1.
High-speed rail
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High-speed rail is a type of rail transport that operates significantly faster than traditional rail traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. The first such system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was known as the bullet train. High-speed trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuously welded rail on grade-separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design, only in Europe does HSR cross international borders. China has 22,000 kilometres of HSR as of end December 2016, while high-speed rail is most often designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service. Multiple definitions for high-speed rail are in use worldwide, the European Union Directive 96/48/EC, Annex 1 defines high-speed rail in terms of, Infrastructure, track built specially for high-speed travel or specially upgraded for high-speed travel. Minimum Speed Limit, Minimum speed of 250 km/h on lines built for high speed. This must apply to at least one section of the line, Rolling stock must be able to reach a speed of at least 200 km/h to be considered high speed. Operating conditions, Rolling stock must be designed alongside its infrastructure for complete compatibility, safety and quality of service, category II – Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h. Category III – Existing tracks specially upgraded for high speeds, allowing a maximum running speed of at least 200 km/h, the UIC prefers to use definitions because they consider that there is no single standard definition of high-speed rail, nor even standard usage of the terms. They make use of the European EC Directive 96/48, stating that high speed is a combination of all the elements which constitute the system, infrastructure, rolling stock and operating conditions. The International Union of Railways states that high-speed rail is a set of unique features, many conventionally hauled trains are able to reach 200 km/h in commercial service but are not considered to be high-speed trains. These include the French SNCF Intercités and German DB IC, National domestic standards may vary from the international ones. Railways were the first form of land transportation and had an effective monopoly on passenger traffic until the development of the motor car. Speed had always been an important factor for railroads and they tried to achieve higher speeds. The line used three-phase current at 10 kilovolts and 45 Hz, on 23 October 1903, the S&H-equipped railcar achieved a speed of 206.7 km/h and on 27 October the AEG-equipped railcar achieved 210.2 km/h. These trains demonstrated the feasibility of electric high-speed rail, however, after the breakthrough of electric railroads, it was clearly the infrastructure – especially the cost of it – which hampered the introduction of high-speed rail. Several disasters happened – derailments, head-on collisions on single-track lines, collisions with traffic at grade crossings. The physical laws were well-known, i. e. if the speed was doubled, the radius should be quadrupled
2.
Shenyang
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Shenyangs city region includes the ten metropolitan districts of Shenyang proper, the county-level city of Xinmin, and two counties of Kangping and Faku. In the 17th century, Shenyang was conquered by the Manchu people, along with its nearby cities, Shenyang is an important industrial center in China, and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of Chinas northeast — particularly with Japan, Russia and Korea. A center of industry in China since the 1930s, and the spearhead of the Chinese central governments Northeast Area Revitalization Plan. The citys name, Shenyang, literally means the Yang side of the Shen River, referring to the fact that the Hun River, according to Chinese tradition, a rivers north bank and a mountains south slope are considered to be the sunny – or Yang – side. Archaeological findings show that humans resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 8,000 years ago, the remains of the Xinle culture, a late neolithic period society over 6, 800–7,200 years old, are located in a museum in the north part of Huanggu District. It is complemented by a village on site. A wood-sculptured bird unearthed there is the earliest cultural relic in Shenyang, the city now known as Shenyang was first established in about 300 BCE during the Warring States period by Yan general Qin Kai, who conquered the Liaodong region, and was then named Hou City. However, around 350 years later during the reign of Emperor Guangwu of Han and it came back to prominence during early Liao dynasty and was known as the Shen Prefecture through to the end of Jin dynasty, and became the Shenyang Circuit during the Yuan dynasty. During the Ming dynasty, it was designated as a town named Shenyang Central Guard. In 1625, the Manchu leader Nurhaci captured Shenyang and decided to relocate his entire administrative infrastructures to the city, the official name was changed to Shengjing, or Mukden, in 1634. The new name derives from the Manchu word, mukdembi, meaning to rise as reflected also by its Han Chinese name, under Nurhacis orders, the Imperial Palace was constructed in 1626, symbolizing the citys emerging status as the Jurchen political center. The palace featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as a symbol of power, however, Shenyang retained considerable importance as the secondary capital and the spiritual home of the Qing dynasty through the centuries. Treasures of the house were kept at its palaces. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture was established in the Shenyang area, during the Russo-Japanese War, Mukden was the site of the Battle of Mukden from February 19 to March 10,1905. Involving more than 600,000 combat participants, it was the largest battle since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813, following the Japanese victory, Mukden became one of the chief bases of Japanese presence and economic expansion into southern Manchuria. It also became the government seat of Fengtian province in 1910, in 1914, the city changed back to its old name Shenyang, but continued to be known as Mukden in some English sources and in Japan through much of the first half of 20th century. The postmark of the Chinese postal administration kept the spelling MOUKDEN/奉天 for usage on international mails until the late 1920s, after that, a Chinese–Manchurian bilingual type SHENYANG /瀋陽 datestamp was used until 1933. In the early 20th century, Shenyang began expanding out of its old city walls, the Shenyang Railway Station on the South Manchurian Railway and the Shenyang North Railway Station on the Jingfeng Railway, both west of the old city, became the new commercial centers of Shenyang
3.
Dandong
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Dandong, formerly known as Andong, is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Liaoning province, Peoples Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese border city, facing Sinuiju, North Korea across the Yalu River, to the southwest of the city, the river flows into Korea Bay. Dandong has therefore had a dynamic history because of its location for the northeasts rich natural resources. It is designated as a major production centre for the province. A significant amount of trade with North Korea flows through the city, the size of the administrative city is 14,981.4 square kilometres. As of 2010, the area made of 3 urban districts is 830 square kilometres in size and had 865,576 inhabitants. The administrative city contained approximately 2.45 million inhabitants as of the 2010 census, the Hushan Great Wall, the far eastern end of the Great Wall of China, is located here. Maps and artifacts suggest that the area has settled since the Zhou Dynasty. During the Han Dynasty, the Dandong region was under the jurisdiction of west Anping county. Later on, in the early Tang Dynasty, the Dandong region was under the jurisdiction of Andong Prefecture, in Liao Dynasty, it was under the jurisdictions of the states Xuan, Kai, and Mu. It fell under the jurisdiction of the state of Po-Su in the Jin Dynasty, the state of Po-Sha in the Yuan Dynasty, the area became known as Andong County in 1876. 安東 means pacifying the east, reflecting the power that China had over Korea at the time, after the start of the first Sino-Japanese War in 1894, Andong County was occupied by Japan. During the Manchukuo era, it was the capital of Andong Province and it was opened as a treaty port in 1907. From November 1950 to February 1951, Dandongs Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge was bombed by the United States during the Korean War, even though the Sino–Korean Friendship Bridge was rebuilt, the remains of the Japanese-built iron bridge were left and now serve as a war monument. On 20 January 1965, the city adopted its present name of Dandong, which means red east, to avoid the connotations of its previous name, in 2001, Dandong was granted the Best Tourism City award by the National Tourism Administration. Four years later, the same administration granted it the award of National Clean City, Dandong is located on the western border of North Korea and the northwest shore of the Yalu River, facing Sinuiju to the southeast. It is situated on the southeast corner of the Liaodong Peninsula, near the mouth of the Yalu River, which empties into the Korea Bay, there are 120 kilometres of coastline and islands include Dalu Island and Xiaomai Island. Dandong City ranges in latitude from 39°43 to 41°09 N and in longitude from 123°22 to 125°41 E, bordering prefectures are Dalian, Anshan, Liaoyang, and Benxi
4.
Liaoning
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Liaoning is a province of China, located in the northeast of the country. The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian or Fengtien province and it was also known as Mukden province at the time, for the Manchu pronunciation of Shengjing, the former name of the provincial capital Shenyang. Under the Japanese-puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945, Liaoning is the southernmost part of Manchuria, the Chinese Northeast. The Yalu River marks its border with North Korea, emptying into the Korea Bay between Dandong in Liaoning and Sinuiju in North Korea, the characters forming the provinces modern Chinese name are 辽 and 宁. They are the forms of the traditional characters 遼 and 寧. The first character literally means far, distant but is actually a reference to the Liao River which flows through the territory. The second literally means peace, calm but in such Chinese place names actually has the sense of pacified, made peaceful, here in reference to the turbulent situation of Manchuria in the late 1920s. In both English and Chinese, however, it is most common to gloss the name as the more literal Peace on the Liao, the provinces one-character abbreviation in Chinese is 辽. Liaoning is located in the part of Northeast China. In the past, it formed part of Korean kingdoms as Gojoseon, Goguryeo, and Balhae, as well as Chinese polities such as the Yan State and it was also inhabited by non-Han peoples such as Xiongnu, Donghu, Xianbei. In addition, the Khitan, Jurchen, Mongol Empire and Northern Yuan ruled Liaoning, the Ming Empire took control of Liaoning in 1371, just three years after the expulsion of the Mongols from Beijing. Around 1442, a wall was constructed to defend the agricultural heartland of the province from a potential threat from the Jurchen-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest. Between 1467 and 1468, the wall was expanded to protect the region from the northeast as well, although similar in purpose to the Great Wall of China, this Liaodong Wall was of a lower-cost design. While stones and tiles were used in parts, most of the wall was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides. Despite the Liaodong Wall, the Manchus conquered Liaodong, or eastern Liaoning, in the early 17th century, decades before the rest of China fell to them. The Manchu dynasty, styled Later Jin, established its capital in 1616–1621 in Xingjing and it was moved to Dongjing, and finally in 1625 to Shengjing. Although the main Qing capital was moved from Shengjing to Beijing after it fell to the Qing in 1644, in the Governors words, Tieling and Fushun only have a few vagrants. West of the Liaohe, only Ningyuan, Jinzhou, and Guangning had any significant populations remaining, in the latter half of the seventeenth century, the imperial Qing government recruited migrants from south of the Great Wall to settle the relatively sparsely populated area of Fengtian Province
5.
China Railway High-speed
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China Railway High-speed is the high-speed rail service operated by China Railway. Hexie Hao is the designation for rolling stock operated for this service, All trains had been marked CRH, before being changed shortly afterwards to the Chinese characters 和谐号 on the centre of the head vehicles and the side of the walls of other vehicles. The introduction of CRH was a part of the sixth national railway speedup. All high-speed trains in use in China are named CRH. CRH1/2A/2B/2E/5 are expected to have a speed of 250 km/h. The new trainsets CRH380A have a maximum test speed of 416.6 km/h, the fastest trainset, CRH380BL, attained a maximum test speed of 487.3 km/h 302.8 mph). High-speed rail services were first introduced in 2007 operating with CRH rolling stock and those run on existing lines that have been upgraded to speeds of up to 250 km/h and on newer dedicated high-speed track rated up to 350 km/h. China Railway High-speed runs different electric multiple unit trainsets, the designs for which are imported from other nations and designated CRH-1 through CRH-5 and CRH380A, CRH380B, CRH trainsets are intended to provide fast and convenient travel between cities. Some of the trainsets are manufactured locally through technology transfer, a key requirement for China, the signalling, track and support structures, control software, and station design are developed domestically with foreign elements as well, so the system as a whole is predominantly Chinese. China currently holds many new patents related to the components of these trains. However, these patents are valid within China, and as such hold no international power. An order for 60 8-car sets had been placed in 2004, with the first few built in Japan and it is designed to have two versions, one with a top operating speed of 220 km/h, the other with a top operating speed of 160 km/h. They will be used on 200 km/h or 250 km/h Inter-city High Speed Rail lines, planned to service by 2011 CRH380A. CRH3C and CRH2C designs have an MOR of 300 km/h, and can reach up to 350 km/h, however, in practical terms, issues such as maintenance costs, comfort, and safety make the maximum speed of more than 380 km/h impractical and remain limiting factors. Based on data published by Sinolink Securities, some changes were made according to the most recent news. ^1 All CRH380B and CRH380C units to be delivered before 2012, ^2 All CRH380D units to be delivered before 2014. Before the introduction of technology, China conducted independent attempts to domestically develop high-speed rail technology. Some notable results included the China Star, but domestic Chinese companies lacked the technology and expertise of foreign companies, if using only their own resources and expertise, the country might need a decade or longer to catch up with developed nations
6.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
7.
Beijing railway station
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Beijing Railway Station, or simply Beijing Station, is a passenger railway station in Dongcheng District, Beijing. The Beijing Railway Station opened in 1959 and was the largest train station in China at the time, though superseded by the larger Beijing West and Beijing South Stations, this station remains the only one located inside the old walled city. Trains entering and leaving the station pass by the Dongbianmen corner tower, with gilded eaves and soaring clock towers, the architecture of the railway blends traditional Chinese and socialist realist influence. Some international lines, also depart from this station, the Beijing Subways first line used to terminate at Beijing Railway Station from 1969 to 1981. The subway station is now a stop on Line 2, more than 30 Beijing bus and Beijing trolleybus routes stop at or near the railway station. In late October 1958, according to the early 1950 Beijing municipal governments construction and planning records, the stations design progressed rapidly and by early December the same year, the whole design proposal was completed. On December 10, the proposal was approved by the Central Committee. In determining the design proposal, Zhou Enlai proposed that turrets be built on each of the two wings of the main building and this suggestion was adopted.82 million yuan. Soviet Union experts were hired to give technical guidance at the construction sites. In just over seven months, the project was completed on September 10,1959, chairman Mao Zedong wrote the calligraphic characters in the station sign. The Beijing Railway Station was one of the largest construction projects in mainland China during that time modern facilities. At the time of completion, the station has a twelve tracks, installed on the roof of the Station House were two marble clock faces and every morning from 7am to 9pm the bell sounded punctually and The East Is Red song is played out. The four sets of escalators were replaced during the 1980 and again during 1990, in 1988, the Shanghai Electric Clock Factory installed Chinas first large screen display system in the Beijing Railway Station Square. Since June 18,2003, the Beijing Railway Station began an expansion of two new sites, comprising an area of 20,513 square meters and includes a large parcel luggage line. Renovations included the removal of the canopy, alterations to the steel arch station pole. Beijing Subway, Line 2 stops at the Beijing Railway Station, bus route numbers in bold denotes bus terminus. South Korea, Seoul Station Japan, Tokyo Station Ueno Station Official site Beijing Train Schedule
8.
Benxi
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Benxi is a prefecture-level city located in the east of Liaoning province, Peoples Republic of China, south-southeast of the provincial capital Shenyang. Its population was 1,709,538 at the 2010 census whom 1,011,377 lived in the area made of 3 urban districts. It was founded as a center in 1915. Benxi Iron and Steel Company is the largest employer in the city, the second-largest industry in Benxi is coal mining. Benxi has pollution problems due to production and coal mining. During the disaster of Air France flight AF447, Benxi Iron and Steel Company lost 5 employees, including the executive Chen Chiping who was the wife of Liaonings provincial governor. As early as 400,000 years ago, there were living in Benxi prefecture. The worst coal mining disaster in the world took place on April 26,1942 in Benxihu Colliery, a coal-dust explosion killed 1,549 miners working that day，making it the worst disaster in the history of coal mining and the second worst recorded industrial accident. The explosion sent flames bursting out of the shaft entrance. Miners relatives rushed to the site but were denied entry by a cordon of Japanese guards who erected electric fences to keep them out, in an attempt to curtail the fire underground, the Japanese shut off the ventilation and sealed the pit head. Witnesses say that the Japanese did not evacuate the pit fully before sealing it, Benxi contains 4 districts and 2 autonomous counties for the Manchu nation, Within these there are 25 counties,40 villages and towns,229 communities and 289 village committees. Benxi is located within latitude 40° 49–41°35 N and longitude 123° 34–125°46 E, and has a total area of 8,411.31 square kilometres. To the east is Jilin City, to the south is Dandong, to the southwest is Anshan, to the west is Liaoyang, to the northwest is Shenyang, the area has many mountains as well as great forest coverage. The four seasons here are distinctive, nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −11.5 °C in January to 24.0 °C in July, with monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 38% in July to 63% in February, the city receives 2,325 hours of bright sunshine annually. Benxis economy grew 10% in 2012 to a regional GDP of 111.24 billion CNY, ranked eighth out of fourteen prefecture level cities in Liaoning, the citys GDP accounted for approximately 4% of provincial total. Urban per-capita disposable income was 22,466 CNY, and consumption per capita 16,064 CNY, with 46 large and medium-sized enterprises in Benxi, main industrial products are raw iron, steel, finished steel, cement and raw coal. According to the type of ownership,63,000 were employed in private companies
9.
Urban rail transit in China
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Urban rail transit in the Peoples Republic of China encompasses a broad range of urban and suburban electric passenger rail mass transit systems including subway, light rail, tram and maglev. Some classifications also include non-rail bus rapid transport, several Chinese cities had urban electric tramways in the early 20th century, which were dismantled in the 1950s-1970s. Nanjing had a railway from 1907 to 1958. The first subway in China was built in Beijing in 1969, the Tianjin Metro followed in 1984. Since 2000, the growth of transit systems in Chinese cities has accelerated. The Shanghai Metro despite being the worlds longest only started operating in 1993, from 2009 to 2015, China built 87 mass transit rail lines, totaling 3100 km, in 25 cities at the cost of ¥988.6 billion. Today China boasts both the worlds longest and second longest metro systems, out of the top 10 busiest metro systems in the world 4 of them are in China. As of early 2016, China has 3195.6 km of subway lines, hong Kongs MTR Corporation has investment, consulting and management stakes in the rapid transit systems of several mainland Chinese cities. As of January 2016,26 Chinese cities have metro systems and 39 more have metro systems approved according to the National Development, China plans to spend 4.7 trillion yuan on transport infrastructure in the next 3 years. The Chinese government published a transport whitepaper titled Development of Chinas Transport as part of its 13th Five Year Plan, the plan envisions a more sustainable transport system with priority focused on high-capacity public transit particularly urban rail transit and bus rapid transit. All cities with over 3 million residents will start or continue developing urban rail networks, regional railway networks will internally connect and integrate urban agglomerations such as the Jingjinji, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas. BRT systems with light blue background are not yet operational but under construction or proposed. org China Bus Rapid Transit Network
10.
Sohu
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Sohu, Inc. is a Chinese Internet company headquartered in the Sohu Internet Plaza in Haidian District, Beijing. This company and its subsidiaries offer advertising, an engine, on-line multiplayer gaming. For the fiscal year ended December 31,2007, Sohu Inc. s revenues increased 41% to $188. 9M, net income increased 31% to $35M. Sohu was ranked as the worlds third- and twelfth-fastest growing company by Fortune in 2009 and 2010, as of August 2011, Sohu is the 44th overall in Alexas internet rankings. On February 8,2005, the company reported a drop in net income to $6.5 million. On December 23,2005, the company was to operate an online TV station to provide point-to-point video services in 2006, on April 9,2007, Googles spokesman Cui Jin has admitted that the pinyin Google IME was built leveraging some non-Google database resources. In November 2005, Sohu was selected to be the Official Internet Content Service Sponsor of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, Sohu was provided exclusive services to construct, operate and host the official Beijing Olympics website. Sohu has been listed on NASDAQ since 2000, on 7 March 2013, reports surfaced that the company wanted to go private. However, Carol Yu, the Chief Financial Officer, of Sohu denied the rumor, sohu’s Sogou. com search engine was in talks to be sold in July 2013 to Qihoo for around $1.4 billion. On September 17,2013, it was announced that Tencent has invested $448 million for a minority share in Chinese search engine Sogou. com, Sohu Home page Sohu English, a portal for English learners
CR S-train
Metro
Shenyang Metro
Dalian Metro
Shenyang Trams
CR intercity railways