Shandong
…all Chinese first-level divisions after Jiangsu, Guangdong and Henan. As of 2025, the Nature Index ranked two major cities in Shandong (Jinan #27 and Qingdao #31) in the global top 35 cities by scientific research output. The name Shandong (山东; 山東) literally translates to "east of the mountain," from 'mountain…