The Shimabara Rebellion , also known as the Shimabara-Amakusa Rebellion or Shimabara-Amakusa Ikki (島原･天草一揆), was an uprising that occurred in the Shimabara Domain of the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan from 17 December 1637 to 15 April 1638.

The Shimabara Domain (島原藩), located in Hizen Province, was a ruling domain that held authority over the surrounding area of Shimabara. Originally known as the Hinoe Domain, its administrative center was initially established at Hinoe Castle in Minamishimabara, Nagasaki Prefecture. However, it was later relocated to Shimabara Castle in Shimabara, Nagasaki Prefecture. The domain was governed by various clans, including the Koriki clan of the Tokugawa clan, the Fudaira clan, and the Fukamizo-Matsudaira clan of Juhachi Matsudaira. Additionally, the director of Nagasaki, who held the position of tenryo, and the Ogura Domain, a fudai, also played significant roles as the chief of the tozama daimyo in Kyushu.