, affairs related to ghosts come under the auspices of the Spirit Division. According to Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, creatures are also put under danger categories, Creatures that need to be treated with a sophisticated amount of respect, e. g. Centaurs, Unicorns, Phoenixes, and Merpeople, are given a four-x rating. Below is a list of magical creatures mentioned in the Harry Potter universe and those creatures that Rowling took from myth and folklore have links to their mythological articles. The Blast-Ended Skrewt is a hybrid of a crab and manticore. Inferi are neither beasts nor beings, but merely animated corpses with no will of their own, for a list of magical plants mentioned in the series, such as mandrakes and devils snares, see List of fictional plants. Blast-Ended Skrewt – The Blast-Ended Skrewt is the result of a union between a Manticore and a Fire Crab, Skrewts make their debut in Goblet of Fire, as one of the creatures that Hagrid teaches the students about as Professor of Care of Magical Creatures. The first fan to learn of the skrewts was Catie Hoch, bowtruckle – An insect-eating, tree-dwelling wooden creature that is hard to spot. Rowling has written on Pottermore that they are creatures who only inhabit worthy trees
28.
Places in Harry Potter
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J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter universe contains numerous settings for the events in her fantasy novels. These locations are categorised as a dwelling, school, shopping district, the Weasleys home, known as the Burrow, is located outside the village of Ottery St Catchpole, also near the home of the Lovegoods, the Diggorys and the Fawcetts. The Weasley house has seven floors and it is also quite dilapidated, managing to remain standing only by magic. Despite the houses appearance, Harry remarks on his first visit that it was the best house he had ever been in. The well-hidden orchard nearby doubles as a Quidditch pitch for the Weasley boys, a multitude of garden gnomes infests the garden of the Burrow. Godrics Hollow is a village located in the West Country of England. It is noted for being home to a community like several other villages such as Ottery St Catchpole. The village was the home and final hiding place of James and it was at this time that their baby son, Harry, was left with his lightning bolt-shaped scar. Godrics Hollow was the home of James Potters family, and the home of long-dead Hogwarts founder Godric Gryffindor, after expressing his interest in returning to Godrics Hollow to visit his parents graves, Harry does so in the company of Hermione Granger. Dumbledores mother Kendra moved her family to Godrics Hollow after her husband, other notable residents of the village include Bowman Wright and Bathilda Bagshot, author of A History of Magic. Rowling was questioned in an interview for BBC Newsround and implicitly confirmed the connection between Godrics Hollow and Godric Gryffindor and this connection was also stated outright by Hermione in the final book of the series. Invisible to Muggles, the remains of Harrys old house are found at the end of the main street. Although the village first appears in Goblet of Fire, the volume in the series, it is not described until Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The village occupies the floor of a valley, bounded by steep hills, not far from the larger settlement of Great Hangleton. Above the village on one side of the valley are a church, a cemetery and the Riddle House, the former estate of the aristocratic Riddle family and at one time the finest house in the village. It first appears in the opening of Goblet of Fire as the location of Frank Bryces murder and it is believed to be held by a rich man for tax purposes, although this is in reality to keep it from being sold or torn down. During his time as student, Tom Marvolo Riddle murdered his father, the Gaunt cottage is set in a copse alongside a winding road which climbed out of the valley. In Goblet of Fire, Voldemort and Harry fight in the graveyard of Little Hangleton, Little Whinging is a fictitious town in Surrey, England, located to the south of London
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Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
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Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth novel in the Harry Potter series, written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, the book was made into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts. Harry learns that he is a wizard when he is 11 years old, just before he enrolls in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and he befriends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, and is confronted by Lord Voldemort who is trying to regain power. In Harrys first year he has to protect the Philosophers Stone from Voldemort, after returning to the school after summer break, students at Hogwarts are attacked by the legendary monster of the Chamber of Secrets after the chamber is opened. Harry ends the attacks by killing a Basilisk and defeating another attempt by Lord Voldemort to return to full strength, the following year, Harry hears that he has been targeted by escaped mass murderer Sirius Black. Despite stringent security measures at Hogwarts, Harry is confronted by Black at the end of his year of schooling. He also learned that it was his fathers old school friend Peter Pettigrew who actually betrayed his parents, the book opens with Harry seeing Frank Bryce being killed by Lord Voldemort in a vision, and is awoken by his scar hurting. The Weasleys then take Harry and Hermione Granger to the Quidditch World Cup, using a Portkey, to watch Ireland versus Bulgaria, there, Harry meets Cedric Diggory, who is attending the match with his father. After the match, Voldemorts followers attack the site, destroying spectators tents, the Dark Mark gets fired into the sky, which leads to a panic since it is the first time the sign has been seen in 13 years. Hermione, angry at injustice, forms a society to promote the rights of house elves. However, only those over 17—the age of majority in the wizarding world—will be allowed to enter and it is the first time in 202 years that the Triwizard Tournament will be held. Students from Beauxbatons Academy and the Durmstrang Institute, other wizarding academies, will travel to Hogwarts, at Halloween, the Goblet of Fire picks Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons Academy, Viktor Krum from Durmstrang Institute, and Cedric Diggory from Hogwarts to compete in the tournament. However, it gives a fourth name—Harry Potter—leading to suspicion and indignation from everyone. Ron is jealous that Harry is once again in the limelight, hagrid reveals to Harry that the first task involves dragons, and since Fleur and Krums headmasters are also aware of this, and will surely tell them in advance, Harry informs Cedric as well. Ron and Harry subsequently reconcile, Ron now understanding the danger of the tournament. When Harry opens the egg, though, it merely shrieks loudly, Hermione then takes Harry and Ron to the school kitchens, where house elves work. There, they meet a distraught Winky, who is struggling to get over the loss of her sacking. They also meet Harrys old friend Dobby, who has employed at Hogwarts to work in the kitchens, he is the only known house elf to appreciate his freedom
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Ministry of Magic
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The Ministry of Magic is the government of the Magical community of Britain in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. First mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, the Ministry makes its first proper appearance in Harry Potter, throughout the books, it is generally depicted as either corrupt, incompetent, or both, with its high officials blind to actual events and dangers. It reaches a nadir of corruption before being taken over by Lord Voldemort. At the end of the book, following Voldemorts death, Kingsley Shacklebolt takes over the ministry. By the time of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, Hermione Granger is the Minister for Magic, each new Muggle Prime Minister receives a visit from the Minister for Magic, who informs him or her that the wizarding world exists. He explains that he contact the Prime Minister only in circumstances in which the events of the wizard world may affect Muggles. For example, the Minister has to inform the Prime Minister if dangerous magical artefacts or animals are to be brought into Britain, the Ministry keeps in touch with the British Prime Minister via a wizards portrait in the Prime Ministers office at 10 Downing Street. The Ministers for Magic who appear in the Harry Potter series, such as Cornelius Fudge and Rufus Scrimgeour, the Ministry government succeeded the earlier Wizards Council, the earliest-known form of government for the wizarding world of Harry Potter. In the Harry Potter books, the Ministrys employees appear to be an unelected body. The post of Minister itself, however, is stated to be an elected position, who has the power to elect or dismiss ministers is never explained. Furthermore, the government gives the impression of incompetence or malice. It often appears incompetent, to the point of being unable to detect or prevent an assault on the Department of Mysteries. However, these events occurred under Cornelius Fudges reign, a Minister who is renowned in the books as incompetent, Fudges resignation in the next book is a direct result of these events. Not all of the accused are even given trials, as in the case of Sirius Black, in Order of the Phoenix, the Ministry is shown to be quite prepared to decree and enforce draconian laws without notice. At times, the Ministry can also seem uninterested in solving serious problems, in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Fudge takes a long time to respond to the attacks on Hogwarts. In the fifth instalment, Fudge refuses to believe that Lord Voldemort has returned, eventually, the Ministry is forced to acknowledge the emergency and act on it. Fudge is subsequently removed from office for incompetence and replaced by Rufus Scrimgeour, when interviewed, Rowling stated that when Harry, Ron and Hermione work for the Ministry, they change it drastically, making it less corrupt. The Department of Magical Law Enforcement is a combination of police and justice facilities and it is located on the second level of the Ministry of Magic
31.
Bullying
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Bullying is the use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively dominate others. The behavior is repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception, by the bully or by others, of an imbalance of social or physical power, behaviors used to assert such domination can include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion, and such acts may be directed repeatedly towards particular targets. If bullying is done by a group, it is called mobbing, Bullying can be defined in many different ways. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has no definition of bullying. Bullying is divided into four types of abuse – emotional, verbal, physical. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion, such as intimidation, Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse. Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism, a bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other. This includes school, family, the workplace, home, in a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, the strongest predictor was the perception of whether the most influential male in a players life would approve of the bullying behavior. Bullying may thus be defined as the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, the Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons. He says negative actions occur when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person. Individual bullying can be classified into four types, collective bullying is known as mobbing, and can include any of the individual types of bullying. Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and it is stated that Cyber-bullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school. Individual bullying tactics can be perpetrated by a person against a target or targets. This is any bullying that hurts someone’s body or damages their possessions, stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, and destroying property all are types of physical bullying. Physical bullying is rarely the first form of bullying that a target will experience, often bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence. In physical bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their body when attacking their target. Sometimes groups of adults will target. This can quickly lead to a situation where they are being taunted, tortured, physical bullying can lead to a tragic ending and therefore must be stopped quickly to prevent any further escalation
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Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
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Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince is the sixth and penultimate novel in the Harry Potter series, written by British author J. K. Rowling. The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic on 16 July 2005, as well as in several other countries. It sold nine million copies in the first 24 hours after its release, a record at the time which was broken by its sequel, Harry Potter. There were many controversies before and after it was published, including the right to read the copies delivered prior to the date in Canada. Reception to the novel was positive and it won several awards and honours. Reviewers noted that the book took on a darker tone than its predecessors, some considered the main themes to be love and death, and trust and redemption. The character development of Harry and several other characters was also remarked upon. The film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was released 15 July 2009 by Warner Bros, severus Snape, a member of the Order of the Phoenix, meets with Narcissa Malfoy, Dracos mother, and Lord Voldemorts faithful supporter Bellatrix Lestrange. Narcissa expresses concern that her son might not survive a mission given to him by Lord Voldemort. Bellatrix feels Snape will be of no help until he surprises her by making an Unbreakable Vow with Narcissa, swearing on his life that he will protect and assist Draco in his mission. Dumbledore picks Harry up from his aunt and uncles house, intending to escort him to the Burrow, on the way they make a detour to the temporary home of Horace Slughorn, former Potions teacher at Hogwarts, and Harry unwittingly helps persuade Slughorn to return to teach. Harry and Dumbledore then proceed to the Burrow, where Hermione has already arrived, the next morning, Harry, Ron, and Hermione get their Ordinary Wizarding Level results, along with lists of school supplies. Later, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger follow Draco to Dark Arts supplier Borgin, Harry is instantly suspicious of Draco, whom he believes to be a Death Eater. The students return to school, where Dumbledore announces that Snape will be teaching Defence Against the Dark Arts, in the meantime, Horace Slughorn will resume his post as Potions teacher. After a class contest, The Half-Blood Princes tips help Harry win a bottle of Felix Felicis, though Harrys success pleases Slughorn, his newfound brilliance in potions angers Hermione, who feels he is not truly earning his grades and does not trust the Half-Blood Prince. Believing that Harry needs to learn Voldemorts past to gain advantage in a foretold battle, during this time, they use Dumbledores Pensieve to look at memories of those who have had direct contact with Voldemort. Harry learns about Voldemorts family and his foes evolution into a murderer obsessed not only with power, Dumbledore shows Harry a memory involving Slughorn conversing with the young Tom Riddle at Hogwarts, which has clearly been tampered with. He sets Harry the task of convincing Slughorn to give him the memory so that Dumbledore can confirm his suspicions about Voldemorts rise to power
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Narcissa Malfoy
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The following are supporting characters in the Harry Potter series written by J. K. Rowling. For members of the Order of the Phoenix, Dumbledores Army, Hogwarts staff, Ministry of Magic, or for Death Eaters, the Dursley family are Harry Potters last living relatives. To ensure Harrys safety, Albus Dumbledore placed him in the Dursleys care when he was a baby, the Dursleys live at Number 4, Privet Drive, Little Whinging in Surrey, England. They are all Muggles, and despise all things related to magic – and anything out of the ordinary in general –, Dursley is a small town in Gloucestershire, near Rowlings birthplace. Vernon Dursley is Harrys uncle, Petunias husband, Dudleys father, Vernon is described as a big, beefy man, the literal human embodiment of a walrus, with hardly any neck, and a large moustache. He is very much the head of his family, laying down most of the rules for Harry and doing most of the threatening and he is also the director of a drill-making firm, Grunnings, and seems to be quite successful in his career. He regularly reads the Daily Mail, uncle Vernon and his wife have grudgingly raised Harry from an early age. He and Petunia were often hostile to Harry and never informed him about the world, including how his parents died. In fact, while discussing the Dementor attack with Harry, Vernon actually hopes aloud that Harry will receive the death penalty. When the Dursleys decide to leave Privet Drive to go into hiding, Vernon nearly shakes Harrys hand good-bye, in the film version, he leaves without even a word to Harry although a deleted scene showing Dudley and Harrys reconciliation shows him saying this is farewell. Vernon is portrayed by Richard Griffiths in the film series, Petunia Dursley is Harrys maternal aunt, Lily Potters older sister, Vernons wife, Dudleys mother and Marges sister-in-law. She is described as a woman with blonde hair that she passed down to her son, a rather horsey face and a very long neck. Her eyes are large and pale, quite unlike Lilys and her whole family prior to Lily are made up of Muggles. According to Petunia, her parents were proud of having a witch in the family, in fact, she was envious and resentful of Lilys magical abilities and went so far as to write to Dumbledore, pleading to be allowed to enter Hogwarts. Afterwards, Petunia grew bitter towards the school and, by extension, towards the wizarding world in general. She had no contact with Lily after her marriage to James Potter, the gift echoes Harrys Dursley-sent Christmas presents, which are never pretty or welcome. Petunia has more knowledge of the world than she is initially willing to admit. After the Dementors attack Harry and Dudley, Petunia states that she knows Dementors guard the wizard prison, when Harry and the rest of her family look at her strangely, she explains that she heard that awful boy telling Lily about them years ago
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Draco Malfoy
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Draco Lucius Malfoy is a character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. He is a student in Harry Potters year belonging in the Slytherin house and he is frequently accompanied by his two cronies, Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle, who act as henchmen. Draco is characterised as a bully who manipulates and hurts people to get what he wants, nevertheless. He was played by Tom Felton in the Harry Potter film series, Draco serves as a foil to the hero, Harry Potter and is loosely based on bullies Rowling encountered during her school days. Harry first encounters Dracos snobbish bigotry after their encounter at Madam Malkins. Rowling uses the Malfoys to introduce themes of intolerance and bigotry into a setting where people are judged solely by their blood lineage rather than their good character or accomplishments. Harrys first impression that the Wizarding community is a magical wonderland is instantly shattered, says Rowling, found out that many people in power in the wizarding world are just as corrupt and nasty as they are in our world. Malfoy was originally named Draco Spungen in the earliest drafts of Philosophers Stone, Spungen also appeared on her pre-canon class list, but it was crossed out and replaced with the surname Spinks, while Malfoy was later added after the completion of the list. Philip Nel believes that Malfoy is derived from the French phrase mal foi, in an article published in 2002, Nilsen and Nilsen argue that Draco has connotations with draconian, and that his name starts with mal, a French prefix for bad or evil. Many of Dracos relatives on his mothers side of the family are named for stars or constellations, Draco Malfoy eventually named his son for yet another constellation, Scorpius. Draco Malfoy makes his first appearance in the series when he and Harry meet while being fitted for school robes at Madam Malkins, Harry, however, is alienated by the arrogance of Draco, who asks whether the orphans parents are our kind. Draco then proclaims that the other sort should not be allowed at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, the two boys part without introductions, but meet again on the Hogwarts Express. After Draco ridicules Ron Weasleys family, Harry rejects his offer of friendship, demonstrated by a handshake, and their mutual antagonism is born. According to Rowling, Malfoy originally makes an effort to be Harrys friend because it will be cool to turn up at the school being Harry Potters friend, because Harry is so famous. However, Harry did not want Malfoy as a friend because he has been so rude about Rubeus Hagrid and about Ron, who Harry likes so much. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Draco becomes the new Seeker for the Slytherin Quidditch team after his father, Lucius Malfoy, donates new, high-quality Nimbus 2001 broomsticks. When Hermione Granger comments that the Gryffindor players made the team through talent and not bribery and this provokes an immediate, violent response from Ron Weasley. Because of Dracos contempt for Muggle-borns, Harry, Ron, and Hermione suspect that Draco is the Heir of Slytherin, who has recently reopened the Chamber of Secrets
35.
Marginalia
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Marginalia are mark made in the margins of a book or other document. They may be scribbles, comments, glosses, critiques, doodles, biblical manuscripts have liturgical notes at the margin, for liturgical use. Numbers of texts divisions are given at the margin, there are some scholia, corrections and other notes usually made later by hand in the margin. As such, they might give clues to an earlier, more widely known context of the extant form of the text than is currently appreciated. The scholia on classical manuscripts are the earliest known form of marginalia, fermats last theorem is the most famous mathematical marginal note. The first recorded use of the word marginalia is in 1819 in Blackwoods Magazine, from 1845 to 1849 Edgar Allan Poe titled some of his reflections and fragmentary material Marginalia. Five volumes of Samuel T. Coleridges marginalia have been published, some famous marginalia were serious works, or drafts thereof, written in margins due to scarcity of paper. Voltaire composed in book margins while in prison, and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote a statement in margins just before his execution. Beginning in the 1990s, attempts have been made to design, Marginalia can add or detract from the value of an association copy of a book, depending on the author of the marginalia and on the book. Marshall, doing research on the future of user interface design, has studied the phenomenon of user annotation of texts and she discovered that in several university departments, students would scour the piles of textbooks at used book dealers for consistently annotated copies. The students had an appreciation for their predecessors distillation of knowledge. American poet, Billy Collins has explored the phenomenon of annotation within his poem titled Marginalia, john Adams Edgar Allan Poe Samuel T. Coleridge David Markson Herman Melville Sylvia Plath Mark Twain David Foster Wallace Pierre de Fermat Oscar Wilde Alston, R. C. Books with Manuscript, A short title catalogue of Books with Manuscript Notes in the British Library, Coleridge, S. T. Marginalia, Ed. George Walley and H. J. Jackson. The Collected works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge 12, Jackson, H. J. Marginalia, Readers writing in Books, New Haven, Yale University Press,2001
36.
Ron Weasley
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Ronald Bilius Ron Weasley is a fictional character in J. K. Rowlings Harry Potter series. His first appearance was in the first book of the series, Harry Potter and he is a member of the Weasley family, a pure blood family, who reside in The Burrow outside Ottery St. Catchpole. Along with Harry and Hermione, he is a member of the Gryffindor house, Ron is present in most of the action throughout the series. According to Rowling, Ron was among the characters she created the very first day, Ron is inspired by Rowlings best friend Sean Harris, but she has clearly stated that she never set out to describe Sean in Ron, but Ron has a Sean-ish turn of phrase. Like Harris is to Rowling, Ron is always there when Harry needs him, some of Rons qualities serve as foils to Harry. While Harry is an orphan with more gold than he needs, Ron comes from a loving but poor family, many of his possessions are hand-me-downs. Harry is famous but would prefer to avoid the spotlight, Ron, in comparison, is perceived as a mere lackey. Finally, Ron is the most mediocre of his siblings, being neither an excellent Quidditch player, All these factors have combined to cause Ron serious insecurities, this inferiority complex, and his need to prove himself, is the main thrust of his character arc. Rowling first introduces Ron with his family in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, Harry is lost at Kings Cross railway station and the Weasleys guide him through the barrier of Platform 9¾ into the wizarding world. Ron and Harry share a compartment on the Hogwarts Express, and they begin their friendship, Ron fascinated with the famous Harry, Ron and Harry share the same classes throughout the series, and generally have similar academic successes and disappointments. Ron plays a part in the quest to save the Philosophers Stone. His strategy at Wizards Chess allows Hermione and Harry to proceed safely through a dangerous life-size, during the game, Ron allows his piece to be sacrificed and is subsequently knocked unconscious. These last-minute points help support Gryffindors win of the House Cup, the second instalment, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, takes place the year following the events of the Philosophers Stone. During the summer, Ron attempts to write to Harry several times and he receives no reply because Dobby the house elf is stopping Harrys wizard mail. Ron becomes so concerned that he and his brothers Fred and George fly their fathers enchanted Ford Anglia car to Harrys home at his aunt, Harry spends the next month at the Weasleys home, The Burrow. While attempting to depart from Kings Cross station, Harry and Ron find themselves unable to enter the barrier to access Platform 9¾, with Harry, Ron conceives the idea of taking the flying Ford Anglia to Hogwarts. The plan is successful, but the Anglia loses power at the end of the journey, Ron receives a Howler from his mother, berating him for taking the car. Later Ron is forced to come face-to-face with his worst nightmare, spiders, in the Forbidden Forest, giant spiders nearly devour the two of them, but the Weasley Ford Anglia returns from the Forbidden Forest and rescues the pair
37.
Quidditch
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In the fantasy world of the Harry Potter childrens novels and movies, Quidditch /ˈkwɪdɪtʃ/ is a magical competitive sport involving flying contestants. Matches are played between two teams of seven players riding flying broomsticks, using four balls, a Quaffle, two Bludgers, and a Golden Snitch, six ring-shaped goals are situated atop poles of different heights, three on each side of the pitch. It is a rough but very popular semi-contact sport, played by wizards. In the Wizarding World of the Harry Potter universe, Quidditch has a fervent fan following, Harry Potter plays an important position for his house team at Hogwarts, he is the Seeker and becomes the team captain in his sixth year at school. Regional and international Quidditch competitions are mentioned throughout the series, in Goblet of Fire, Quidditch at Hogwarts is cancelled for the Triwizard Tournament, but Harry and the Weasleys attend the Quidditch World Cup. Harry has owned two broomsticks, the Nimbus 2000 and the Firebolt, both of which are lost by the series end, the game has been adopted in the real world. In this game the players have brooms but run instead of flying, Quidditch matches are played on an oval-shaped,500 feet long and 180 feet wide pitch, with a small central circle approximately 2 feet in diameter. At each end stand three hooped goal posts, each at a different height, one at 30 ft, one at 40 ft, and one at 50 ft, comprising the scoring area. There is also a line that shows mid-field, which is 250 ft. Quidditch fields have white shaded areas around the goalposts, to mark the scoring area, both the Hogwarts and World Cup pitches have been shown turfed with grass. The surface is used primarily for launching off at the beginning of the game, Seekers, who sometimes fly close to the pitch surface, can be tricked into crashing into the surface occasionally at great speed. The Quaffle is spherical in shape, scarlet in colour, and approximately 12 inches in diameter and it is explained in Quidditch Through the Ages that the Quaffle is enchanted to fall very slowly through the air when dropped to prevent players from having to continuously dive to retrieve it. The backstory of Quidditch explains that the red colour was instituted to create a stronger contrast between the Quaffle and mud, the Quaffle is also enchanted to make it easy to grip with only one hand. Only one Quaffle is used in a game, and if a Chaser throws it through a hoop they score 10 points for their team, the Gryffindor team Chasers are Angelina Johnson, Alicia Spinnet and Katie Bell. The two Bludgers are round, jet black balls made of iron, a Bludger is 10 inches in diameter. They are described as being bewitched to fly without any means of propulsion, although they do retain inertia. They act as obstacles, flying around the pitch and trying indiscriminately to knock players off their brooms. The Beaters carry short wooden clubs, which use to knock the Bludgers away from their teammates and/or toward the opposing team. The Bludgers do most of the damage in the game of Quidditch, they will occasionally injure players, a correctly bewitched Bludger with no jinxes will not side with a team, they will instead alternate players after they try and knock a player from one team off their broom
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Horcrux
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The following is a list of magical objects used in the Harry Potter series. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Hermione Granger creates fake, due to the coins being infused with a Protean Charm, once Harry Potter alters his, every coin changes to suit. The coins grow hot when the change to alert the members to look at their coins. Draco reveals he got the idea from Hermiones DA coins, which were inspired by Lord Voldemorts use of the Dark Mark to communicate with his Death Eaters. In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Neville Longbottom uses the DAs coins to alert people such as Luna Lovegood and Ginny Weasley that Harry, Ron and they then arrive at the Room of Requirement to fight in the Battle of Hogwarts on May 2,1998. A Howler is a letter sent to signify extreme anger or to convey a message very loudly and publicly. When it is opened, the voice, which has been magically magnified to a deafening volume, bellows a message at the recipient. If it is not opened or there is a delay in opening it, the letter smolders, explodes violently, and shouts the message out even louder than normal. In the film version, the Howler folds itself into a set of lips and eyes. In Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Ron Weasley receives a Howler from his mother, Molly Weasley, after he steals his fathers enchanted car and flies it to Hogwarts with Harry. Neville Longbottom confessed that he once got a Howler from his grandmother, stating that he ignored it, subsequently, Neville receives another Howler from his grandmother after Sirius Black uses his list of passwords to enter the Gryffindor Common Room in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Hermione receives one in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire after Rita Skeeter publishes an article about the relationship between Hermione and Harry. In the film Harry receives a Howler from Mafalda Hopkirk to announce he has been expelled from Hogwarts for using magic outside school. A Deluminator is a device invented by Albus Dumbledore that resembles a cigarette lighter and it is used to remove or absorb the light from any light source to provide cover to the user. In Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, Dumbledore uses the Deluminator to darken Privet Drive and it was next seen in Order of the Phoenix where Dumbledore loans the Deluminator to Moody, who uses it when transporting Harry from the Dursleys home to Number 12, Grimmauld Place. In Half-Blood Prince, Dumbledore uses the Deluminator again to darken Privet Drive before collecting Harry, in Deathly Hallows, it is bequeathed to Ron by Dumbledore. After Ron had left his friends in anger, the Deluminator demonstrated an additional capability, Rowling stated that Dumbledore left it to Ron because he believed he might have needed a little more guidance than Harry and Hermione. Within the Harry Potter universe, an invisibility cloak is used to make the wearer invisible, all are very rare and expensive, and may be spun from pelts of the Demiguise, magical herbivores that are found in the Far East
