1.
George Stevens
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George Cooper Stevens was an American film director, producer, screenwriter and cinematographer. Among his most notable films are A Place in the Sun, Shane, Giant and he was born in Oakland, California, and his family included his father Landers Stevens and his mother Georgie Cooper, both stage actors. His uncle was drama critic Ashton Stevens and he also had two brothers, Jack and writer Aston Stevens. He learned about the stage from his parents and worked and toured with them on his path to filmmaking and he broke into the movie business as a cameraman, working on many Laurel and Hardy short films, such as Night Owls. His first feature film was The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble in 1933, in 1934 he got his first directing job, the slapstick Kentucky Kernels. His big break came when he directed Katharine Hepburn in Alice Adams in 1935 and he went on in the late 1930s to direct several Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire movies, not only with the two actors together, but on their own. In 1940, he directed Carole Lombard in Vigil in the Night, and the film has an ending for European audiences in recognition of World War II. During World War II, Stevens joined the U. S. Army Signal Corps and headed a unit from 1943 to 1946. Stevens also helped prepare the Duben and Dachau footage and other material for presentation during the Nuremberg Trials, in 2008, his footage was entered into the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as an essential visual record of World War II. One result of his World War II experiences was that his subsequent films became more dramatic, the motion picture I Remember Mama from 1948 was the last movie that he made with comic scenes. He was responsible for such films as A Place in the Sun, Shane, The Diary of Anne Frank, Giant. He ended his career with the 1970 film The Only Game in Town with Warren Beatty. In the same year, he was head of the jury at the 20th Berlin International Film Festival, in 1973 he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival. Stevens was the father of television and film writer-producer-director George Stevens, Jr. the first CEO, George Jr. Stevens died following a heart attack on March 8,1975, on his ranch in Lancaster, California, north of Los Angeles. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles, as a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army, Stevens headed the U. S. Army Signal Corps unit that filmed the Normandy landings and the liberation of the Dachau concentration camp. For these contributions, he was awarded the Legion of Merit, Stevens has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1701 Vine Street. He won the Academy Award for Best Director twice, in 1951 for A Place in the Sun and he was also nominated in 1943 for The More the Merrier, in 1954 for Shane, and in 1959 for The Diary of Anne Frank. The moving image collection of George Stevens is held at the Academy Film Archive, the film material at the Academy Film Archive is complemented by material in the George Stevens papers at the Academy’s Margaret Herrick Library
2.
Shane (novel)
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Shane is a western novel by Jack Schaefer published in 1949. It was initially published in 1946 in three parts in Argosy magazine, and originally titled Rider from Nowhere, the novel has been translated into over 30 languages, and was adapted into the famous 1953 film starring Alan Ladd. The story is set in 1889 Wyoming, when the Wyoming Territory was still open to the Homestead Act of 1862 and it is narrated by the homesteaders son Bob Starrett. Luke Fletcher settled there first, although only so much land could be claimed as a homestead, luke Fletchers herd is at the verge of expanding to the point where the homesteads in the area are proving to be an interference. The title-character Shane is a stranger who comes into the lives of the homesteaders. He is thought to be Shannon, a gunslinger who went missing in Arkansas, Joe Starrett hires Shane as a hand on his farm, and Shane puts aside his handsome Western clothes and buys dungarees. He then helps the homesteaders to avoid intimidation by Fletcher and his men trying to get them to abandon their farms, with Shanes help, the farmers are able to resist Fletcher, but Shane is tested many times by the cowhands and gunslingers hired by Fletcher to intimidate him. Shane always comes through in the end, however, and eventually is forced to kill Fletcher and his men, Shane – a mysterious gunslinger who enters into the life of Joe Starrett and his family and carves a place for himself in their hearts. Although he tries to leave his gunslinging past behind, refusing to carry a gun, he decides to fight Fletcher. Bob Starrett – Joe Starretts son, Joe Starrett – Bobs Starretts father. He is a cattle driver. He is a homesteader and a farmer, marian Starrett – Joe Starretts wife. He is set on purchasing or stealing all the rights from the homesteaders and farmers. When the homesteaders refuse he resorts to intimidation and deadly force, chris – is one of Fletchers cowhands who intimidates the homesteaders. Stark Wilson – is a gunslinger hired by Fletcher to intimidate the homesteaders, ernie Wright - one of Stark Wilsons victims. Mr. Grafton - the general store owner who witnesses the fight with Shane involved, will Atkey - the bartender at Mr. Graftons general store. Richard S. Wheeler has written of Shane and its author and he preferred in later years to write stories less mythic and more attuned to the real West. Shane, The Critical Edition Oberlin College Celebrates 50th Anniversary of Shane Shane Re-envisioned
3.
Alan Ladd
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Alan Walbridge Ladd was an American actor and film and television producer. Other notable credits include Two Years Before the Mast, Whispering Smith and his popularity diminished in the late 1950s, though he continued to appear in popular films until his accidental death due to a lethal combination of alcohol, a barbiturate, and two tranquilizers. Ladd was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas on 3 September 1913 and he was the only child of Ina Raleigh, and Alan Ladd, a freelance accountant. His mother was English, from County Durham and had migrated to the USA in 1907 when she was nineteen and his father died of a heart attack when Ladd was six. On 3 July 1918 a young Alan accidentally burned down the home while playing with matches. His mother moved to Oklahoma City, where she married Jim Beavers, in the early 1920s an economic downturn led to Ladds family moving to California, a journey which took four months. They lived in a migrant camp in Pasadena at first before moving to the San Fernando Valley where Beavers went to work at FBO Studios as a painter, Ladd enrolled in North Hollywood High School on 18 February 1930. He became a school swimming and diving champion and participated in high school dramatics in his senior year. His diving skills led to his appearance in an aquatic show, Ladds performance in The Mikado was seen by a talent scout. In August 1933 Ladd was one of a group of young discoveries signed to a contract with Universal Pictures. The contract had options which could go for seven years, Ladd appeared unbilled in a film, Once in a Lifetime, but the studio eventually decided Ladd was too blond and too short and dropped him after six months. At 21, Ladd graduated from school on 1 February 1934. He worked in the department of the San Fernando Sun Valley Record. When the paper changed hands Ladd lost his job and he sold cash registers and borrowed $150 to open up his own hamburger and malt shop across from his old high school, which he called Tinys Patio. However he was unable to make a success of the shop. In another attempt to break into the industry, Ladd went to work at Warner Bros. as a grip. He was injured falling off a scaffold and decided to quit, Ladd managed to save and borrow enough money to attend an acting school run by Ben Bard, who had taught him when he was under contract at Universal. Ladd wound up appearing in stage productions for Bard
4.
Jean Arthur
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Jean Arthur was an American actress and a major film star of the 1930s and 1940s. Arthur had feature roles in three Frank Capra films, Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, You Cant Take It With You, Arthur was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress in 1944 for her performance in The More the Merrier. James Harvey wrote in his recounting of the era, No one was more closely identified with the screwball comedy than Jean Arthur. So much was she part of it, so much was her star personality defined by it and she has been called the quintessential comedic leading lady. Her last film performance was the memorable, and distinctly non-comedic, to the public, Arthur was known as a reclusive woman. News magazine Life observed in a 1940 article, Next to Garbo, as well as recoiling from interviews, she avoided photographers and refused to become a part of any kind of publicity. Arthur was born Gladys Georgianna Greene in Plattsburgh, New York to Protestant parents, Johanna Augusta Nelson and her maternal grandparents were immigrants from Norway who settled in the American West, she also had distant ancestors from England. She had three brothers, Donald Hubert, Robert B. and Albert Sidney. She lived on and off in Westbrook, Maine, from 1908 to 1915 while her father worked at Lamson Studios in Portland, Maine, as a photographer. The familys relocation to New York City occurred in 1915, where Arthur dropped out of school in her junior year due to a change in family circumstances. Presaging many of her film roles, she worked as a stenographer on Bond Street in lower Manhattan during World War I. Both her father and siblings registered for the draft and her brother Albert died as a result of injuries sustained in battle during World War I. She reputedly took her name from two of her greatest heroes, Joan of Arc and King Arthur. The studio was at the looking for new American sweethearts with sufficient sex appeal to interest the Jazz Age audiences. Arthur was remodeled as such a personality, a flapper, following the small role in Cameo Kirby, she received her first female lead role in The Temple of Venus, a plotless tale about a group of dancing nymphs. Dissatisfied with her lack of acting talent, the films director Henry Otto replaced Arthur with actress Mary Philbin during the day of shooting. Arthur agreed with the director, There wasnt a spark from within, I was acting like a mechanical doll personality. I thought I was disgraced for life and she was planning on leaving the California film industry for good, but reluctantly stayed due to her contract, and appeared in comedy shorts instead
5.
Van Heflin
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Van Heflin was an American theatre, radio and film actor. He played mostly character parts over the course of his film career and he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Johnny Eager. Heflin was born Emmett Evan Heflin, Jr. in Walters, Oklahoma, the son of Fanny Bleecker and Dr. Emmett Evan Heflin and he was of Irish and French ancestry. Heflins sister was Daytime Emmy-nominated actress Frances Heflin, Heflin attended Classen High School in Oklahoma City and the University of Oklahoma, where he received a bachelors degree in 1932 and was a member of Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He earned a degree in theater at Yale University. Heflin began his career on Broadway in the early 1930s before being signed to a contract by RKO Radio Pictures. He made his debut in A Woman Rebels, opposite Katharine Hepburn. MGM began to groom him as a man in B movies. Heflin continued to hone his skills throughout the early 1940s. Heflin served during World War II in the United States Army Air Corps as a cameraman in the Ninth Air Force in Europe. Heflin also performed on stage throughout his acting career, playing a huge variety of roles in both films and on stage, probably his best-known film became the 1953 classic western Shane, in which he co-starred with Alan Ladd. As Joe Starrett, the plain, honest farmer who tries to unite a small community of sodbusters his performance is a bedrock of the film, although it was not recognised among the awards of 1953. The Adventures of Philip Marlowe was a detective drama that aired from June 17,1947, through September 15,1951. He also acted on the Lux Radio Theatre, Suspense, Cavalcade of America and his film Cry of Battle was playing at the Texas Theatre in Dallas on November 22,1963. His name and the title appear on the marquee. It was that theater where Lee Harvey Oswald was apprehended in the aftermath of President Kennedys assassination, Heflin appeared in a short but dramatic role as an eyewitness of Jesus raising of Lazarus from death in the 1965 Bible film, The Greatest Story Ever Told. After seeing the miracle he ran from Bethany to the walls of Jerusalem and he played D. O. Guerrero, a failure who schemes to blow himself up on an airliner so that his wife can collect on a life insurance policy. After a six-month marriage to actress Eleanor Shaw, he married RKO contract player Frances Neal and they had two daughters, actresses Vana OBrien and Cathleen Heflin, and a son, Tracy
6.
Brandon deWilde
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Andre Brandon deWilde was an American theater, film, and television actor. Born into a family in Brooklyn, he debuted on Broadway at the age of seven. Before the age of 12, he had many accomplishments and he was the first child actor awarded the Donaldson Award, he filmed his role in The Member of the Wedding, and he starred in his most memorable film role as Joey Starrett in the film Shane. He had also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He became a name making numerous radio and TV appearances before being featured on the cover of Life magazine on March 10,1952, for his second Broadway outing. He continued acting in stage, film and television roles into adulthood before his death at age 30 in a car crash in Colorado on July 6,1972, andre Brandon deWilde was the son of Frederic A. Fritz deWilde and Eugenia deWilde. Fritz deWilde was the son of Dutch immigrants who changed their surname from Neitzel-de Wilde to deWilde when they emigrated to the United States. He was a descendant of the Dutch merchant and seigneur Andries de Wilde, Fritz deWilde became an actor and Broadway production stage manager. Eugenia was a stage actress. After deWildes birth, the family moved from Brooklyn to Baldwin, deWilde made his much-acclaimed Broadway debut at the age of seven in The Member of the Wedding. He was the first child actor to win the Donaldson Award and he also starred in the 1952 film version of the play, which was directed by Fred Zinnemann. He had the role in his own television series, Jamie which aired in 1953 and 1954. Although the series was popular, it was canceled due to a contract dispute, in 1956 he was featured with Walter Brennan, Phil Harris, and Sidney Poitier in the coming-of-age Batjac movie production of Good-bye, My Lady, adapted from James Streets book. This film showcased the then-rare dog breed Basenji, the African barkless dog, brooklyn-born, deWildes soft-spoken manner of speech in his early roles was more akin to a Southern drawl. In 1956 deWilde narrated classical music works Peter and the Wolf by Sergei Prokofiev and he also recorded a reading of Huckleberry Finn in the album The Stories of Mark Twain, along with his Good-bye, My Lady co-star, Walter Brennan. DeWilde shared a camaraderie with both James Stewart and Audie Murphy in the 1957 western Night Passage. In 1958 deWilde continued his career, starring in The Missouri Traveler sharing lead billing with Lee Marvin in another coming-of-age film, in 1961 deWilde appeared in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode The Sorcerers Apprentice. He portrayed Hugo, a mentally impaired youth who could not separate fact from fantasy, after seeing a magician saw a woman in half at a carnival, Hugo emulates the trick and kills a girl by sawing her in half
7.
Jack Palance
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Jack Palance was an American actor and singer. He was nominated for three Academy Awards, all for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, winning in 1992 for his role in City Slickers, Palance was born in Lattimer Mines, Pennsylvania, the son of Anna and Ivan Palahniuk, an anthracite coal miner. His parents were Ukrainian immigrants, his father a native of Ivane Zolote in southwestern Ukraine and his mother from the Lviv Oblast, one of six children, he worked in coal mines during his youth before becoming a professional boxer in the late 1930s. Years later he recounted, Then, I thought, you must be nuts to get your head beat in for $200, with the outbreak of World War II, Palances athletic career ended, and his military career began as a member of the United States Army Air Forces. Palances face, which took many beatings in the ring, was said to have become disfigured while bailing out of a burning B-24 Liberator bomber during a training flight over Southern Arizona. His distinctive cheekbones and deep-set eyes were said to have been the result of reconstructive surgery, one flack created the legend that I had been blown up in an air crash during the war, and my face had to be put back together by way of plastic surgery. If it is a face, why didnt they do a better job of it. Palance was honorably discharged from the Army Air Corps in 1944 and his last name was actually a derivative of his original name. In an episode of Whats My Line and he described how no one could pronounce his last name and it was suggested he be called Palanski. From that he decided to just use Palance instead, Palances acting break came as Marlon Brandos understudy in A Streetcar Named Desire, and he eventually replaced Brando on stage as Stanley Kowalski. In 1947, Palance made his Broadway debut and he debuted on television in 1949, and this was followed a year later by his screen debut in the movie Panic in the Streets. The same year he was featured in Halls of Montezuma about the United States Marines in World War II, Palance was quickly recognized for his skill as a character actor, receiving an Oscar nomination for his third film role as Lester Blaine in Sudden Fear. The following year, Palance was nominated for an Oscar for his role as the hired gunfighter Jack Wilson in Shane, several Western roles followed, but he also played varied roles such as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dracula and Attila the Hun. I knew that Jack Palance would do the perfect Dracula, in 1957, Palance won an Emmy Award for best actor for his portrayal of Mountain McClintock in the Playhouse 90 production of Rod Serlings Requiem for a Heavyweight. Jean-Luc Godard persuaded Palance to take on the role of Hollywood producer Jeremy Prokosch in the nouvelle vague movie Le Mépris, although the main dialogue was in French, Palance spoke mostly English. Palance provided narration for the 1967 documentary, And Still Champion, later, in 1966, he appeared in the television movie Alice Through the Looking Glass, directed by Alan Handley, in which he played the Jabberwock. He had a role opposite Lee Marvin and Burt Lancaster in the Western adventure The Professionals. In 1969, Palance recorded a music album in Nashville
8.
Victor Young
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Not to be confused with the actor Victor Sen Yung who was sometimes billed as Victor Young Victor Young was an American composer, arranger, violinist and conductor. Young was born in Chicago on August 8,1900, into a very musical Jewish family, his father being a member of one Joseph Sheehan’s touring Opera company. The young Victor began playing violin at the age of six and he studied the piano with Isidor Philipp of the Paris Conservatory. While still a teenager he embarked on a career as a concert violinist with the Warsaw Philharmonic under Juliusz Wertheim, assistant conductor in 1915–16. His future wife, Rita Kinel, who met him in late 1918, used to food to him. He returned to Chicago in 1920 to join the orchestra at Central Park Casino, after turning to popular music, he worked for a while as violinist-arranger for Ted Fio Rito. In 1930 Chicago bandleader and radio-star Isham Jones commissioned Young to write an instrumental of Hoagy Carmichaels Stardust. Young slowed it down and played the melody as a gorgeous romantic violin solo which inspired Mitchell Parish to write lyrics for what became a much performed love song. In the mid-1930s he moved to Hollywood where he concentrated on films, recordings of music and providing backing for popular singers. Young was signed to Brunswick in 1931 where his studio groups recorded scores of dance music, waltzes. His studio groups often contained some of the best jazz musicians in New York, including Bunny Berigan, Tommy Dorsey, Jimmy Dorsey, Joe Venuti, Arthur Schutt, Eddie Lang, and others. He used first-rate vocalists, including Paul Small, Dick Robertson, Harlan Lattimore, Smith Ballew, Helen Rowland, Frank Munn, The Boswell Sisters, Lee Wiley and others. One of his most interesting recordings was the January 22,1932 session containing songs written by Herman Hupfeld, Goopy Geer and Down The Old Back Road, which Hupfeld sang and played piano on. In late 1934, Young signed with Decca and continued recording in New York until mid-1936, on radio, he was the musical director of The Old Gold Don Ameche Show and Harvest of Stars. He was musical director for many of Bing Crosbys recordings for the American branch of Decca Records, for Decca, he also conducted the first album of songs from the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, a sort of pre-soundtrack cover version rather than a true soundtrack album. The album featured Judy Garland and the Ken Darby Singers singing songs from the film in Youngs own arrangements and he also composed the music for several Decca spoken word albums. He received 22 Academy Award nominations for his work in film, twice being nominated four times in a single year and he received his only Oscar posthumously for his score of Around the World in Eighty Days. Thus, Victor Young holds the record for most Oscar nominations before winning the first award and his last scores were for the 1957 films Omar Khayyam, Run of the Arrow, and China Gate, which were released after his death
9.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
10.
Technicolor
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Technicolor is the name applied to a series of color motion picture processes, the first version dating from 1916, and followed by improved versions over several decades. It was the major color process, after Britains Kinemacolor. As the technology matured it was used for less spectacular dramas. Occasionally, even a film noir—such as Leave Her to Heaven or Niagara —was filmed in Technicolor, Technicolor is the trademark for a series of color motion picture processes pioneered by Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, now a division of the French company Technicolor SA. The Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation was founded in Boston in 1914 by Herbert Kalmus, Daniel Frost Comstock, the Tech in the companys name was inspired by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where both Kalmus and Comstock received their undergraduate degrees and were later instructors. Technicolor, Inc. was chartered in Delaware in 1921, most of Technicolors early patents were taken out by Comstock and Wescott, while Kalmus served primarily as the companys president and chief executive officer. The term Technicolor historically has been used to describe at least five concepts, Technicolor, Technicolor process or format, several custom image origination systems used in film production, culminating in the three-strip process in 1932. Technicolor IB printing, a process for making color motion picture prints that allows the use of dyes which are more stable, originally used for printing from color separation negatives photographed on black-and-white film in a special Technicolor camera. This meaning of the name applies to nearly all Wikipedia articles about films made from 1954 onward in which Technicolor is named in the credits, Technicolor originally existed in a two-color system. Because two frames were being exposed at the time, the film had to be photographed and projected at twice the normal speed. Exhibition required a special projector with two apertures, two lenses, and a prism that aligned the two images on the screen. The results were first demonstrated to members of the American Institute of Mining Engineers in New York on February 21,1917, the near-constant need for a technician to adjust the projection alignment doomed this additive color process. Only a few frames of The Gulf Between, showing star Grace Darmond, are known to exist today, convinced that there was no future in additive color processes, Comstock, Wescott, and Kalmus focused their attention on subtractive color processes. This culminated in what would eventually be known as Process 2, the difference was that the two-component negative was now used to produce a subtractive color print. Because the colors were present in the print, no special projection equipment was required. The frames exposed behind the filter were printed on one strip of black-and-white film. After development, each print was toned to a color nearly complementary to that of the filter, orange-red for the green-filtered images, the two prints, made on film stock half the thickness of regular film, were then cemented together back to back to create a projection print. The Toll of the Sea, which debuted on November 26,1922, the second all-color feature in Process 2 Technicolor, Wanderer of the Wasteland, was released in 1924
11.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
12.
Cinematography
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Typically, a lens is used to repeatedly focus the light reflected from objects into real images on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a questioned exposure, creating multiple images. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. The result with photographic emulsion is a series of invisible latent images on the film stock, the images on the film stock are played back at a rapid speed and projected onto a screen, creating the illusion of motion. Cinematography finds uses in fields of science and business as well as for entertainment purposes. The word cinematography was created from the Greek words κίνημα, meaning movement, motion and γράφειν meaning to record, the word used to refer to the art, process, or job of filming movies, but later its meaning was restricted to motion picture photography. In the 1830s, moving images were produced on revolving drums and disks, with independent invention by Simon von Stampfer in Austria, Joseph Plateau in Belgium, and William Horner in Britain. In 1845, Francis Ronalds invented the first successful camera able to make recordings of the varying indications of meteorological. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use well into the 20th century. William Lincoln patented a device, in 1867, that showed animated pictures called the wheel of life or zoopraxiscope, in it, moving drawings or photographs were watched through a slit. On 19 June 1873, Eadweard Muybridge successfully photographed a horse named Sallie Gardner in fast motion using a series of 24 stereoscopic cameras. The cameras were arranged along a parallel to the horses. They were 21 inches apart to cover the 20 feet taken by the horse stride, although it was never played back at speed to create motion, this was the first step towards motion pictures. The late nineteenth to the twentieth century brought rise to the use of film not only for entertainment purposes. The experimental film Roundhay Garden Scene, filmed by Louis Le Prince on 14 October 1888, in Roundhay, Leeds and this movie was shot on paper film. W. K. L. Dickson, working under the direction of Thomas Alva Edison, was the first to design a successful apparatus and this camera took a series of instantaneous photographs on standard Eastman Kodak photographic emulsion coated onto a transparent celluloid strip 35 mm wide. The results of work were first shown in public in 1893, using the viewing apparatus also designed by Dickson. Contained within a box, only one person at a time looking into it through a peephole could view the movie. The Lumière brothers were the first to present projected, moving, photographic, in 1896, movie theaters were open in France, Italy, Brussels, and London
13.
Screenplay
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A screenplay or script is a written work by screenwriters for a film, video game, or television program. These screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing, in them, the movement, actions, expression, and dialogues of the characters are also narrated. A screenplay written for television is also known as a teleplay, the format is structured in a way that one page usually equates to one minute of screen time. In a shooting script, each scene is numbered, and technical direction may be given, in a spec or a draft in various stages of development, the scenes are not numbered, and technical direction is at a minimum. The standard font for a screenplay is 12 point,10 pitch Courier Typeface, the major components are action and dialogue. The action is written in the present tense, the dialogue are the lines the characters speak. Unique to the screenplay is the use of slug lines, a slug line, also called a master scene heading, occurs at the start of every scene, and is usually made up of three parts. Part one states whether the scene is set inside outside, or both, Part two states location of the scene. Part three, separated from Part two by a hyphen, refers to the time of the scene, each slug line begins a new scene. In a shooting script, the lines are numbered consecutively. These scene numbers serve as mile-post markers in a script and this allows any part of the script to be referred to by scene number. In the United States letter size paper and Courier 12 point are mandatory, the tab settings of the scene elements, which constitute the screenplays layout. The dialogue must be centered and the names must be capitalized, a script usually begins with FADE IN, followed by the first scene description. It might get more specific, e. g. FADE IN ON AN ECU of Ricky as he explains the divorce to Bob, a script will usually end with FADE TO BLACK, though there are variables, like CUT TO BLACK for abrupt endings. The style consists of a grammar that is specific to screenplays and this grammar also consists of two aspects, A prose that is manifestation-oriented, i. e. focuses largely on what is audible and what is visible on screen. This prose may only supply interpretations and explanation if clarity would otherwise be adversely affected, American screenplays are printed single-sided on three-hole-punched paper using the standard American letter size. They are then together with two brass brads in the top and bottom hole. The middle hole is left empty as it would make it harder to quickly read the script
14.
Elisha Cook Jr.
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Elisha Vanslyck Cook Jr. was an American character actor, probably best remembered as the gunsel Wilmer, who tries to intimidate Sam Spade in The Maltese Falcon. His acting career spanned more than 60 years, with roles in such as The Big Sleep, Shane, The Killing, House on Haunted Hill. Cook was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Elisha Vanslyck Cook Sr. a pharmacist and he started in vaudeville and stock by the age of fourteen. He was an actor in the East Coast and the Midwest before arriving in New York City. Which ran on Broadway for two years, Cook served in the United States Army during World War II. In 1930, Cook settled in Hollywood, after several small and/or uncredited roles, he began a long period playing weaklings or sadistic losers and hoods. Cooks characters usually were killed off, hollywoods most notable fall guy for many years, he made a rare appearance in slapstick comedy in the cameo role of The Screenwriter in Hellzapoppin. In Universals Phantom Lady, he portrays a slimy, intoxicated nightclub-orchestra drummer to memorable effect and he had a substantial uncredited role as Bobo in I, the Jury. He appeared in William Castles horror film House on Haunted Hill and he played a private detective, Homer Garrity, in an episode of Adventures of Superman television series titled Semi-Private Eye, airing for the first time on January 16,1954. That same year, on April 12, he guest-starred on NBCs The Dennis Day Show, in 1960, he was cast in the episode, The Hermit, of the ABC sitcom The Real McCoys, with Walter Brennan. He appeared as Jeremy Hake in the episode The Bequest of the ABC western series, The Rebel and he appeared as Gideon McCoy in an episode entitled The Night of the Bars of Hell of The Wild Wild West. He appeared in the episode of ABCs crime drama, The Fugitive. Cook made two guest appearances on the CBS courtroom drama series Perry Mason, in 1958, he played Art Crowley in The Case of the Pint-Sized Client, and in 1964, he played Reelin Peter Rockwell in The Case of the Reckless Rockhound. He also appeared in The Bionic Woman episode, Once a Thief, Cook was married twice, to Mary Lou Cook in 1929 and Peggy McKenna Cook in 1943, a union which lasted until his death. He lived in Bishop, California, typically summering on Lake Sabrina in the Sierra Nevada, according to John Huston, who directed him in The Maltese Falcon, lived alone up in the High Sierra, tied flies and caught golden trout between films. When he was wanted in Hollywood, they sent word up to his cabin by courier. He would come down, do a picture, and then again to his retreat. Cook died of a stroke on May 18,1995 in Big Pine, California and he was the last surviving member of the main cast of The Maltese Falcon
15.
Ben Johnson (actor)
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Ben Son Johnson, Jr. was an American stuntman, world champion rodeo cowboy, and Academy Award-winning actor. The son of a rancher, Johnson arrived in Hollywood to deliver a consignment of horses for a film and he did stunt-double work for several years before breaking into acting through the good offices of John Ford. Tall and laconic, Johnson brought further authenticity to roles in Westerns with his extraordinary horsemanship. He operated a horse-breeding farm throughout his career, although he said he had succeeded by sticking to what he knew, shrewd real estate investments made Johnson worth an estimated $100 million by his latter years. Johnson was born in Foraker, Oklahoma, on the Osage Indian Reservation, of Irish and Cherokee ancestry and his father was a rancher and rodeo champion in Osage County. Johnson was drawn to the rodeos and horse breeding of his early years, in 1953, he took a break from well-paid film work to compete in the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association, becoming Team Roping World Champion, although he only broke even financially that year. Johnson was inducted into the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1973, Johnsons mother Ollie died a few years after her son, on October 16,2000, aged 101. Johnsons 1941 marriage to Carol Elaine Jones lasted until her death on March 27,1994 and she was the daughter of noted Hollywood horse wrangler Clarence Fat Jones. Johnsons film career began with the Howard Hughes film, The Outlaw, before filming began, Hughes bought some horses at the Oklahoma ranch that Johnsons father managed, and hired Johnson to get the horses to northern Arizona, and then to take them on to Hollywood. Johnson liked to say later that he got to Hollywood in a carload of horses and his work as a stunt man caught the eye of director John Ford. Ford hired Johnson for stunt work in the 1948 film Fort Apache, during shooting, the horses pulling a wagon with three men in it stampeded. Johnson, who happened to be settin on a horse, stopped the runaway wagon, when Ford promised that he would be rewarded, Johnson hoped it would be with another doubling job, or maybe a small speaking role. Instead he received an acting contract from Ford. Ford called Johnson into his office, handed him an envelope with a contract in it. Johnson started reading it and when he got to the line and it said $5,000 a week, he stopped reading, grabbed a pen, and signed it. His first credited role was in Fords 3 Godfathers, the film is notable for the skills demonstrated by both Johnson and star Pedro Armendáriz. He later said the film was the most physically challenging of his career, Ford then suggested him for a starring role in the 1949 film Mighty Joe Young, he played Gregg opposite Terry Moore. Ford also cast Johnson as the lead in Wagon Master, one of Fords favorites, in real life, Johnson did not show any bad temper, his demeanor in tense situations was calm but firm
16.
Gunfighter
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Gunman was a more common term used for these individuals in the 19th century. Today, the gunslinger is now more or less used to denote someone who is quick on the draw with a pistol. The gunfighter is also one of the most popular characters in the Western genre and has appeared in associated films, video games, the term gun slinger was used in the Western film Drag Harlan. The word was adopted by other Western writers, such as Zane Grey. Swarthout seems to have been correct about gunslinger, but the term existed in several newspapers in the 1870s. Bat Masterson used the term gunfighter in the articles which he wrote about the lawmen. However, Joseph Rosa noted that, even though Masterson used the term gunfighter, Clay Allison, a notorious New Mexico and Texas gunman and cattleman, originated the term shootist. Often, the term has been applied to men who would hire out for contract killings or at a ranch embroiled in a war where they would earn fighting wages. Others, like Billy the Kid, were notorious bandits, a gunfighter could be an outlaw—a robber or murderer who took advantage of the wilderness of the frontier to hide from genteel society and to make periodic raids on it. The gunfighter could also be an agent of the state, archetypically a lone avenger, there were also a few historical cowboys who were actual gunfighters, such as the Outlaw cowboy gang who participated in the bloody Skeleton Canyon Massacre. Gunslingers frequently appear as characters in Western movies and novels. Often, the hero of a Western meets his opposite double, Western gunslinger heroes are portrayed as local lawmen or enforcement officers, ranchers, army officers, cowboys, territorial marshals, nomadic loners, or skilled fast-draw artists. They are normally masculine persons of integrity and principle - courageous, moral, tough, solid, the Western hero usually stands alone and faces danger on his own, commonly against lawlessness, with an expert display of his physical skills. In films, the gunslinger often possesses a superhuman speed. Twirling pistols, lightning draws, and trick shots are standard fare for the gunmen of the big screen, in the real world, however, gunmen who relied on flashy tricks and theatrics died quickly, and most gunslingers took a much more practical approach to their weapons. Real gunslingers did not shoot to disarm or to impress, another classic bit of cinema that is largely a myth is the showdown at high noon, where two well-matched gunslingers agree to meet for a climactic formal duel. Gunfights could be won by simple distraction, or pistols could be emptied as gunmen fought from behind cover without injury, when a gunman did square off, it rarely was with another gunfighter. Gunslingers usually gave each other a wide berth, and it was uncommon for two well-known gunslingers to face off, the gunslingers reputation often was as valuable as any skills possessed
17.
Wyoming Territory
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The Territory of Wyoming was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from July 25,1868, until July 10,1890, when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Wyoming. The boundaries of the Wyoming Territory were identical to the modern State of Wyoming, the portion of the Wyoming Territory east of the continental divide was acquired by the U. S. in the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and organized into the Nebraska Territory in 1854. In 1863, the Idaho Territory was formed, it included the entirety of the states of Idaho and Montana. The Idaho Territory subsumed this land as well, in 1863, the southwestern corner of what became the Wyoming Territory, south of the 42nd parallel, became part of the United States with the 1848 Mexican Cession. An eastern section of this was claimed by the Republic of Texas. A small corner of Wyoming remained part of Utah until the creation of the Wyoming Territory, the Territory of Wyoming was created by Act of Congress on July 25,1868. At the time of its formation, it took land from the Dakota, Idaho, in 1872, Wyoming Territory had five counties, Albany, Carbon, Laramie, Sweetwater, and Uinta, each a tall narrow rectangle comprising approximately one-fifth of the territory. The territory was admitted to the Union as the 44th state on July 10,1890. S. S, congressional delegates from the Territory of Wyoming Timeline of Wyoming History
18.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
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Homestead Acts
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The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a homestead, at little or no cost. The first of the acts, the Homestead Act of 1862, any adult who had never taken up arms against the U. S. government could apply. Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible, the 1866 Act explicitly included and encouraged blacks to participate. Several additional laws were enacted in the half of the 19th. The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction. The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees—the tract could be added to a homestead claim and had no residency requirement. The Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 granted a section to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska. An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862, the Enlarged Homestead Act, was passed in 1909, another amended act, the national Stock-Raising Homestead Act, was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved, this time to 640 acres. The Homestead Act of 1860 did pass in Congress, but it was vetoed by President James Buchanan, after the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861, the bill passed and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln. Daniel Freeman became the first person to file a claim under the new act, between 1862 and 1934, the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres of federal land for private ownership. This was a total of 10% of all land in the United States, Homesteading was discontinued in 1976, except in Alaska, where it continued until 1986. About 40% of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it, the Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the Oregon Territory, then including the modern states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of Wyoming. Settlers were able to claim 320 or 640 acres of land for free between 1850 and 1854, and then at a cost of $1.25 per acres until the law expired in 1855. Southern Democrats had continually fought previous homestead law proposals, as they feared free land would attract European immigrants, after the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861, the Republicans and other supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act. The intent of the first Homestead Act, passed in 1862, was to liberalize the homesteading requirements of the Preemption Act of 1841 and its leading advocates were Andrew Johnson, George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley. The homestead was an area of land in the West granted to any US citizen willing to settle on. The law required a three-step procedure, file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. Any citizen who had never taken up arms against the U. S. government and was at least 21 years old or the head of a household, could file an application to claim a land grant
20.
Edgar Buchanan
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As Uncle Joe, he took over as proprietor of the Shady Rest Hotel following the 1968 real-life death of Bea Benaderet, who had played Kate Bradley. In 1969, in the episode Kathy Jos First Birthday Party, he appeared with his real-life son, william Edgar Buchanan, born in Humansville, Missouri, moved with his family to Oregon when he was seven. Buchanan earned a DDS degree from North Pacific College School of Dentistry, like his father before him, he was a successful dentist. He and his wife Mildred, classmates in school, were married in 1928. They had one child, a son named Buck, in 1939, they moved from Eugene, Oregon, to Altadena, California, where they moved their dental practice. He joined the Pasadena Playhouse as an actor and he appeared in his first film in 1939, at the age of 36, after which he turned his dentistry practice over to his wife. He was a member of Theta Chi Fraternity and a Freemason, with John Wayne, Move Over, Darling with Doris Day and James Garner, and Benji. In 1956, Buchanan portrayed the lead in the 39-episode syndicated Western television series, Judge Roy Bean, set in Langtry, Texas, and filmed in color in California. The series popularized Beans claim to having been The Only Law West of the Pecos, from 1960 to 1962, he appeared four times on the NBC Western series Laramie, with John Smith and Robert Fuller. Buchanan made two guest appearances on Perry Mason, in 1958 as a coroner in The Case of the Perjured Parrot. Buchanan and another star from Petticoat Junction appeared together in the movie Benji, the star was Higgins, the unnamed dog from the sitcom. Higgins had been found in a shelter and trained by Frank Inn, who also trained Arnold Ziffel and the other animals used on The Beverly Hillbillies, Petticoat Junction. Buchanan died from a stroke complicated by pneumonia in Palm Desert, California, Edgar Buchanan at the Internet Movie Database Edgar Buchanan at the TCM Movie Database Edgar Buchanan at AllMovie Edgar Buchanan at Find a Grave
21.
Ellen Corby
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Ellen Hansen Corby was an American actress. She is best remembered for the role of Grandma Esther Walton on the CBS television series The Waltons and she was also nominated for an Academy Award for her performance as Aunt Trina in I Remember Mama. Ellen Hansen was born in Racine, Wisconsin, to immigrant parents from Denmark, an interest in amateur theater while in high school led her to Atlantic City in 1932, where she briefly worked as a chorus girl. She held that position for the next 12 years and took acting lessons on the side, Corby began her career as a writer working on the Paramount Western Twilight on the Trail. She received an Academy Award nomination and a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as an aunt in I Remember Mama. In the episode entitled The Vote, Henrietta Porter advocates for womens suffrage and they cant do any worse than you men. For her guest appearances in many Westerns, Corby in 1989 won a Golden Boot award, Corby appeared as the elderly Mrs. Lesh, the crooked car peddler, on CBSs The Andy Griffith Show. From 1965 to 1967, she had a role in the NBC television series Please Dont Eat the Daisies. Her best-known role came as Grandma Esther Walton on the made-for-TV film The Homecoming, A Christmas Story and her husband, Zebulon Walton, was portrayed by actor Edgar Bergen in the film. Corby went on to resume her role on the television series The Waltons. Actor Will Geer played her husband in the series from 1972 until his death in 1978, the series ran from 1972 to 1981, and resulted in six sequel films. For her work in The Waltons, she gained three Emmy Awards and three more nominations as Best Supporting Actress and she also won a Golden Globe award for best supporting actress in a TV series for the show The Waltons, and was nominated another three times. She left the early in 1977, owing to a massive stroke she had suffered in November 1976. She returned to the series during the episode of the 1977–78 season. She remained a regular on The Waltons through the end of the 1978–79 season, Ellen Hansen married Francis Corby, a film director/cinematographer who was two decades her senior, in 1934, they divorced in 1944. The marriage did not produce children and she never remarried, in 1969, Corby trained as a teacher of transcendental meditation. Ellen Corby died in 1999 at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, aged 87 and her mausoleum is in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California. The Broken Coin Twilight on the Trail Hoppys Holiday The Waltons Swiss Miss Ellen Corby at the Internet Movie Database Ellen Corby, Grandmother in The Waltons, dies at 87
22.
Edith Evanson
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Edith Evanson was an American film actress. She was born Edith Carlson in Tacoma, Washington, where her father was a Protestant church clergyman and she was of Swedish, German and English descent. Her first job was as a reporter in Bellingham. On March 15,1923 she married Morris Otto Evanson and her first film role came in The Man Who Wouldnt Talk in an uncredited role. In the 1940s she was in supporting roles mostly as a maid, a stage actress as well as film star, Evanson often appeared in productions which were staged in the Los Angeles area. She played a Swedish mother reminiscing about the births, deaths, although Evanson had played one of the aunts in the 1948 film I Remember Mama, she portrayed Mama herself on stage just a year later. Director George Cukor, a friend of hers, asked Evanson to coach Marilyn Monroe on a Swedish accent for her role in the unfinished film Somethings Got to Give, Evanson spent several months with the actress, and spoke to Monroe just days before the troubled actresss death. In the late 1960s and early 1970s Evanson found herself getting little work in Hollywood due to her advancing age, Evanson was a lifelong member of the Democratic party. Following her retirement, she lived in Riverside County, California and her ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean. I Remember Mama Rope - Mrs. Wilson The Magnificent Yankee It Happens Every Thursday Toby Tyler Edith Evanson at the Internet Movie Database Edith Evanson at Find a Grave in the trailer for Rope
23.
Leonard Strong (actor)
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Leonard Clarence Strong was an American character actor specializing in playing Asian roles. He played the Thai interpreter in both Anna and the King of Siam and its musical remake The King and I, Strong also appeared in the movie Shane as homesteader Ernie Wright. Strong achieved some pop culture notoriety for his role on television as The Claw on Get Smart and he appeared in a season-five episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents The Cure written by horror writer Robert Bloch. Something gets lost in the translation when his employer wants Strong to take her to a psychiatrist 200 miles down river, the denouement comes when Strong returns alone to the shock of his employer. He says, I do what you tell me, the best headshrinkers in the world. Then, pulling his employers wifes now shrunken head out of a bag, he says, with his thumb extended, seeking a ride, and stating I believe youre going. my way. Strong is seen in one of the half-dozen, seconds-long scenes used at the start of one of the 30 DVDs in the CBS DVD five-season collection, The Twilight Zone. Blood on the Sun Back to Bataan Dangerous Millions The King of Siam Destination Gobi Shane The King and I Leonard Strong at the Internet Movie Database Latter Day Saints in film website
24.
Nancy Kulp
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Nancy Jane Kulp was an American character actress best known as Miss Jane Hathaway on the popular CBS television series The Beverly Hillbillies. Kulp was born to Marjorie C. and Robert Tilden Kulp in Harrisburg, kulps father was a traveling salesman, and her mother was a school teacher and, later, a principal. The family moved from Mifflintown, Pennsylvania, to Miami-Dade County, Florida and she was a member of the Pi Beta Phi sorority. Early in the 1940s she worked as a writer for the Miami Beach Tropics newspaper, writing profiles of celebrities, including Clark Gable. Kulp left the University of Miami in 1944 to volunteer for service in the US Naval Reserve during World War II, Kulp received several decorations, including the American Campaign Medal. She left the service in 1946, in The Model and the Marriage Broker she made her film debut as a character actress. She then appeared in films, including Shane, Sabrina. After working in television on The Bob Cummings Show, Kulp returned to movies in Forever, Darling, The Three Faces of Eve, The Parent Trap, Whos Minding the Store. and The Aristocats. In 1966, she appeared as Wilhemina Peterson in the film The Night of the Grizzly, starring Clint Walker, in 1955, Kulp joined the cast of The Bob Cummings Show with Bob Cummings, portraying pith-helmeted neighborhood bird watcher Pamela Livingstone. In 1956, she appeared in the episode Johnny Bravo of the ABC/Warner Brothers series Cheyenne, Kulp appeared in 1955–1956 as Anastasia in three episodes of the NBC sitcom Its a Great Life. In 1958, she appeared in Orson Welles little known pilot episode The Fountain of Youth in the TV series Colgate Theatre. In 1960, she appeared as Emma St. John in the episode Kill with Kindness of the ABC/WB detective series, Bourbon Street Beat, Kulp appeared in the 1956 episode titled Lucy Meets the Queen, of I Love Lucy. In that episode, she portrayed an English maid, showing Lucy, Kulp also appeared in episodes of The Real McCoys, Perry Mason, The Jack Benny Program, 87th Precinct, Pete and Gladys, The Twilight Zone, and The Outlaws. She played a housekeeper in a pilot for The William Bendix Show, in 1962, Kulp landed her breakout role of Jane Hathaway, the love-starved, bird-watching, perennial spinster on CBSs The Beverly Hillbillies television series. She remained with the show until its cancellation in 1971, in 1967, she received an Emmy Award nomination for her role. On April 7,1989, she played a nun in the Quantum Leap season 1 episode The Right Hand of God, Kulp appeared on The Brian Keith Show and Sanford and Son. Others described her as tall and prim and praised her comedic skills, Kulp also performed in the Broadway production of Mornings at Seven in 1980 to 1981 as Aaronetta Gibbs as a replacement for Elizabeth Wilson in the Lyceum Theatre. As an opponent of Republican incumbent, Bud Shuster, in a Republican district, to her dismay, Hillbillies co-star Buddy Ebsen called the Shuster campaign and volunteered to make a radio campaign ad in which he called Kulp too liberal
25.
Widescreen
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Widescreen images are a variety of aspect ratios used in film, television and computer screens. In film, a film is any film image with a width-to-height aspect ratio greater than the standard 1.37,1 Academy aspect ratio provided by 35mm film. For television, the screen ratio for broadcasts was 4,3. Between the 1990s and early 2000s,16,9 TV displays came into wide use and they are typically used in conjunction with high-definition television receivers, or Standard-Definition DVD players and other digital television sources. With computer displays, aspect ratios wider than 4,3 are also called widescreen, widescreen computer displays were previously of 16,10 aspect ratio, but now are usually 16,9. Widescreen was first used in the film of the Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight in 1897 and this was not only the longest film that had been released to date at 100 minutes, it was also the first widescreen film being shot on 63mm Eastman stock with five perforations per frame. Widescreen was first widely used in the late 1920s in some films and newsreels. Claude Autant-Lara released a film Pour construire un feu in the early Henri Chretien widescreen process, in 1927, The American aka The Flag Maker was released. In 1926, Spoor and Berggren had released a Natural Vision film of Niagara Falls, the Natural Vision widescreen process used 63. 5mm film and had a 2,1 aspect ratio. On May 26,1929, Fox Film Corporation released Fox Grandeur News, which premiered at Graumans Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on October 2,1930, all of which were also made in the 70mm Fox Grandeur process. On November 13,1930, United Artists released The Bat Whispers directed by Roland West in a 70mm widescreen process known as Magnafilm, warner Brothers released Song of the Flame and Kismet in a widescreen process they called Vitascope. In 1930, after experimenting with the system called Fanthom Screen for The Trail of 98, MGM filmed The Great Meadow in Realife—however, its unclear if it was ever released in that widescreen process due to declining interest of the movie-going public. S. However, a few producers and directors, among them Alfred Hitchcock, have been reluctant to use the anamorphic widescreen size featured in such formats as Cinemascope. Hitchcock alternatively used VistaVision, a widescreen process developed by Paramount Pictures. Masked widescreen was introduced in April 1953, a detriment is that the film grain size is thus increased because only part of the image is being expanded to full height. Films are designed to be shown in cinemas in masked widescreen format, in such an instance, a photographer will compose for widescreen, but protect the full image from things such as microphones and other filming equipment. Standardized flat wide screen ratios are 1.66,1,1.75,1,1.85,1,1.85,1 has become the predominant aspect ratio for the format. 35mm anamorphic – This type of widescreen is used for CinemaScope, Panavision, the film is essentially shot squeezed, so that the actors appear vertically elongated on the actual film
26.
Montgomery Clift
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Edward Montgomery Monty Clift was an American film and stage actor. The New York Times’ obituary of Clift noted his portrayal of moody and he received four Academy Award nominations during his career, three for Best Actor and one for Best Supporting Actor. Clift was born on October 17,1920, in Omaha and his father, William Brooks Clift, was a vice-president of Omaha National Trust Company. His mother was the former Ethel Fogg Anderson, mostly called Sunny, Clift had English, as well as Dutch and Scottish ancestry. Sunny Clift was an adopted child, at eighteen shed been told that her real father and mother were members of prominent Yankee families, forced to part by the tyrannical will of the girls mother. She spent the rest of her trying to gain the recognition of her alleged relations. Part of her effort was her determination that her children should be brought up in the style of true aristocrats, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression of the 1930s ruined Bill Clift financially. Montgomery, however, could not adjust to school and never went to college, instead, he took to stage acting, beginning in a summer production which led, by 1935, to his debut on Broadway. He appeared in plays written by Moss Hart, Robert Sherwood, Lillian Hellman, Tennessee Williams and Thornton Wilder, creating the part of Henry in the original production of The Skin of Our Teeth. In 1939, as a member of the cast of the 1939 Broadway production of Noël Cowards Hay Fever, a performance of Hay Fever was aired during the New York Worlds Fair as part of the introduction of television. It is not likely that any recording of the broadcast exists and he resided in Jackson Heights, Queens, until he got his break on Broadway. He first acted on Broadway when, at just 15-years-of-age, he appeared as Prince Peter in the Cole Porter musical Jubilee on Broadway, at 20, he played the son in the Broadway production of There Shall Be No Night, which won the 1941 Pulitzer Prize. At the age of 25, he moved to Hollywood and his first movie role was opposite John Wayne in Red River, which was shot in 1946 and released in 1948. His second movie was The Search, Clift was unhappy with the quality of the script, and edited it himself. The movie was awarded a screenwriting Academy Award for the credited writers, Clifts performance saw him nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. His naturalistic performance led to director Fred Zinnemanns being asked, Where did you find a soldier who can act so well, Clifts next movie was The Heiress. He signed on for the movie in order to avoid being typecast, again unhappy with the script, Clift told friends that he wanted to change his co-star Olivia de Havillands lines because she isnt giving me enough to respond. Clift also was unable to get along with most of the cast, he criticized de Havilland, the studio marketed Clift as a sex symbol prior to the movies release in 1949
27.
William Holden
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William Holden was an American actor who was one of the biggest box-office draws of the 1950s through the 1970s. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1953 for his role in Stalag 17, and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor for his role in the 1973 television film The Blue Knight. He was named one of the Top 10 Stars of the Year six times, Holden was born William Franklin Beedle, Jr. in OFallon, Illinois, the son of Mary Blanche, a schoolteacher, and William Franklin Beedle, an industrial chemist. He had two brothers, Robert Westfield Beedle and Richard P. Beedle. His family moved to South Pasadena when he was three, after graduating from South Pasadena High School, Holden attended Pasadena Junior College, where he became involved in local radio plays. A version of how he obtained his stage name Holden is based on a statement by George Ross of Billboard, William Holden, and here is how he obtained his new movie tag. On the Columbia lot is an assistant director and scout named Harold Winston, not long ago he was divorced from the actress, Gloria Holden, but carried the torch after the marital rift. Winston was one of those who discovered the Golden Boy newcomer, Holdens first starring role was in Golden Boy, costarring Barbara Stanwyck, in which he played a violinist-turned-boxer. He was still an actor at the time, while Stanwyck was already a film star. She liked Holden and went out of her way to help him succeed, devoting her time to coaching and encouraging him. When she received her Honorary Oscar at the 1982 Academy Award ceremony, at the end of her acceptance speech, she paid him a personal tribute, I loved him very much, and I miss him. He always wished that I would get an Oscar, and so tonight, my golden boy, you got your wish. Next he starred with George Raft and Humphrey Bogart in the Warner Bros. gangster epic Invisible Stripes later the same year, Holden earned his first Best Actor Oscar nomination with the part. Getting the part was a break for Holden, as the role was initially cast with Montgomery Clift. Swanson later said, Bill Holden was a man I could have fallen in love with and he was perfection on- and off-screen. And Wilder himself commented, Bill was a guy, a totally honorable friend. Every woman was in love with him and he co-starred as Humphrey Bogarts younger brother, a carefree playboy, in Sabrina, played by Audrey Hepburn. It was Holdens third film with director Billy Wilder, Holden and Hepburn became romantically involved during the filming, unbeknown to Wilder, People on the set told me later that Bill and Audrey were having an affair, and everybody knew
28.
Y. Frank Freeman
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Young Frank Freeman was an American film company executive for Paramount Pictures. Freeman graduated from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1910, in addition to his work with Paramount, he also worked in the fields of banking, higher education, and athletics. He was the first winner of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, archived from the original on June 21,2010. Franh Freeman Dies at 78, Retired Paramount Executive
29.
The Talk of the Town (1942 film)
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The screenplay was adapted by Dale Van Every, Irwin Shaw, and Sidney Buchman from a story by Sidney Harmon. The picture was released by Columbia Pictures and this was the second time that Grant and Arthur were paired in a film, after Only Angels Have Wings. Though often considered a comedy, the film is really a social drama peppered with some humorous and it is certainly one of the earliest examples of this, as most comedies dont have such a strong, serious plot. Mill worker and political activist Leopold Dilg is accused of burning down a mill, in the middle of his trial, Dilg escapes from jail and seeks shelter in a house owned by former schoolmate Nora Shelley, now a schoolteacher on whom he has had a crush for years. Shelley has the house rented for the summer to distinguished law professor Michael Lightcap, both Lightcap and Dilg arrive within minutes of each other. When Dilg is spotted by Lightcap, Shelley passes him off as her gardener, Lightcap and Dilg enjoy having spirited discussions about the law, Lightcap arguing from an academic viewpoint, while Dilg subscribes to a more practical approach. They become good friends as a result, but meanwhile, they become romantic rivals, as a result of prodding by Shelley and Dilgs lawyer, Lightcap becomes suspicious and starts, in spite of his initial reluctance, to investigate the case against Dilg further. He romances the girlfriend of the murder victim and discovers that the former foreman is still alive. Shelley, Lightcap and Dilg go to Boston and find him, bring him back to Lochester and force him to admit his guilt, while the three argue about whether to call the police, the foreman catches them unawares and escapes. Dilg is held for trial while the anger at him is stoked into a riotous mob. Lightcap takes a gun from the cottage and seeks out the foreman, hiding in Bushs closet, firing the revolver to draw attention, Lightcap announces that the supposedly dead foreman is now present. He then gives a speech to the mob about the importance of the law. In due course, the foreman and owner of the mill are convicted, soon afterward, Lightcap is appointed to the Supreme Court. Shelley visits him in his chambers and he tells her that his dream of 20 years has been realized, with more happiness than a man could want, he says the only thing left is to see his friends likewise happy, and suggests that Shelley should marry Dilg. When Shelley follows after Dilg, he brushes her off with increasing frustration, Shelley finally kisses him passionately whereupon, realizing that she has actually chosen him, Dilg takes Shelley by the hand to return to their home town together. The title The Talk of the Town was registered to Universal Studios, the film is now considered a classic. Stevens, who had directed Lombard in the 1940 film, Vigil in the Night, halted work on the set, the role of Colmans valet, played by Rex Ingram, was at the time a rare example of a non-stereotypical part for an African-American actor. Also unusual was the presence of two leading men, at point in their careers both Grant and Colman had been used to having that role all to themselves
30.
The More the Merrier
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The More the Merrier is a 1943 American comedy film made by Columbia Pictures which makes fun of the housing shortage during World War II, especially in Washington, D. C. The picture stars Jean Arthur, Joel McCrea and Charles Coburn, the movie was directed by George Stevens. The film was written by Richard Flournoy, Lewis R. Foster, Frank Ross, and Robert Russell, from Twos a Crowd and this film was remade in 1966 as Walk, Dont Run, with Cary Grant, Samantha Eggar and Jim Hutton. Retired millionaire Benjamin Dingle arrives in Washington, D. C. as an adviser on the housing shortage and he sees an ad for a roommate and talks the reluctant young woman, Connie Milligan, into letting him sublet half of her apartment. Then Dingle runs into Sergeant Joe Carter, who has no place to stay while he waits to be shipped overseas, Dingle generously rents him half of his half. When Connie finds out about the new arrangement, she orders them both to leave, but she is forced to relent because she has spent the mens rent. Joe and Connie are attracted to other, though she is engaged to bureaucrat Charles J. Pendergast. Connies mother married for love, not security, and Connie is determined not to repeat her mistake, Dingle happens to meet Pendergast at a business luncheon and does not like what he sees. He decides that Joe would be a match for his landlady. One day, Dingle goes too far, reading aloud to Joe from Connies private diary, when she finds out, she demands they both leave the next day. Dingle takes full blame for the incident, Connie allows Joe to remain in the apartment as he has only a few days before being shipped out to Africa. Joe asks Connie to go out with him and she is reluctant to do so, but decides to go if Pendergast does not call for her by 8. At 8, she and Joe are ready to leave, but her noisy teenage neighbor seeks her advice, Joe spies on the two of them from the window. When the neighbor asks what he is doing, Joe flippantly tells him he is a Japanese spy, Dingle calls Joe to meet him for dinner. Dingle bumps into the couple and pretends he is meeting Connie for the first time, Dingle engages Pendergast in talk about his work, eventually maneuvering him up to his room so that Connie and Joe can be alone together. The two talk about their pasts and even kiss. From their separate rooms, Joe confesses that he loves her and she tells him she feels the same way, but refuses to marry him, as they will soon be forced apart. Their talk is interrupted by the arrival of the FBI, who have called to investigate Joe for spying
31.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
32.
Johnson County War
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The Johnson County War, also known as the War on Powder River and the Wyoming Range War, was a series of range conflicts that took place in Johnson County, Wyoming between 1889 and 1893. The conflicts started when cattle companies ruthlessly persecuted supposed rustlers throughout the lands of Wyoming. The war ended when the United States Cavalry, on the orders of President Benjamin Harrison, relieved the two forces. The events have become a highly mythologized and symbolic story of the Wild West. It is a period which historian Richard Maxwell Brown has called the Western Civil War of Incorporation, in the early days of Wyoming most of the land was in public domain, which was open to stock raising as an open range and farmlands for homesteading. Large numbers of cattle were turned loose on the range by large ranches. Each spring, round-ups were held to separate the cattle belonging to different ranches, before a roundup, an orphan or stray calf was sometimes surreptitiously branded, which was the common way to identify the cows owners. Lands and water rights were usually distributed to whoever settled the property first and they also forbade their employees from owning cattle in fear of them becoming additional competition, and lynched and otherwise threatened anyone they suspected to be rustlers. Thousands of cattle were lost and the companies began appropriating land. Some of the harsher tactics included forcing settlers off their land, setting fire to their properties and they justified these excesses on what was public land by using the catch-all allegation of rustling. Hostilities worsened when the Wyoming legislature passed the Maverick Act, which stated that all unbranded cattle in the open range automatically belonged to the cattlemens association, the cattlemen also held a firm grip on Wyomings stock interests by limiting the number of small ranchers that could participate. Many of the large ranching outfits in Wyoming were organized as the Wyoming Stock Growers Association and gathered socially as the Cheyenne Club in Cheyenne, comprising some of the states wealthiest and most influential residents, the organization held a great deal of political sway in the state and region. The WSGA organized the cattle industry by scheduling roundups and cattle shipments, the WSGA also employed an agency of detectives to investigate cases of cattle theft from its members holdings. Rustling in the area was likely increasing due to the harsh grazing conditions. Bandits taking refuge in the infamous hideout known as the Hole in the Wall were also preying upon the herds. Frank M. Canton, Sheriff of Johnson County in the early 1880s, before the events in Johnson County, Canton had already developed a reputation as a lethal gunman. At a young age he had worked as a cowboy in Texas, historian Harry Sinclair Drago described Canton as a merciless, congenital, emotionless killer. For pay, he murdered eight—very likely ten—men, on July 20,1889, a range detective from the Association named George Henderson accused Ella Watson, a local rancher, of stealing cattle from a fellow rancher by the name of Albert John Bothwell
33.
Wyoming
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Wyoming /waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/ is a state in the mountain region of the western United States. The state is the tenth largest by area, the least populous, Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. Cheyenne is the capital and the most populous city in Wyoming, the state population was estimated at 586,107 in 2015, which is less than the population of 31 of the largest U. S. cities. The Crow, Arapaho, Lakota, and Shoshone were some of the inhabitants of the region. Southwestern Wyoming was included in the Spanish Empire and then Mexican territory until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican–American War. The region acquired the name Wyoming when a bill was introduced to Congress in 1865 to provide a government for the territory of Wyoming. The territory was named after the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania, with the name ultimately being derived from the Munsee word xwé, wamənk, the mineral extraction industry—especially coal, oil, natural gas, and trona—along with the travel and tourism sector are the main drivers behind Wyomings economy. Agriculture has historically been an important component of the economy with the main commodities being livestock, hay, sugar beets, grain. The climate is generally semi-arid and continental, being drier and windier in comparison to the rest of the United States, except for the 1964 election, Wyoming has been a politically conservative state since the 1950s, with the Republican party winning every presidential election. Wyoming is one of three states to have borders along only straight latitudinal and longitudinal lines, rather than being defined by natural landmarks. Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana, on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska, on the south by Colorado, on the southwest by Utah, and on the west by Idaho. It is the tenth largest state in the United States in total area, from the north border to the south border it is 276 miles, and from the east to the west border is 365 miles at its south end and 342 miles at the north end. The Great Plains meet the Rocky Mountains in Wyoming, the state is a great plateau broken by many mountain ranges. Surface elevations range from the summit of Gannett Peak in the Wind River Mountain Range, at 13,804 feet, to the Belle Fourche River valley in the states northeast corner, at 3,125 feet. In the northwest are the Absaroka, Owl Creek, Gros Ventre, Wind River, in the north central are the Big Horn Mountains, in the northeast, the Black Hills, and in the southern region the Laramie, Snowy and Sierra Madre ranges. The Snowy Range in the central part of the state is an extension of the Colorado Rockies in both geology and appearance. The Wind River Range in the west central part of the state is remote and includes more than 40 mountain peaks in excess of 13,000 ft tall in addition to Gannett Peak, the highest peak in the state. The Big Horn Mountains in the central portion are somewhat isolated from the bulk of the Rocky Mountains
34.
The Virginian (1946 film)
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The Virginian is a 1946 American Western film directed by Stuart Gilmore and starring Joel McCrea, Brian Donlevy, Sonny Tufts, and Barbara Britton. Based on the Owen Wister novel of the name, the film was adapted from the popular 1904 theatrical play Wister had collaborated on with playwright Kirke La Shelle. The Virginian is about a school teacher who comes to Medicine Bow in Wyoming. The film is a remake of the 1929 movie with Gary Cooper and Walter Huston, there have been several versions of the story, beginning with a 1914 film directed by Cecil B. DeMille and including a 1960s television series that bore little relation to the other than the title. The film was distributed by Paramount Pictures. In 1885, Molly Wood leaves the security of Vermont to be a schoolteacher in frontier Wyoming, on arrival, she becomes frightened by a spooked steer, and is rescued by the Virginian, only to discover the animal is so mild, it is a little girls pet. As a result, she takes a dislike to the cowboy. He, on the hand, is smitten with her. When Trampas voices his scurrilous speculation as to why she came west, Mr. and Mrs. Taylor put Molly up in their old home. The Virginian starts courting her, much against her will initially, Steve Andrews, a friend the Virginian has not seen in three years, is also interested in her. Eventually, she warms to the Virginian, but her feelings for him are not as strong, meanwhile, families are being driven away by the depredations of cattle rustlers. The Virginian suspects Trampas is the ringleader, but has no proof, when he sees Steve becoming friendly to Trampas, he warns his easygoing friend to keep better company. Before setting out on a cattle drive, the Virginian tells Molly she will have to decide by the time he returns whether they have a future together. On the trail, Trampas and his men start a stampede, afterward, the Virginian fears that Steve has been killed, but he in fact is working with Trampas. Judge Henry, whose cattle were taken, persuades the Virginian to lead a posse, when they find the rustlers, one is killed when he tries to draw his gun, and two others surrender. The Virginian catches Steve as he is sneaking away, Steve says no one would know if his friend were to let him go, the next day, the three rustlers are hanged. When the Virginian goes after Trampas, he is shot in the back, Molly tends him during the months of recovery
35.
Heaven's Gate (film)
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Heavens Gate is a 1980 American epic Western film written and directed by Michael Cimino. Loosely based on the Johnson County War, it portrays a fictional dispute between land barons and European immigrants in Wyoming in the 1890s. It is generally considered one of the biggest box office bombs of all time, Cimino had an expensive and ambitious vision for the film, pushing it nearly four times over its planned budget. In the decades since the release however, general assessment of Heavens Gate has become more positive, the reception of the 1980 re-edit after poor test screenings has later been characterized as one of the greatest injustices of cinematic history. The BBC ranked Heavens Gate 98th on their 100 greatest American films of all-time list, in 1870, two young men, Jim Averill and Billy Irvine, graduate from Harvard College. The Reverend Doctor speaks to the graduates on the association of the mind with the uncultivated. Irvine, brilliant but obviously intoxicated, follows this with his opposing, a celebration is then held after which the male students serenade the women present, including Averills girlfriend. Twenty years later, Averill is passing through the town of Casper, Wyoming. Nate Champion – a friend of Averill and an enforcer for the stockmen – kills a settler for suspected rustling and dissuades another from stealing a cow. At a formal meeting, the head of the Association, Frank Canton, tells members, including a drunk Irvine, of plans to kill 125 named settlers, as thieves. Irvine leaves the meeting, encounters Averill, and tells him of the Associations plans, as Averill leaves, he exchanges bitter words with Canton. Canton slaps Averill across the face, which is immediately retaliated and that night, Canton recruits men to kill the named settlers. Ella Watson, a Johnson County bordello madam from Quebec who accepts stolen cattle as payment for use of her prostitutes, is infatuated with both Averill and Champion. Averill and Watson skate in a crowd, then alone, in an enormous roller skating rink called Heavens Gate. Averill gets a copy of the Associations death list from a baseball-playing U. S. Army captain and later reads the names aloud to the settlers, who are thrown into terrified turmoil. Cully, a master and friend of Averills, sees the train with Cantons posse heading north. Later, a group of men come to Watsons bordello and rape her, all but one are shot and killed by Averill. Champion, realizing that his landowner bosses seek to eliminate Watson, goes to Cantons camp and shoots the remaining rapist, Canton and his men encounter one of Champions friends leaving a cabin with Champion and his friend Nick inside, and a gunfight ensues
36.
Jackson, Wyoming
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Jackson is a town in the Jackson Hole valley of Teton County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 9,577 at the 2010 census, up from 8,647 in 2000 and it is the county seat of Teton County and is its largest town. Jackson is the town of the Jackson, WY-ID Micropolitan Statistical Area. The town is often referred to as Jackson Hole, the valley in which it is located. A strong local economy, primarily due to tourism, has allowed Jackson to develop a shopping and eating district. Jackson, Wyoming is a popular tourist town bringing in tourists from all over the country. Throughout the town elk antler arches are a big attraction that tourists enjoy, a few of the places nearby to visit include, Grand Teton National Park, A national park that includes the Teton Mountain Range, this National park is roughly 310,000 acres. The park brings in more than two million tourists each year. The Grand Teton National Park is roughly 5 miles away from Jackson, Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone extends through Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana. This Park was the first national park in the country, and this park is less than 200 miles away from Jackson. National Elk Refuge, The refuge was created to shelter the largest elk herd in the countries, throughout the winter visitors can go on horse-drawn sleigh rides to view the herd. Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, The resort opened in 1966,12 miles north of Jackson and it has abundant steep terrain and has one of the highest vertical drops in North America, at 4,139 feet. Snow King Mountain Resort, The first ski resort in Jackson and is cheaper than Jackson Hole Mountain Resort. Even though Snow King is cheaper it is quite a challenging hill. This resort is located on the Southeast edge of town, Grand Targhee Resort, About an hour away,42 miles, on the west side of the Teton Range in Alta, opened in 1969, it is accessed through Idaho over Teton Pass. National Museum of Wildlife Art, Overlooking the National Elk Refuge is the National Museum of Wildlife Art, along with pieces inside of the museum, there is a ¾ mile trail with many sculptures along it. Grand Teton Music Festival, This is a classical music festival held every summer in the town of Jackson. Center for the Arts, The center was founded in 1991 to help support an artist culture within the town, Jackson Hole was originally populated by Native American tribes including the Shoshoni, Crow, Blackfeet, Bannock, and Gros Ventre
37.
Grand Teton
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Grand Teton is the highest mountain in Grand Teton National Park, in Northwest Wyoming, and a classic destination in American mountaineering. Grand Teton, at 13,775 feet, is the highest point of the Teton Range, the mountain is entirely within the Snake River drainage basin, which it feeds by several local creeks and glaciers. The Teton Range is a subrange of the Rocky Mountains, which extend from southern Alaska to northern New Mexico, Grand Tetons name was first recorded as Mount Hayden by the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition of 1870. However, the name the Grand Teton had early currency, the Edition of April,1901 of the USGS1,125,000 quadrangle map of the area shows Grand Teton as the name of the peak. A United States National Park named Grand Teton National Park was established by law in 1929, by 1931, the name Grand Teton Peak was in such common usage that it was recognized by the USGS Board on Geographic Names. Another shift in usage led the Board to shorten the name on maps to Grand Teton in 1970, the origin of the name is disputed. The most common explanation is that Grand Teton means large teat in French, however, other historians disagree, and claim that the mountain was named after the Teton Sioux tribe of Native Americans. There is a disagreement over who first climbed Grand Teton, nathaniel P. Langford and James Stevenson claimed to have reached the summit on July 29,1872. However, some believe their description and sketches match the summit of The Enclosure, the Enclosure is named after a man-made palisade of rocks on its summit, probably constructed by Native Americans. Owen reached the summit in 1898, in all likelihood, The Enclosure was first climbed by Native Americans as suggested by Langford in 1873. Supporters of Owen included The Wyoming Legislature and Paul Petzoldt, former pioneer American climber, ironically among Langfords supporters was Franklin Spalding, who led the ascent to the summit and tossed the rope that allowed Owen and the others to follow. Mountaineer and author Leigh Ortenburger researched the controversy in depth, using source material. First Male Alpine Descent-Bill Briggs,1971 First Female Alpine Descent- Kristen Ulmer,1997 First Male Telemark Descent- Rick Wyatt,1982 First Female Telemark Descent- A. J. Cargill,2004, First Male Snowboard Descent- Stephen Koch,1989 First Female Snowboard Descent- Dani deRuyter,2010 Grand Teton can be climbed via the Owen-Spalding route. The Owen-Spalding route is named for the climbers who claim to have made the first ascent, William Owen, Franklin Spalding, Frank Peterson, there is some debate as to which group made the first ascent, see that discussion. Notwithstanding the first-ascent controversy, this route has been firmly named after William Owen. The Owen-Spalding route begins at the Lower Saddle which is reached by walking from the Lupine Meadows Trailhead to Garnet Canyon, the more technical & exposed part of the climb begins at the Upper Saddle. The most popular route up the mountain is via the Upper Exum Ridge Route on the Exum Ridge, much of the climbing is fourth class, with one wide step from the end of Wall Street Ledge to the Ridge comprising the first stretch of technical climbing
38.
Massif
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In geology, a massif is a section of a planets crust that is demarcated by faults or flexures. In the movement of the crust, a massif tends to retain its structure while being displaced as a whole. The term is used to refer to a group of mountains formed by such a structure. In mountaineering and climbing literature, a massif is frequently used to denote the mass of an individual mountain. The massif is a structural unit of the crust than a tectonic plate and is considered the fourth largest driving force in geomorphology. The word is taken from French, where it is used to refer to a mountain mass or compact group of connected mountains forming an independent portion of a range. One of the most notable European examples of a massif is the Massif Central of the Auvergne region of France, the Face on Mars is an example of an extraterrestrial massif. Massifs may also form such as with the Atlantis Massif
39.
Kelly, Wyoming
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Kelly is a census-designated place in Teton County in the U. S. state of Wyoming. The population was 138 at the 2010 census, Kelly is situated along the Gros Ventre River on the eastern side of the Jackson Hole valley, is part of the Jackson, WY–ID Micropolitan Statistical Area and has a US Post Office with zip code 83011. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 0.48 square miles. The settlement formed in the late 1890s as Grovont, but was renamed Kelly in 1909 to avoid confusion with a named settlement nearby. On May 18,1927 the town was destroyed when a dam formed by the Gros Ventre landslide two years earlier collapsed and completely flooded the town. On June 23,1925 following weeks of rain, approximately 50,000,000 cubic yards of rock slid off the north face of Sheep Mountain. The rock formed a natural dam, backing up the water. The lake and dam eventually stabilized, and engineers determined there was no danger of collapse, there were heavy snows in the winter of 1926-1927, and the higher than normal snow melt was accompanied by more weeks of heavy rain in May 1927. On May 18, residents started to notice debris from the flooding of the upper valley floating downstream in the river, alarmed, several residents went to the dam to discover that the lake had overflowed the top of the dam and was beginning to erode it. The warning was given, and the residents of the town evacuated, the ensuing flood was 6 feet deep for at least 25 miles downstream. The flood destroyed most of the town, leaving only the church, thanks to the prior warning, only six people perished in the flood. The deluge also damaged ranches and part of the community of Wilson,14 miles downstream on the Snake River, public education in the community of Kelly is provided by Teton County School District #1. Schools serving the community include Kelly Elementary School, Jackson Hole Middle School, and Jackson Hole High School
40.
Jackson Hole
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Jackson Hole is a valley between the Teton Mountain Range and the Gros Ventre Range in Wyoming. These low-lying valleys surrounded by mountains and containing rivers and streams are habitat for beaver and other fur-bearing animals. The town of Jackson was named in late 1893 by Margaret Simpson and she named the town in order for easterners to be able to forward mail west. Jackson, which incorporated in 1914, was named after David Edward Davey Jackson who trapped beaver in the area in the late 1820s while a partner in the firm of Smith. Davy Jackson was one of the first white men to spend a winter in the Valley of the Teton Mountains. Though used by Native Americans for hunting and ceremonial purposes, the valley was not known to harbor year-round human settlement prior to the 1870s. Descriptions of the valley and its features were recorded in the journals of John Colter, after returning to the Rocky Mountains, Colter entered the region in 1807 in the vicinity of Togwotee Pass and became the first white American to see the valley. His reports of the valley, the Teton Range and the Yellowstone region to the north were viewed by people of the day with skepticism, the first people to settle the region were Native Americans, then fur trappers, and then homesteaders. Because the soil is not ideal for raising crops, the valley was used for cattle, tourism quickly became popular with the establishment of dude ranches. The only incorporated town in the valley is Jackson, also called Jackson Hole, other communities in the valley include Wilson, Teton Village, Moran Junction, Hoback, Moose, and Kelly. West of Jackson, Teton Pass crosses the end of the Teton Range, providing access to Victor and Driggs in eastern Idaho and Alta, Wyoming. This area was known as Pierres Hole and hosted a major Rendezvous in 1832, numerous elk use the valley as grazing range during the winter, and sleigh rides are offered to tourists. The Jackson Hole Mountain Resort, Snow King and Grand Targhee Resort ski areas, the valley is formed by the Teton Range on the western side and the Gros Ventre Range on the eastern side. Grand Teton National Park occupies the part of the valley encompassing much of the Teton Range as well as Jackson Lake. The town of Jackson is at the southern end. Between them lies, on U. S. Route 26, Glacier View Turnout offering a view of Teton Glacier on the north of Grand Teton, and the National Elk Refuge, home of the largest elk herd on earth. The Snake River threads through the valley from its headwater in Yellowstone in the north to the mouth of the Snake River Canyon at the southern tip of the valley. Blacktail Butte is a prominent landform rising from the valley floor, the average elevation of the valley is over 6,500 feet above sea level
