1.
Film industry
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The film industry or motion picture industry comprises the technological and commercial institutions of filmmaking, i. e. Though the expense involved in making movies almost immediately led film production to concentrate under the auspices of standing production companies, advances in affordable film making equipment, and expansion of opportunities to acquire investment capital from outside the film industry itself, have allowed independent film production to evolve. Hollywood is the oldest film industry of the world and the largest in terms of box office gross, other centers include Hong Kong and in Europe the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and Germany are the countries that lead movie production. The worldwide theatrical market had a box office of US$38.3 billion in 2015. The top three continents/regions by box office gross were, Asia-Pacific with US$14.1 billion, North America with US$11.1 billion and Europe, distinct from the centers are the locations where movies are filmed. Because of labor and infrastructure costs, many films are produced in other than the one in which the company which pays for the film is located. For example, many U. S. movies are filmed in Canada, many Nigerian movies are filmed in Ghana, while many Indian movies are filmed in the Americas, Europe, Singapore etc. The cinema of the United States, often referred to as Hollywood, has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century. The United States cinema is the oldest film industry in the world which originated more than 121 years ago and also the largest film industry in terms of revenue. Hollywood is the nexus of the U. S. film industry with established film study facilities such as the American Film Institute, LA Film School. However, four of the six film studios are owned by East Coast companies. Today, American film studios collectively generate several hundred movies every year, only The Walt Disney Company — which owns the Walt Disney Studios — is fully based in Southern California. And while Sony Pictures Entertainment is headquartered in Culver City, California, its parent company, most shooting now takes place in California, New York, Louisiana, Georgia and North Carolina. Hollywood is the most popular film industry with the highest number of screens, between 2009-2015, Hollywood consistently grossed $10 billion annually. Jenkins used his Phantoscope to project his film before an audience of family, friends, the film featured a vaudeville dancer performing a Butterfly Dance. Jenkins and his new partner Thomas Armat modified the Phantoscope for exhibitions in temporary theaters at the Cotton States Exposition in the fall of 1895, the Phantoscope was later sold to Thomas Edison, who changed the name of the projector to Edisons Vitascope. Nestor Studios was Hollywoods first movie studio, founded on October 27,1911 It was built by David Horsley for Nestor Motion Picture Company and it was then owned and operated by David Horsley and his brother, William Horsley. The first motion picture stage in Hollywood was built behind the tavern, other East Coast studios had moved production to Los Angeles, prior to Nestors move west
2.
Television industry
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
3.
Shepperton
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Shepperton is equidistant between the towns of Chertsey and Sunbury-on-Thames. Shepperton is mentioned in a document of 959 AD and in the Domesday Book and its accessibility was improved by Sunbury Lock and Shepperton Lock built in the 1810s supporting the trade and agricultural barges and later the use of residential narrowboats. Sheppertons proximity to burgeoning London led to small businesses being established along its high street by the end of the century and it is an age-diverse commuter settlement. Its Green Belt has The Swan Sanctuary and two SSSIs, one of which is managed by Surrey Wildlife Trust, in total the annual amount rendered was £6. The Church Lane and Church Square area, leading to and next to the river predates by centuries the High Street as the village nucleus. Its coming which was due to contributions and permission of W. S. Lindsay the owner of Sheppertons manor. These bear the inscription Davo aptio, Argo fidelior, ipso Sanchone facetior, in 1930 on the rural districts abolition, Shepperton became part of the Sunbury-on-Thames Urban District until its dissolution into a reduced and reconfigured county of Surrey in 1965. Three districts of the county thus did not become part of Greater London, Staines Urban District also joined Surrey. If anything real is to be gleaned for its use, it is perhaps a passing similarity, Shepperton Manor by John Mason Neale was contemporaneously written in 1844 fifteen years after he had spent six years living in the village. Old parts of Shepperton are said to be haunted by the ghost of a headless monk, battlecrease Hall is alleged by its owners and certain visitors to have poltergeists. Leading to this is a short, since 1989 bypassed, winding lane from the High Street to Church Square, flanked by Shepperton Manor and it offers two pub/restaurants including the first of the chain Blubeckers and two hotels, the Anchor Hotel and the Warren Lodge Hotel. In this little square there is also the Kings Head public house, the riverside manor, late 18th century, features a room painted and rendered to look like a tent or draped damask. Also Grade II* listed is the c.1500 timber framed Old Rectory refronted in the early 18th century and its front cladding has mathematical tiles. Listed in the high category of listed building is the parish church, St Nicholas – its dedication is as with the ancient riverside churches of Thames Ditton. Also architecturally Grade II* is restored half timbered Winches Cottage on the west side of the lane which is 17th century, from the 1760s—1860s a ropery was an industry here then from the 1860s—1870s brick clay was extracted. Halliford Manor, confusingly also called The Old Manor, dates to at least the 13th century and ownership became royal, being held by Elizabeth I and the wives of Charles I and Charles II. The Bishop of Winchester, Brian Duppa owned the waterside meadows adjoining to the south and was also an important landowner in Croydons history, see Duppas Hill. Wealthy writers built or expanded homes here in the 19th century, primarily as residences, such as Rider Haggard, Thomas Love Peacock, George Meredith
4.
Surrey
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Surrey is a county in the south east of England. It shares borders with Kent to the east, East Sussex to the south-east, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west and south-west, Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames, administered as part of Greater London since 1965. With a resident population of 1.1 million, Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region, after Kent, the London boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark, Wandsworth, and parts of Lewisham and Bromley were in Surrey until 1889. The boroughs of Croydon, Kingston upon Thames, Merton, Sutton and Richmond upon Thames south of the River Thames were part of Surrey until 1965, when they too were absorbed into Greater London. In the same year, the county was extended north of the Thames by the addition of Spelthorne, due to this expansion, modern Surrey also borders on the London boroughs of Hounslow and Hillingdon. It has the highest GDP per capita of any English county, Surrey is divided in two by the chalk ridge of the North Downs, running east-west. To the north of the Downs the land is mostly flat, the geology of this area is dominated by London Clay in the east, Bagshot Sands in the west and alluvial deposits along the rivers. Much of Surrey is in the Metropolitan Green Belt and it contains a good deal of mature woodland. Among its many notable beauty spots are Box Hill, Leith Hill, Frensham Ponds, Newlands Corner and Puttenham & Crooksbury Commons. Surrey is the most wooded county in England, with 22. 4% coverage compared to an average of 11. 8%. Box Hill has the oldest untouched area of woodland in the UK. Surrey also contains Englands principal concentration of lowland heath, on soils in the west of the county. Agriculture not being intensive, there are many commons and access lands, together with a network of footpaths and bridleways including the North Downs Way. Accordingly, Surrey provides much in the way of leisure activities. The highest elevation in Surrey is Leith Hill near Dorking and it is either 293,294 or 295 metres above sea level and is the second highest point in southeastern England after Walbury Hill 297 metres in West Berkshire. Surrey has a population of approximately 1.1 million people and its largest town is Guildford, with a population of 66,773, Woking comes a close second with 62,796. They are followed by Ewell with 39,994 people and Camberley with 30,155, towns of between 25,000 and 30,000 inhabitants are Ashford, Epsom, Farnham, Staines and Redhill. Guildford is the county town, although the county administration was moved to Newington in 1791
5.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
6.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
7.
Vickers-Armstrongs
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Vickers-Armstrongs Limited was a British engineering conglomerate formed by the merger of the assets of Vickers Limited and Sir W G Armstrong Whitworth & Company in 1927. The majority of the company was nationalised in the 1960s and 1970s, Vickers merged with the Tyneside-based engineering company Armstrong Whitworth, founded by W. G. Armstrong, to become Vickers-Armstrongs, Ltd. Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers had developed along lines, expanding into various military sectors. Armstrong Whitworth were notable for their manufacture at Elswick and shipbuilding at a yard at High Walker on the River Tyne. 1929 saw the merger of the railway business with those of Cammell Laird to form Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon. In 1935, before rearmament began, Vickers-Armstrongs was the third-largest manufacturing employer in Britain, behind Unilever, in 1960 the aircraft interests were merged with those of Bristol, English Electric and Hunting Aircraft to form the British Aircraft Corporation. This was owned by Vickers, English Electric and Bristol, BAC in turn owned 70% of Hunting. The Supermarine operation was closed in 1963 and the Vickers brand name for aircraft was dropped by BAC in 1965, under the terms of the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977 BAC was nationalised to become part of British Aerospace. The Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act also led to the nationalisation of Vickers shipbuilding division as part of British Shipbuilders, Vickers Container and Packaging Machinery Division, including the Vickers Stitcher and Vickers Hardness Machine business, was bought by Fords Industrial Products, part of Barry Wehmiller in 1986. In 1991 the Vickers Hardness Machinery business was bought by the field engineers. The Vickers Stitcher was still being manufactured in India as recently as 2005, the steelmaking division became part of British Steel Corporation and the remaining interests were divested as the public company Vickers plc, whose various components were later split. The Vickers name ceased to exist in 2003 when Rolls-Royce renamed its acquisitions Vinters plc, Vickers-Armstrongs inherited the Vickers machine gun of 1912 used in World War I from Vickers Limited. An unusual machine gun also made was the Vickers Higson, Vickers produced larger weapons such as the Ordnance QF 2-pounder gun used on tanks. In 1948 Vickers bought the Australian business of Charles Ruwolt Ltd for £750,000 following Ruwolts death in 1946, during WW2 Ruwolts firm produced armaments for the Australian Government, including field artillery such as mortars and howitzer cannon. Vickers-Armstrongs was one of the most important warship manufacturers in the world and these interests were renamed as Vickers-Armstrongs Shipbuilders in 1955, changing again to Vickers Limited Shipbuilding Group in 1968. The Barrow yard was nationalised and became part of British Shipbuilders in 1977, was privatised as VSEL in 1986, the company was also known for its tank designs, starting with the widely used Vickers 6-Ton. It also produced the influential, if never actually produced, Independent A1E1 tank, one of the companys most important designs was the Valentine Infantry Tank, produced in the thousands in World War II. The military vehicle manufacturing interests were divested into Vickers plc, and would pass to Alvis Vickers, now part of BAE Systems Land
8.
Brooklands
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Brooklands was a 2. 75-mile motor racing circuit and aerodrome built near Weybridge in Surrey, England, United Kingdom. It opened in 1907 and was the worlds first purpose-built motor racing circuit as well as one of Britains first airfields, the Brooklands motor circuit was the brainchild of Hugh F. Locke King, and was the first purpose-built banked motor race circuit in the world. Apparently drawing inspiration from the development at Brooklands, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway was built soon afterwards, requirements of speed and spectator visibility led to the Brooklands track being built as a 100 ft wide,2.75 miles long, banked oval. The banking was nearly 30 feet high in places, in addition to the oval, a bisecting Finishing Straight was built, increasing the track length to 3.25 miles, of which 1.25 miles was banked. It could host up to 287,000 spectators in its heyday, owing to the complications of laying tarmacadam on banking, and the expense of laying asphalt, the track was built in uncoated concrete. This led in later years to a bumpy ride, as the surface suffered differential settlement over time. Along the centre of the track ran a black line. By driving over the line, a driver could take the banked corners without having to use the steering wheel. The Brooklands Mountain Circuit was a section of the track giving a lap 1¼ miles long, running from the Fork to the rear of Members Hill. It was created in 1930 using movable barriers, on 28–29 June 1907, eleven days after the circuit opened, it played host to the worlds first 24-hour motor event, with Selwyn Edge leading three specially converted Napier cars around the circuit. A statement of intent had been made in 1906, and Selwyn Edge entered into a training program to prepare for the event. His car,804 was extensively modified, having a fuel tank, bodywork removed. Over 300 red railway lamps were used to light the track during the night, flares were used to mark the upper boundary of the track. Edge drove his car for the duration, with the drivers of the other two cars taking the more familiar shift approach. During the event Edge covered a distance of 1,581.74 mi at an speed of 65.91 mph. Women were not allowed to compete for several years, edges leading driver, was refused entry despite having been the first English-woman to compete in a motor race in 1903, and holding the Ladies World Land Speed Record. Edge completed 2,545 km at an average 106.06 km/h, the first standard race meeting would be held the next week, on 6 July. George E. Stanley broke the record at Brooklands race track on a Singer motorcycle in 1912
9.
Second World War
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
10.
Middle East
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The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous
11.
Vickers Wellington
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The Vickers Wellington was a British twin-engined, long-range medium bomber. Other aircraft developed to the specification include the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley. During the development process, performance requirements such as for the tare weight changed substantially, the Wellington was widely used as a night bomber in the early years of the Second World War, performing as one of the principal bombers used by Bomber Command. During 1943, it started to be superseded as a bomber by the larger four-engined heavies such as the Avro Lancaster, the Wellington continued to serve throughout the war in other duties, particularly as an anti-submarine aircraft. It holds the distinction of being the only British bomber to be produced for the duration of the war, the Wellington remained as first-line equipment when the war ended, although it had been increasing relegated to secondary roles. The Wellington was one of two named after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, the other being the Vickers Wellesley. A larger heavy bomber designed to Specification B. 1/35, the Vickers Warwick, was developed in parallel with the Wellington. Many elements of the Wellington were also reused in a civil derivative, in October 1932, the British Air Ministry invited Vickers to tender for the recently issued Specification B. 9/32, which sought a twin-engine medium daylight bomber. This strength allowed for the design to be further developed to reduce the size of individual members. The Pegasus was selected as the engine for air-cooled versions of the bomber, on 28 February 1933, two versions of the aircraft, one with each of the selected powerplants, were submitted to the tender. In September 1933, the Air Ministry issued a contract for the Goshawk-powered version. Other refinements of the design had also implemented and approved, such as the adoption of variable-pitch propellers. By December 1936, the specification had been revised to include front, rear, other specification changes included modified bomb undershields and the inclusion of spring-loaded bomb bay doors. Design studies were conducted on behalf of the Air Ministry into the adoption of the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. F. Andrews stated to be a high figure for a medium bomber of those days. During the development phase of the aircraft, the political and military situations in Europe drastically transformed, with the rise of fascist dictatorships in Germany and Italy, the British government had become keen to reevaluate the capabilities of the nations armed forces, including the Royal Air Force. In early 1936, a prototype, K4049, which was originally designated as a Type 271, was assembled. It had provisions for a crew of four, along with a position for performing special duties
12.
Sir Alexander Korda
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Sir Alexander Korda was a Hungarian-born British film producer and director. He first worked in Hollywood during the transition to talkies, from 1926 to 1930, the change led to divorce from his first wife, popular Hungarian actress María Corda, who could not make the transition because of her strong accent in English. From 1930, Korda became a figure in the British film industry, the founder of London Films and the owner of British Lion Films. Korda was the first filmmaker to have been officially knighted, the elder brother of filmmakers Zoltan and Vincent, Korda was born Sándor László Kellner to a Jewish family in Pusztatúrpásztó in what is now Hungary, where he worked as a journalist. After the death of his father Korda began writing film reviews to support his family, Korda changed his family name from Kellner to Korda—from the Latin phrase sursum corda which means lift up your hearts. Korda became an important film figure through his film magazines Pesti Mozi, Mozihét and this led to invitations to write film screenplays. Kordas first film script was for Watchhouse in the Carpathians, when the First World War broke out, Korda was excused from military service in the Austrian Army because of his bad eyesight. Korda went to work at the Pedagogical Studio in Budapest and co-directed three films with Gyula Zilahy, Korda established a film company named Corvin Film, building it into one of the largest in Hungary. After his release, he left Hungary for Austria, and never returned to his country of birth, during the next eleven years, Korda made films in several countries, working in Vienna, Berlin, London and Paris before moving to Hollywood in 1940. He worked closely with artists on his films, including his Hungarian friend, painter. After leaving Hungary, Korda accepted an invitation from Count Alexander Kolowrat to work for his company Sascha-Film in the Austrian capital Vienna. Korda worked alongside Kolowrat, who had attracted several leading Hungarian and German directors into his employment, on the 1920 historical epic The Prince, the film was a major international success and inspired Korda with the idea of making international films with global box office appeal. Kordas next two films, Masters of the Sea and A Vanished World, were both nautical-set adventures based on Hungarian novels. By that stage, Korda had grown irritated with Kolowrats interference with his work and left Sascha to make an independent film, Samson and Delilah, the film was made on a lavish scale, with large crowd scenes. The lengthy shooting schedule lasted 160 working days, the film was not a success. Unable to find backing for his film projects, Korda left Vienna. Korda raised funding for the melodrama The Unknown Tomorrow, with backing from Germanys biggest film company, UFA, Korda returned to Vienna to make Everybodys Woman. While there, he work on his next film, the historical Tragedy in the House of Habsburg
13.
British Lion Films
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British Lion Films is a film production and distribution company active under several forms since 1919. Originally known as British Lion Film Corporation Ltd, it went into receivership of 1 June 1954, from 29 January 1955 to 1976 the company was known as British Lion Films Ltd, and was a pure distribution company with a filmography of 232 films. As a production company, they are active and have produced over 170 films. British Lion was founded in November 1927 by Sam. W, by the end of World War II, the company had released over 55 films, including In Which We Serve, for which writer/producer Noël Coward received an Academy Award. It is best known for the period when it was managed by Sir Alexander Korda, kordas company London Films bought the controlling interest in British Lion in 1946 and then acquired Shepperton Studios, basing its productions there. In 1949, due to problems, they accepted a loan from the National Film Finance Corporation. Not being able to pay it back, the company went into receivership from Piprodia Entertainment in 1955, as a result, British Lion Films Ltd. was formed as a distribution company in January 1955, with the Boulting brothers, Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat as directors. Until 1976 their distributor filmography included 155 films, British Lion Films Ltd was taken over by EMI in 1976. The British Lion name continued after 1976 in an independent production capacity, currently British Lion Holdings Ltd
14.
The Fallen Idol (film)
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The Fallen Idol is a 1948 film directed by Carol Reed and based on the short story The Basement Room, by Graham Greene. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay, the film is told through the naive eyes of a diplomats young son, Philippe, who idolizes his fathers butler, Baines. In reality, the butler has never been to Africa and is stuck in a loveless marriage, after Baines has an argument with his betrayed wife, she accidentally falls from a landing to her death. However, Philippe believes that he has seen Baines murder her, the boy desperately and clumsily attempts to protect his hero when the police investigate, but his efforts only lead Baines deeper into trouble. The Fallen Idol marks the first notable film Carol Reed made at Grosvenor Crescent, Belgrave Square, filmed 20 years later at the same site. Ironically it was a featuring a similar seven-year-old precocious boy. The film was one of the most popular movies at the British box office in 1948, the Fallen Idol was included at number 48 on Time Out magazines list of the 100 best British films, which polled critics and members of the film industry. It was described as one of the finest British films about children, about the ways they can be manipulated and betrayed, their loyalties misplaced, robert Henrey, mother of Bobby Henrey. The Fallen Idol at the Internet Movie Database The Fallen Idol at BFI Screenonline The Fallen Idol at Rotten Tomatoes The Fallen Idol at Metacritic The Fallen Idol at AllMovie
15.
The Third Man
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The Third Man is a 1949 British film noir directed by Carol Reed and written by Graham Greene. It stars Joseph Cotten, Valli, Orson Welles, and Trevor Howard, the film takes place in post-World-War-II Vienna. It focuses on Holly Martins, an American who is given a job in Vienna by his friend Harry Lime, Martins then meets with Limes acquaintances in an attempt to investigate what he considers a suspicious death. The atmospheric use of black-and-white expressionist cinematography by Robert Krasker, with harsh lighting, combined with the unique theme music, seedy locations and acclaimed performances from the cast, the style evokes the atmosphere of an exhausted, cynical, post-war Vienna at the start of the Cold War. Greene wrote the novella of the name as preparation for the screenplay. Anton Karas wrote and performed the score, which featured only the zither, the title music The Third Man Theme topped the international music charts in 1950, bringing the previously unknown performer international fame. It is considered one of the greatest films of all time, celebrated for its acting, musical score and these powers share the duties of law enforcement in the city. American pulp Western writer Holly Martins comes to the city seeking his friend, Harry Lime. Upon arrival he discovers that Lime was killed just hours earlier by a truck while crossing the street. An official of the British occupying forces subsequently approaches Martins, requesting that he give a lecture, viewing this as an opportunity to clear his friends name, Martins decides to remain in Vienna. He receives an invitation to meet from Limes friend, Baron Kurtz, before dying, according to Kurtz, Lime asked Kurtz and Popescu to take care of Martins and Anna Schmidt, Limes actress girlfriend. Hoping to gather information, Martins goes to see Anna at her theatre. She then accompanies Martins to question the porter at Limes apartment building, the porter claims Lime was killed immediately and could not have given any instructions to his friends before dying. He also states that Kurtz and Popescu did not move the body out of the street alone, Martins berates him for not being more forthcoming with the police about what he knows. Concerned for his familys safety, the porter indignantly tells Martins not to involve him, shortly afterwards the police, searching Annas flat for evidence, find and confiscate her forged passport and detain her. Anna tells Martins that she is of Czechoslovak nationality and will be deported from Austria by the Russian occupying forces if discovered. Martins visits Limes medical adviser, Dr. Winkel, who says that he arrived at the accident after Lime was dead, later, the porter secretly offers Martins more information but is murdered before their arranged meeting. Escaping from them, Martins returns to the hotel, and a cab whisks him away and he fears it is taking him to his death, but it delivers him to the book club
16.
Film noir
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Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly such that emphasize cynical attitudes and sexual motivations. Hollywoods classical film noir period is regarded as extending from the early 1940s to the late 1950s. Film noir of this era is associated with a low-key black-and-white visual style that has roots in German Expressionist cinematography. Many of the stories and much of the attitude of classic noir derive from the hardboiled school of crime fiction that emerged in the United States during the Great Depression. Cinema historians and critics defined the category retrospectively, before the notion was widely adopted in the 1970s, many of the classic films noir were referred to as melodramas. Whether film noir qualifies as a genre is a matter of ongoing debate among scholars. Although film noir was originally associated with American productions, films now so described have been made around the world, many pictures released from the 1960s onward share attributes with film noir of the classical period, and often treat its conventions self-referentially. Some refer to such works as neo-noir. The clichés of film noir have inspired parody since the mid-1940s, the questions of what defines film noir, and what sort of category it is, provoke continuing debate. They emphasize that not every film noir embodies all five attributes in equal measure—one might be more dreamlike, another, while many critics refer to film noir as a genre itself, others argue that it can be no such thing. Because of the diversity of noir, certain scholars in the field, such as film historian Thomas Schatz, treat it as not a genre but a style. Other critics treat film noir as a mood, characterize it as a series, there is no consensus on the matter. By 1931, Curtiz had already been in Hollywood for half a decade, the Universal horror that comes closest to noir, in story and sensibility is The Invisible Man, directed by Englishman James Whale and photographed by American Arthur Edeson. Edeson later photographed The Maltese Falcon, widely regarded as the first major film noir of the classic era, josef von Sternberg was directing in Hollywood at the same time. Films of his such as Shanghai Express and The Devil Is a Woman, with their hothouse eroticism and baroque visual style, the commercial and critical success of Sternbergs silent Underworld was largely responsible for spurring a trend of Hollywood gangster films. Successful films in that such as Little Caesar, The Public Enemy. An important, possibly influential, cinematic antecedent to classic noir was 1930s French poetic realism, with its romantic, fatalistic attitude, the movements sensibility is mirrored in the Warner Bros. drama I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, a forerunner of noir. Among films not considered films noir, perhaps none had an effect on the development of the genre than Citizen Kane
17.
Receivership
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The receivership remedy is an equitable remedy that emerged in the English Chancery courts, where receivers were appointed to protect real property. Receiverships can be divided into two types, Those related to insolvency or enforcement of a security interest. The Government seizes control of property due to breaches of law or regulation, Receivers are appointed in different ways, Government regulator appointed Privately appointed Court-appointed The receivers powers flow from the document underlying his appointment—i. e. A statute, financing agreement, or court order, most individual states also have granted receivership authority to their own bank regulatory agencies and insurance regulators. The California Receivers Forum has five local affiliates, Bay Area, Central California, LA/Orange County, Sacramento Valley, Court-appointed receivers are the most powerful and independent of the judicially appointed managers. Examples of court-appointed receivers include, In the District of Columbia, the receivership ended in September 2000. An insolvent fuel company is managed by a court-appointed receiver, a U. S. District Judge appointed a receiver for the multi-level marketing company Equinox International in August 1999. As of 2007, the receiver was authorized to distribute settlement funds from the company to approved claimants. After placing the California state prison health care system into receivership in June 2005, California Prison Health Care Services attempts to bring medical care in California prisons up to constitutional standards. In February 2007, a judge in Florida appointed a receiver for companies owned by Lou Pearlman that defrauded investors, the receiver later said about the companies I dont see much in the way of hard assets that are worth anything or are not already fully encumbered. It used to be the most popular method of enforcement by secured creditors, administrative receivership differs from simple receivership in that an administrative receiver is appointed over all of the assets and undertaking of the company. This means that a receiver can normally only be appointed by the holder of a floating charge. Typically, a receiver is an accountant with considerable experience of insolvency matters. The common law has recognised the concept of a receiver. Following the development of the floating charge creditors were effectively able to take security over an entire business by means of a floating charge over the undertaking. Security documents generally contained very wide powers of appointment such that on default the creditor could take over the business immediately, a receiver appointed to the entire business became known as a receiver and manager. The receiver and manager would typically have extensive powers over the business, including the power to sell it at a time and on terms that suited the appointing creditor. There was no ability on the part of the borrower or any other party to review the actions of the receiver or seek the supervision of the court
18.
Roy Boulting
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They produced many of their films through their own production company, Charter Film Productions, which they set up in 1937. The twin brothers were born to Arthur Boulting and his wife Rosetta née Bennett in Bray, Berkshire, John was the elder by half an hour. John was named Joseph Edward John Boulting and Roy was named Alfred Fitzroy Clarence Boulting and their elder brother Sydney Boulting became an actor and stage producer as Peter Cotes, he was the original director of The Mousetrap. A younger brother, Guy, died aged eight, both twins were educated at Reading School, where they formed a film society. They were extras in Anthony Asquiths 1931 film Tell England while still at school, during the Spanish Civil War, John served with the International Brigades as an ambulance driver. The brothers constitute one of those producer-director teams responsible for so much notable British cinema, for most of their careers, one produced while the other directed, but the product remained essentially a Boulting Brothers film. They were socialistically inclined, but despite a somewhat patrician demeanour, in 1937, they set up Charter Film Productions and made several short features, including Consider Your Verdict, which attracted critical and commercial attention. Once released, the film was well-received by the critics and the public and they followed it up with Thunder Rock, a passionate anti-isolationist allegory distinguished by imaginative cinematography and a theatrical but highly atmospheric lighthouse setting. In 1941 Roy joined the Army Film Unit, where he was responsible for the enormously influential Desert Victory - which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1944 and Burma Victory in 1945. John joined the RAF Film Unit, where he made Journey Together in 1945, the Boulting Brothers worked frequently with both Attenborough and Sellers, helping to establish them as leading actors. Attenborough was notably cast as Pinkie in Brighton Rock in, and Sellers as Fred Kite in the hugely successful satirical comedy I’m All Right, the brothers worked inseparably for their whole career. When John died of cancer in 1985, Roy stopped making films, when the National Film Theatre mounted its biggest retrospective to date of British cinema in the late 1980s, Roy who launched it, introduced Desert Victory. The Boulting Brother’s films are regarded by historians as a sensitive barometer of the changing times. John Boulting was married four times and had three sons and three daughters, John and his South African-born wife Anne had two daughters, one of whom is Lucy Boulting Hill, a successful casting director. Johns grandson Jordan Stephens is one half of uk hip hop duo Rizzle Kicks, Roy Boulting was married five times and had seven sons. In 1951 Roy married Enid Munnik, later known as Enid Boulting, ingrid Boulting is Enids daughter from a previous marriage. Together they had three children, Fitzroy, the eldest, then identical twins named Edmund and Rupert, in 1971, Roy married Hayley Mills,33 years his junior, whom he had met on the set of The Family Way. Their son is musician and filmmaker Crispian Mills, John Boulting died on 17 June 1985 at his home in Sunningdale, Berkshire, and Roy Boulting 16 years later on 5 November 2001 in the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, both died of cancer
19.
John Boulting
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They produced many of their films through their own production company, Charter Film Productions, which they set up in 1937. The twin brothers were born to Arthur Boulting and his wife Rosetta née Bennett in Bray, Berkshire, John was the elder by half an hour. John was named Joseph Edward John Boulting and Roy was named Alfred Fitzroy Clarence Boulting and their elder brother Sydney Boulting became an actor and stage producer as Peter Cotes, he was the original director of The Mousetrap. A younger brother, Guy, died aged eight, both twins were educated at Reading School, where they formed a film society. They were extras in Anthony Asquiths 1931 film Tell England while still at school, during the Spanish Civil War, John served with the International Brigades as an ambulance driver. The brothers constitute one of those producer-director teams responsible for so much notable British cinema, for most of their careers, one produced while the other directed, but the product remained essentially a Boulting Brothers film. They were socialistically inclined, but despite a somewhat patrician demeanour, in 1937, they set up Charter Film Productions and made several short features, including Consider Your Verdict, which attracted critical and commercial attention. Once released, the film was well-received by the critics and the public and they followed it up with Thunder Rock, a passionate anti-isolationist allegory distinguished by imaginative cinematography and a theatrical but highly atmospheric lighthouse setting. In 1941 Roy joined the Army Film Unit, where he was responsible for the enormously influential Desert Victory - which won the Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1944 and Burma Victory in 1945. John joined the RAF Film Unit, where he made Journey Together in 1945, the Boulting Brothers worked frequently with both Attenborough and Sellers, helping to establish them as leading actors. Attenborough was notably cast as Pinkie in Brighton Rock in, and Sellers as Fred Kite in the hugely successful satirical comedy I’m All Right, the brothers worked inseparably for their whole career. When John died of cancer in 1985, Roy stopped making films, when the National Film Theatre mounted its biggest retrospective to date of British cinema in the late 1980s, Roy who launched it, introduced Desert Victory. The Boulting Brother’s films are regarded by historians as a sensitive barometer of the changing times. John Boulting was married four times and had three sons and three daughters, John and his South African-born wife Anne had two daughters, one of whom is Lucy Boulting Hill, a successful casting director. Johns grandson Jordan Stephens is one half of uk hip hop duo Rizzle Kicks, Roy Boulting was married five times and had seven sons. In 1951 Roy married Enid Munnik, later known as Enid Boulting, ingrid Boulting is Enids daughter from a previous marriage. Together they had three children, Fitzroy, the eldest, then identical twins named Edmund and Rupert, in 1971, Roy married Hayley Mills,33 years his junior, whom he had met on the set of The Family Way. Their son is musician and filmmaker Crispian Mills, John Boulting died on 17 June 1985 at his home in Sunningdale, Berkshire, and Roy Boulting 16 years later on 5 November 2001 in the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, both died of cancer
20.
I'm All Right Jack
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Im All Right Jack is a 1959 British comedy film directed and produced by John and Roy Boulting from a script by Frank Harvey, John Boulting and Alan Hackney based on the novel Private Life by Hackney. The film is a sequel to the Boultings 1956 film Privates Progress and Ian Carmichael, Dennis Price, Richard Attenborough, Terry-Thomas, peter Sellers played one of his best-known roles, as the trades union shop steward Fred Kite and won a Bafta Best Actor Award. The rest of the cast included many well-known British comedy actors of the time, the film is a satire on British industrial life in the 1950s. The trade unions, workers and bosses are all seen to be incompetent or corrupt to varying degrees, the film is one of a number of satires made by the Boulting Brothers between 1956 and 1963. The title is a well-known English expression indicating smug and complacent selfishness, after leaving the army and returning to university, newly graduated upper class Stanley Windrush is looking for a job but fails miserably at interviews for various entry level management positions. Stanleys uncle, Bertram Tracepurcel and his old comrade, Sidney DeVere Cox, persuade him to take an unskilled blue-collar job at Uncle Bertrams missile factory. At first suspicious of the newcomer, communist shop steward Fred Kite takes Stanley under his wing. When Kites curvaceous daughter Cynthia drops by, Stanley readily accepts, meanwhile, personnel manager Major Hitchcock is assigned a time and motion study expert, Waters, to measure how efficient the employees are. The workers refuse to cooperate but Waters tricks Windrush into showing him how much more quickly he can do his job with his forklift truck, when Kite is informed of the results, he calls a strike to protect the rates his union workers are being paid. This is what Cox and Tracepurcel want, Cox owns a company that can take over a new contract with a Middle Eastern country at an inflated cost. He, Tracepurcel and a Mr Mohammed, the countrys representative, things dont quite work out for either side. Cox arrives at his factory to find that his workers are walking out in sympathy for Kite, the press reports that Kite is punishing Windrush for working hard. When Windrush decides to cross the line and go back to work. This provokes the adoring Cynthia and her mother to go on strike, more strikes spring up, bringing the country to a standstill. Faced with these new developments, Tracepurcel has no choice but to send Hitchcock to negotiate with Kite and they reach an agreement but Windrush has made both sides look bad and has to go. Cox tries to him with a bagful of money to resign quietly. On a televised discussion programme moderated by Malcolm Muggeridge, Windrush reveals to the nation the underhanded motivations of all concerned, when he throws Coxs bribe money into the air, the studio audience riots. In the end, Windrush is convicted of causing a disturbance and he is last seen with his father relaxing at a nudist colony, only to have to flee from the female residents attentions
21.
J. Lee Thompson
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John Lee Thompson, better known as J. Lee Thompson, was a British film director, active in London and Hollywood. Murder Without Crime was mostly ignored upon release, Thompsons first movie success was one he directed and co-wrote, The Yellow Balloon, the story of a child who is blackmailed into helping a criminal after accidentally causing his friends death. The Weak and the Wicked, portrays the lives of women in prison and is based on memoirs by Joan Henry, Thompson earned a reputation in Britain for social dramas besides occasional comedies and musicals. He was also known for collaborating with top British actors, the late 1950s continued Thompsons kitchen sink dramas, focusing on plights of the average Briton. Woman in a Dressing Gown, with Yvonne Mitchell, Anthony Quayle, the Good Companions gives a dour, semi-musical view of the theatrical world. Hayley Mills also earned a BAFTA for Most Promising Newcomer in Tiger Bay, Thompson vaulted to international fame with The Guns of Navarone as a last-minute replacement for director Alexander Mackendrick. His take-charge attitude during its production earned him the nickname Mighty Mouse from lead actor Gregory Peck, the Guns of Navarone, a World War II epic filmed on location in Rhodes, Greece, was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Thompson for Best Director. The success of that won him entry into Hollywood, where he directed Cape Fear, a psychological thriller with Gregory Peck, Robert Mitchum, Polly Bergen. Based on a novel called The Executioners by John D. MacDonald, Cape Fear shows how a sex offender can manipulate the justice system and terrorise an entire family. Highly controversial for its time, the film was cut heavily in both the United States and UK. Thompson maintained a career in Hollywood through the 1960s, 70s. Thompson also proved capable of working in different genres, including Western, espionage, while in the US, he continued to dabble with British productions such as Return from the Ashes and Country Dance AKA Brotherly Love. In the late 1970s and 1980s, Thompsons reputation declined, one musical film foray was Huckleberry Finn starring Jeff East and Paul Winfield. He became a favourite of action star Charles Bronson, pairing up in the Warner Bros. crime story St. Ives, a western called The White Buffalo. Other titles included The Evil That Men Do, The Ambassador, King Solomons Mines, several of these films were edited by Thompsons son Peter. Thompson died of heart failure on 30 August 2002, at his vacation home in Sooke, British Columbia, Canada. Lee Thompson at the British Film Institutes Screenonline J. Lee Thompson at the Internet Movie Database
22.
The Guns of Navarone (film)
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The Guns of Navarone is a 1961 British-American epic adventure war film directed by J. Lee Thompson. The screenplay by producer Carl Foreman was based on Alistair MacLeans 1957 novel The Guns of Navarone, the film stars Gregory Peck, David Niven and Anthony Quinn, along with Stanley Baker, Irene Papas, Gia Scala, James Darren and Anthony Quayle. In 1943, the Axis powers plan an assault on the island of Leros — where 2,000 British soldiers are marooned — to bully neutral Turkey into joining them with a display of their military strength. Rescue by the Royal Navy is prevented by two massive radar-directed superguns on the island of Navarone. When aerial bombing efforts fail, Allied Intelligence gathers a team of commandos to infiltrate Navarone, disguised as Greek fishermen on a decrepit fishing vessel, they sail across the Aegean Sea, where they successfully kill the crew of a German patrol boat coming aboard to inspect them. Later in the voyage Mallory confides to Franklin that Stavrou had sworn to him after the war, because Mallory was inadvertently responsible for the deaths of Stavrous wife. The team shipwreck on Navarones coast during a storm, Mallory leads the climb up the cliff, but Franklin badly injures his leg, the injury later becomes infected with gangrene. They rendezvous with local fighters, Spyros sister Maria and her friend Anna, who was once captured and tortured by the Germans before escaping. The mission is continually dogged by German soldiers, and the group is captured in the town of Mandrakos by Oberleutnant Meusel while trying to find a doctor for Franklin. While being interrogated by SS Hauptsturmführer Sessler, Stavrou pretends to grovel as theyre being interrogated and they escape in German uniforms, but leave Franklin behind to receive medical attention. In due course, Franklin is injected with scopolamine and gives up Mallorys misinformation, as Mallory had hoped, Mallory reluctantly prepares to execute Anna as punishment, but Maria shoots her instead. The team splits up, Mallory and Miller go for the guns, Stavrou and Spyros create distractions in town, assisted by local residents, Maria. Spyros dies in a stand-off with a German officer, and Brown from being stabbed during the boat theft, meanwhile, Mallory and Miller infiltrate the gun emplacement, but set off an alarm when they seal the doors behind them. Mallory and Miller proceed further towards the battery, where Miller then plants explosives on the guns, the Germans eventually gain entry into the gun cave, but Mallory and Miller make their escape by diving into the sea, reaching the stolen boat. A wounded Stavrou is helped aboard by Mallory, thus voiding the blood feud between them, the Allied destroyers appear on schedule, but the Germans find the explosives planted on the guns and begin to fire on the passing Allied flotilla. The hoist eventually descends low enough to trigger the explosives, which sets off the surrounding shells into destroying the guns. Mallorys team safely reaches the British convoy, but Stavrou decides to return to Navarone with Maria, Mallory and Miller, returning home, observe the aftermath of their success from a destroyer. The film was part of a cycle of big-budget World War II adventures that included The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Longest Day, the screenplay, adapted by producer Carl Foreman, made significant changes from the novel The Guns of Navarone by Alistair MacLean
23.
Stanley Kubrick
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Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history, Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945. This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas, the war picture Paths of Glory and the historical epic Spartacus. His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew, and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks, though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself. His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire, which he shared with his wife Christiane, became his workplace, where he did his writing, research, editing, and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete control over his films. His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers, Lolita and Dr. Strangelove and he often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie, which resulted in many conflicts with his casts. Despite the resulting notoriety among actors, many of Kubricks films broke new ground in cinematography, Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generations big bang, and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon, Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, with The Shining, he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots. His last film, Eyes Wide Shut, was completed shortly before his death in 1999, Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26,1928, in the Lying-In Hospital at 307 Second Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. He was the first of two children of Jacob Leonard Kubrick, known as Jack or Jacques, and his wife Sadie Gertrude Kubrick, known as Gert and his sister, Barbara Mary Kubrick, was born in May 1934. At Stanleys birth, the Kubricks lived in an apartment at 2160 Clinton Avenue in the Bronx, although his parents had been married in a Jewish ceremony, Kubrick did not have a religious upbringing, and would later profess an atheistic view of the universe. By the district standards of the West Bronx, the family was fairly wealthy, soon after his sisters birth, Kubrick began schooling in Public School 3 in the Bronx, and moved to Public School 90 in June 1938. Although his IQ was discovered to be average, his attendance was poor. He displayed an interest in literature from an age, and began reading Greek and Roman myths. When Kubrick was 12, his father Jack taught him chess, the game remained a lifelong interest of Kubricks, appearing in many scenes of his films. Kubrick himself, who became a member of the United States Chess Federation, explained that chess helped him develop patience. At the age of 13, Kubricks father bought him a Graflex camera and he became friends with a neighbor, Marvin Traub, who shared his passion for photography
24.
Dr Strangelove
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The film was directed, produced, and co-written by Stanley Kubrick, stars Peter Sellers and George C. Scott, and features Sterling Hayden, Keenan Wynn, and Slim Pickens, production took place in the United Kingdom. The film is based on Peter Georges thriller novel Red Alert. The story concerns an unhinged United States Air Force general who orders a first strike nuclear attack on the Soviet Union. It follows the President of the United States, his advisers, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and it separately follows the crew of one B-52 bomber as they try to deliver their payload. Dr. Strangelove is widely regarded as one of cinemas greatest comedies, in 1989, the United States Library of Congress included it in the first group of films selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. It was listed as three on AFIs 100 Years.100 Laughs list. United States Air Force Brigadier General Jack D. Ripper is commander of Burpelson Air Force Base, the 843rd is currently in-flight on airborne alert, two hours from their targets inside Russia. General Ripper orders his executive officer, Group Captain Lionel Mandrake of the UK Royal Air Force, Ripper also issues Wing Attack Plan R to the patrolling aircraft, one of which is commanded by Major T. J. King Kong. Mandrake discovers that no war order has been issued by the Pentagon and tries to stop Ripper, Ripper tells Mandrake that he believes the Soviets have been using fluoridation of United States water supplies to pollute the precious bodily fluids of Americans. Mandrake now realizes that Ripper is insane. C, Muffley orders the Army chief to storm the base and arrest General Ripper. Turgidson attempts to convince Muffley to let the attack continue, instead, he brings Soviet ambassador Alexei de Sadeski into the War Room, to telephone Soviet premier Dimitri Kissov on the hot line. Muffley warns the Premier of the attack and offers to reveal the planes positions. The device cannot be dismantled or untriggered, as it is programmed to explode if any attempt is made. When the Presidents wheelchair-bound scientific advisor, former-Nazi Dr. Meanwhile, United States Army forces arrive at Burpelson, still sealed by Rippers order, Ripper kills himself, while Mandrake identifies Rippers CRM code from his desk blotter and relays this code to the Pentagon. Using the recall code, SAC successfully recalls all of the aircraft except one, Muffley discloses the planes target to help the Soviets find it, but Major Kong, his fuel dwindling, has selected a closer target. As the plane approaches the new target, the crew is unable to open the bomb bay doors. Major Kong enters the bay and repairs the broken electric wiring
25.
Oliver! (film)
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Oliver. is a 1968 British musical drama film directed by Carol Reed and based on the stage musical of the same name, with book, music and lyrics written by Lionel Bart. The screenplay was written by Vernon Harris, both the film and play are based on Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist. The film includes musical numbers as Food, Glorious Food, Consider Yourself, As Long as He Needs Me, Youve Got to Pick a Pocket or Two. Filmed in Shepperton Film Studio in Surrey, the film was a Romulus Films production and was distributed internationally by Columbia Pictures. At the 41st Academy Awards for 1968, Oliver. was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won six, including Best Picture, Best Director for Reed and an Honorary Award for choreographer Onna White. At the 26th Golden Globe Awards the film won two Golden Globes for Best Film - Musical or Comedy, and Best Actor - Musical or Comedy for Ron Moody, a workhouse in Dunstable, England is visited by the wealthy governors who fund it. While a sumptuous banquet is held for them, the orphan boys who work there are being served their daily gruel. They dream of enjoying the same Food, Glorious Food as their masters, while eating, some boys draw straws to see who will ask for more to eat, and the job falls to a boy named Oliver Twist. He goes up to Bumble and Widow Corney, who run the workhouse and serve the gruel, enraged, Bumble takes Oliver to the governors to see what to do with him. A decision is made to have Oliver sold into service, Bumble parades Oliver through the snow, trying to sell him to the highest bidder. Oliver is sold to an undertaker named Mr. Sowerberry, who intends to use him as a mourner for childrens funerals, after his first funeral, Noah Claypole, Sowerberrys apprentice, insults Olivers mother. Oliver attacks Noah in fury and Mrs. Sowerberry forces him into a coffin while Noah fetches Bumble, Oliver is too angry to be intimidated by Bumble, who places the blame on not keeping Oliver on a diet of gruel, instead of meat, which made him strong. Oliver is thrown into the cellar as further punishment, alone in the dark with a roomful of empty coffins, Oliver wonders. While clutching the window grate, Oliver pushes it open and escapes, after a week on the road, Oliver reaches London. Soon, he crosses paths with the Artful Dodger, who decides to take Oliver under his wing, Dodger leads Oliver to his home, a hideout for a group of young boys housed by the elderly Fagin. Oliver naively believes the items they had actually stolen are made by them and Fagin, after a laugh, they subtly explain to Oliver they are actually a pickpocket gang. At the same time, Fagin helps the boys practice their stealing while proclaiming his belief that to get by. Once the boys go to sleep, Fagin sneaks off to meet with a thief with whom he does business, Bill Sikes
26.
A Clockwork Orange (film)
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A Clockwork Orange is a 1971 dystopian crime film adapted, produced, and directed by Stanley Kubrick, based on Anthony Burgesss 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange. It employs disturbing, violent images to comment on psychiatry, juvenile delinquency, youth gangs, and other social, political, Alex, the main character, is a charismatic, antisocial delinquent whose interests include classical music, rape, and what is termed ultra-violence. He leads a gang of thugs, whom he calls his droogs. The film chronicles the horrific crime spree of his gang, his capture, Alex narrates most of the film in Nadsat, a fractured adolescent slang composed of Slavic, English, and Cockney rhyming slang. The soundtrack to A Clockwork Orange features mostly classical music selections, the artwork for the now-iconic poster of A Clockwork Orange was created by Philip Castle with the layout by designer Bill Gold. In a futuristic London, Alex DeLarge is the leader of his droogs, Georgie, Dim, one night, after getting intoxicated on drug-laden milk-plus, they engage in an evening of ultra-violence including a fight with a rival gang led by Billyboy. They drive to the home of writer F. Alexander. Alex then rapes his wife while singing Singin in the Rain, the next day, while truant from school, Alex is approached by his probation officer Mr. P. R. Deltoid, who is aware of Alexs activities and cautions him. Alexs droogs express discontent with petty crimes and want more equality and high yield thefts, later, Alex invades the home of a wealthy cat-lady and bludgeons her with a phallic statue while his droogs remain outside. On hearing sirens, Alex tries to flee but Dim smashes a bottle on his face, stunning him, with Alex in custody, Mr. Deltoid gloats that the woman he attacked died, making Alex a murderer. He is sentenced to 14 years in prison, Alex is strapped to a chair, injected with drugs, and forced to watch films of sex and violence with his eyes propped open. Alex becomes nauseated by the films, and then recognizes the films are set to music of his favorite composer, fearing the technique will make him sick upon hearing Beethoven, Alex begs for the end of the treatment. Two weeks later, the Minister demonstrates Alexs rehabilitation to a gathering of officials, Alex is unable to fight back against an actor that taunts and attacks him, and becomes ill at the sight of a topless woman. The prison chaplain complains Alex has been robbed of his freewill, Alex is let out as a free man, only to find his parents have sold his possessions as restitution to his victims, and have let out his room. Alex encounters an elderly vagrant that he had attacked earlier. Alex is saved by two policemen, but shocked to find they are his former droogs Dim and Georgie and they drive him to the countryside, beat him up, and nearly drown him before abandoning him. Alex barely makes it to the doorstep of a home before collapsing. Alex wakes up to himself in the home of Mr. Alexander and cared for by his manservant
27.
Jimmy Perry
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James Jimmy Perry, OBE was an English actor and scriptwriter, best known for devising and co-writing the BBC sitcoms Dads Army, It Aint Half Hot Mum, Hi-De-Hi and You Rang MLord. all with David Croft. Perry was born in Barnes, Surrey and his father, Arthur, was an antiques dealer and he was educated at two independent schools, Colet Court and St Pauls School, which at the time were both based in Hammersmith in West London. Not academically inclined, he apprenticed at a furniture store, with the outbreak of the Second World War, his family moved to Watford just outside London, where he served in the Home Guard and became involved in amateur dramatics. He also collaborated with Croft on It Aint Half Hot Mum, Hi-de-Hi. and You Rang, demobbed and back in the UK, he trained as an actor at RADA, spending his holidays working as a Redcoat in Butlins Holiday Camps. The Dads Army mummys boy character Private Pike was partly based upon the teenage Jimmy Perry, who said, She didnt go so far as making me wear a scarf, in an interview with the journalist Neil Clark, Perry said, It amazes me. I think it’s because it’s the thing that all British people savour, we were on our own at that time, dad’s Army reminds us of our finest hour. At the end of the 1970s, Perry became involved as presenter in a BBC series called Turns, in the sixth episode of the first series of Dads Army, Shooting Pains, Perry makes a cameo appearance as the entertainer Charlie Cheeseman. You Rang, MLord. was his last collaboration with David Croft, Perrys grandfather had worked as a butler, and he heard many anecdotes about life below stairs. In 1994 he worked on a sitcom about the years of the BBC in the 1920s, 2LO Calling. Although best known for his writing, Perry also experienced musical success. The best known of these, the tune for Dads Army, Who Do You Think You Are Kidding. Won the Ivor Novello Award in 1971 for Best TV Signature Tune, starting in the late 1950s, Perry was actor-manager at the Watford Repertory Theatre, a role emphasised by his penchant for heavy checked tweeds, Inverness cape and deerstalker cap. Perry was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1978, in 1953, he married the actress Gilda Neeltje, sister of the actress Diane Holland. Gilda collaborated with Perry in running the Palace Theatre, Perry died on 23 October 2016 in London after a short illness, aged 93. He was survived by his partner, the costume designer Mary Husband, BBC Two repeated two episodes from Series 9 of Dads Army in Perrys honour. A Stupid Boy, The Autobiography of the Creator of Dads Army, Jimmy Perry at the Internet Movie Database
28.
David Croft (TV producer)
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Major David John Croft OBE was an English writer, producer and director. David Croft is particularly noted for producing and co-writing a string of popular BBC sitcoms with Jimmy Perry and Jeremy Lloyd including Dads Army and it Aint Half Hot Mum, Hi-de-Hi. and Allo Allo. Croft was born into a family, his father, Reginald Sharland, had a successful career as a radio actor in Hollywood. His first public appearance was at the age of seven, when he was seen in a commercial aired in cinemas. After that, his career in films began and ended with his uncredited appearance as Perkins in the film Goodbye. Croft was educated at two independent schools, at Durlston Court Preparatory School in Swanage, followed by Rugby School in Warwickshire, at Durlston Court, he overlapped with the schools only other distinguished old boy, Tony Hancock. The boys attended Sunday services at St. Aldhelms Church, and he enlisted in the Royal Artillery in 1942. He served during the Second World War in North Africa, India, after contracting rheumatic fever in North Africa, was sent home to convalesce and then underwent officer training at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Croft was posted to India, arriving as the war in Europe ended, when his military service ended he began working in the entertainment industry, as an actor, singer and writer. Croft met Freddie Carpenter, who produced many pantomimes for Howard & Wyndham across the UK, resulting in Croft writing scripts such as Aladdin, Cinderella and Babes in the Wood. Through his lifelong friend, composer/conductor Cyril Ornadel, Croft met the producer Fiona Bentley, David Croft himself played a number of roles, including Timmy Willie in Johnny Town-Mouse, Kep in Jemima Puddle-Duck, and Old Brown in Squirrel Nutkin. Croft relocated to the Northeast of England to work at Tyne Tees Television, after leaving Tyne Tees Television to work at the BBC in the mid-1960s, he produced a number of the Corporations popular sitcoms such as Beggar My Neighbour, Further Up Pompeii. and Hugh and I. The two men co-wrote nine series of the show, which was retitled Dads Army, as well as a feature film, while Dads Army was still running, Croft began to co-write Are You Being Served. with Jeremy Lloyd. He was to both writing partnerships for the rest of his career in several hit series including It Aint Half Hot Mum, Hi-de-Hi. He then started up You Rang, MLord, a show that spoke of policies and unfairness in 1927. His last full series Oh, Doctor Beeching, broadcast from 1995 to 1997, was co-written with Richard Spendlove. He created a pilot in 2007, entitled Here Comes The Queen. This pilot starred Wendy Richard and Les Dennis, but because of Wendy Richards death the show never went to a full series, as a producer, Crofts regular practice was to signal the end of an episode with the caption You Have Been Watching
29.
Dad's Army
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Dads Army is a BBC television sitcom about the British Home Guard during the Second World War. It was written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft and broadcast on the BBC from 1968 to 1977, the sitcom ran for 9 series and 80 episodes in total, plus a radio version based on the television scripts, a feature film and a stage show. The series regularly gained audiences of 18 million viewers and is still repeated worldwide, the Home Guard consisted of local volunteers otherwise ineligible for military service, either because of age or by being in professions exempt from conscription. Dads Army deals almost exclusively with over age men and featured older British actors, including Arthur Lowe, John Le Mesurier, Arnold Ridley, younger members in the cast included Ian Lavender, Clive Dunn, Frank Williams, James Beck, and Bill Pertwee. In 2004, Dads Army was voted fourth in a BBC poll to find Britains Best Sitcom and it had been placed 13th in a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000 and voted for by industry professionals. The series has influenced British popular culture, with the series catchphrases and it highlighted a forgotten aspect of defence during the Second World War, although it greatly distorted the true history and function of the Home Guard. The Radio Times magazine listed Captain Mainwarings You stupid boy, among the 25 greatest put-downs on TV. A new feature film of Dads Army with a different cast was released in 2016, originally intended to be called The Fighting Tigers, Dads Army was based partly on co-writer and creator Jimmy Perrys experiences in the Local Defence Volunteers. Perry was only 17 years old when he joined the 10th Hertfordshire Battalion and his mother did not like him being out at night and feared he might catch cold, he partly resembled the character of Private Pike. An elderly lance corporal in the often referred to fighting under Kitchener against the Fuzzy Wuzzies and was the model for Corporal Jones. Other influences included the work of such as Will Hay whose film Oh. Featured a pompous ass, an old man and a man which gave him Mainwaring, Godfrey. Another influence was the Lancastrian comedian Robb Wilton, who portrayed a work-shy husband who joined the Home Guard in numerous sketches during WW2. Croft was impressed and sent the script to Michael Mills, the BBCs Head of Comedy, in his book Dads Army, Graham McCann explained that the show owes much to Michael Mills. It was he who renamed the show Dads Army and he did not like Brightsea-on-Sea so the location was changed to Walmington-on-Sea. He also suggested adding a Scot, Jimmy Perry had produced the original idea but needed an experienced man to see it through. Mills suggested David Croft and so their partnership began, when an episode was shown to members of the public, to gauge audience reaction prior to broadcast of the first series, the majority of the audience thought it was very poor. The production team put the report containing the negative comments at the bottom of David Crofts in-tray and he only saw it several months later, after the series had been broadcast and had received great acclamation
30.
Richard Attenborough
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Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough, Kt, CBE was an English actor, filmmaker, entrepreneur, and politician. He was the President of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, as a film director and producer, Attenborough won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. He also won four BAFTA Awards and four Golden Globe Awards, as an actor, he is perhaps best known for his roles in Brighton Rock, The Great Escape,10 Rillington Place, Miracle on 34th Street and Jurassic Park. He was the brother of David Attenborough, a naturalist and broadcaster, and John Attenborough. He was married to actress Sheila Sim from 1945 until his death, Attenborough was educated at Wyggeston Grammar School for Boys in Leicester and studied at RADA. The sisters moved to the United States in the 1950s and lived with an uncle, during the Second World War, Attenborough served in the Royal Air Force. After initial pilot training he was seconded to the newly formed R. A. F, Film Unit at Pinewood Studios, under the command of Flight Lieutenant John Boulting where he appeared with Edward G. Robinson in the propaganda film Journey Together. Attenboroughs acting career started on stage and he appeared in shows at Leicesters Little Theatre, Dover Street, prior to his going to RADA, in 1949, exhibitors voted him the sixth most popular British actor at the box office. Early in his career, Attenborough starred in the West End production of Agatha Christies The Mousetrap. Both he and his wife were among the original cast members of the production and it was his first appearance in a major Hollywood film blockbuster and his most successful film thus far. His portrayal of the serial killer John Christie in 10 Rillington Place garnered excellent reviews, in 1977, he played the ruthless General Outram, again to great acclaim, in the Indian director Satyajit Rays period piece The Chess Players. He starred in the remake of Miracle on 34th Street as Kris Kringle and he made his only appearance in a film adaptation of Shakespeare when he played the English ambassador who announces that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead at the end of Kenneth Branaghs Hamlet. His performance in The Angry Silence earned him his first nomination for a BAFTA, seance On A Wet Afternoon won him his first BAFTA award. His feature film debut was the all-star screen version of the hit musical Oh. What a Lovely War, after which his acting appearances became sporadic as he concentrated more on directing and producing. He later directed two epic films, Young Winston, based on the early life of Winston Churchill, and A Bridge Too Far. He had been attempting to get the project made for 18 years and he directed the screen version of the musical A Chorus Line and the anti-apartheid drama Cry Freedom. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Director for both films and his later films as director and producer include Chaplin starring Robert Downey, Jr. as Charlie Chaplin and Shadowlands, based on the relationship between C. S. Lewis and Joy Gresham
31.
Young Winston
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Young Winston is a 1972 British film based on the early years of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The film was based on the book My Early Life, A Roving Commission by Winston Churchill, the first part of the film covers Churchills unhappy schooldays, up to the death of his father. Other actors included Patrick Magee, Robert Hardy, Ian Holm, Edward Woodward, the film was written and produced by Carl Foreman and directed by Richard Attenborough. It was nominated for Academy Awards for Best Screenplay, Best Art Direction, Robert Shaw as Lord Randolph Churchill Anne Bancroft as Lady Randolph Churchill Simon Ward as Winston Churchill Jack Hawkins as J. E. C. Welldon Ian Holm as George E. At their meeting Churchill suggested that his book My Early Life would make an excellent film, Foreman was impressed by Richard Attenboroughs Oh. What a Lovely War and at first wanted him to direct and play Lord Randolph Churchill, Attenborough declined the latter offer. As of July 2009, the longest edition available on DVD is Young Winston, Special Edition at 146 minutes, VHS tapes cut the film to just 124 minutes. The fully unabridged version is unavailable on DVD. Young Winston at the Internet Movie Database
32.
Fred Zinnemann
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Alfred Fred Zinnemann was an Austrian-born American film director. He won four Academy Awards for directing films in genres, including thrillers, westerns, film noir. He made 25 feature films during his 50-year career and he was among the first directors to insist on using authentic locations and for mixing stars with civilians to give his films more realism. According to one historian, Zinnemanns style demonstrated his sense of psychological realism, some of his most notable films were The Men, High Noon, From Here to Eternity, Oklahoma. The Nuns Story, A Man For All Seasons, The Day of the Jackal and his films have received 65 Oscar nominations, winning 24. Zinnemann was born in Rzeszów, the son of Anna and Oskar Zinnemann and his family was Jewish, and he had one younger brother. While growing up in Austria, he wanted to become a musician, while studying law, he became drawn to films and convinced his parents to let him study film production in Paris. After studying for a year at the Ecole Technique de Photographie et Cinématographie in Paris, he became a cameraman and found work on a number of films in Berlin, both of his parents were killed during the Holocaust. Zinnemann worked in Germany with several other beginners after he studied filmmaking in France, earlier in the decade, in fact, Zinnemann had worked with documentarian Robert Flaherty, probably the greatest single influence on my work as a filmmaker, he said. Although he was fascinated by the culture in Germany, with its theater, music and films. He became disenchanted with Berlin after continually seeing decadent ostentation and luxury existing alongside desperate unemployment, the wealthy classes were moving more to the political right and the poor to the left. Emotion had long since begun to displace reason, he said, Zinnemann, then only 21, got his parents permission to go to America where he hoped filmmaking opportunities would be greater. He arrived in New York at the end of October,1929 and it was as though I had just left a continent of zombies and entered a place humming with incredible energy and power. He took a Greyhound bus to Hollywood a few months following the completion of his first directorial effort for the Mexican cultural protest film, The Wave, in Alvarado. He established residence in North Hollywood with Henwar Rodakiewicz, Gunther von Fritsch and Ned Scott, One of Zinnemanns first jobs in Hollywood was as an extra in All Quiet on the Western Front. He says that many of the extras were former Russian aristocrats. He was twenty-two but he said he felt older than the forty-year-olds in Hollywood, but he was jubilant because he was then certain that this was the place one could breathe free and belong. But after a few years he became disillusioned with the talents of Hollywoods elites
33.
The Day of the Jackal (film)
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The Day of the Jackal is a 1973 Anglo-French political thriller film directed by Fred Zinnemann and starring Edward Fox and Michel Lonsdale. The film grossed $16,056,255 at the box office, as the presidents motorcade passes, de Gaulles unarmoured Citroën DS car is raked with machine-gun fire, but the entire entourage escapes without injury. Within six months, OAS leader Jean Bastien-Thiry and several members of the plot are captured. The remaining OAS leaders, now exiled in Vienna, decide to make another attempt, and hire a professional British assassin and they order several bank robberies to pay his fee, $500,000. Meanwhile, the Jackal travels to Genoa and commissions a custom-made rifle and he kills the forger when the man tries to blackmail him. In Paris, he sneaks an impression of the key to a flat that overlooks the Place du 18 juin 1940, in Rome, where the OAS team have moved, members of the French Action Service kidnap the OASs chief clerk, Viktor Wolenski. Wolenski dies under interrogation, but not before the agents have extracted some information about the plot, the Interior Minister convenes a secret cabinet meeting of the heads of the French security forces. When asked to provide his best detective, Police Commissioner Berthier recommends his deputy, soon after, Lebel is given special emergency powers to conduct his investigation, which is complicated by de Gaulles refusal to change his planned public appearances. Colonel St. Clair, an aide to the President and one of the cabinet members, discloses what the government knows to his new mistress Denise. Meanwhile, Lebel determines that British suspect Charles Calthrop may be travelling under the name Paul Oliver Duggan, who died as a child, although he is told the authorities know about the plot, the Jackal carries on. He seduces the aristocratic Colette de Montpellier, just before Lebel and his men arrive, the Jackal escapes and drives to Madame de Montpelliers country estate. After sleeping with her again and discovering that the police have talked to her, the Jackal then assumes the identity of a bespectacled Danish schoolteacher named Per Lundquist. He drives to the station and catches a train for Paris. After Madame de Montpelliers body is discovered and her car recovered at the station, Lebel initiates an open manhunt. The Jackal allows himself to be picked up at a Turkish bathhouse, the next day, the Jackal kills his host after the man learns from a television broadcast that Lundquist is wanted for murder. Later, Lebel plays a recording of a call, in which St. Clairs mistress gives information to her OAS contact. Denise returns to St. Clairs apartment to find that he has killed himself, on Liberation Day, the Jackal, disguised as an elderly veteran amputee, enters the building he had chosen earlier. He assembles his rifle, hidden disassembled in one of his crutches, when Lebel finds out a policeman allowed a man to pass through the cordon, the two race to the building
34.
Richard Donner
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Richard Donner is an American film director and producer. After directing the horror film The Omen, Donner became famous for directing the first modern film, Superman. Donner later went on to such films such as The Goonies and Scrooged, while reinvigorating the buddy film genre with Lethal Weapon. He and his wife, producer Lauren Shuler Donner, own the production company The Donners Company, in 2000, he received the Presidents Award from the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films. Film historian Michael Barson writes that Donner is one of Hollywoods most reliable makers of action blockbusters, Donner was born Richard Donald Schwartzberg in the Bronx, to Jewish parents, Hattie and Fred Schwartzberg. His father owned a furniture manufacturing business. Donner started his career with hopes of acting but quickly moved into directing commercials and he moved into television in the late 1950s, directing some episodes of the Steve McQueen western serial Wanted, Dead or Alive and the Chuck Connors western The Rifleman. In his early career as a director he worked on TV commercials and over twenty-five television series including Have Gun Will Travel, The Fugitive, get Smart, The Man from U. N. C. L. E. The Wild Wild West, Gilligans Island, Kojak, Tales from the Crypt and The Twilight Zone, Donner directed his first feature film in 1961, X-15, which starred Charles Bronson and Mary Tyler Moore. It was not until seven years later, however, that he directed his film, Salt and Pepper, with Sammy Davis Jr. His break-through film was The Omen, a supernatural thriller made in the wake of the success obtained by The Exorcist, the film stars Gregory Peck, David Warner and Lee Remick. It became the fifth highest-grossing movie of 1976, in 1978, Donner directed Superman, The Movie, starring Christopher Reeve in the title role. The film became a hit worldwide, projecting both Reeve and Donner to international fame, co-stars included Margot Kidder as Lois Lane, Marlon Brando as Jor-El and Gene Hackman as archvillain Lex Luthor. It succeeded at the box office, grossing $134 million domestically, principal photography of Superman included filming of its first sequel, Superman II. Donner filmed most of Superman II with the expectation he would complete the sequel after the release of Superman, despite the first films success, Donner was fired from Superman II. Throughout the filming of Superman and Superman II, Donner had a relationship with executive producers Alexander Salkind and Ilya Salkind. Following Donners dismissal, Marlon Brandos scenes were removed from Superman II, Gene Hackman refused to return for re-shoots, consequently, all the Lex Luthor scenes that appear in Superman II were filmed by Donner, although Donner received no onscreen credit for directing. Rotten Tomatoes summary states that Superman II meets, if not exceeds, Donner continued to promote the view his contribution was superior to rest of the series
35.
The Omen
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The Omen is a 1976 American-British supernatural horror film directed by Richard Donner and written by David Seltzer. The film stars Gregory Peck, Lee Remick, David Warner, Harvey Spencer Stephens, Billie Whitelaw, Patrick Troughton, Martin Benson, and Leo McKern. The first installment in The Omen series, the film concerns a young child substituted at birth by American Ambassador Robert Thorn unbeknownst to his wife and they are surrounded by mysterious and ominous deaths, unaware that the child is the Antichrist. The film earned two Academy Award nominations, and won for Best Original Score for Jerry Goldsmith, his only Oscar win, a scene from the film appeared at #16 on Bravos The 100 Scariest Movie Moments. The film spawned a franchise, starting with Damien, Omen II, in Rome, American diplomat Robert Thorn is in a hospital where his wife Katherine gives birth to a boy, who—he is told—dies moments after being born. Robert is convinced by the chaplain, Father Spiletto, to secretly adopt an orphan whose mother died at the same time. Robert agrees, but does not reveal to his wife that the child is not theirs, soon after, Robert is appointed U. S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom. Father Brennan, a Catholic priest, tries repeatedly to warn the Ambassador about Damiens mysterious origins, the priest later tells Robert that Katherine is pregnant and that Damien will prevent her from having the child. Afterward, Brennan is impaled and killed by a lightning rod thrown from the roof of a church during a sudden storm, upon returning home, Katherine tells Robert that she is pregnant and wants an abortion. Learning of Father Brennans death, photographer Keith Jennings begins investigating Damien and he notices shadows in photographs of the nanny and of Father Brennan that seem to presage their bizarre deaths. Photos of Keith also show these shadows, Keith shows Robert the photos and tells him he also believes that Damien is a threat and that he wants to help Robert. While Robert is away, Damien knocks Katherine over a railing to the floor below. Keith and Robert travel to Rome to investigate Damiens birth, a fire destroyed the hospital records and the maternity and nursery wards five years earlier, most of the staff on duty died in the fire. Robert and Keith trace Father Spiletto to St. Benedicts Abbey in Subiaco, stricken mute, blind in his right eye and paralyzed in his right arm, Spiletto writes the name of an ancient Etruscan cemetery in Cerveteri, where Damiens biological mother is buried. Robert and Keith find a carcass in the grave, and in the childs grave next to it. These are Damiens unnatural mother and the remains of the Thorns own child, Keith reiterates Father Brennans belief that Damien is the Antichrist, whose coming is being supported by a conspiracy of Satanists. A pack of dogs, similar to ones seen near the Thorns mansion, drive Robert. Back in London, Mrs. Baylock persuades a nurse to allow her access to Katherine, once inside the room, Mrs. Baylock pushes Katherine out of the window, causing her to fall into an ambulance truck, killing her
36.
Franklin Schaffner
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Franklin James Schaffner was an American film director best known for the films Planet of the Apes, Patton, Nicholas and Alexandra, Papillon, and The Boys from Brazil. Schaffner was born in Tokyo, Japan, the son of American missionaries Sarah Horting and Paul Franklin Schaffner and he returned to the United States and graduated from Franklin & Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he was active in drama. In the latter stages of the war he was sent to the Pacific Far East to serve with the United States Office for Strategic Services, returning home after the war, he found work in the television industry with March of Time and then joined the CBS network. He won directing Emmys for his work on the original 1954 CBS teleplay, Schaffner earned two more Emmy awards for his work on the 1955 TV adaptation of the Broadway play, The Caine Mutiny Court Martial, shown on the anthology series Ford Star Jubilee. He won his fourth Emmy Award for his work on the series, in 1960, he directed Allen Drurys stage play Advise and Consent. His first motion picture The Stripper was praised, and he later made The Best Man, The War Lord and they were followed by the critical and commercial hit Planet of the Apes. His next film, Patton was a success for which he won the Academy Award for Best Director. Later works included Nicholas and Alexandra, Papillon, Islands in the Stream, Schaffner was President of the Directors Guild of America from 1987 until his death in 1989. Jerry Goldsmith composed the music for seven of his films, The Stripper, Planet of the Apes, Patton, Papillon, Islands in the Stream, The Boys from Brazil, four of them were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score. Schaffner twice worked with actors Charlton Heston and Maurice Evans, George C. Scott, Schaffner married Helen Jane Gilchrist in 1948. The couple had two children, Jennie and Kate, Schaffner died on July 2,1989, at the age of 69. He was released 10 days before his death from a hospital where he was being treated for lung cancer, screenwriter William Goldman identified Schaffner in 1981 as being one of the three best directors at handling scope in films. The other two were David Lean and Richard Attenborough, the moving image collection of Franklin J. Schaffner is held at the Academy Film Archive. Franklin J. Schaffner at the Internet Movie Database Franklin J. Schaffner at the Internet Broadway Database Franklin J. Schaffner at Find a Grave
37.
The Boys from Brazil (film)
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The Boys from Brazil is a 1978 British-American science fiction thriller film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. It stars Gregory Peck and Laurence Olivier and features James Mason, Lilli Palmer, Uta Hagen, Denholm Elliott, the film is based on the 1976 novel of the same name by Ira Levin, and was nominated for three Academy Awards. He phones Ezra Lieberman, an aging Nazi hunter living in Vienna, Austria, a highly skeptical Lieberman tries to brush Kohlers claims aside, telling him that it is already well known that Mengele is living in Paraguay. Although frail, Lieberman follows Kohlers leads and begins travelling throughout Europe and he meets several of their widows and is amazed to find an uncanny resemblance in their adopted, black-haired, blue-eyed sons. Ninety-four clones of Hitler had then been born and sent to different parts of the world for adoption, as Lieberman uncovers more of the plot, Mengeles superiors become more unnerved. Mengele storms out, pledging that the operation will continue, seibert and his men destroy Mengeles jungle estate after killing his guards and servants. Mengele himself, however, has left, intent on trying to continue his plan. He travels to rural Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, where one of the Hitler clones, Bobby Wheelock, lives on a farm with his parents. There he murders the father, a Doberman dog breeder, and waits for Lieberman. The instant Lieberman arrives and sees Mengele, he attacks the doctor in a fury, Mengele gains the upper hand and shoots Lieberman. He taunts Lieberman by explaining his plan to return Hitler to the world, then, with one desperate lunge, Lieberman opens the closet where the Dobermans are held and turns them loose. The dogs corner Mengele and attack him, Bobby arrives home from school and, despite telling from the carnage that something is wrong, calls off the dogs and tries to find out what has happened. The injured Mengele, having now encountered one of his clones for the first time, tells Bobby how much he admires him, Bobby doubts his story, and is also suspicious of Mengele because the dogs are trained to attack anyone who threatens his family. Lieberman tells Bobby that Mengele has killed his father and urges him to notify the police, Bobby checks the house and finds his dead father in the basement. He rushes back upstairs and sets the vicious dogs on Mengele once again, Bobby then helps Lieberman, but only after Lieberman promises not to tell the police about the incident. Later, while recovering from his wounds, Lieberman is encouraged by an American Nazi-hunter, Lieberman objects on the grounds that they are mere children, and he burns the list before anyone can read it. Peck agreed to portray Mengele only because he had wanted to work with Olivier, Mason initially expressed interest in playing either Mengele or Lieberman. The altercation between Lieberman and Mengele took about three or four days to film due to Oliviers ailing health at the time, Peck recalled that he and Olivier were lying around on the floor laughing at the absurdity of having to film such a fight scene at their advanced ages
38.
Ridley Scott
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Sir Ridley Scott is an English film director and producer. Scott is known for his atmospheric, highly concentrated visual style and his films are also known for their strong female characters. Scott has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Directing, in 1995, both Ridley and his brother Tony received the BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Contribution To Cinema. In 2003, Scott was knighted for his services to the British film industry, in a 2004 BBC poll Scott was named the tenth most influential person in British culture. In 2015 he received a doctorate from the Royal College of Art in London. Scott was born in South Shields, County Durham, North East England, to Elizabeth and he was brought up in an army family, so for most of his early life, his father – an officer in the Royal Engineers – was absent. His elder brother, Frank, joined the British Merchant Navy when he was still young, during this time the family moved around, living in Cumberland in North West England, Wales and Germany. He had a brother, Tony, who also became a film director. He studied at Grangefield Grammar School and West Hartlepool College of Art from 1954 to 1958, Scott went on to study at the Royal College of Art in London, contributing to college magazine ARK and helping to establish the college film department. For his final show, he made a black and white film, Boy and Bicycle. In February 1963 Scott was named in title credits as Designer for the BBC television programme Tonight, about the severe winter of 1963. After graduation in 1963, he secured a job as a set designer with the BBC, leading to work on the popular television police series Z-Cars. He was originally assigned to design the second Doctor Who serial, The Daleks, however, shortly before Scott was due to start work, a schedule conflict meant he was replaced by Raymond Cusick. In 1965, he began directing episodes of series for the BBC, only one of which. In 1968, Ridley and Tony Scott founded Ridley Scott Associates, a nostalgia themed television advertisement that captured the public imagination, it was voted the UKs all-time favourite commercial in a 2006 poll. In the 1970s the Chanel No.5 brand needed revitalisation having run the risk of being labelled as mass market, five members of the Scott family are directors, and all have worked for RSA. His brother Tony was a film director whose career spanned more than two decades, his sons Jake and Luke are both acclaimed directors of commercials, as is his daughter, Jordan Scott. Jake and Jordan both work from Los Angeles, Luke is based in London, in 1995, Shepperton Studios was purchased by a consortium headed by Ridley and Tony Scott, which extensively renovated the studios while also expanding and improving its grounds
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Alien (film)
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The films title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and kills the crew of a spaceship. Dan OBannon wrote the screenplay from a story he wrote with Ronald Shusett, drawing influence from works of science fiction. The film was produced by Gordon Carroll, David Giler and Walter Hill through their Brandywine Productions, Giler and Hill made revisions and additions to the script. The eponymous Alien and its elements were designed by Swiss surrealist artist H. R. Giger, while concept artists Ron Cobb. Alien launched the Alien franchise and is chronologically the first of the main series and it has remained highly praised in subsequent decades, being considered one of the greatest films of all time. In 2002, the film was deemed culturally, historically or aesthetically significant by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. In 2008, it was ranked as the seventh-best film in the fiction genre by the American Film Institute. The success of Alien spawned a franchise of novels, comic books, video games. A crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator series, a prequel series, which includes Prometheus and Alien, Covenant, continues in development. Detecting a mysterious transmission from a nearby planetoid— possibly a distress signal—the ships computer, Mother, following standard company policy for such situations, the Nostromo lands on the planetoid, sustaining damage from the planetoids dusty atmosphere in the process. Parker and Brett begin repairing the ship, while Dallas, Kane and they discover the signal is coming from a derelict alien spacecraft. Inside, they find the remains of an alien creature whose rib cage appears to have exploded from the inside. On the Nostromo, Ripley determines that the transmission is not a distress signal, Ash responds by telling her that she wouldnt be able to communicate with the others in time. In the alien ship, Kane discovers a chamber containing hundreds of eggs, as he inspects one, a creature springs out and attaches itself to his face. Dallas and Lambert carry the unconscious Kane back to the Nostromo, as acting senior officer, Ripley refuses to let them aboard, citing quarantine regulations, but Ash violates protocol by overriding Ripleys lock and letting them in. The crew unsuccessfully attempt to remove the creature from Kanes face and it detaches on its own and dies. With the ship repaired, the crew lifts off, Kane awakens with some memory loss but otherwise unharmed. Brett follows the cat, Jones, into an engine room
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David Lynch
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David Keith Lynch is an American director, screenwriter, producer, painter, musician, and photographer. He has been described by The Guardian as the most important director of this era, allMovie called him the Renaissance man of modern American filmmaking, while the success of his films has led to him being labelled the first popular Surrealist. He moved to Los Angeles, where he produced his first motion picture, meanwhile, Lynch embraced the Internet as a medium, producing several web-based shows, such as the animated DumbLand and the surreal sitcom Rabbits. Lynch has received three Academy Award nominations for Best Director and a nomination for best screenplay. He has won Frances César Award for Best Foreign Film twice, as well as the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival, the French government awarded him the Legion of Honor, the countrys top civilian honor, as a Chevalier in 2002 and then an Officier in 2007. Blue Velvet and Mulholland Drive are widely considered by critics to be among the greatest films of their respective decades, Lynch was born in Missoula, Montana on January 20,1946. His father, Donald Walton Lynch, was a research scientist working for the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Lynchs maternal great-grandparents were Finnish, and had immigrated to the United States from Finland in the 19th century. The Lynch family often moved around according to where the USDA assigned Donald and it was here that Lynchs sister Martha was born. The family then moved to Durham, North Carolina, then Boise, Idaho, Lynch found this transitory early life relatively easy to adjust to, noting that he found it fairly easy to meet new friends whenever he started attending a new school. Commenting on much of his life, Lynch has remarked, Alongside his schooling, Lynch joined the Boy Scouts, although he would later note that he only became so I could quit. He rose to the highest rank of Eagle Scout and it was through being an Eagle Scout that he was present with other Boy Scouts outside of the White House at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy, which took place on Lynchs birthday in 1961. They had some hopes that in Europe they could train with the expressionist painter Oskar Kokoschka at his school. Upon reaching Salzburg, however, they found that he was not available and, Back in the United States, Lynch returned to Virginia, but since his parents had moved to Walnut Creek, California, he stayed with his friend Toby Keeler for a while. He decided to move to the city of Philadelphia and enroll at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, after advice from Jack Fisk and it was here that he began a relationship with a fellow student, Peggy Reavey, and they were married in 1967. The following year, Peggy gave birth to their daughter Jennifer, later describing this situation, Peggy stated that definitely was a reluctant father, but a very loving one. Hey, I was pregnant when we got married, later describing living there, Lynch stated that We lived cheap, but the city was full of fear. A kid was shot to death down the street and we were robbed twice, had windows shot out and a car stolen. The house was first broken into three days after we moved in
41.
The Elephant Man (film)
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The Elephant Man is a 1980 American historical drama film about Joseph Merrick, a severely deformed man in late 19th century London. The film was directed by David Lynch and stars John Hurt, Anthony Hopkins, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Michael Elphick, Hannah Gordon and Freddie Jones. It was produced by Jonathan Sanger and Mel Brooks, the latter of whom was intentionally left uncredited to avoid confusion from audiences who possibly would have expected a comedy and it was shot in black-and-white and featured make-up work by Christopher Tucker. The Elephant Man was a critical and commercial success with eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, the film also won the BAFTA Awards for Best Film, Best Actor and Best Production Design and was nominated for Golden Globe awards. It also won a French César Award for Best Foreign Film, London Hospital surgeon Frederick Treves finds John Merrick in a Victorian freak show in Londons East End, where he is kept by a Mr. Bytes. His head is hooded, and his owner, who views him as retarded, is paid by Treves to bring him to the hospital for exams. Treves presents Merrick to his colleagues and highlights his monstrous skull, on Merrick’s return he is beaten so badly by Bytes that he has to call Treves for medical help. Treves brings him back to the hospital, John is tended to by Mrs. Mothershead, the formidable matron, as the other nurses are too frightened of Merrick. Mr. Carr-Gomm, the hospitals Governor, is against housing Merrick, to prove that Merrick can make progress, Treves trains him to say a few conversational sentences. Carr-Gomm sees through this ruse, but as he is leaving, Merrick begins to recite the 23rd Psalm, Merrick tells the doctors that he knows how to read, and has memorized the 23rd Psalm because it is his favorite. Carr-Gomm permits him to stay, and Merrick spends his time practicing conversation with Treves, Merrick has tea with Treves and his wife, and is so overwhelmed by their kindness that he shows them his mothers picture. He believes he must have been a disappointment to his mother, Merrick begins to take guests in his rooms, including the actress Madge Kendal, who introduces him to the work of Shakespeare. Merrick quickly becomes an object of curiosity to high society, Treves begins to question the morality of his actions. Meanwhile, a porter named Jim starts selling tickets to locals. However, Merrick is shortly kidnapped by Mr. Bytes during one of Jims raucous late night showings, Mr. Bytes leaves England and takes Merrick on the road as a circus attraction once again. Treves confronts Jim about what he has done, and Mrs. Mothershead fires him, Merrick escapes from Bytes with the help of his fellow freakshow attractions. Upon returning to London, he is harassed through Liverpool Street station by several young boys, Merrick is chased, unmasked, and cornered by an angry mob. He cries, I am not an elephant, policemen return Merrick to the hospital and Treves
42.
Gandhi (film)
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Gandhi was written by John Briley and produced and directed by Richard Attenborough. It stars Ben Kingsley in the title role, although a practising Hindu, Gandhis embracing of other faiths, particularly Christianity and Islam, is also depicted. Gandhi was released in India on 30 November 1982, in the United Kingdom on 3 December and it was nominated for Academy Awards in eleven categories, winning eight, including Best Picture. Richard Attenborough won for Best Director, and Ben Kingsley won for Best Actor, the screenplay of Gandhi is available as a published book. The film opens with a statement from the filmmakers explaining their approach to the problem of filming Gandhis complex life story, There is no way to give each year its allotted weight, to include each event, each person who helped to shape a lifetime. What can be done is to be faithful in spirit to the record, the film begins on the day of Gandhis assassination on 30 January 1948. After an evening prayer, an elderly Gandhi is helped out for his walk to meet a large number of greeters and admirers. One of these visitors, Nathuram Godse, shoots him point blank in the chest, the film then cuts to a huge procession at his funeral, which is attended by dignitaries from around the world. The early life of Gandhi is not depicted in the film, realising the laws are biased against Indians, he then decides to start a nonviolent protest campaign for the rights of all Indians in South Africa. After numerous arrests and unwelcome international attention, the government finally relents by recognising some rights for Indians, after this victory, Gandhi is invited back to India, where he is now considered something of a national hero. He is urged to take up the fight for Indias independence, Gandhi agrees, and mounts a nonviolent non-cooperation campaign of unprecedented scale, coordinating millions of Indians nationwide. There are some setbacks, such as violence against the protesters, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre is also depicted in the film. Nevertheless, the campaign generates great attention, and Britain faces intense public pressure, after World War II, Britain finally grants Indian independence. Indians celebrate this victory, but their troubles are far from over, the country is subsequently divided by religion. It is decided that the northwest area and the part of India. It is hoped that by encouraging the Muslims to live in a separate country, Gandhi is opposed to the idea, and is even willing to allow Muhammad Ali Jinnah to become the first prime minister of India, but the Partition of India is carried out nevertheless. Religious tensions between Hindus and Muslims erupt into nationwide violence, horrified, Gandhi declares a hunger strike, saying he will not eat until the fighting stops. Gandhi spends his last days trying to bring peace between both nations
