1.
Essex
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Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
2.
Ordnance Survey National Grid
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The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is used to provide references for worldwide locations. European-wide agencies also use UTM when mapping locations, or may use the Military Grid Reference System system, the grid is based on the OSGB36 datum, and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962. It replaced the previously used Cassini Grid which, up to the end of World War Two, had issued only to the military. The Airy ellipsoid is a regional best fit for Britain, more modern mapping tends to use the GRS80 ellipsoid used by the GPS, the British maps adopt a Transverse Mercator projection with an origin at 49° N, 2° W. Over the Airy ellipsoid a straight grid, the National Grid, is placed with a new false origin. This false origin is located south-west of the Isles of Scilly, the distortion created between the OS grid and the projection is countered by a scale factor in the longitude to create two lines of longitude with zero distortion rather than one. Grid north and true north are aligned on the 400 km easting of the grid which is 2° W. 2° 0′ 5″ W. OSGB36 was also used by Admiralty nautical charts until 2000 after which WGS84 has been used, a geodetic transformation between OSGB36 and other terrestrial reference systems can become quite tedious if attempted manually. The most common transformation is called the Helmert datum transformation, which results in a typical 7 m error from true, the definitive transformation from ETRS89 that is published by the OSGB is called the National Grid Transformation OSTN02. This models the detailed distortions in the 1936–1962 retriangulation, and achieves backwards compatibility in grid coordinates to sub-metre accuracy, the difference between the coordinates on different datums varies from place to place. The longitude and latitude positions on OSGB36 are the same as for WGS84 at a point in the Atlantic Ocean well to the west of Great Britain. In Cornwall, the WGS84 longitude lines are about 70 metres east of their OSGB36 equivalents, the smallest datum shift is on the west coast of Scotland and the greatest in Kent. But Great Britain has not shrunk by 100+ metres, a point near Lands End now computes to be 27.6 metres closer to a point near Duncansby Head than it did under OSGB36. For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, there are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain, S, T, N and H. The O square contains an area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide
3.
Civil parish
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In England, a civil parish is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority. It is a parish, in contrast to an ecclesiastical parish. A civil parish can range in size from a town with a population of around 80,000 to a single village with fewer than a hundred inhabitants. In a limited number of cases a parish might include a city where city status has been granted by the Monarch. Reflecting this diverse nature, a parish may be known as a town, village. Approximately 35% of the English population live in a civil parish, as of 31 December 2015 there were 10,449 parishes in England. On 1 April 2014, Queens Park became the first civil parish in Greater London, before 2008 their creation was not permitted within a London borough. The division of land into ancient parishes was linked to the system, parishes. The manor was the unit of local administration and justice in the early rural economy. Later the church replaced the court as the rural administrative centre. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the power to levy a rate to fund relief of the poor was conferred on the authorities by the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601. Both before and after this optional social change, local charities are well-documented, the parish authorities were known as vestries and consisted of all the ratepayers of the parish. As the number of ratepayers of some parishes grew, it increasingly difficult to convene meetings as an open vestry. In some, mostly built up, areas the select vestry took over responsibility from the body of ratepayers. This innovation improved efficiency, but allowed governance by a self-perpetuating elite, by the 18th century, religious membership was becoming more fractured in some places, due for instance to the progress of Methodism. The legitimacy of the parish came into question and the perceived inefficiency. Sanitary districts covered England in 1875 and Ireland three years later, the replacement boards were each entitled to levy their own rate in the parish. The church rate ceased to be levied in many parishes and became voluntary from 1868, the ancient parishes diverged into two distinct systems of parishes during the 19th century
4.
Waltham Abbey (parish)
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Waltham Abbey is a civil parish in Epping Forest District in Essex, England. Waltham Abbey is a recent renaming of the ancient parish of Waltham Holy Cross, aside from the town of Waltham Abbey, it includes the hamlets of Claverhambury, Fishers Green, Holyfield, Sewardstone and Upshire, and the village of High Beach. The local council is Waltham Abbey Town Council, Waltham Holy Cross was an ancient parish in the Waltham hundred of Essex. The parish adopted the Public Health Act 1848 in 1850 which created the Waltham Holy Cross local government district, in 1894 this district became Waltham Holy Cross Urban District, governed by an urban district council. The parish ceased to have any role in government, aside from election of the board of guardians. After 1930 as an urban parish it had only nominal existence. On 1 April 1974 the Waltham Holy Cross Urban District was abolished and combined with local government districts to form the Epping Forest District. The urban district council was replaced with Epping Forest District Council, a limited number of former boroughs and urban districts were permitted to retain limited local government powers as successor parishes. Waltham Holy Cross civil parish gained a council and became used for local government again. The Enfield Island Village area was transferred from the parish, to the area of Enfield in Greater London in 1994. The parish ceased to be part of the Metropolitan Police District in 2000, the local council is Waltham Abbey Town Council. The town hall is located on Highbridge Street in the town of Waltham Abbey, there are eleven councillors elected from five wards. The wards are High Beech, Honey Lane, North East, Paternoster, the civil parish is 16.3746 square miles. It is located approximately 14 miles north-northeast of central London and is adjacent to the Greater London boundary to the south, the M25 motorway runs through the parish east—west splitting it into two approximately equal parts. The town of Waltham Abbey is located immediately to the north of the motorway, the northwest of the parish contains part of the Lee Valley Park. Most of the parish, and the majority of its population, are within the Waltham Abbey post town of the EN postcode area. The main settlement in the parish is the town of Waltham Abbey, Claverhambury consists of approximately 15 homes and farms by two woods, Deerpark Wood and Stockings Grove, to the north east of the town centre. Its bounds are the slopes of Galley Hill
5.
Districts of England
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The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. As the structure of government in England is not uniform. Some districts are styled as boroughs, cities, or royal boroughs, these are purely honorific titles, prior to the establishment of districts in the 1890s, the basic unit of local government in England was the parish overseen by the parish church vestry committee. Vestries dealt with the administraction of both parochial and secular governmental matters, parishes were the successors of the manorial system and historically had been grouped into hundreds. Hundreds once exercised some supervising administrative function, however, these powers ebbed away as more and more civic and judicial powers were centred on county towns. From 1834 these parishes were grouped into Poor Law Unions, creating areas for administration of the Poor Law and these areas were later used for census registration and as the basis for sanitary provision. In 1894, based on these earlier subdivisions, the Local Government Act 1894 created urban districts and rural districts as sub-divisions of administrative counties, another reform in 1900 created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London. Meanwhile, from this date parish-level local government administration was transferred to civil parishes, the setting-down of the current structure of districts in England began in 1965, when Greater London and its 32 London boroughs were created. They are the oldest type of still in use. In 1974, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties were created across the rest of England and were split into metropolitan districts, in London power is now shared again, albeit on a different basis, with the Greater London Authority. During the 1990s a further kind of district was created, the unitary authority, metropolitan boroughs are a subdivision of a metropolitan county. These are similar to unitary authorities, as the county councils were abolished in 1986. Most of the powers of the county councils were devolved to the districts but some services are run by joint boards, the districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million. Non-metropolitan districts are second-tier authorities, which share power with county councils and they are subdivisions of shire counties and the most common type of district. These districts typically have populations of 25,000 to 200,000, the number of non-metropolitan districts has varied over time. Initially there were 296, after the creation of unitary authorities in the 1990s and late 2000s and these are single-tier districts which are responsible for running all local services in their areas, combining both county and district functions. They were created in the out of non-metropolitan districts, and often cover large towns. In addition, some of the smaller such as Rutland, Herefordshire
6.
Epping Forest District
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Epping Forest is a local government district in Essex, England. It is named after, and contains a part of. Epping Forest District also borders Hertfordshire both to the northeast and southwest of the district of Harlow. The south is more suburban and dominated by Loughton, the largest town in the district, most of the District has a wide range of architectural styles and periods. Loughton is beside Epping Forest to the west and separated by farms, rivers, the settlements here are close to, and in places are contiguous with, Londons conurbation. The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of Chigwell Urban District, Epping Urban District and Waltham Holy Cross Urban District, along with most of Epping and Ongar Rural District. The district can be traced on maps by reference to the M25 motorway, from the junction the towns of Loughton and Buckhurst Hill are south-west, Chigwell is south, Waltham Abbey is west, Epping north-west, and Ongar north-east. Rail transport in the district is provided by the Central line of the London Underground, which is entirely above ground in the District, further National Rail stations are available at Harlow, and Sawbridgeworth, along the Districts boundary. Unlike the section of the Metropolitan line outside Greater London, where a special fare structure exists, until November 2006, services to Roding Valley, Chigwell and Grange Hill stopped at around 8pm but since then the service has run to around midnight. However, the service to stations is still not as frequent as to those wholly within Greater London or to those between Buckhurst Hill and Epping. The Central line used to have an extension from Epping to Ongar, with stations at North Weald. The line was reopened in 2004 as the Epping Ongar Railway. North Weald Airfield, a Battle of Britain airfield, is owned by the District Council, stapleford Aerodrome is another local airfield, and offers pleasure and charter flights. Eric Pickles - Brentwood and Ongar constituency, mostly covering the part of the district east of the River Roding, including the parish of Ongar and village of North Weald Bassett. Robert Halfon - Harlow constituency, which includes the villages of Roydon and Lower Nazeing to the west of Harlow, the district council is now based in Epping, roughly in the centre of the district. Its offices were located in Loughton. Since 2002, when the boundaries were reorganised resulting in the loss of one council seat. Each ward is represented by one, two or three Councillors, depending on the population, so that each Councillor represents a roughly equal proportion of the districts electorate
7.
Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards
8.
East of England
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The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It was created in 1994 and was adopted for statistics from 1999 and it includes the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. Essex has the highest population in the region and its population at the 2011 census was 5,847,000. Bedford, Luton, Basildon, Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Chelmsford, the southern part of the region lies in the London commuter belt. The region has the lowest elevation range in the UK, North Cambridgeshire and the Essex Coast have most of the around 5% of the region which is below 10 metres above sea level. The Fens are partly in North Cambridgeshire which is notable for the lowest point in the country in the land of the village of Holme 2.75 metres below sea level which was once Whittlesey Mere. The highest point is at Clipper Down at 817 ft, in the far corner of the region in the Ivinghoe Hills. In the late 1960s, the Roskill Commission considered Thurleigh in Bedfordshire, Nuthampstead in Hertfordshire, the East of England succeeded the standard statistical region East Anglia. The East of England civil defence region was identical to todays region, England between the Wash and Thames Estuary has since post-Roman times been and continues to be known as East Anglia, including the county traversing the west of this line, Cambridgeshire. Essex, despite meaning East-Saxons, previously formed part of the South East England, as did Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, the earliest use of the term is from 1695. Charles Davenant, in An essay upon ways and means of supplying the war, wrote, The Eleven Home Counties, then cited a list including these four. The term does not appear to have used in taxation since the 18th century. East Anglia is one of the driest parts of the United Kingdom with average rainfall ranging from 450 mm to 750 mm. This is usually because low pressure systems and weather fronts from the Atlantic have lost a lot of their moisture over land by the time they reach Eastern England, however the Fens in Cambridgeshire are prone to flooding should a strong system affect the area. Northerly winds can also be cold but are not usually as cold as easterly winds, westerly winds bring milder and, typically, wetter weather. Southerly winds usually bring mild air but chill if coming from further east than Spain, spring is a transitional season that can be chilly to start with but is usually warm by late-April/May. The weather at this time is often changeable and occasionally showery, summer is usually warm and continental air from mainland Europe or the Azores High usually leads to at least a few weeks of hot, balmy weather with prolonged warm to hot weather. The number of storms from the Atlantic, such as the remnants of a tropical storm usually coincides with the location of the jet stream
9.
Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish
10.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
11.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
12.
London postal district
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The London postal district is the area in England of 241 square miles to which mail addressed to the LONDON post town is delivered. It was integrated by the Post Office into the national system of the United Kingdom during the early 1970s and corresponds to the N, NW, SW, SE, W, WC, E. The postal district has also known as the London postal area. The County of London was much smaller at 117 square miles, by the 1850s, the rapid growth of the metropolitan area meant it became too large to operate efficiently as a single post town. A Post Office inquiry into the problem had been set up in 1837, in 1854 Charles Canning, the Postmaster General, set up a committee at the Post Office in St. Martins Le Grand to investigate how London could best be divided for the purposes of directing mail. In 1856, of the 470 million items of mail sent in the United Kingdom during the year, approximately one fifth were for delivery in London, the General Post Office thus at the control of the Postmaster General devised the area in 1856 project-managed by Sir Rowland Hill. Hill produced an almost perfectly circular area of 12 miles radius from the central post office at St. Martins Le Grand, within the district it was divided into two central areas and eight compass points which operated much like separate post towns. Each was constituted London with a suffix indicating the area it covered, the system was introduced during 1857 and completed on 1 January 1858. The remaining eight letter prefixes have not changed, at the same time, the London postal district boundary was retracted in the east, removing places such as Ilford for good. In 1868 the S district was split between SE and SW, the NE and S codes have been re-used in the national postcode system and now refer to the NE postcode area around Newcastle upon Tyne and the S postcode area around Sheffield. In 1917, as a measure to improve efficiency, the districts were further subdivided with a number applied to each sub-district. Exceptionally and esoterically, W2 and SW11 are also head districts, the numbered sub-districts became the outward code of the postcode system as expanded into longer codes during the 1970s. Ad hoc changes have taken place to the organisation of the districts, subdivisions of postcode sub-districts Owing to heavier demand, seven high-density postcode districts in central London have been subdivided to create new, smaller postcode districts. This is achieved by adding a letter after the postcode district. Where such sub-districts are used such as on street signs and maps. The districts subdivided are E1, N1, EC SW1, W1, WC1, similarly, there are solely non-geographic suffixed sub-districts for PO boxes in NW1 and SE1. The London postal district has never been aligned with the London boundary, when the initial system was designed, the London boundary was restricted to the square mile of the small, ancient City of London. The wider metropolitan area covered parts of Middlesex, Surrey, Kent, Essex
13.
Postcodes in the United Kingdom
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Postal codes used in the United Kingdom are known as postcodes. They are alphanumeric and were adopted nationally between 11 October 1959 and 1974, having been devised by the GPO, a full postcode is known as a postcode unit and designates an area with a number of addresses or a single major delivery point. For example, the postcode of the University of Roehampton in London is SW15 5PU, the postcode of GCHQ is GL51 0EX, where GL signifies the postal town of Gloucester. The postal town refers to an area and does not relate to a specific town. GL51 is one of the postcodes for the town of Cheltenham which is where GCHQ is located, the London post town covers 40% of Greater London. On inception it was divided into ten districts, EC, WC, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W. The S and NE sectors were later abolished and these divisions changed little, usually only changed for operational efficiency. Some older road signs in Hackney still indicate the North East sector/district, following the successful introduction of postal districts in London, the system was extended to other large towns and cities. Liverpool was divided into Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western districts in 1864/65, in 1917 Dublin – then still part of the United Kingdom – was divided into numbered postal districts. These continue in use in a form by An Post. In 1923 Glasgow was divided in a way to London. In January 1932 the Postmaster General approved the designation of some urban areas into numbered districts. In November 1934 the Post Office announced the introduction of numbered districts in every town in the United Kingdom large enough to justify it. Pamphlets were issued to each householder and business in ten areas notifying them of the number of the district in which their premises lay, the pamphlets included a map of the districts, and copies were made available at local head post offices. The public were invited to include the district number in the address at the head of letters. A publicity campaign in the following year encouraged the use of the district numbers, the slogan for the campaign was For speed and certainty always use a postal district number on your letters and notepaper. A poster was fixed to every box in the affected areas bearing the number of the district. Every post office in the district was also to display this information
14.
E postcode area
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The E postcode area, also known as the London E postcode area, is the part of the London post town covering much of the eastern part of Greater London, England and also Sewardstone in Essex. Since the closure of the East London mail centre during the summer of 2012, inward mail for the E postcode area is now sorted at Romford Mail Centre, with the IG and RM postcode area mail. The current E postcode area was formed in 1866 as a merger of the E. In 1917, the districts were numbered alphabetically by their location. As of 2004, the names do not form part of the postal address. Where districts are used for other than the sorting of mail, such as use as a geographic reference and on street signs, E1. The E postcode area contains two non-geographic postcode districts for business users, E77 and E98. The Eastern District Office is located on Whitechapel Road and was the terminus for the former London Post Office Railway. The railway ran 10.5 kilometres to the Paddington Head District Sorting Office, the E20 postcode has been used fictionally as the postcode on the television soap-opera series EastEnders. However, it became a real postcode in 2011, being created for the new Olympic Park in Stratford, site of the 2012 Summer Olympics, Postcode districts E6, E14 and E16 also have river frontages in the south. The River Roding and the North Circular Road form part of the boundary in the east, the postcode area maps roughly to the combined area of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, London Borough of Newham and London Borough of Waltham Forest. The 1990s pop band East 17, formed in Walthamstow, take their name from the postcode district E17, the postcode area does not cover all of East London. The postcode area is a sub-set of East London, with notable exclusions, hoxton in Shoreditch which is part of the N postcode area, despite usually being seen as being part of the East End. The eastern suburbs built after the introduction of the E postcode area, Postcode Address File List of postcode areas in the United Kingdom London postal district North East Royal Mails Postcode Address File A quick introduction to Royal Mails Postcode Address File
15.
Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom
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Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the UK governments Office of Communications. For this purpose Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan, known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national numbers after the 0 trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national numbers after the 0 trunk code, regions with shorter area codes, typically large cities, permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long, the total number of digits is ten, but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits. The area code is referred to as an STD or a dialling code in the UK. The code allocated to the largest population is for London, the code allocated to the largest area is for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies—Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man—even though they are not part of the UK itself. Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are as follows, Number ranges starting 01 can have NSN length as 10 or 9 digits, the 0800 range can have NSN length as 10,9 or 7 digits. The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits, the 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only. There are no numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits. Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits, four-digit area codes have either six-digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five- and six-digit subscriber numbers. Xxxxxx This is the used by most areas. It has an area code and a six digit subscriber number. These area codes were changed by adding a 1 directly after the zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. Just short of 581 areas use this format, and the area range from 01200 to 01998. A small number of areas also have a few subscriber numbers that have only five digits. That is, almost all area codes now have only six digit local numbers, six of the four-digit area codes are known as mixed areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five-digit area codes. The numbers therefore have only nine digits after the initial zero trunk code and these area codes were changed by adding a 1 directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995
16.
Essex Police
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Essex Police is a territorial police force responsible for policing the county of Essex, in the east of England, consisting of over 1.7 million people and around 1,400 square miles. It is one of the largest non-metropolitan police forces in the United Kingdom, the Chief Constable is Stephen Kavanagh, who took up the appointment in May 2013. Assistant Chief Constable for Media Relations Steve Worron is also simultaneously ACC for Area Operations for Kent Police due to the two forming a joint Serious Crime Directorate. Nick Alston was elected with a 12. 8% turnout, Essex Constabulary was formed in 1840. In 1965, the force had an establishment of 1,862 officers, Southend-on-Sea Borough Police was established by the county borough of Southend-on-Sea, England, in 1914. In 1969 Southend-on-Sea Borough Police amalgamated with Essex Constabulary to become the Essex and this merger was campaigned against by the council and the local MPs. Colchester also at one time had its own police force, the title was shortened to Essex Police in 1974. In April 2000, it took over parts of the county in the south-west formerly in the Metropolitan Police Area. Epping Forest Keepers act as Epping Forest constables in the Forest parishes in the south-west of the Essex Police area, Essex Police is one of the United Kingdoms largest non-metropolitan police forces with a strength of over 2,900 police officers. Its headquarters, the Force Control Room and Essex Police College, are all located in Chelmsford, strategically, Essex is an important force. Bordering London, the area consists of affluent city suburbs, large urban areas, industrial centres, rural villages, London Stansted Airport. The force also polices one of the largest expanses of coastline of any force in the UK, the police area covers 1,400 square miles and has a population of around 1,700,000. The Chief Constable is Stephen Kavanagh who replaced Jim Barker-McCardle in May 2013, the force has been a regular innovator and is often used by the Home Office to trial new procedures and equipment, including automatic number plate recognition, Lantern and the X26 Taser. Previously a number of specialist teams within Essex were grouped into the Mobile Support Division, in 2012 Essex Police moved away from the divisional structure to a patrol based structure and the former components of the Mobile Support Division were moved to new command structures. Roads Policing and Dog Section became part of the Response and Patrol function, Crime Division works across the territorial divisions of Essex and with forces nationwide, providing resources and expertise. This team is supported by section heads, the work of the various departments of Crime Division are both proactive and reactive. The way in which major crimes are investigated has changed over time,30 years ago, the head of Crime Division would have carried out every part of the investigation in a murder case himself, including interviewing key witnesses. However, this has now been transformed with the advent of computerised Major Investigation Rooms and concerns over handling complex, in April 2000, the Major Investigation Team was set up to investigate homicides, abductions, rapes and extortion
17.
Fire services in the United Kingdom
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The fire services in the United Kingdom operate under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. Emergency cover is provided by over fifty fire and rescue services, many FRS were previously known as brigades or county fire services, but almost all now use the standard terminology. They are distinct from and governed by an authority, which is the legislative, public and administrative body. Fire authorities in England and Wales, and therefore fire and rescue services, Scotland and Northern Ireland have centralised fire and rescue services, and so their authorities are effectively committees of the devolved parliaments. The total budget for services in 2014-15 was £2.9 billion. The devolved government in Scotland has an agency, HMFSI Scotland. This Act provided for centralised co-ordination of fire brigades in Great Britain,1947, Fire Services Act 1947 This Act transferred the functions of the National Fire Service to local authorities. Now repealed entirely in England and Wales by Schedule 2 of the Fire,1959, Fire Services Act 1959 This Act amended the 1947 Act, it dealt with pensions, staffing arrangements and provision of services by other authorities. It was repealed in England and Wales along with the 1947 Act,1999, Greater London Authority Act 1999 This act was necessary to allow for the formation of the Greater London Authority and in turn the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. In 2002, there was a series of fire strikes. In December 2002, the Independent Review of the Fire Service was published with the action still ongoing. Bains report ultimately led to a change in the relating to firefighting. 2002, Independent Review of the Fire Service published 2004, Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004, generally only applying to England and it came into force on 1 October 2006. The DfCLG has published a set of guides for non-domestic premises,2006, The Government of Wales Act 2006 gave the National Assembly for Wales powers to pass laws on Fire, promotion of fire safety otherwise than by prohibition or regulation. But does not prevent future legislation being passed by the UK government which applies to two or more constituent countries, There are further plans to modernise the fire service according to the Local Government Association. The fire service in England and Wales is scrutinised by a House of Commons select committee, in June 2006, the fire and rescue service select committee, under the auspices of the Communities and Local Government Committee, published its latest report. For example, where FRSs were historically inspected by HMFSI, much of this work is now carried out by the National Audit Office, Fire Control On 8 February 2010 the House of Commons Communities and Local Government Select Committee heard evidence on the Fire Control project. Called to give evidence were Cllr Brian Coleman and Cllr James Pearson from the Local Government Association, also giving evidence Matt Wrack from the Fire Brigades Union and John Bonney Chief Fire Officers Association
18.
Essex County Fire and Rescue Service
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In 2015, the service attended around 14,000 emergency incidents within the year, mostly fires and road traffic collisions. Additionally, lift releases, effecting entry into buildings, flooding incidents, however, around 40 percent of these incidents are false alarms and require no further action. Between 2004 and 2014 the number of incidents attended by ECFRS decreased significantly by around 50 percent, with around 38 calls per day, ECFRS employs 1,354 staff,570 full-time firefighters,486 retained firefighters,36 control personnel and 262 support staff. There are 50 fire stations in Essex,12 of which are wholetime, ECFRS have 74 frontline fire appliances, with between 55 and 70 available for mobilisation at any moment. The Urban Search and Rescue team have their own fire station separate from others across the county and their resources include a search dog trained to locate people trapped in rubble. Another primary role of the service is preventative community safety work, eCFRSs headquarters is located in Kelvedon. The Service is divided into two Area Commands, East Area Command West Area Command The acting Chief Fire Officer is Adam Eckley, the Emergency Operational Fire Control is situated in Hutton. 36 control staff handle approximately 500,000 calls each year, radio communications are made between incidents and Fire Control and control staff liaise with other emergency services and provide additional resources when requested by firefighting personnel. Emergency calls are handled in an average of 54 seconds from the time of answering to the time of dispatching the fire crew, there are five firefighter training centres, located in Basildon, Chelmsford, Orsett, Witham and Wethersfield. The Service workshop is in Lexden, where the fleet of frontline fire appliances and specialist appliances are maintained. ECFRS has the standard fire appliances in operation,43 Rescue Pumps. 25 Water Tenders, similar to the Rescue Pump except with emphasis on rescue equipment. 8 Heavy Rescue Pumps, similar to the standard Rescue Pump but with emphasis on heavy rescue operations. They are based at Chelmsford, Colchester, Grays, Harlow and they are based at Maldon, Orsett and Stansted Mountfitchet. 2 Incident Command Units, based at Basildon and Clacton-on-Sea,2 Water Bowsers, based at Chelmsford and Halstead. 1 Hose Layer, based at Rayleigh Weir. 1 Animal Rescue Unit, introduced in 2011, the ARU is based on an all-terrain Unimog chassis and is fitted with a Hiab crane capable of extending up to 13.7 m and it is based at South Woodham Ferrers. The service is also reviewing requirements for a breathing apparatus tender, the standard appliances are crewed by at least four and as many as six firefighters, while specialist units such as the Aerial Ladder Platforms and Rescue Tenders are crewed by a minimum of two
19.
Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
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Emergency care including ambulance and emergency department treatment is free to everyone, regardless of immigration or visitor status. The NHS commissions most emergency services through the 14 NHS organisations with ambulance responsibility across the UK. As with other services, the public normally access emergency medical services through one of the valid emergency telephone numbers. This led to the formation of predominantly county based ambulance services, which gradually merged up and changed responsibilities until 2006, when there were 31 NHS ambulance trusts in England. Following further changes as part of the NHS foundation trust pathway, the commissioners in each region are responsible for contracting with a suitable organisation to provide ambulance services within their geographical territory. The primary contract for each area is held by a public NHS body, of which there are 11 in England. The service was operated before reorganisation in 1974 by the St Andrews’ Ambulance Association under contract to the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service was established in 1995 by parliamentary order, and serves the whole of Northern Ireland. The Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust was established on 1 April 1998, there is a large market for private and voluntary ambulance services, with the sector being worth £800m to the UK economy in 2012. This places the voluntary providers in direct competition with private services, expenditure on private ambulances in England increased from £37m in 2011−12 to £67. 5m in 2013/4, rising in London from £796,000 to more than £8. 8m. In 2014−15, these 10 ambulance services spent £57.6 million on 333,329 callouts of private or voluntary services - an increase of 156% since 2010−11, in 2013, the CQC found 97% of private ambulance services to be providing good care. These private, registered services are represented by the Independent Ambulance Association, there are also a number of unregistered services operating, who do not provide ambulance transport, but only provide response on an event site. These firms are not regulated, and are not subject to the checks as the registered providers, although they may operate similar vehicles. There are a number of ambulance providers, sometimes known as Voluntary Aid Services or Voluntary Aid Societies, with the main ones being the British Red Cross. The history of the ambulance services pre-dates any government organised service. As they are in competition for work with the private ambulance providers. Voluntary organisations have also provided cover for the public when unionised NHS ambulance trust staff have taken industrial action, there are a number of smaller voluntary ambulance organisations, fulfilling specific purposes, such as Hatzola who provide emergency medical services to the orthodox Jewish community in some cities. These have however run into difficulties due to use of vehicles not legally recognised as ambulances, all emergency medical services in the UK are subject to a range of legal and regulatory requirements, and in many cases are also monitored for performance. This framework is largely statutory in nature, being mandated by government through a range of primary and secondary legislation and this requires all providers to register, to meet certain standards of quality, and to submit to inspection of those standards
20.
East of England Ambulance Service
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These consist of 5.8 million people and 7,500 square miles. It is one of 10 Ambulance Trusts providing England with emergency medical services, there is no charge to patients for use of the service, and under the Patients Charter every person in the United Kingdom has the right to the attendance of an ambulance in an emergency. The Trust controls the mobilisation of Immediate Care charities throughout its area and these include Magpas, SARS, NARS and East Anglian Air Ambulance. The result was a service covering an area of over 7,500 square miles with a population of 5.8 million people, the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust had been formed in 1994 from the three-way merger of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk Ambulance Services. In 2015/16, the trust received 1,037,119 emergency calls, the trust arrived at 66. 9% of emergency Red 1 calls within eight minutes, and 59. 9% of emergency Red 2 calls within eight minutes. Overall, the trust arrived to 90% of Red 1/2 calls within 19 minutes, EEAST employs more than 4,000 staff and has around 1,500 volunteers. The EEAST uses Mercedes Sprinters as their front-line emergency ambulances, and use Ford Mondeos, renault Masters are used as Patient Transport Service vehicles. Iveco Dailys and Land Rover Discoverys are used as Hazardous Area Response Team vehicles, in 2013-14 the Trust missed all of its targets in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough. 73. 6% of red 1 calls for immediately life-threatening situations were met within eight minutes against a target of 75%,69. 4% of red 2 calls, which may be life-threatening but less time critical were responded to within eight minutes against a 75% target. In north Norfolk, rapid responses during one month were as low as 25%, according to the Clinical Commissioning Group performance had deteriorated overall in comparison to prior year at both regional and local level. In August 2014, the Trust was fined £1. 2m over these failures and it was also fined £300,000 over turnaround times at hospitals. The fines were accrued between April and July 2014, EEAST, which handles more than 900,000 emergency 999 calls a year, said it was recruiting hundreds of new staff and investing in new ambulances. In a statement in November 2014, Chief executive Anthony Marsh blamed EEASTS’ continued failure to meet its emergency response time targets on a lack of staff. In October 2014, EEAST apologised after claims were published in a newspaper that a body had been left lying next to dustbins at its station in Ely. Chief executive Anthony Marsh said the Trust was very sorry for what happened and had started a thorough investigation, an EEAST spokesman confirmed the investigation involved the transportation of a deceased patient, but said he could not comment further as inquiries were ongoing. The newspaper which published the claims said it had done so after being approached by a whistleblower
21.
East of England (European Parliament constituency)
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East of England is a constituency of the European Parliament. It currently elects 7 MEPs using the method of party-list proportional representation. The constituency corresponds to the East of England region of the United Kingdom, comprising the counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire. It was formed as a result of the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, elected candidates are shown in bold. Brackets indicate the number of votes per seat won
22.
Epping Forest (UK Parliament constituency)
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Epping Forest is a parliamentary constituency in Essex represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1997 by Eleanor Laing, a Conservative. 1974-1983, The Urban Districts of Chigwell, Epping, and Waltham Holy Cross, and in the Rural District of Epping and Ongar the civil parishes of Epping Upland, Theydon Bois, and Theydon Garnon. When Epping Forest was first created, it was favourable to the Conservative than the old Epping seat, as it lost the new town of Harlow. During the Thatcher period the Labour Partys vote was crushed, even though the Liberals managed to move into second place, their vote did little more than follow national trends and as soon as 1987 their votes dropped away as well. Two former candidates in the Epping Forest constituency have also stood for election as Mayor of London, Steve Norris and Julian Leppert. The constituency was created in 1974 from the seats of Epping, list of Parliamentary constituencies in Essex Notes References
23.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
24.
Central London
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Central London is the innermost part of London, UK. Over time a number of definitions have been used to define the scope of central London for statistics, urban planning and local government. From 2004 to 2008, the London Plan included a sub-region called Central London comprising Camden, Islington, Kensington and Chelsea, Lambeth, Southwark, Wandsworth and it had a 2001 population of 1,525,000. The sub-region was replaced in 2008 with a new structure which amalgamated inner and outer boroughs together and this was altered in 2011 when a new Central London sub region was created, now including the City of London and excluding Wandsworth. However, districts at the edge of this subregion such as Streatham, Dulwich. During the Herbert Commission and the subsequent passage of the London Government Bill, the first two were detailed in the 1959 Memorandum of Evidence of the Greater London Group of the London School of Economics. It had an population of 350,000 and occupied 7,000 acres. The area had an population of 400,000 and occupied 8,000 acres. During the passage of the London Government Bill an amendment was put forward to create a central borough corresponding to the used at the 1961 census. The population was estimated to be 270,000
25.
London commuter belt
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The London commuter belt is a metropolitan area that includes London and its surrounding commuter zone. It is also known as the London metropolitan area, or Southeast metropolitan area and it should not be confused with Greater London or the Greater London Built-up Area. The most up-to-date population figures are from Eurostat, that the London metropolitan area is the largest in the EU with a population of 13,879,757, the boundaries are not fixed, they expand as transport options improve and affordable housing moves further away from city centre. The population of Greater London and those counties adjacent to the belt was 18,868,800 in 2011. In addition, three Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty surrounding the Thames basin are within the commuter belt, there are 17 local government districts that share a boundary with Greater London, in the East and South East regions. Most districts are entirely, or have sections, within the M25 motorway or are within 15–20 miles of Charing Cross, Larger Urban Zone is a definition created by Eurostat that measures the population and expanse of metropolitan areas across European countries. The population of Londons Larger Urban Zone is 11.9 million, the districts that are considered parts of this Larger Urban Zone are listed here, no districts in Bedfordshire, Hampshire or Sussex are included. Several large conurbations fall just outside the zone, Reading, Luton, High Wycombe and significant parts of the Aldershot, the following table lists urban areas considered part of the London Commuter Belt with populations over 20,000. The Basingstoke, Sittingbourne, Burgess Hill and Haywards Heath urban areas are not considered part of the belt, according to World Gazetteer
26.
A112 road
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The A112 is a road in East London, starting in the town of Waltham Abbey. It runs through Chingford, Walthamstow and Stratford before ending in North Woolwich in the London Borough of Newham, the A112 starts in the town of Waltham Abbey in the Epping Forest District and metropolitan area of London. The town is located on the M25 motorway, the road starts just south of the town centre at the junction with the A121 road, which leads to the towns junction of the M25 motorway. The road comes down in a direction, through the village of Sewardstone. The road comes past the Lea Valley Campsite and the Yardley Estate where it comes into Waltham Forest, the road enters the London Borough of Waltham Forest in Chingford. It continues south past the Yardley Estate and to the junction of A110 road to Enfield and Barnet in the west and it continues south and past the A1037 and down Old Church Road hill to Chingford Mount. Chingford Mount is one of Chingfords two town centres, with its high street shops and supermarket, Chingford Mount also has a junction where the A112 meets the A1009 to Woodford. The A112 continues south past the Higham Hill estate into Walthamstow, the next junction is Walthamstow, The Bell where the A112 meets the A503 road to Holloway and Camden Town to the west, and Woodford to the east. Continuing south from The Bell, the A112 becomes Hoe Street all the way to Leyton and it goes round a few bends from The Bell until it reaches the town centre. The road is located on the side of Walthamstow High Street, Walthamstow street market, The Mall, Walthamstow bus station. It continues south round a little one way out of the town centre to South Walthamstow. It goes past Queens Road, which gives a link to the A1006. At Leyton, Bakers Arms the A112 meets the A104, Lea Bridge Road, to Hackney, Dalston and Islington to the west, and Woodford and Loughton to the east. It continues south onto High Road Leyton down past Leyton Bus Garage, Leyton Midland Road railway station and Leyton Town Centre all the way to Leyton tube station, above the A12. In Leyton Town Centre just north of the station, the A112 meets the A106 road to Hackney to the west and Leytonstone and Wanstead to the east. It continues over the A12 and Leyton Station on the Central line down to Drapers Field, on the border of Leyton and Waltham Forest and Stratford, at Drapers Field, the A112 continues to South Leytonstone, Maryland and Forest Gate. Liberty Bridge Road is also on the right leading into the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park and East Village, the A112 continues down into the London Borough of Newham in Stratford to Chobham Road. It continues south on Leyton Road next to East Village until the junction with Montfichet Road, Montfichet Road leads to Westfield Stratford City and Stratford International station
27.
Chingford
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Chingford is a district of the London Borough of Waltham Forest in North East London, situated 10 miles northeast of Charing Cross. Historically a rural Essex parish, it gained urban district status in 1894, Chingford is close to the Essex border of Epping Forest District. It borders Sewardstone to the north, Woodford Green and Buckhurst Hill to the east, to the west lie William Girling and King George V reservoirs, known together as the Chingford Reservoirs, and the River Lea. Across these, Chingford is linked with Ponders End through the A110 Lea Valley Road, to the north and east lies Epping Forest, the most part of which is in Essex but is maintained by the City of London Corporation. The River Ching runs through the area, and the town of Chingford is close to a number of fords of that river. However, old maps and descriptions give a name for the settlement long before the river has a name and this idea is compounded by links to royalty using the area for hunting in centuries gone by. However, the most generally accepted explanation by place name genealogists is that the name has its origin as Shingly Ford—that is. One notable local landmark is Queen Elizabeths Hunting Lodge, originally called the Great Standing, it was built for King Henry VIII in 1543, and was used as a grandstand to watch the hunting of deer, although it has been heavily altered over time. The building is located on Chingford Plain within Epping Forest and is open to the public, the lodge is preserved under the Epping Forest Preservation Act. Originally a barn built in the century, Butlers Retreat. The building is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeths Hunting Lodge and takes its name from the 1891 occupier John Butler, retreats originally served non-alcoholic refreshments as part of the Temperance movement. After closing in 2009 the building was refurbished by the City of London Corporation, All Saints Church in Chingford Mount dates back to the 12th century. Directly opposite the church is Chingford Mount Cemetery, best known today as the place of the Kray family. Friday Hill House, Simmons Lane, off Friday Hill, dating from 1839, was a house built and owned by Robert Boothby Heathcote. It was he who paid for the building of the church of St Peter and he is buried in the Boothby family vault in All Saints Churchyard, Old Church Road. The vault was purchased by Robert Boothby, who lived in the manor house. The present building has been used as an education centre. Pimp Hall Dovecote is situated in an area at the bottom of Friday Hill
28.
King George V Reservoir
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The King George V Reservoir, also known as King Georges Reservoir, is located in the London Borough of Enfield and is part of the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain that supplies London with drinking water. The storage reservoir is bordered by Sewardstone and Chingford to the east and Brimsdown and Ponders End to the west, the reservoir and the nearby William Girling Reservoir are known collectively as the Chingford Reservoirs, and are owned and managed by Thames Water. The reservoir was conceived as part of a plan for the Lea Valley and was laid before the Royal Commission on Water Supply in 1893. At this time the authority was the East London Waterworks Company. However, under the Provisions of the Metropolis Water Act of 1902, construction was started in 1908 and completed in 1912. The reservoir was opened by H. M. King George V in 1913, the reservoir was formed by the construction of a continuous embankment on the floodplain of the River Lea at Chingford. An earth embankment divides the reservoir into two compartments that are connected by three large diameter culverts, the external grassed embankment consists of a central puddle clay core with shoulder filling comprising a mixture of river terraced gravels and alluvial deposits. Located in the NW corner is the original pumping station by W. B. Bryan and finished in red brick. Still in situ are three of the five gas-fuelled liquid-piston pumps designed by H. A. Humphrey, in 1970 these were made redundant by the installation of a vertical spindle electric pump. The water is part of the Chingford Reservoirs Site of Special Scientific Interest and it is a major wintering ground for wildfowl and wetland birds, including nationally important numbers of some species. The water also forms a refuge for a large population of wildfowl during the late summer months. A total of 85 wetland species have recorded here in recent years. The reservoir is popular with birdwatchers, and is home to the King George Sailing Club, permits and a key are required to visit the water. Both can be obtained from Thames Water, Water is supplied to the reservoir from the New River and the River Lee Diversion. Includes several references to the reservoir, published 1960 by George Bell & Sons. An Edmonton Boy by Terry Webb, reference to the reservoir on page 36. British dams King George Sailing Club The Humphrey pump National Archives-H A Humphrey English Nature, Chingford Reservoirs citation English Nature, Nature on the Map, Chingford Reservoirs
29.
London Borough of Enfield
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The London Borough of Enfield is a London borough in north London with some districts within the borough straddling north-east London, England. It borders the London Boroughs of Barnet, Haringey and Waltham Forest, the districts of Hertsmere, Welwyn Hatfield and Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, the local authority is Enfield Council. The feld would have been a reference to an area cleared of trees within woodland that would become known as Enfield Chase. Enfield Town used to be a market town in the county of Middlesex on the edge of the forest about a days walk north of London. As London grew, Enfield Town and its surrounds eventually became a residential suburb, the current borough was created in 1965 from the former areas of the Municipal Borough of Southgate, the Municipal Borough of Enfield and the Municipal Borough of Edmonton. The armorial bearings of three boroughs were also merged. The heraldic beast on the shield of the Enfield coat of arms is known in heraldry as an Enfield, in Roman times, Enfield was connected to Londinium by Ermine Street, the great Roman road which stretched all the way up to York. Artefacts found in the early 1900s reveal that there were Roman settlements in the areas that are now Edmonton, in 790 King Offa of Mercia was recorded as giving the lands of Edmonton to St Albans Abbey. The area became important as East Anglia was taken over by the Danes. In the 790s strongholds were built by men loyal to King Alfred the Great, after the Norman Conquest, both Enfield and Edmonton were mentioned in Domesday Book. Both had churches, and Enfield had 400 inhabitants, Edmonton 300, Enfield is also described as having a parc. This parc—a heavily forested area for hunting—was key to Enfields existence in the Middle Ages, wealthy Londoners came to Enfield first to hunt, and then to build houses in the green, wooded surroundings. In 1303, Edward I of England granted Enfield a charter to hold a weekly market, Enfield Grammar School with its Tudor Old Hall stands next to the Enfield Town Market Place and St. Andrews Church, the school having been extended several times since 1586. A new hall and further additions were completed shortly before World War II, nearby historically was the palace of Edward VI, where Elizabeth I lived while a princess, including during the final illness of Henry VIII. Later Elizabeth held court there when she was queen, Enfield has a history of armaments manufacture—see Royal Small Arms Factory. The Lee–Enfield.303 rifle was standard issue for the British Army until 1957, other firearms manufactured there include the Bren and Sten machine guns—the en in both cases denoting the place of manufacture. The worlds first solid state circuitry colour televisions were manufactured by Ferguson at their now closed plant in Enfield, the first dishwasher to be mass-produced was in Hotpoints now closed Enfield plant. This historical event was marked by a plaque on the wall of the bank
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Enfield Island Village
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Enfield Island Village is a modern housing estate in the London Borough of Enfield, north London. Enfield Island Village was built on land occupied by the Royal Small Arms Factory. The site was decommissioned by the MOD in 1984 and was sold to British Aerospace, bAe together with Trafalgar House launched a joint venture company – Lee Valley Developments. In 1996, the land was sold to Fairview Homes, the wing of Hillsdown Holdings. The housing estate was built by Fairview New Homes between 1997 and 2003 on a 100-acre brown field site and it comprises a mixture of housing ranging from one-bedroom flats to five-bedroom houses. In line with standards, 25% of the housing was designated as social housing. The development has a parkland area and a small shopping centre. The shops include a supermarket, a pharmacy, and a Chinese take-away. The Island also has its own General practitioner, private fitness centre, a new library opened in 2008. The development is on a flood plain, however, the Environment Agencys assessment is that, even without the flood defences that surround the Island, there is little risk of serious flooding as compared to the surrounding area. As it is a development, residents are responsible for many aspects of life on the Island through the Enfield Island Village Trust. There was a campaign against the development by Friends of the Earth, the review concluded that the site was safe for development and that campaigners claims regarding rumours of dangerous materials were untrue. Planning permission was granted for the development, supported by the European Union and it was developed as a model brown field development, with a clay cap at a depth of one metre under the topsoil. Safety inspections were carried out every six months, but this has now been reduced to annual monitoring only. The area was featured in a 2000 edition of the BBC TV programme Panorama focusing on brown field housing development, London Orbital, a walk around the M25
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London Borough of Waltham Forest
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The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in East London, England. Waltham Forest was one of the six London boroughs that hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics, the local authority is Waltham Forest London Borough Council. Major districts are Leyton and Leytonstone in the south, Walthamstow in the middle, many Stone Age remains are found in the area. Ancient Roman relics have also found in locations scattered around the borough. The southern part of Epping Forest still extends into the south of the borough and this not only assisted in preserving the forest but also helped develop the towns around it, Chingford, Forest Gate, Walthamstow, Leytonstone, and Leyton. The areas location between the City of London and Epping Forest encouraged large-scale urban development, the area now known as Waltham Forest experienced at least two Zeppelin raids during World War I. On 17/18 August 1915, Airship L10 took a route following the Gospel Oak to Barking railway line, dropping incendiary. The first bomb, an incendiary, fell on Hoe St, Walthamstow, at the junction of Orford and Queens Road, ten people were killed in Leyton and another 48 injured across the wider area. On 23/24 September 1916 the German Navy airship L31 dropped around ten bombs along the line of Lea Bridge Road, Leyton and she also dropped bombs on Streatham and Brixton the same night. The main centres of population in the borough are Chingford in the north, Walthamstow in the centre and Leyton, Waltham Forest has the fifth largest Muslim population in England and the third largest in London. Historically known as the seat of the Arts and Crafts Movement under the stewardship of William Morris, the annual E17 Art Trail, which includes open studios, exhibitions and events, is the biggest art event in the borough, and there is now a similar event in Leytonstone. Eamon Everall, founder member of the Stuckism art movement is a resident in the borough where he also maintains a studio. Waltham Forest is home to a number of musicians that have found success in the UK, including East 17, Blazin Squad, and Indie band Hefner, who formed in Walthamstow. The borough is also a centre of the musical genre, grime acts hailing from the borough include More Fire Crew, Lethal Bizzle. The only theatre in the borough, The Waltham Forest Theatre, was situated in Lloyds Park, though a local campaign was launched to save it in 2008 the theatre was demolished in 2011. Leyton Orient F. C. is the professional football team, based at Brisbane Road. Waltham Forest was one of six local authorities to set up a Housing Action Trust under the Housing Act 1988. The Waltham Forest HAT covered various estates in need of regeneration, Cathall Road in Leytonstone, Oliver Close in Leyton, Boundary Road in Walthamstow, the HAT transferred its redeveloped estates to Community-based Housing Association and shut down in April 2002
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High Beach
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High Beach or High Beech is a village inside Epping Forest and is located approximately eleven miles north east of central London. It is the settlement inside Epping Forest. And falls within the parish of Waltham Abbey, London Metropolitan Area, Greater London Urban Area. High Beach is in the uplands of Essex, which reach heights of 110 metres above sea level on the fringes of Epping Forest. Areas of the surrounding forest are also named High Beach or High Beech, however, individual smallholdings of land are given over to residential, agriculture and mixed uses, particularly beside the straight A-road which bisects it. Many of the forest paths are naturally gravel-lined with underlying deposits of Bagshot Sands and it is believed that the name High Beach came from an early description of the localised sand and gravel exposure in this part of the forest. Holy Innocents church is surrounded by forest, the 125 feet tower and spire contains 13 hemispherical bells cast at the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. In July 1837, poet John Clares deteriorating mental disorder caused him to be admitted to the High Beach private asylum under the guidance of the enlightened Dr Matthew Allen, the poet, after suffering from depression, was invited as a guest to Allens asylum. Clare spent four years at the asylum before escaping in July 1841, alfred, Lord Tennyson lived at Beech Hill House from 1837 to 1840. During his short stay he may well have encountered Clare and other inmates, Tennyson was reported by a journalist as being. delighted with the mad people. the most agreeable and the most reasonable persons he has met with. Amenities include the church, primary school, horse riding school, owned and managed by the London Borough of Waltham Forest, the Suntrap Forest Education Centre offers field studies and other activities to schools and other groups. Epping Forest Visitors Centre in Nursery Road is one of three centres in the forest that provide learning, tours, exhibits and recreational facilities. In February 1928, an oval circuit to the rear of the Kings Oak public house was the venue for Britains first motorcycle speedway meeting. Courses and appropriate tracks for outdoor pursuits include horse riding, mountain biking, orienteering, the 15 miles Epping Forest Centenary walking route passes through the locality. The route was established in 1978 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the passing of the Epping Forest Act 1878, section 18 of the London Loop, a long distance footpath, can be joined at nearby Sewardstone. In Mott Street the High Beach Cricket Club play in Division 4 of the Herts & Essex League, at the highest level of local government, responsible for a considerable amount of infrastructure and education is Essex County Council with single-member wards. The relevant ward is Waltham Abbey, on a third tier of local government, Waltham Abbey town council has powers, and the whole of High Beach is part of its civil parish. The district-level ward forms part of the Epping Forest and covers 2,235 ha with a population of 2143, postally High Beach centred on a tripoint such that it is divided between Chingford London E4, Loughton IG10 postal district and Waltham Abbey
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Greater London
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London, or Greater London, is a region of England which forms the administrative boundaries of London. It is organised into 33 local government districts, the 32 London boroughs, the Greater London Authority, based in Southwark, is responsible for strategic local government across the region and consists of the Mayor of London and the London Assembly. The county of Greater London was created on 1 April 1965 through the London Government Act 1963, administratively, Greater London was first established as a sui generis council area under the Greater London Council between 1963 and 1986. The area was re-established as a region in 1994, and the Greater London Authority formed in 2000, the region covers 1,572 km2 and had a population of 8,174,000 at the 2011 census. In 2012, it had the highest GVA per capita in the United Kingdom at £37,232, the Greater London Built-up Area—used in some national statistics—is a measure of the continuous urban area of London, and therefore includes areas outside of the administrative region. The term Greater London has been and still is used to different areas in governance, statistics, history. In terms of ceremonial counties, London is divided into the small City of London, outside the limited boundaries of the City, a variety of arrangements has governed the wider area since 1855, culminating in the creation of the Greater London administrative area in 1965. The Greater London Arterial Road Programme was devised between 1913 and 1916, one of the larger early forms was the Greater London Planning Region, devised in 1927, which occupied 1,856 square miles and included 9 million people. The LCC pressed for an alteration in its boundaries soon after the end of the First World War, noting that within the Metropolitan, a Royal Commission on London Government was set up to consider the issue. The LCC proposed a vast new area for Greater London, with a boundary somewhere between the Metropolitan Police District and the home counties, protests were made at the possibility of including Windsor, Slough and Eton in the authority. The Commission made its report in 1923, rejecting the LCCs scheme, two minority reports favoured change beyond the amalgamation of smaller urban districts, including both smaller borough councils and a central authority for strategic functions. The London Traffic Act 1924 was a result of the Commission, Greater London originally had a two-tier system of local government, with the Greater London Council sharing power with the City of London Corporation and the 32 London Borough councils. The GLC was abolished in 1986 by the Local Government Act 1985 and its functions were devolved to the City Corporation and the London Boroughs, with some functions transferred to central government and joint boards. Greater London was used to form the London region of England in 1994, a referendum held in 1998 established a public will to recreate an upper tier of government to cover the region. The Greater London Authority, London Assembly and the directly elected Mayor of London were created in 2000 by the Greater London Authority Act 1999, in 2000, the outer boundary of the Metropolitan Police District was re-aligned to the Greater London boundary. The 2000 and 2004 mayoral elections were won by Ken Livingstone, the 2008 and 2012 elections were won by Boris Johnson. The 2016 election was won by Sadiq Khan, Greater London continues to include the most closely associated parts of the Greater London Urban Area and their historic buffers. Thus it includes, in five boroughs, significant parts of the Metropolitan Green Belt which protects designated greenfield land in a way to the citys parks
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Scouting
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During the first half of the twentieth century, the movement grew to encompass three major age groups for boys and, in 1910, a new organization, Girl Guides, was created for girls. It is one of worldwide youth organizations. In 1906 and 1907 Robert Baden-Powell, a lieutenant general in the British Army, wrote a book for boys about reconnaissance, in the summer of 1907 Baden-Powell held a camp on Brownsea Island in England to test ideas for his book. This camp and the publication of Scouting for Boys are generally regarded as the start of the Scout movement. The movement employs the Scout method, a programme of education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking. Distinctive uniform insignia include the fleur-de-lis and the trefoil, as well as badges, the year 2007 marked the centenary of Scouting worldwide, and member organizations planned events to celebrate the occasion. Scouting virtually started itself, but the trigger that set it going was the 1908 publication of Scouting for Boys written by Robert Baden-Powell, at Charterhouse, one of Englands most famous public schools, Baden-Powell had an interest in the outdoors. Later, as an officer, Baden-Powell was stationed in British India in the 1880s where he took an interest in military scouting and in 1884 he published Reconnaissance. These skills eventually formed the basis of what is now called scoutcraft, three years later, in South Africa during the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of Mafeking by a much larger Boer army. The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, the Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defense of the town, and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement. Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined compass point, the badges logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis shaped arrowhead that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol. In the United Kingdom, the public, through newspapers, followed Baden-Powells struggle to hold Mafeking, and he was urged to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the Boys Brigade, a large youth movement drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that the Boys Brigade could grow much larger were Scouting to be used and he studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting. In July 1906, Ernest Thompson Seton sent Baden-Powell a copy of his 1902 book The Birchbark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians, Seton, a British-born Canadian-American living in the United States, met Baden-Powell in October 1906, and they shared ideas about youth training programs. In 1907 Baden-Powell wrote a draft called Boy Patrols, in the same year, to test his ideas, he gathered 21 boys of mixed social backgrounds and held a week-long camp in August on Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. His organizational method, now known as the Patrol System and a key part of Scouting training, in the autumn of 1907, Baden-Powell went on an extensive speaking tour arranged by his publisher, Arthur Pearson, to promote his forthcoming book, Scouting for Boys. He had not simply rewritten his Aids to Scouting, he omitted the military aspects and transferred the techniques to non-military heroes, backwoodsmen and he also added innovative educational principles by which he extended the attractive game to a personal mental education. At the beginning of 1908, Baden-Powell published Scouting for Boys in six fortnightly parts, the reaction was phenomenal, and quite unexpected
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Gilwell Park
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Gilwell Park is a camp site and activity centre for Scouting and Guiding groups, as well as schools and other youth organisations. The site also houses a training and conference centre, including the hosting of events such as weddings. The 44 hectare site is in Sewardstonebury, Epping Forest, close to Chingford, in the late Middle Ages the area was a farm, growing to a wealthy estate that fell into disrepair towards 1900. It was bought in 1919 by Scout Commissioner William de Bois Maclaren and given to The Scout Association of the United Kingdom to provide camping to London Scouts, and training for Scouters. As Scout Leaders from all countries of the world have come to Gilwell Park for their Wood Badge training, the site contains a number of camping fields, indoor accommodation, historical sites, monuments of Scouting, and outdoor adventure activities. The site can accommodate events up to 10,000 people, the history of Gilwell Park can be traced to 1407, when John Crow owned Gyldiefords, the land that would eventually become Gilwell Park. Between 1407 and 1422, Crow sold the land to Richard Rolfe, following Rolfes death in 1422, different sections of the property came to be called Great Gilwell and Little Gilwell. The two areas were named after the Old English wella, or spring, a farmhouse has stood at Gilwell Farm ever since. Around this time, an adjoining 5.6 hectares property was purchased by Richard Osborne, in 1442, he built a large dwelling called Osborne Hall, which stood for 300 years. Legend has it that in the early 16th century, King Henry VIII owned the land, around 1736 the highwayman Dick Turpin began using Gilwells forests to conceal himself and for ambushing travellers and freight along roads leading into London. In 1754, William Skrimshire purchased Great Gilwell, Little Gilwell, Skrimshire demolished Osborne Hall and built a new residence, which he also called Osborne Hall. That building is now called the White House, timbers in the White House can be dated to this time, but not to any previous era. Leonard Tresilian bought the estate in 1771 and expanded the land holdings, Tresilians first wife, Margaret Holland, died young after bearing three daughters. Desiring that Gilwell pass on to his eldest daughter, also named Margaret, by the time of Tresilians death in 1792, the younger Margaret had married William Bassett Chinnery, the elder brother of the painter George Chinnery. The Chinnerys were wealthy and influential, William Chinnerys father, also named William, owned trading ships and named one Gilwell in 1800. William and Margaret Chinnery initially resided in London, and after three years of marriage and inheriting Gilwell in 1792, they moved to Gilwell in 1793 and they soon shocked the populace by renaming Osborne Hall to Gilwell Hall. William Chinnery expanded Gilwells land holdings through significant purchases over 15 years and, with his wife, transformed it into an estate with gardens, paths. Parts of the garden, paths, and dwelling modifications exist into the 21st century, William Chinnery was exposed as the embezzler of a small fortune from the British Treasury where he worked and was dismissed from all his posts on 12 March 1812
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Harlow
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Harlow is a former Mark One New Town and local government district in the west of Essex, England. In Old Harlow is a field named Harlowbury, a de-settled monastic area which has the remains of a chapel, the M11 motorway passes through the east of the district, entirely to the east of the town. It is also a part of the London commuter belt and employment centre of the M11 corridor which includes Cambridge. There is some dispute as to where the placename Harlow derives from, One theory is that it derives from the Anglo-Saxon words here and hlaw, meaning army hill, probably to be identified with Mulberry Hill, which was used as the moot or meeting place for the district. The other theory is that it derives from the here and hearg, meaning temple hill/mound, probably to be identified with an Iron Age burial mound. The earliest deposits are of a Mesolithic hunting camp excavated by Davey in Northbrooks in the 1970s closely followed by the large and these deposits are mostly known because of the large numbers of surface-bound, worked flint. Substantial amounts of worked flint suggest an organised working of flint in the area, large amounts of debitage litter the area and tools found include axeheads, hammers, blades, dowels and other boring tools and multipurpose flints such as scrapers. An organised field walk in the late 1990s by Bartlett indicates that most of the area, some 80 hectares and this indicates organised industry existed from 5000 BC to 2000 BC. The deposits are so large and dispersed that any major work in the area will have to take this into consideration before any ground work is started. Harlow was in Roman times the site of a town with a substantial stone built temple. The entry in the Norman Domesday Book reads, Herlaua, St Edmunds Abbey before and after 1066, Geoffrey from Count Eustace, Thorgils from Eudo the Steward, Richard from Ranulf, Mill,7 beehives,8 cobs,43 cattle,3 foals. The mill is now a 300-year-old listed building and restaurant, the original village, mentioned in the Domesday Book, developed as a typical rural community around what is now known as Old Harlow, with many of its buildings still standing. This includes for instance the Grade II listed St Marys Church in Churchgate Street and its former Chapel is in a ruinous state in a field which was once the Harlowbury Abbey part of Old Harlow, is Grade I listed and is a scheduled ancient monument. The original Harlow New Town was built after World War II to ease overcrowding in London, Harlow was a Mark One New Town along with other new towns such as Basildon, Stevenage and Hemel Hempstead. New Towns were designated following the New Towns Act of 1946, the town was planned from the outset and was designed to respect the existing landscape. A number of landscape wedges - which later known as Green Wedges - were designed to cut through the town. Each of the neighbourhoods is self-supporting with its own shopping precincts, community facilities. Harlow has one of the most extensive cycle track networks in the country, connecting all areas of the town to the town centre, the cycle network is composed mostly of the original old town roads
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Waltham Abbey (town)
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Waltham Abbey is a suburban market town within the metropolitan area of London, England, the Greater London Urban Area and the Epping Forest District of Essex with a population of about 21,149. It is located 15 miles north east of central London and it is on the Greenwich Meridian, between the River Lea in the west and Epping Forest in the east. The town is situated north of the London Borough of Waltham Forest in East London and it is the resting place of King Harold Godwinson, who died in the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Henry VIII visited the town several times, including with his wife Anne Boleyn, Waltham Abbey takes its name from the Abbey Church of Waltham Holy Cross, a scheduled ancient monument that was prominent in the towns early history. The town is within the civil parish of Waltham Abbey which was known as Waltham Holy Cross until 1974. The parish has a council and is twinned with the German town of Hörstel. The name Waltham derives from weald or wald forest and ham homestead or enclosure, indeed, the former urban district was named Waltham Holy Cross, rather than Waltham Abbey. There are traces of prehistoric and Roman settlement in the town, ermine Street lies only 5 km west and the causeway across the River Lea from Waltham Cross in Hertfordshire may be a Roman construction. A local legend claims that Boudicas rebellion against the Romans ended in the neighbourhood and it is this cross that gave Waltham the earliest suffix to its name. After Tovis death around 1045, Waltham reverted to the King, Harold rebuilt Tovis church in stone around 1060, in gratitude it is said for his cure from a paralysis, through praying before the miraculous cross. Walthams people used the abbey as their church, and paid their tithes, worked the glebe as well any of their lords land. Legend has it that after his death at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, today, the spot is marked by a stone slab in the churchyard. In 1184, this was enlarged so that Waltham became an abbey with an abbot and twenty-four canons, to the abbeys west and south, the town grew as a linear development around a crossing road, although it had a single north-south High Street as late as 1848. The former, which existed from at least 1375, occupied the Lady Chapel in the part of the church. The Charnel Guild, which occurs as the Sepulchre in 1366, the towns dependence on the Abbey is signalled by its decline after the Abbey was dissolved and partially demolished in 1540, the last working abbey or monastery to be dissolved. Waltham Abbey vicarage is a 17th-century timber framed and plastered building and it was given by Edward Denny, 1st Earl of Norwich to create the first curacy, but was much altered in the 18th century and later, and was more recently architecturally Grade II*listed. In the early 19th century the church held three Sunday services, including one in the evening for the factory workers. In 1862, Holy Communion was celebrated monthly and attended by about 100, in the 17th century there were four churchwardens, one each for the town, Holyfield, Upshire, and Sewardstone
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Walthamstow
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Walthamstow is the principal town of the London Borough of Waltham Forest in North East London, England. It is located 7.5 miles northeast from Charing Cross, Walthamstow is a large town, situated between the North Circular Road to the north, Lee Valley and the Walthamstow Reservoirs to the west, and Epping Forest to the east. The town centre consists of Walthamstow Market, the longest single street market in Europe, Walthamstow is recorded c.1075 as Wilcumestowe and in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Wilcumestou. King John visited Shern Hall in 1213, the building survived until 1896, at one point Walthamstow was just a culmination of five small villages, and affairs were discussed at Vestry House, acting as the first town hall. In 1870 it had grown to the size of a small suburb, until the 19th century it was largely rural, with a small village centre and a number of large estates. The main route through the district was the aforementioned Hoe Street, additionally, there were various smaller lanes, crossing the town. The road now known as Forest Road was originally called Clay Street, further south, the High Street was named Marsh Street, and led from the original settlement out to the marshes. Shernhall Street is an ancient route, as is Wood Street, in the 1660s Sir William Batten, Surveyor of the Navy, and his wife Elizabeth Woodcocke had a house here where, according to Samuel Pepys, they lived like princes and cultivated a vineyard. With the advent of the railways and the ensuing suburbanisation in the late 19th century, Walthamstow experienced a growth in population. The Lighthouse Methodist Church which dates from 1893 which is situated on Markhouse Road, there is a lantern at the top of the tower, which also contains a spiral staircase. The LGOC X-type and B-type buses were built at Blackhorse Lane from October 1908 onwards, the B-type is considered one of the first mass-production buses. The manufacturing operation later became AEC, famous as the manufacturer of many of Londons buses, on 13 June 1909, A. V. Roes aircraft took to the air from Walthamstow Marshes. It was the first all-British aircraft and was given the nickname of the Yellow Terror. Roe later founded the Avro aircraft company, which built the acclaimed Avro Lancaster. From 1894 Walthamstow was a district and from 1929 a municipal borough in Essex. In 1931 the population of the borough, covering an area of 4,342 acres, other places in east London formerly of the county of Essex, such as Ilford and Romford were placed into London Boroughs along with Walthamstow. None of the district names or codes was changed at this time. Since the 2012 Summer Olympics, the town has become popular mostly as a result of gentrification
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Chingford railway station
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Chingford railway station is a railway station serving the north-east London suburb of Chingford, and is located at the end of the Chingford Branch Line on the Lea Valley Lines network. The station, and all trains serving it have been operated by London Overground since 2015, the Eastern Counties Railway had begun its venture into a main line railway that would head north to compete with the Great Northern. Limited funds and incessant squabbling had slowed its progress, after the merger with several other lines, the ECR became part of the Great Eastern Railway. The GER planned a network of lines to serve countryside around London by its Metropolitan Station and it also planned a line to High Beach, to serve Epping Forest, which reached a terminus in Bull Lane at the very end of Hale End Road in Chingford, in 1873. In 1878 the small station near to the green was replaced by a much more grandiose station on the very edge of town. The railway fostered new interest in the forest as a destination, in 1882 Queen Victoria came by train to Chingford and declared the forest open to the public forever. The railway that had encouraged so much interest and carried the Royal party to the edge of town was now stumped as any new development on the forest lands would be strictly controlled. However, the Chingford Rise Estate company developed land to the south with large villas, Chingford became a commuter terminal and was eventually truncated to make way for a bus station. The line no longer towers over the forest, but hides quietly behind the bustle of Station Road, the station building is relatively unchanged since its 1878 construction, and still carries the grandeur that accompanied the railway schemes of the late 19th century. The line was electrified in the late 1950s by the Eastern Region of British Railways with electric services commencing on 12 November 1960, early services were formed of Class 305 EMUs but initial technical problems with these saw replacements by Class 302 and Class 304 EMUs. There is an owl in the underside of the canopy over platform two, just outside the newsagents, an attempt to stop pigeons landing there. Ticket barriers were installed in 2011, operation transferred from Abellio Greater Anglia to London Overground on 31 May 2015. A number of London Buses routes serve the station, trains are operated by London Overground. The typical off-peak weekday service pattern is,4 trains per hour to Liverpool Street, train times and station information for Chingford railway station from National Rail
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Liverpool Street station
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The station opened in 1874 as a replacement for Bishopsgate station as the Great Eastern Railways main London terminus. By 1895 it had the largest number of platforms on any railway station in London. During the First World War, an air raid on the station in 1917 led to 162 deaths, in the build-up to the Second World War, the station served as the entry point for thousands of child refugees arriving in London as part of the Kindertransport rescue mission. Liverpool Street was built as a station with provision for the Underground. A tube station opened in 1875 for the Metropolitan Railway, and the station today is served by the Central, Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines, Liverpool Street is the third-busiest railway station in the United Kingdom after Waterloo and Victoria, both also in London. It is managed directly by Network Rail, a few daily express trains to Harwich International provide a connection with the Dutchflyer ferry to Hook of Holland. Stansted Express trains provide a link to Stansted Airport and Southend Victoria-bound services stop at Southend Airport, most passenger services on the Great Eastern Main Line are operated by Greater Anglia. Since 2015, the Shenfield metro service has been controlled by TfL Rail, a small number of late-evening and weekend services operated by c2c run via Barking. The station is split into two halves, the west side for the Lea Valley Lines services and the east side for services via Stratford. The typical off-peak weekday service pattern from Liverpool Street is, Liverpool Street station was built as the new London terminus of the Great Eastern Railway which served Norwich, the GER had been formed from the merger of several railway companies, inheriting Bishopsgate as its London terminus. Consequently, the GER planned a more central station, the station was planned to be around 630 by 200 ft in area, with its main façade onto Liverpool Street and an additional entrance on Bishopsgate-Street. The line and station construction were authorised by the Great Eastern Railway Act 1864, the station was built on a 10 acres site previously occupied by the Bethlem Royal Hospital, adjacent to Broad Street station, west of Bishopsgate and facing onto Liverpool Street to the south. The development land was purchased, displacing around 3,000 residents of the parish of St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate. To manage the disruption caused by rehousing, the company was required by the 1864 Act to run daily low-cost workmens trains from the station. The station was designed by GER engineer Edward Wilson and built by Lucas Brothers, the overall design was approximately Gothic, built using stock bricks and bath stone dressings. The building incorporated booking offices as well as the offices of the GER, including chairmans, board, committee, secretary. The station was built with a connection to the sub-surface Metropolitan Railway, with the platform sunk below ground level, the Metropolitan Railway used the station as a terminus from 1 February 1875 until 11 July 1875, their own underground station opened on 12 July 1875. Local trains began serving the partially completed station from 2 October 1874, the original City terminus at Bishopsgate closed to passengers and was converted for use as a goods station from 1881
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London Underground
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The London Underground is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2015–16 carried 1.34 billion passengers, the 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day. The system has 270 stations and 250 miles of track, despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface. In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, the current operator, London Underground Limited, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London, the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London. As of 2015, 92% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares, the Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014, the LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface, to prepare construction, a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth, a small town with geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train, and was later, in 1861, the worlds first underground railway, it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives. It was hailed as a success, carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day, the Metropolitan District Railway opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground inner circle connecting Londons main-line termini. The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884, built using the cut and this opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows, nicknamed padded cells. The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898, followed by the Central London Railway in 1900, the Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan, but after arbitration by the Board of Trade, the DC system was adopted. When the Bakerloo was so named in July 1906, The Railway Magazine called it an undignified gutter title, by 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines. In January 1913, the UERL acquired the Central London Railway, the Bakerloo line was extended north to Queens Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford, but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917. During air raids in 1915 people used the stations as shelters. An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war, the Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the Metro-land brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line. Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth, and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925, the Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow and Hounslow. In 1933, most of Londons underground railways, tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board, the Waterloo & City Railway, which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway, remained with its existing owners. In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed, in the following years, the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed, the Brill Tramway in 1935, and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936
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Loughton tube station
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Loughton is a London Underground station, some two miles north of the Greater London boundary, in the Epping Forest district of Essex. It is served by the Central line and lies between Buckhurst Hill and Debden and it is the larger of the two Underground stations in the town of Loughton, with Debden station being the smaller. For the purposes of charging it is in Zone 6. The original station was opened by the Eastern Counties Railway on 22 August 1856, the post 1865 goods and carriage sidings no longer exist and were located where the present car parks are. The pre-1865 station also had sidings and a wharf, extending almost to what is now St Marys Church. This station is extensively documented in H W Paar and others, Loughtons First Station 2002 and in Pond, Strugnell and it was re-sited some 500 yards to the south on 24 April 1865 as part of the extension of the line to Epping and Ongar. A new station was opened on 28 April 1940 in readiness for London Underground trains, the current station is of notable architectural importance and is a Grade II listed building. The main elevation is flanked by wings and, to the south. The whole building, as well as the disused signal cabin and sub-station, is finished in carefully bonded, incised. The ticket hall takes the form of a lofty arched hall, the platforms are dominated by graceful, gull-winged shaped reinforced canopies that were altered during 1980s renovations. Although some original platform furniture has been lost the timber platform benches, with the London Underground roundel forming the seat backs, the station has four platform faces and three tracks, with the middle bi-directional track usually used for terminating trains. A proportion of trains are scheduled to terminate at Loughton, most of which return to central London. A traincrew depot was converted from the electrical substation to the north-east of the station in 2006. A small bus station is situated in the forecourt, where there are London Buses services, alongside commercial. Londons Abandoned Tube Stations - Loughton
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London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
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Epping, Essex
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Epping is a market town and civil parish in the Epping Forest district of the County of Essex, England. It is located 3 miles northeast of Loughton,5 miles south of Harlow and 11 miles northwest of Brentwood, although it is the terminus for London Undergrounds Central Line, the town retains some elements of rurality, being surrounded by Epping Forest and working farmland. Epping has many old buildings, some of which are Grade I. The town also retains its weekly market which is held every Monday, epinga, a small community of a few scattered farms and a chapel on the edge of the forest, is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. However, the settlement referred to is known today as Epping Upland and it is not known for certain when the present-day Epping was first settled. By the mid-12th century a settlement known as Epping Heath, had developed south of Epping Upland as a result of clearing of the forest for cultivation. In 1253 King Henry III conveyed the right to hold a market in Epping Street which helped to establish the town as a centre of trade and has continued to the present day. Up to 25 stagecoaches and mailcoaches a day passed through the town from London en route to Norwich, Cambridge, in the early 19th century,26 coaching inns lined the High Street. A couple survive today as public houses, e. g, the George and Dragon and The Black Lion. The advent of the railways put an end to this traffic and the town declined, but it revived after the extension of a line from Loughton in 1865. A number of listed buildings, most dating from the 18th century, the original parish church, first mentioned in 1177, was All Saints in Epping Upland, the nave and chancel of which date from the 13th Century. In 1833, the 14th-century chapel of St John the Baptist in the High Road was rebuilt in the Gothic Revival style and it became the parish church of Epping in 1888 and was again rebuilt. A large tower was added in 1909, Epping, as it stands today, has grown as a favoured town of residence for those who work in London. Its market still brings shoppers in from surrounding villages and towns every Monday, the centre of Epping on and around the High Street is a designated conservation area. Residents point to the traffic congestion, lack of parking spaces, low water pressure. This opinion has been echoed by Epping Town Council, who have stated that Epping will not be able to cope with any new housing estates for at least 10 years. There has been a new raft of eateries entering the town in recent months and the quality of those places has, Epping is part of the Epping Forest parliamentary constituency, represented by Conservative MP Eleanor Laing. From 1924 to 1945, the old Epping division of Essex was represented by Winston Churchill and it now sits in the Epping and Theydon Bois division of Essex County Council which is Liberal Democrat held
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Loughton
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Loughton /ˈlaʊtən/ is a town and civil parish in the Epping Forest District of Essex. Loughton includes three areas and there are 56 listed buildings in the town, together with a further 50 that are locally listed. The parish of Loughton covers an area of about 3,724 acres, of which over 1,300 acres are part of Epping Forest. The ancient parish contained over 3,900 acres, but in 1996 some parts of the south of the old parish were transferred to Buckhurst Hill parish, and other small portions to Chigwell and Theydon Bois. At the time of the 2001 census Loughton had a population of 30,340 and it is the most populous civil parish in the Epping Forest district, and within Essex it is the second most populous civil parish and the second largest in the area. The earliest structure in Loughton is Loughton Camp, an Iron Age earth fort in Epping Forest dating from around 500 BC, hidden by dense undergrowth for centuries it was rediscovered in 1872. The first references to the site of modern-day Loughton date from the Anglo-Saxon period when it was known as Lukintune, following the Norman conquest, the town is also mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, with the name Lochintuna. The settlement remained a village until the early 17th century when the high road was extended north through the forest. The road quickly became the route from London to Cambridge and East Anglia. Sir Robert Wroth and his wife Lady Mary Wroth entertained many of the literary figures of the time, including Ben Jonson. It was rebuilt in 1878 by Revd, J. W. Maitland, whose family held the manor for much of the 19th century. It is now a Veecare Homes care home and is a grade II listed building, Loughtons growth since Domesday has largely been at the expense of the forest. Expansion towards the River Roding was arrested owing to the often flooding marshy meadows, encroachments into the forest to the north and west of the village were nevertheless possible. As the forest disappeared and landowners began enclosing more of it for use, many began to express concern at the loss of such a significant natural resource. The arrival of the railway spurred on the towns development, the railway first came to Loughton in 1856 when the Eastern Counties Railway, opened a branch line via Woodford. In 1948 the line was electrified and transferred to London Transport to become part of the Central line on the London Underground, the arrival of the railways also provided visitors from London with a convenient means of reaching Epping Forest and thus transforming it into the East Enders Playground. The Ragged School Union began organising visits to the forest for parties of poor East End children in 1891 paid for by the Pearsons Fresh Air Fund, Loughton artist Octavius Dixie Deacon depicted many scenes of the town including some of its residents during the late Victorian period. As the Great Eastern Railway Company did not offer workmens fares, much of the housing in Loughton was built in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, with significant expansion in the 1930s
