1.
Governorates of Egypt
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Governorates are the first-level of the subdivisions. Egypt is divided, for administrative purposes, into twenty-seven governorates, egyptian governorates are the top tier of the countrys jurisdiction hierarchy. A governorate is administered by a governor, who is appointed by the President of Egypt, most governorates have a population density of more than one thousand per km², while the three largest have a population density of less than two per km². Governorates are either fully urban or else a mixture of urban, the official distinction between urban and rural is reflected in the lower tiers, i. e. fully urban governorates have no regions, as the markaz is, natively, a conglomeration of villages. Moreover, governorates may comprise just one city, as in the case of Cairo Governorate or Alexandria Governorate, hence, these one-city governorates are only divided into districts. Cairo Governorate consists of 41 districts, Alexandria Governorate consists of 7, two new governorates were created in April 2008, Helwan and 6th of October. In April 2011, however, the 6th of October and Helwan governorates were again incorporated into the Cairo and Giza Governorates, respectively. Luxor was created in December 2009, to be the 29th governorate of Egypt, but with the abolition of the 6th of October and Helwan governorates, before 1979, local government traditionally enjoyed limited power in Egypts highly centralized state. Under the central government, there were twenty-six governorates and these were subdivided into regions, each of which was further subdivided into towns or villages. At each level, there was a structure that combined representative councils and government-appointed executive organs headed by governors, district officers. Governors were appointed by the president, and they, in turn, the coercive backbone of the state apparatus ran downward from the Ministry of Interior through the governors executive organs to the district police station and the village headman. Before the 1952 revolution, state penetration of the areas was limited by the power of local notables. However, under Nasser, land reform reduced their socioeconomic dominance, the extension of officials into the countryside permitted the regime to bring development and services to the village. State penetration did not retreat under Sadat and Mubarak, the earlier effort to mobilize peasants and deliver services disappeared as the local party and cooperative withered, but administrative controls over the peasants remained intact. The local power of the old families and the headmen revived, the district police station balanced the notables, and the system of local government integrated them into the regime. Sadat took several measures to decentralize power to the provinces and towns, governors acquired more authority under Law Number 43 of 1979, which reduced the administrative and budgetary controls of the central government over the provinces. The elected councils acquired, at least formally, the right to approve or disapprove the local budget, in an effort to reduce local demands on the central treasury, local government was given wider powers to raise local taxes. Local representative councils became vehicles of pressure for government spending, under Mubarak decentralization and local autonomy became more of a reality, and local policies often reflected special local conditions
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Egypt
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Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba to the east, the Red Sea to the east and south, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia, although Jordan and it is the worlds only contiguous Afrasian nation. Egypt has among the longest histories of any country, emerging as one of the worlds first nation states in the tenth millennium BC. Considered a cradle of civilisation, Ancient Egypt experienced some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. One of the earliest centres of Christianity, Egypt was Islamised in the century and remains a predominantly Muslim country. With over 92 million inhabitants, Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa and the Arab world, the third-most populous in Africa, and the fifteenth-most populous in the world. The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River, an area of about 40,000 square kilometres, the large regions of the Sahara desert, which constitute most of Egypts territory, are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypts residents live in areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria. Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Egypts economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, Egypt is a member of the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, Arab League, African Union, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Miṣr is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern name of Egypt. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם, the oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian
4.
Zagazig
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Zagazig is a city in Lower Egypt. Situated in the part of the Nile delta, it is the capital of the governorate of Sharqia. In 1999, its population was approximately 279,000, which increased to 302,611 in 2006 and it is built on a branch of the Sweet Water Canal and on al-Muˤizz Canal, and is 47 miles by rail north-northeast of Cairo. Situated on the Nile Delta in the midst of a district, Zagazig is a centre of the cotton. It has large factories and used to have offices of numerous European merchants. It is located on the Muweis Canal and is the hub of the corn. There is a museum of antiquities, the Sharkeya National Museum that contains many important archaeological exhibits, Zagazig University, one of the largest universities in Egypt, is also located in the city, with colleges in different fields of science and arts. The Archaeological Museum of the University of Zagazig exhibits significant finds from the sites, Bubastis. Also there is a branch for Al-Azhar University, the largest Islamic university in the world, Zagazig is the birthplace of famous Coptic Egyptian journalist, philosopher and social critic, Salama Moussa. The ruins of the ancient Egyptian city of Bubastis are located 3 km southeast of town, Bubastis was the ancient capital of the 18th nome, and is home to the feast celebrating the cat-goddess Bastet. Bubastis is the Greek name of the Egyptian Per-Bastet, Bubastis became the capital of Egypt in the 22nd and 23rd Dynasties. There are remains of the built by Osorkon II and Nectanebo II. Catacombs where the cats were buried are located behind an Old Kingdom chapel remains that are from the period of Pepi I. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert, as the rest of Egypt, abaza family, the largest family in Sharqia and Egypts largest Circassian community
5.
Eastern European Time
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Eastern European Time is one of the names of UTC+02,00 time zone,2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. The zone uses daylight saving time, so that it uses UTC+03,00 during the summer, a number of African countries use UTC+02,00 all year long, where it is called Central Africa Time, although Egypt and Libya also use the term Eastern European Time. The following countries, parts of countries, and territories use Eastern European Time all year round, Egypt, since 21 April 2015, used EEST from 1988–2010, Kaliningrad Oblast, since 26 October 2014, also used EET in years 1945 and 1991–2011. Libya, since 27 October 2013, switched from Central European Time, used year-round EET from 1980–1981, 1990–1996 and 1998–2012. Belarus, in years 1922–30 and 1990–2011 In Poland this time was used in years 1918–22, in time of World War II, Germany implemented MET in east occupied territories. Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol used EET as part of Ukraine in years 1991-94 and 1996-2014 Turkey, used EET in years 1910-1978, now uses year round DST timezone called Further-eastern European Time or Turkey Time. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also uses FET, sometimes, due to its use on Microsoft Windows, FLE Standard Time or GTB Standard Time are used to refer to Eastern European Time. Since political, in addition to geographical, criteria are used in the drawing of time zones. The EET time zone, were it drawn by purely geographical terms, the easternmost part of the Republic of Macedonia, including the city of Strumica. The absolutely easternmost part of Serbia, in the Pirot District, the easternmost town in Norway, Vardø, lies at 30°51 E, which is located east of even of the central meridian of UTC+2, i. e. east of Istanbul and Alexandria. The Norwegian-Russian border is the place where CET borders Moscow time. There is a point at the Norway-Finland-Russia tripoint, near the town of Rayakoski. Belarus is located between 23°11′E and 32°47′E and is fully located with the physical UTC+2 area, but it uses UTC+3 year around. This also includes the city of Anapa, at the westernmost tip of the Krasnodar Krai near the entrance to the Sea of Azov, the Norway–Russia–Finland tri-zone point at Muotkavaara is surrounded by three different times in winter, two in summer. It had three time zones year-around before 2014, two of the four tripoints of Belarus and the tripoint of the Kaliningrad Region are surrounded by three different times in winter
6.
Arabic
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Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
7.
Ibrahimiya Canal
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The Ibrahimiyah Canal is an irrigation canal in Egypt built in 1873. It was the most important public work executed under the newly established Ministry of Public Works. It was built during the reign of Ismail Pasha when he was Khedive of Egypt and it was commissioned by Bahgat Pasha, minister of public works, who designed it primarily to provide perennial irrigation to the Khedivial sugar estates in Middle Egypt. It supplied perennial irrigation to 580,000 acres and flood irrigation to another 420,000 acres, the discharge of the canal varied between 30 and 80 cubic metres per second in summer and between 500 and 900 cubic metres per second in flood. This 350 kilometer long canal, which is one of the largest artificial canals in the world. Sir William Willcocks, the famous British civil engineer, would construct the Assiut Barrage later in 1901 to provide means for control of its discharge. Although locks were constructed through its third, Ibrahimya Canal is not navigable after Dairut as it was designed for irrigation purposes only. At its 60th kilometer at Dairut, Ibrahimiya Canal begins distribution of its water, at this point, the canal widens into a kind of basin, along which six works of distribution are constructed. They are, Inlet of the Sahelieh Canal composed of two arches,3 metres wide each, Inlet of the Dairoutieh Canal, composed of three arches,3 metres wide each. Inlet of Bahr Yussef, composed of five arches,3 metres wide each, Bahr Yussef usually gets one third of the entire water of the Ibrahimiya Canal. It irrigates west of Minya, Beni Suef and Faiyum provinces, distribution work for Ibrahimiyah itself, composed of seven arches,3 metres each and a lock 8.5 metres wide for navigation. A reservoir to carry back to the Nile the surplus water of the canal and this works consists of five openings, 3-metre wide each and an 8.5 metre wide lock for navigation. An inlet of two arches, 3-meter wide each, for filling several basins on the bank of Bahr Yussef canal. After Ibrahimiya leaves Dairut, a series of distribution works control water discharges along its route and they are, Hafez Regulator, at kilometre 90 in Mallawi. The original regulator was abandoned and a new one was constructed in 1989 as part of the US funded Irrigation Improvements Project. Upstream of this regulator, on the side is the intake for the Serry Canal. Minya Regulator, at kilometre 120, in Minya, the old regulator consists of three arches,3 metres wide each. A new regulator 2 kilometers downstream of this old one was constructed in 1993 also as a part of the IIP project and it also consists of three arches,3 meters wide each
8.
Mohamed Morsi
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He was the first democratically elected head of state in the 5000 years of Egyptian history, in the election after the Egyptian revolution of 2011. These issues, along with complaints of prosecutions of journalists and attacks on nonviolent demonstrators, as part of a compromise, Morsi rescinded the decrees. In the referendum he held on the new constitution it was approved by two thirds of voters. On 30 June 2013, protests erupted across Egypt, which saw protesters calling for the presidents resignation, the military suspended the constitution and established a new administration now led by General Abdel Fatah al-Sisi. The Muslim Brotherhood protested against the coup, but the pro-Morsi protests were crushed in the August 2013 Rabaa massacre in which at least 817 civilians were massacred. Opposition leader Elbaradei quit in protest of the massacre and his death sentence was overturned, so he will receive a retrial. However, Morsi is still currently imprisoned, Mohamed Morsi was born in the Sharqia Governorate, in northern Egypt, of modest provincial origin, in the village of El Adwah, north of Cairo, on 8 August 1951. His father was a farmer and his mother a housewife and he is the eldest of five brothers, and told journalists that he remembers being taken to school on the back of a donkey. In the late 1960s, he moved to Cairo to study at Cairo University and he fulfilled his military service in the Egyptian Army from 1975 to 1976, serving in the chemical warfare unit. He then resumed his studies at Cairo University and earned an MS in metallurgical engineering in 1978, Morsi then earned a government scholarship that enabled him to study in the United States. He received a PhD in materials science from the University of Southern California in 1982 with his dissertation High-Temperature Electrical Conductivity, while living in the United States, Morsi became an Asst. Prof. At the California State University, Northridge from 1982 to 1985, Morsi, an expert on precision metal surfaces, also worked for NASA in the early 1980s, helping to develop Space Shuttle engines. In 1985, Morsi quit his job at CSUN and returned to Egypt, becoming a professor at Zagazig University, Morsi was a lecturer at Zagazig Universitys engineering department until 2010. Morsi was first elected to parliament in 2000 and he served as a Member of Parliament from 2000 to 2005, officially as an independent candidate because the Brotherhood was technically barred from running candidates for office under Mubarak. While serving in this capacity in 2010, Morsi stated that the solution is nothing. Morsi condemned the September 11 attacks as horrific crime against innocent civilians, however, he accused the United States of using the 9/11 attacks as a pretext for invading Afghanistan and Iraq, and claimed that the US had not provided evidence that the attackers were Muslims. He also stated that the aircraft collision alone did not bring down the World Trade Center, such views are held by most Egyptians, including Egyptian liberals. His comments drew criticism in the United States, Morsi was arrested along with 24 other Muslim Brotherhood leaders on 28 January 2011
9.
Egyptian presidential election, 2012
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A presidential election was held in Egypt in two rounds, the first on 23 and 24 May 2012 and the second on 16 and 17 June. Morsi, however, lasted little over a year as President before he was ousted in a coup in July 2013. The elections set the stage for the divisions that were to follow, along Islamist and secular lines, and those opposed to, Islamist candidates Morsi and Fotouh won roughly 42% of the vote, while the remaining secular candidates won 56% of the vote. Candidates Shafik and Moussa held positions under the Mubarak regime and won 35% of the vote, while Sabahi was a prominent dissident during the Sadat and Mubarak regimes. Following the second round, with a turnout of 52%, on 24 June 2012. Morsi won by a margin over Ahmed Shafik, the final prime minister under deposed President Hosni Mubarak. The commission said Morsi took 51. 7% of the vote versus 48. 3% for Shafik, Morsi was sworn in on 30 June 2012 and was later ousted in a coup on 3 July 2013. The rules for the election were released on 30 January 2012, candidates had to be born in Egypt to Egyptian parents, may not have held dual nationality and may not have been married to a foreigner. To be nominated, they required the support of 30 Members of Parliament or 30,000 voters, the Supreme Presidential Electoral Commission was expected to release the list of candidates who fulfil the legal requirements and are eligible for the presidency on 26 April. Reasons for the disqualifications were not given, but the candidates were given 48 hours to appeal the decisions. Both Suleiman and El-Shaters campaigns stated they would file appeals, on 23 April, SCAF ratified the Corruption of Political Life Law, which was passed by the Peoples Assembly on 12 April. The law disqualified presidential hopefuls Ahmed Shafik and Omar Suleiman, on 25 April the Supreme Presidential Electoral Commission accepted the appeal filed by Ahmed Shafik against its previous decision to exclude him from running for President. Therefore, a total of 13 candidates were standing in SPECs final list. The appeal also requested the new Parliamentary law be brought before the Supreme Constitutional Court to determine its constitutionality, on 16 May 2012, Mohammad Fawzi Issa announced his withdrawal from the race in support of Amr Moussa, leaving the final candidate count at 12. His name however was not removed from the paper as the official date of withdrawal had already passed. Ahmed Shafik officially launched his campaign on 2 November 2011. He was the last Prime Minister appointed by Hosni Mubarak after the beginning of the 2011 revolution in January and he resigned only three weeks after the deposition of the long-term president. Shafik claims to be on terms with the ruling Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
10.
Abaza family
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It is known as the family of the pashas for having produced the largest number of nobles under the Muhammad Ali dynasty from the 19th to the mid-20th Century. They are thought to number around 50,000 members, but no census has ever been conducted of Circassian communities residing in Egypt. Abkhazia is a region of the Caucasian Black Sea coast, the home of the Abkhazians, the Abkhazians were one of several ethnic groups living in the Russian Empire who left during the ethnic cleansing of Circassians in the mid-19th century. However, some indicate that the Abaza family was well established in the Nile Delta by the late 18th century In Egypt. A belief among the Abaza family is that they were named after a beloved grandmother and this maternal ancestor is thought to have married the head of the powerful El Ayed family prior to the reign of Muhammad Ali of Egypt. Many elders of the family sat on the Majlis created by Ibrahim Pasha, the monarchy had also endowed the family with villages and lands allowing the Abazas to flourish. Hassan Pasha Abaza, is considered to be the modern founding father of the family, also titled Sheikh of the Arabs. In 2014, the family sued Sada Elbalad TV for the creation of a childrens cartoon named Abaza, in the same year Egyptian satellite channel CBC Two aired a one-hour documentary about the family. A lentil dish attributed to Egypts Abaza family is known in the country as ads abazy, notable family members include Wagih Abaza, who served as governor in several Egyptian governorates including Sharqia, Cairo, Beheira and Gharbia. Wagih Abaza was an member of the Free Officers Movement that toppled the Egyptian monarchy. The family is known for their contributions to modern Arabic literature through the works of Aziz Pasha Abaza and Tharwat Abaza, as well as the journalism, Tharwat was a journalist and novelist who opposed the nationalization of the Suez Canal. His best-known novel, A Man Escaping from Time, was televised in the late 1960s, rushdy Abaza, an actor with no less than 150 movies to his name was not chosen to star in Lawrence of Arabia but acted like a star during the audition. Other notable members of the include the longest-serving minister in Egyptian history. He was the Minister of Electricity and Energy and is credited with connecting the vast majority of the rural areas to the electric grid. Their main stronghold was the governorate of Sharqia, several villages in the Nile Delta are named after members of the family, mainly concentrated around the town of Kafr Abaza. For decades, the family had a monopoly over several districts
11.
Ahmed Subhy Mansour
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Ahmed Subhy Mansour is an Egyptian American activist, whose website describes him as an Islamic scholar with expertise in Islamic history, culture, theology, and politics. He founded the small Egyptian Quranists sect that is neither Sunni nor Shia, was exiled from Egypt, Mansour was an advocate for democracy and human rights in Egypt for many years, during which time he was isolated by Islamic extremist clerics and persecuted by the government. He was arrested and served time in prison for his political, religious. Mansour sought and was granted asylum in the United States in 2002. He has served as a fellow at the National Endowment for Democracy. Sheikh Mansour was fired from Al-Azhar University after expressing his hadith rejector views, one of Mansours fellow Islamic scholars at Al Azhar University Sheik Jamal Tahir took up the same Quran alone stance. Mansoor received his middle school education in 1964, and ranked second in the Republic on the national exam. He graduated from Al-Azhar Secondary School, in Sharkeya, Egypt, in 1969 and its fundamental principles put it squarely at odds with mainstream Islam, which unanimously holds the example of its Prophet to be a part of the religion. Because of his scholarship, Al-Azhar University accused him of being an enemy of Islam. He was tried in its court, and expelled March 17,1987. Between 1991 and 1992, he worked with Farag Foda to establish a new party in Egypt, Mostakbal, dedicated to a secular democratic state. Foda was assassinated in June 1992, from 1994 to 1996, he was a Member of the Board of Trustees of the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights, which worked to protect Egyptians from human rights offenses. In 1996, Mansour established a conference at the Ibn Khaldoun Center – headed by Saad Eddin Ibrahim – in order to discuss Islamist dogma, religion-based terror. It functioned until June 2000, when the Center was closed down by the Egyptian government, Mansour sought and was granted political asylum in the United States in 2002. From 28 September 2009 to 27 September 2010, Mansour served as a Fellow at The US Commission on International Religious Freedom, from 7 September 2010 to May 2011, Mansour served as fellow at The Woodrow Wilson Center. He and his sons operate the Quranic Center in Northern Virginia, on its website at www. ahl-alquran. com, the organization is republishing dozens of Mansours books and hundreds of articles he has written over the years. Since arriving in the United States in 2002, Mansour has held a number of academic posts, in 2002, he was a Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellow at the National Endowment for Democracy in Washington, where he wrote on the roots of democracy in Islam. The next year, he received a fellowship at Harvard Law Schools Human Rights Program
12.
Abdel Halim Hafez
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Abdel Halim Ali Shabana, commonly known as Abdel Halim Hafez was an Egyptian singer, and is among the most popular Egyptian and Arabic singers of all time. In addition to singing, Halim was also an actor, conductor, business man, music teacher and he is considered to be one of the Great Four of Egyptian and Arabic music. His name is written as Abd el-Halim Hafez. He is known as el-Andaleeb el-Asmar and he is also known as an icon in modern Arabic music. To this day, his music is enjoyed throughout the Arab world. Born in El-Halawat, in Al Sharqia Governorate,80 kilometers north of Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt as Abdel Halim Ali Shabanah and he had two brothers, Ismail and Mohammed, and one sister, Aliah. His mother died from labor complications three days after giving birth to him - something that people around him believe that he brought bad luck. His father died five years later, leaving him and his siblings orphaned at a young age and he lived in a poor orphanage for a number of years. He was later raised by his aunt and uncle in Cairo, during these years Abdel Halim was extremely poor. Abdel Halims one-of-a-kind musical abilities first became apparent while he was in primary school, at the age of 14 he joined the Arabic Music Institute in Cairo and became known for singing the songs of Mohammed Abdel Wahab. Abdel Halims performance was heard by Hafez Abdel Wahab, the supervisor of musical programming for Egyptian national radio, Abdel Halim took Hafez, Abdel Wahabs first name, as his stage-surname in recognition of his patronage. In the early days of his career, Abdel Halim was rejected for his new style of singing, however he persisted and was able to gain accolades later on. Eventually, he became a singer enjoyed by all generations and he also became Egypts first romantic singer. In collaboration with composer Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Abdel Halim went on to many popular love songs such as Ahwak, Nebtedi Minen el Hekaya. Hafez also worked with Egyptian poet Mohammed Hamza on songs including Zay el Hawa, Sawah, Hawel Teftekerni, Aye Damiet Hozn, during his career, he was very popular and always performed in sold-out arenas and stadiums. Despite his popularity, he released a studio album since he worked purely as a live singer. He also played different instruments very well, including the oboe, drums, piano, oud, clarinet. He was involved in all aspects of the composition of his songs, Halim introduced many new instruments to the Arab World
13.
Husayn Fawzi Alnajjar
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Husayn Fawzi Al-Najjar was born on November 16,1918 in Egypt. He was graduated in 1940 from Fuad Al Awwal University, where he studied History and that same year, he graduated from the Royal Military College - Reserve Forces. His class of graduates were the first from the Reserve Forces to become army officers and he also attended the Institute of Journalism and the Institute of Education at Fuad Al Awal University. From 1941–1942, he embarked on a career as an army officer, from 1950 to 1954, he taught national history at the Royal Military College. In 1952, he played a role in the Egyptian coup d’état. From 1954 to 1961, he undertook a role and. He also became the Head of Media for the League of Arab States and he later became an adviser to the Ministry of Education. In 1957, he completed his doctorate in journalism at Cairo University with first-class honors, at the same time he gained practical experience on the newspaper that had been founded by Ahmad Lutfi Al Sayyid, Al Jarida. He was regarded as an authority on matters on this pioneering newspaper. He later wrote a book, Lutfi al-Sayyid, the Teacher of a Generation. He was a disciple of Ahmad Lutfi Al Sayyid and Muhammad Husayn Haykal, indeed, Haykal wrote the introduction to Husayn Fawzi Al Najjars book Policy And Strategy In The Middle East, regarding it as a pioneering work in that field. Al-Najjar was becoming a figure in the field of policy. In 1958, he was awarded a Post-doctorate Fellowship degree from Harvard University in Political Science, although he officially retired in 1973, Dr. Al Najjar carried on his teaching work at various institutions, including Cairo University and Al Azhar University. He was also a human rights advocate and a member of the first registered body for human rights in Egypt. With a small number of like-minded intellectuals such as Tewfik Al Hakim and Yusif Al Sebaie, from 1994 until his death in 2003, Dr. Al Najjar suffered from a long illness that prevented him from continuing his scholarly work and activities. Variation in spelling of Dr El Naggars name Hussein, Husayn, Husain Fawzi, Fawzy El-Naggar, for his theory on history and biographies, he wrote Al Tarikh Wal Siyar published by Al Maktaba Al Thakafiya. تأليف حسين فوزي النجار. alimati by Helen Keller published by Dar al Maaref cairo 195. هيلين كيلر- - ترجمة الدكتور, بيانات النشر القاهرة, دار النهضة العربية،published by dar al nahda al arabiaya Cairo 195
14.
Magdi Yacoub
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Sir Magdi Habib Yacoub OM FRS is an Egyptian-British cardiothoracic surgeon. He is Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Imperial College London, a 1980 patient, Derrick Morris, was Europes longest surviving heart transplant recipient until his death in July 2005. This record was superseded by John McCafferty who received a transplant at Harefield Hospital in Middlesex on 20 October 1982 and survived over 33 years and he was officially recognised as the worlds longest surviving heart transplant patient by Guinness World Records in 2013. A March 1978 heart by-pass patient continues to live an active and fruitful life. He is also the head of Magdy Yacoub heart foundation. The son of a surgeon of a Coptic Christian family, Yacoub was born on 16 November 1935 in Belbis, Al Sharqia and he studied at Cairo University and qualified as a doctor in 1957. He reportedly said he decided to specialise in surgery after an aunt died of heart disease in her early 20s. He moved to Britain in 1962, then taught at the University of Chicago and he became a consultant cardiothoracic surgeon at Harefield Hospital in 1973. As a visiting professor to the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Yacoub, Fabian Udekwu, during this period there was an increase in post-operative survival rates, a reduction in the recovery periods spent in isolation and in the financial cost of each procedure. To remove donor hearts, he would travel thousands of miles each year in small aircraft or helicopters, most of his patients received treatment under the National Health Service, but some private foreign patients were also treated. In December 1983 Yacoub performed the UKs first heart and lung transplant at Harefield and he was appointed professor at the National Heart and Lung Institute in 1986, and was involved in the development of the techniques of heart and heart-lung transplantation. Yacoub has since become famous in Greece, and Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou himself said that Yacoub saved him and he continues to operate on children through his charity, Chain of Hope. In 2006 he briefly came out of retirement to advise on a procedure which required removing a transplant heart from a patient whose own heart had recovered. The patients original heart had not been removed during transplant surgery nearly a decade earlier in the hope it might recover. In April 2007, it was reported that a British medical research led by Yacoub had grown part of a human heart valve, from stem cells. In 1994 he founded the charity Chain in Hope and this charity aims to provide children suffering from life-threatening disease with the corrective surgery and treatment to which they do not have access. Among celebrities whose lives he extended was the comedian Eric Morecambe and he was also known to have treated the famous Egyptian actor Omar Sharif, urging the latter to give up the cigarettes that had led to his heart attack. In 2002 he was selected to spearhead a government recruitment drive for overseas doctors and he has had a house named after him at The Petchey Academy which opened in September 2006. He is one of few masters and teachers in the world of the technically demanding Ross Procedure
15.
Ahmed Fouad Negm
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Ahmed Fouad Negm, popularly known as el-Fagommi الفاجومي, was an Egyptian vernacular poet. Negm is well known for his work with Egyptian composer Sheikh Imam, as well as his patriotic, Negm has been regarded as a bit of a folk hero in Egypt. Ahmed Fouad Negm was born in Sharqia, Egypt, to a family of fellahin and his mother, Hanem Morsi Negm, was a housewife, and his father Mohammed Ezat Negm, a police officer. Negm was one of seventeen brothers, like many poets and writers of his generation, he received his education at the religious Kutaab schools managed by El-Azhar. When his father died, he went to live with his uncle Hussein in Zagazig, in 1945, at the age of 17, he left the orphanage and returned to his village to work as a shepherd. Later, he moved to Cairo to live with his brother who eventually kicked him out only to return to his village again to work in one of the English camps while helping with guerilla operations. After the agreement between Egypt and Britain, the Egyptian National Workers’ Movement asked everyone in the English camps to quit their job, Negm was then appointed by the Egyptian government as a laborer in mechanical workshops. He was imprisoned for 3 years for counterfeiting form, during which he participated and he then published his first collection “Pictures from Life and Prison” in vernacular Egyptian Arabic and became famous after Suhair El-Alamawi introduced his book while he was still in prison. After he was released, he was appointed as a clerk in the organization for Asian and African peoples and he also became a regular poet on Egyptian radio. Negm lived in a room on the rooftop of a house in Boulaq el-Dakror neighborhood. When he met singer and composer Sheikh Imam in Khosh Adam neighborhood, they became roommates, Negm was also imprisoned several times due to his political views, particularly his harsh criticism of Egyptian presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak. The residence of Ahmed Fouad Negm in the poorest neighborhoods of Cairo, Egypt, exposed him to the most talented professionals such as Sheikh Imam Eissa, but, Sheikh Imam in particular compensated Negm for the earlier rejection by his orphanage-mate Abdel Halim Hafez. In 1962, Negm was introduced to Imam by a friend who believed that the two, poet Negm and composer Imam, could make a perfect duo. On the first occasion, Negm noticed that Imam took over an hour to tweak the strings of the Oud before starting his first demonstration to the new guest, Negm shouted Allah upon listening to Imams singing and playing the Oud. The blind Sheikh was equally longing for inspiring words of the sort Negm had and that was the spark that lasted 30 years of concerted writing by Negm, composing by Imam, and singing by the two combined. Negm was quick enough to sense that the blind Sheikh was a treasure of Islamic literacy and music talent. Hence, Negm proposed to stay in Imams residence, Negm took the risk, abandoned his rented room with its contents and stuck with Sheikh Imam from 1962 throughout 1995. In 2007, Negm was chosen by the United Nations Poverty Action as Ambassador of the poor, Ahmed Fouad Negm won the 2013 Prince Claus Awards for ‘Unwavering Integrity’
16.
Rushdy Abaza
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Rushdy Said Bughdady Abaza was an Egyptian actor. He was a member of the wealthy Abaza family and he has been known as one of the most charming actors to appear in the Egyptian film industry. He died of Brain Cancer at the age of 53, Rushdy Abaza was born in Mansoura, Egypt, to Egyptian father, Said Abaza, belonging to one of Egypts richest and most well-known families, the Abaza family, and Italian mother Tereza Luigi. Rushdy attended school at Collège Saint Marc in Alexandria, from his father’s side he had three half-sisters, Ragaa, Mounira, Zeinab and one half-brother, Fikri. From his mothers side, he had one half-brother, Hamed and his only child is a daughter, Qismat. k. a. The Man with Two Faces 1950 Amina,1950, a Woman of Fire 1952 Al-Osta Hassan, a. k. a. My Children 1953 Shamm al-Nesseem, a. k. a, pity My Tears Enni Rahhela, a. k. a. They Made Me a Murderer Arayess Fel-Mazad, a. k. a, brides for Auction Fortune carrée a. k. a. Appointment of Love Bahr al-Gharam, a. k. a, sea of Love Ismaeel Yassin fel-Boliss, a. k. a. Ismaeel Yassin in the Police Ezzay Ansak, a. k. a, how Would I Forget You The Ten Commandments Dalila 1957 Tamr Henna, a. k. a. Tamarind Port Said Lan Abki Abadan, a. k. a, I Shall Never Weep 1958 Jamila, a. k. a. A Woman on the Road La Anam, a. k. a, the Road of Hope Toggar al-Moat, a. k. a. Hearts of the Virgins 1959 Seraa Fel-Nil, a. k. a, struggle on the Nile Ana Bareea, a. k. a. I am Innocent Bafakkar Felli Nassini, a. k. a, thinking of Who Forgot Me Qatte Tareeq, a. k. a. I Have None But You Samraa Sina, a. k. a, the Brunette of Sinai 1960 Al-Moraheqat, a. k. a. Teenage Girls Ana wa Ommi, a. k. a and my Mother and I Kholkhal Habeebi, a. k. a. My Loves Bugle Leqaa Fil-Ghoroob, a. k. a, meeting at Sunset Malak wa Shaytan, a. k. a. Angel and Devil Mufattesh al-Mabaheth, a. k. a, the Police Inspector Nehayat al-Tareeq, a. k. a
17.
Fekry Abaza
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Fekry Pasha Abaza was an Egyptian journalist and democratic political activist. Fekry Abaza was born in 1896 in the village of Kafr Abu Shehata in the East and he was a member of the notable Egyptian Abaza Family. In 1917 he graduated from the School of Law and worked as lawyer and he later joined the National Democratic Party in 1921. Abaza began his career by writing for the newspaper Al-Maiied. Afterward, he served as an editor for the magazine Al-Musawar for two years before being promoted to editor in chief in 1926 and he worked for the magazine until 1961 and occupied the position of chief editor of the monthly Egyptian magazine Al-Hilal for several of those years. From 1944 until being relieved as editor in chief, he was elected as a chairman for journalism over four consecutive election cycles. Abaza was also a musician, with a talent for playing the flute. He also wrote a number of stories, including Khalaf El Habayeb, Aldahek Albaky, Fekry Abaza died in Cairo in February 1979. Abaza family Ottoman titles Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali
18.
Cairo Governorate
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Cairo Governorate is the most populated of the governorates of Egypt. Its capital, the city of Cairo, is the capital of Egypt. Because it is urbanized, the governorate is considered a city proper. However, there are uninhabited desert areas, parts of the governorate were separated in April 2008 to form the Helwan Governorate. The Cairo Governorate is divided into 41 administrative divisions, called qism in Arabic, uN-Habitat is promoting alternative methods of transportation with the aim of relieving these issues. In a program began on August 28,2012, the European Union invested 40 million Euros on upgrading the infrastructure of informal areas in Cairo Governorate. Greater Cairo Cairo Governorate Official website City subdivisions List of previous governors
19.
Alexandria Governorate
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Alexandria Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country, directly on the Mediterranean Sea. Along with Cairo and Giza, Alexandria is one of three governorates in the country that are also municipalities, the governorate capital is the city of Alexandria, the second largest city in Egypt. Alexandria governorate lies along the Mediterranean coast and stretch for about 70 km northwest of the Nile Delta, the governorate is bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the north, El Behera governorate in the south and the east and Matrouh governorate in the west. The total area size of Alexandria governorate is almost 2818 km2, Alexandria has a unique geographical location and a mild climate. It is also considered an industrial governorate where 40% of Egyptian industries are concentrated, especially chemicals, food, spinning and weaving as well as petrol industries, the bond between Egypt and the Hellenic Empire dates from centuries before Alexander the Great. The crushing victory of Alexander the Great over the Persians in Asia gave him control over the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. As Alexander took control of all ports and harbour of the Eastern Mediterranean, on entering Alexandria, the Persian ruler of the city surrendered without resistance and Alexander entered the city in triumph. Travelling further south, he reached the City of Menf where he was given a welcome by the poor farmers who were euphoric at the ousting of the Persians. Alexander was ceremoniously crowned in a Pharaonic ceremony as the Son of Amun and ordered the construction of the city of Alexandria. As Alexander the Great rides along the Mediterranean Coast, a plot of land between the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Mariout catches his attention, with its unique features and intrinsic peculiarity, the spot was ideal for founding a great city of the most modern style back then. To the south was Lake Mariout, another natural border, which fortified the city defences. Alexander was firmly persuaded of the importance of building a city bearing his name to immortalise his memory for good, at the outskirts of the area to the west was the Rhacotis Village, which was populated with fishermen. Faithfully conceived by Alexander the Great, the idea was conveyed to Denocrates, the Greek architect, the name of Denocrates remains closely associated with the history of Alexandria since he started planning the citys layout in 331 B. C. The genius of this became evident as he blueprinted plans for roads, squares. Denocrates was born in the island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean Sea, such a cityscape was widespread across Greek cities in the fifth Century B. C. Denocrates also thought of building a bridge linking the mainland with the island, later on called Pharos, Alexandria was divided into five quarters, bearing the first five letters of the Greek Alphabet. Alexandria lays north-west of the Nile delta and stretches along a land strip between the Mediterranean Sea and Lake Maryut
20.
Port Said Governorate
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Port Said Governorate is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country, on the Mediterranean Sea at the northern gate of the Suez Canal. Its capital is the city of Port Said, it is the home of the Suez Canal Authority headquarters and it is urban with 98. 2% of the area populated. Port Said Governorate also includes Port Fuad, in 2015 a huge natural gas reserve was discovered and was described as the largest ever found in the Mediterranean Sea. It was found off the coast of Port Said, Egypt now has one of the largest areas of natural gas and Italian company, ENI has been contracted to work on the natural gas liquefaction for Egypt. It was welcome news as Egypt has long suffered an energy crisis, the New Suez Canal project launched in 2015 included dredging of the East Port Said Canal. Port Said Port Fuad At the 2006 Census, there were 570,768 people,2015 estimates put that figure at 666,599. With an urbanization rate of 100%, the Port Said Governorate is one of the most urbanized in the country, along with Cairo, in February,2012, more than 70 people died in the Port Said Stadium Riot after a soccer match. Social unrest in early 2013 continued for at least two weeks, while protesting, on March 5,2013, protesters set fire to the governorates headquarters and several people were injured. In October,2016 Egyptians protested the increase in their rent on apartments, one official and several residents were arrested. Port Said Governorate is a transit point for trade, importing and exporting millions of tons of goods each year. Tourism is also promoted for the region, there are several museums in this area. For cultural tourism one may want to visit the Port Said National Museum of Antiquities which opened in 1987 and is located at the confluence of the Suez Canal waters and the Mediterranean Sea. It houses about 9,000 artifacts from all eras, ranging from the Pharaonic, Greek, Roman, the Military Museum of Port Said, established in 1964, commemorates the 1956 the tripartite aggression on the city. It features armory and military artifacts, equipment used in the wars fought between 1956 -1967 and in 1973, al-Nasr Museum of Modern Art in Port Said opened on December 25,1995 and includes artwork by Egyptian artists in various branches of Fine Art. This makes it a favorite with tourists, nearby, is the Suez Canal Authority building built on the banks of Port Said at the start of the project. The lighthouse and jetties at Port Said, located at the terminus of the Suez canal. The lighthouse is a monolith 180 feet high, in the construction 120,000 tons of Teil hydraulic lime were used
21.
Suez Governorate
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Suez Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country and is coterminous with the city of Suez. It is situated north of the Gulf of Suez, according to population estimates from 2015 all 622,859 residents of the governorate live in urban areas. With an urbanization rate of 100% the Suez Governorate is one of the most urbanized in the country, along with Cairo, natural resources in the Suez Governorate include limestone, clay, coal, petroleum, marble, and lime. The chief exports of Suez are papayas, ein El-Sokhna, a well known recreational and medical destination. Moses springs Judaic Hill at El-Khoor In 1975, the Suez Public Free Zone was established and it is divided between two main locations, Port Tewfik and Adabeya. Suez Canal Suez crisis Official website Ministry of Trade and Industry Free Zones site
22.
Ismailia Governorate
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Ismailia Governorate is one of the Canal Zone governorates of Egypt. Located in the part of the country, its capital is the city of Ismailia. It was named after Ismail Pasha, who as Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt and it is located between the other two Canal governorates, Port Said Governorate, in the Northern part of Egypt and Suez Governorate. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 1,178,641 people residing in the governorate,643,778 people live in areas as opposed to only 534,863 in urban areas. Instead this festival has been celebrating its annual events in Ismailia Governorate and it is sponsored by the Ministry of Culture, Ismailia Governorate, The National Cinema Center and other sponsors. The Ismailia Governorate is on the banks of the Suez Canal and its Ismailia Canal extends from the Nile River near Cairo, to the Suez Canal at the city of Ismailia, the Ismailia Canal was built to provide fresh water to workers during the building of the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal Authority headquarters is located in Ismailia, from 1967 to 1970, Ismailia became a war zone and was damaged in the conflict with Israel. There are several official fishing landing sites in Ismailia, one is at Lake Timsah and the other at Bitter Lake. After a successful SIP from 1992-1997, the United Nations expanded the project to include the entire Governorate of Ismailia calling it SGIP and its goal is to work with local partners to improve the communities in Ismailia
23.
Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
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Kafr El Sheikh Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It lies in the part of the country, along the western branch of the Nile in the Nile Delta. Its capital is the city of Kafr El Sheikh, according to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the governorate live in rural areas, with an urbanization rate of only 23. 1%. Out of an estimated 3,172,753 people residing in the governorate,2,441,246 people live in areas as opposed to only 731,507 in urban areas. Kafr El Sheikh Governorate, which was part of the Gharbia Governorate, was created in 1949. It was originally named Fuadiyah in honor of King Fuad I of Egypt, after the 1952 Revolution and the subsequent abolition of the monarchy, the governorate took the name of its capital city Kafr El Sheikh. This name, adopted in 1955, means the village of the chief, the area occupied today by the Kafr El Sheikh Governorate has been inhabited since ancient times. The capital of Lower Egypt, called Buto, is located at present-day Tell El Faraain, lake Burullus is located in the north of the Kafr El Sheikh governorate
24.
Gharbia Governorate
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Gharbia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the north of the country, south of Kafr El Sheikh Governorate and its capital is Tanta, which is 90 km north of Cairo, and 120 km south east of Alexandria. The largest city in Gharbia is El Mahalla El Kubra, the total area of Gharbia governorate is 25,400 km2, making it the tenth-largest governorate of Egypt. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 4,751.865 people residing in the governorate,3,324,630 people live in areas as opposed to only 1,427,235 in urban areas. El Mahalla El Kubra Kafr El Zayat Samanoud Tanta Zifta El Santa Kotoor Basyoun Mohamed Salah Gharbia Governorate Official website
25.
Dakahlia Governorate
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Dakahlia Governorate is an Egyptian governorate lying northeast of Cairo. Its area is approximately 3,500 km² and it has a population of approximately 6,000,000, according to population estimates from 2015, the majority of residents in the governorate live in rural areas, with an urbanization rate of 28. 2%. Out of an estimated 5,949,001 people residing in the governorate,4,271,428 people live in areas as opposed to 1,677,573 in urban areas. The Urology and Nephrology Center of Mansoura University Faculty of Medicine also features a renowned kidney center, under the management of Dr. Mohamed A. Ghoneim
26.
Monufia Governorate
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Monufia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country in the Nile Delta, to the south of Gharbia governorate. The governorate is named after Menouf, an ancient city which was the capital of the governorate until 1826, the current governor is doctor Ashraf Helal. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 3,941,293 people residing in the governorate,3,128,460 people live in areas as opposed to only 812,833 in urban areas. The capital of the Monufia Governorate is the city of Shibin El Kom, the main cities of the governorate are Quesna, Tala, Bagour, Menouf, Ashmoun and Sers El Lyan. It is a mainly an agricultural governorate, other than Shibin El Kom, the governorate had four other administrative divisions which are Quesna, Tala, Menouf and Ashmoun. In 1942, El Shohada became a new division and included parts from Shibin El Kom. In 1947, Bagour was created to encompass regions from Menouf, Ashmoun, Quesna and Shibin El Kom. In 1955, five villages were taken from Tala and redistributed to Tanta. in 1960, Berket El Sabee was established and consisted of towns and villages of Tala, Quesna. In 1975, Sers El Lyan became a city rather than a village after it was separated from Menouf, in 1991, the Sadat City was annexed to Monufia being its only region west of the Rosetta branch. In the final round of the 2012 Egyptian presidential election, Monufia had the highest voter turnout rate of all governorates as well as the most overwhelming support for candidate Ahmed Shafik. The governorate is famous for the production of crops like cotton, maize and wheat as well as crops such as potatoes. Agricultural land is irrigated with water from the Rosetta and Damietta branches of the Nile, agriculture is generally the main activity of the population due to the fertile land in the Nile Delta. Monufia Governorate is particularly known for being the birthplace of two Egyptian presidents, Anwar Sadat, born in Mit Abu El Kom and Hosni Mubarak, born in Kafr El Meselha. In 1981, the Basic Village Service Program, under the auspices of USAID, had water, road. Official Website Arabic Official Website English
27.
Qalyubia Governorate
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Qalyubia Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in Lower Egypt, it is situated north of Cairo in the Nile Delta region, banha and several other settlements blend into the neighboring Cairo Governorate, as a result, parts of Qalyubia are generally considered to form part of the Greater Cairo metropolitan area. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. Out of an estimated 5,105,972 people residing in the governorate,2,825,045 people live in areas as opposed to only 2,280,927 in urban areas. The most important of these crops include maize, cotton, wheat, citrus fruits, bananas, oranges, Qalyubia is also the leading Egyptian governorate in the production of poultry and eggs. In 1981, the Basic Village Service Program had several projects going on in the Qalyubia Governorate. In a program began on August 28,2012, the European Union invested 40 million Euros on upgrading the infrastructure of informal areas in Qalyubia Governorate
28.
Damietta Governorate
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Damietta Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. It is located in the part of the country, and has a population of over 1 million. Its capital is the city of Damietta, Damietta is famous for its guava farms, as well as the palm trees that cover the coast from Ras El Bar in the east to Gamasa in the west. The governorate exports millions of trees to many countries every year, including Greece. Damietta also produces wheat, maize, cotton, rice, potatoes, lemon and it is also famous for its sweet industry, sardine packing, and Domiati cheese. Ras El Bar, one of the oldest summer resorts in Egypt, is located at the point where The Nile meets the Mediterranean Sea. According to population estimates from 2015 the majority of residents in the live in rural areas. The governorates area is 1.029 km² or about 5% of the Deltas area, the inhabited area is about 589.2 km². Its population – according to a 1999 census – was 953,430, the average rate of population growth is 2. 09% per year. The governorate consists of 4 subdivisions,10 cities,35 local village units,59 villages and 722 sub-villages, the subdivisons are Damietta, Faraskur, El Zarqa and Kafr Saad. The governorate includes 7 colleges and institutes,19 professional training centers, the city of Damietta is famous for its skilled carpenters and furniture. Their products are sold in Egypt, and throughout the Middle East, Europe, 80% of the governorates income is related to furniture
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