Shamanism
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Shamanism is a spiritual practice that involves a practitioner interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spirits
Russian postcard based on a photo taken in 1908 by S. I. Borisov, showing a female shaman of probable Khakas ethnicity
The earliest known depiction of a Siberian shaman, by the Dutch explorer Nicolaes Witsen, 17th century. Witsen called him a "priest of the Devil" and drew clawed feet for the supposed demonic qualities.
South Moluccan shaman in an exorcism ritual involving children, Buru, Indonesia (1920)
A shaman of the Itneg people in the Philippines renewing an offering to the spirit (anito) of a warrior's shield (kalasag) (1922)
Dukun
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Dukun is an Indonesian term for shaman. Their societal role is that of a traditional healer, spirit medium, custom and tradition experts and on occasion sorcerers and masters of black magic. In common
A dukun preparing traditional medicine (Dutch colonial period, 1910–1940)
Dayak shaman, East Kalimantan.
A dukun (left) during the Bambu Gila (Mad Bamboo) ceremony in Liang Village, Ambon, Maluku.
A medicinal dukun (sikerei) of Sakuddei people, Siberut, Mentawai Islands.