1.
Elbe-class replenishment ship
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The ships carry fuel, fresh water, food, ammunition and other matériel. They also have a medical station aboard but doctors are not part of their standard complement, the tender also manage waste disposal for the ships they support at sea and can carry out minor repairs of assigned ships. For this purpose Elbe class tenders assigned to FAC squadrons, for example, carry the SUG repair, extensive communication gear and accommodations enable them to serve as squadron flagship. This ship - currently A515 Main - while still being of the same class, the ships were named after German rivers. - German Navy, official homepage http, //www. tender-elbe. de/seiten/typenbla. htm
2.
German Navy
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The German Navy is the navy of Germany and part of the unified Bundeswehr, the German Armed Forces. The German Navy was originally known as the Bundesmarine from 1956 until 1995 when Deutsche Marine became the name with respect to the 1990 incorporation of the East German Volksmarine. It is deeply integrated into the NATO alliance and its primary mission is protection of Germanys territorial waters and maritime infrastructure as well as sea lines of communication. Apart from this, the German Navy participates in peacekeeping operations and they also participate in Anti-Piracy operations. The German Navy traces its roots back to the Reichsflotte of the era of 1848–52. The Reichsflotte was the first German navy to sail under the black-red-gold flag, in 1956, with West Germanys accession to NATO, the Bundesmarine, as the navy was known colloquially, was formally established. In the same year the East German Volkspolizei See became the Volksmarine, during the Cold war the all of the German Navys combat vessels were assigned to NATOs Allied Forces Baltic Approachess naval command NAVBALTAP. With the accession of East Germany to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 the Volksmarine along with the whole National Peoples Army became part of the Bundeswehr. Since 1995 the name German Navy is used in international context, as of 16 December 2016, the strength of the navy is 16,137 men and women. A number of forces have operated in different periods. The German Navy is also engaged in operations against international terrorism such as Operation Enduring Freedom, presently the largest operation the German Navy is participating in is UNIFIL off the coast of Lebanon. The German contribution to this operation is two frigates, four fast attack craft, and two auxiliary vessels, the naval component of UNIFIL has been under German command. The navy is operating a number of development and testing installations as part of an inter-service, among these is the Centre of Excellence for Operations in Confined and Shallow Waters, an affiliated centre of Allied Command Transformation. The COE CSW was established in April 2007 and officially accredited by NATO on 26 May 2009 and it is co-located with the staff of the German Flotilla 1 in Kiel whose Commander is double-hatted as Director, COE CSW. The displacement of the navy is 220,000 tonnes, in addition, the German Navy and the Royal Danish Navy are in cooperation in the Ark Project. This agreement made the Ark Project responsible for the strategic sealift of German armed forces where the charter of three roll-on-roll-off cargo and troop ships are ready for deployments. In addition, these ships are kept available for the use of the other European NATO countries. The three vessels have a displacement of 60,000 tonnes
3.
Boat
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A boat is a watercraft of a large range of sizes designed to float, plane, work or travel on water. Small boats are found on inland waterways or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed for operation from a ship in an offshore environment, in naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel. Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water, some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than ships, regardless of their size. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on their size, shape. Boats have a variety of shapes, sizes and construction methods due to their intended purpose. Canoe-type boats have used since prehistoric times and various versions are used throughout the world for transportation. Fishing boats vary widely in style partly to local conditions. Pleasure boats include ski boats, pontoon boats, and sailboats, house boats may be used for vacationing or long-term housing. Small boats can provide transport or convey cargo to and from large ships, lifeboats have rescue and safety functions. Boats can be powered by power, wind power and motor power. Dugouts are the oldest type of boats found by archaeologists, the earliest boats are thought to have been logboats, and the oldest boats found by archaeological excavation date from around 7, 000–10,000 years ago. The oldest recovered boat in the world is the Pesse canoe and this canoe is exhibited in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands. Other very old dugout boats have also been recovered, rafts have operated for at least 8,000 years. A7, 000-year-old seagoing reed boat has been found in Kuwait, boats were used between 4000 and 3000 BC in Sumer, ancient Egypt and in the Indian Ocean. Boats played an important role in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia, evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered at various Indus Valley archaeological sites. Uru craft originate in Beypore, a village in south Calicut, Kerala and this type of mammoth wooden ship was constructed using teak, without any iron, and had a transport capacity of 400 tonnes
4.
Ship
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Historically, a ship was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, Ships have been important contributors to human migration and commerce. They have supported the spread of colonization and the trade, but have also served scientific, cultural. After the 16th century, new crops that had come from, Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce. As of 2016, there were more than 49,000 merchant ships, of these 28% were oil tankers, 43% were bulk carriers, and 13% were container ships. Military forces operate vessels for naval warfare and to transport and support forces ashore, the top 50 navies had a median fleet of 88 surface vessels each, according to various sources. There is no definition of what distinguishes a ship from a boat. Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ability to operate independently for extended periods. A legal definition of ship from Indian case law is a vessel that carries goods by sea, a common notion is that a ship can carry a boat, but not vice versa. American and British 19th Century maritime law distinguished vessels from other craft, ships and boats fall in one legal category, a number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. Other types of vessel which are traditionally called boats are Great Lakes freighters, riverboats. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, in most maritime traditions ships have individual names, and modern ships may belong to a ship class often named after its first ship. The first known vessels date back about 10,000 years ago, the first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat and this allowed men to explore widely, allowing for the settlement of Oceania for example. By around 3000 BC, Ancient Egyptians knew how to assemble wooden planks into a hull and they used woven straps to lash the planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. Sneferus ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first reference recorded to a ship being referred to by name, the ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their skills was the Khufu ship. Aksum was known by the Greeks for having seaports for ships from Greece, a panel found at Mohenjodaro depicted a sailing craft
5.
Dinghy
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A dinghy is a type of small boat, often carried or towed for use as a ships boat by a larger vessel. The term is a loanword from the Bengali ḍiṅgi, Urdu ḍīngī & Hindi ḍieṁgī, dinghies usually range in length from about 2 to 6 m. Larger auxiliary vessels are generally called tenders, pinnaces or lifeboats, folding and take-down multi-piece dinghies are used where space is limited. Some newer dinghies have much greater buoyancy, giving them more carrying capacity than older boats of the same size, whaleboats are among the classic pulling boats, with a sharp bow, fine stern lines and a canoe stern. Despite being somewhat more tippy, with cargo capacity than prams, they row, motor. Prior to the introduction of fibreglass as a material, dories were more popular because their ease of assembly and, thereby. Whitehall rowboats were the water taxis of the late 1800s until the invention of the small gasoline outboard. Considered one of the most refined rowboats for harbour and lake use, dories are sharp-ended boats traditionally made of wood but now also produced in fibreglass or aluminium. They cut the water well, but their stability is low, making them feel tippy in flat water. A dory can be landed or launched through surf where a Whitehall may founder, prams are usually short with transoms at both bow and stern. Popular as tenders on sail boats with limited deck space, some inflatable boats have a rigid deck and transom which allows an engine to be used for propulsion. They row poorly and do not tow well because of their blunt bows and large wetted surface area, rigid safety dinghies are designed to row, motor, tow, and sail. In addition to their self-rescue lifeboat functionality, these serve as everyday tenders. They are extremely buoyant and/or unsinkable and have great carrying capacity relative to length, dinghy is also a term given to any small cars, trucks or suvs towed behind a motor home. On yachts shorter than 10 m, there is not enough room for a reasonably sized dinghy. A dinghy is useful to avoid the need for expensive dock or slip space, so owners of small yachts compromise by carrying a small rigid dinghy or deflated inflatable, space can be saved by storing items in containers or bags that are tied to the dinghy. Dinghies are sometimes used as lifeboats, recently self-rescue dinghies have come back into use as proactive lifeboats that can be sailed to safety, rigid dinghies for small yachts are very small, about 2 m, usually with a pram bow to get more beam in a shorter length. Larger dinghies are towed and should have reserve buoyancy, an automatic bailer, most masters prefer a tow cable long enough to put the dinghy on the back side of the swell to prevent the dinghy from ramming the transom of the yacht
6.
Cruise ship
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Transportation is not the only purpose of cruising, particularly on cruises that return passengers to their originating port, with the ports of call usually in a specified region of a continent. There are even cruises to nowhere or nowhere voyages where the ship makes 2–3 night round trips without any ports of call, by contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do line voyages and typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. The gradual evolution of passenger ship design from ocean liners to cruise ships has seen passenger cabins shifted from inside the hull to the superstructure with private verandas, the distinction between ocean liners and cruise ships has blurred, particularly with respect to deployment. Larger cruise ships have also engaged in longer trips such as transoceanic voyages which may not return to the port for months. Some former ocean liners operate as cruise ships, such as Marco Polo, the only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as a liner of December 2013 is Queen Mary 2 of the Cunard fleet. The industrys rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, smaller markets, such as the Asia-Pacific region, are generally serviced by older ships. These are displaced by new ships in the growth areas. The worlds largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean Internationals Harmony of the Seas beating her sister ships by about 2.15 meters, the birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837, in 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular, P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, the company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger. Some sources mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and she was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe, however, it was restricted to the aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an account of it as Backschisch. The first vessel built exclusively for cruising, was Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin. The ship was completed in 1900, the practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more established market for transatlantic crossings
7.
Lifeboat (shipboard)
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A lifeboat is a small, rigid or inflatable boat carried for emergency evacuation in the event of a disaster aboard a ship. Lifeboat drills are required by law on larger commercial ships, in the military, a lifeboat may double as a whaleboat, dinghy, or gig. The ships tenders of cruise ships often double as lifeboats, recreational sailors usually carry inflatable life rafts, though a few prefer small proactive lifeboats that are harder to sink and can be sailed to safety. Inflatable lifeboats may be equipped with auto-inflation canisters or mechanical pumps, a quick release and pressure release mechanism is fitted on ships so that the canister or pump automatically inflates the lifeboat, and the lifeboat breaks free of the sinking vessel. Commercial aircraft are required to carry auto-inflating life rafts in case of an emergency water landing. Ship-launched lifeboats are lowered from davits on a deck, and are hard to sink in normal circumstances. The cover serves as protection from sun, wind and rain, can be used to collect rainwater, lifeboats have oars, flares and mirrors for signaling, first aid supplies, and food and water for several days. Modern lifeboats carry an Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon and either a radar reflector or Search, during the Age of Sail, the ships boats were often also used as lifeboats in case of emergency. In March 1870, answering a question at the House of Commons of the United Kingdom about the sinking of PS Normandy and they would encumber the decks, and rather add to the danger than detract from it. It was not until after the sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15,1912, the Titanic′s boats had a capacity of 1,178 people on a ship capable of carrying 3,330 people. This was resolved by the use of collapsible lifeboats, a number of which had been carried on the Titanic. The US Navy asked various groups and manufacturers to suggest solutions, the result was the first enclosed, unsinkable, self-righting lifeboat, manufactured in Delanco, New Jersey, USA, the first units were delivered in 1944. These radically new lifeboats were 24 feet in length and weighed 5,000 lbs and they had two enclosed cabins at each end which could hold a total of 25 persons. The space in between was designed to help persons in the water be pulled aboard, and could be enclosed with a canvas top, the new type lifeboat could be driven either by a small motor or sail. Also, in 1943 the US developed a balsa wood liferaft that would not sink and these balsa liferafts were designed to hold five to ten men on a platform suspended on the inside or fifteen to twenty-five hanging lines placed on the outsides. They were inexpensive, and during the war thousands were stored in any space possible on US warships and these liferafts were intended only for use during a short term before lifeboats or another ship in the convoy or group could bring them aboard. Today, enclosed lifeboats are the preferred lifeboats fitted on modern merchant ships because of their protection against the elements. Generally each merchant ship has one fitted on the port side and one on the starboard side
8.
Davit
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A davit is any of various cranelike devices used on a ship for supporting, raising, and lowering boats, anchors, etc. Davit systems are most often used to lower an emergency lifeboat to the level to be boarded. Davits can also be used as safety devices to retrieve personnel from the water. The lifeboat davit has falls that are used to lower the lifeboat into the water, the maintaining and operation of davits is all under jurisdiction of International Maritime Organization. The regulations are enforced by the countrys own Coast Guard and this was followed by a self-braking winch system that allowed the lifeboat to be lowered evenly. The standard became so common that shipyard specifications call for Schat-type davits which are available from various sources, similar systems developed by Schat companies are used on offshore oil or gas rigs, being placed around the structure. Development of the davit has also been in terms of material, traditionally davits have been made in aluminium or steel but recent advances in composite material have led to the manufacture of davits in carbon fibre which has an excellent power to weight ratio. This means davits can be stowed away when not in use, davits are designed to fit into deck spaces that the naval architects deemed necessary, Radial — Hand powered davit. This type was used on the Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic, each arm must be rotated out manually, uses manila rope falls. Goose-neck shape to the arm that is swung out, mechanical — This type is like the radial davit, but both arms are moved out at the same time using a screw system, uses manila rope falls. Gravity — There are multiple forms, one man can operate, roller — Davit slides down a track, bringing the davit to the embarkation deck. Single pivot — One pivot point where the lifeboat is moved over the side of the craft, multi pivot — Common on promenade decks of cruise ships. Free fall — Lifeboat slides right off vessel, Lifeboat must be an enclosed type. Main type of Davit on merchant ships now and this type does not use falls. Fixed — Common on oil rigs, Lifeboat is hung above the water and lowered into the water. Liferaft, These can be Enclosed, partially enclosed, or open, Frapping Lines, These lines are used on all davits except the fixed and freefall davits. The frapping line are used to pull the lifeboat over to the deck along with the tricing pendent to be loaded. Gripes, Ropes used to hold the Lifeboat in the position while underway
9.
Promenade deck
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The promenade deck is a deck found on several types of passenger ships and riverboats. It usually extends from bow to stern, on sides, and includes areas open to the outside, resulting in a continuous outside walkway suitable for promenading. On older passenger ships, the deck was simply the top outside deck below the superstructure. Lifeboats are typically kept on davits accessible from the promenade, on a Mississippi riverboat, the promenade deck is the second deck, or floor, up from the waterline, above the main deck, and below the Texas deck. On modern cruise ships with superstructures as high and broad as the hull, the promenade may be used for jogging as well as walking, and signs indicate the mileage. This allows the majority of cabins on the decks to have a window. This design was first used in the cruiseferries M/S Silja Serenade and M/S Silja Symphony, built in 1990 and 1991, video clips of various Promenade Decks
10.
Catamaran
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A catamaran is a multi-hulled watercraft featuring two parallel hulls of equal size. It is a craft, deriving its stability from its wide beam. Being ballast-free and therefore lighter than a monohull, catamarans often have a draft than comparably-sized monohulls. The two hulls combined also often have a smaller hydrodynamic resistance than comparable monohulls, requiring less power from either sails or motors. The catamarans wider stance on the water can reduce both heeling and wave-induced motion, as compared with a monohull, and can give reduced wakes, Catamarans range in size from small to large. The structure connecting a catamarans two hulls ranges from a simple frame strung with webbing to support the crew to a bridging superstructure incorporating extensive cabin and/or cargo space, Catamarans from Polynesia and Maritime Southeast Asia became the inspiration for modern catamarans. Catamaran-type vessels were first developed as early as 1500 BCE by the Polynesian peoples and these early examples were likely related to outrigger canoes and consisted of two canoes bound together with a wooden frame, sometimes accompanied by a sail. Despite their simplicity they were effective, allowing seafaring Polynesians to voyage to distant Pacific islands. Catamarans were seldom constructed in the West before the 19th century, the word catamaran is derived from the Tamil word, kattumaram, which means logs bound together. The 17th-century English adventurer and privateer William Dampier encountered the Tamil people of southeastern India during his first circumnavigation of the globe and he was the first to write in English about the primitive watercraft he observed in use there. In his 1697 account of his trip, A New Voyage Round the World, he wrote and these are but one Log, or two, sometimes of a sort of light Wood. So small, that they carry but one Man, whose legs, however, the unusual design met with skepticism and was not a commercial success. The design remained relatively unused in the West for almost 160 years until the early 19th-century, Crisp described it as a fast sailing fine sea boat, she traded during the monsoon between Rangoon and the Tenasserim Provinces for several years. Later that century, the American Nathanael Herreshoff constructed a sailing boat of his own design. The craft, Amaryllis, raced at her maiden regatta on June 22,1876 and her debut demonstrated the distinct performance advantages afforded to catamarans over the standard monohulls. It was as a result of event, the Centennial Regatta of the New York Yacht Club, that catamarans were barred from regular sailing classes. In 1936 Eric de Bisschop built a Polynesian double canoe in Hawaii, in 1939, he published his experiences in a book, Kaimiloa, which was translated into English in 1940. The Prout Brothers, Roland and Francis, experimented with catamarans in 1949 and converted their 1935 boat factory in Canvey Island, Essex and their Shearwater catamarans won races easily against the monohulls
11.
MS Oosterdam
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MS Oosterdam is a cruise ship of Holland America Line, a division of Carnival Corporation. As the second addition to Holland Americas Vista class of ships, Oosterdam is sister to MS Noordam, MS Westerdam, the ships name is derived from the Dutch translation for the eastern compass point, and is pronounced OH-ster-dam. The ship has been alternating fall/winter cruises along the Mexican Riviera, in fall 2011 she visited Hawaii for the first time. Oosterdam was christened by Her Royal Highness Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, the ceremony took place in Holland America Lines founding city, Rotterdam on July 29,2003. The event was held three days of celebrations marking the companys 130th anniversary. The joint flagship of the fleet, MS Rotterdam, joined Oosterdam bow-to-bow in welcoming her to the fleet, the machinery spaces aboard Oosterdam are vast and extend along two of its lowest decks for the most part of the vessel. It is propelled by two 17.62 MW, 160rpm synchronous freshwater-cooled ABB Azipod propulsors and its two engine rooms are separated by a watertight bulkhead division. Each engine room has its own fuel, lubricating, cooling, the ships potable water is produced by three large Alfa Laval multi-effect flash evaporating desalination plants. While no prior ship has been named Oosterdam, the first vessel with the Ooster prefix launched 1913 as the 8, 251-ton, at the time, dijk or dyk was the suffix used for cargo vessels, dam was used for passenger ships. She sailed between Rotterdam and Savannah, Georgia for Holland America as well as serving the Allied war effort during World War I, right royal connections – review in The Australian of a cruise on the Oosterdam
12.
Tarpaulin
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In some places such as Australia, and in military slang, a tarp may be known as a hootch. Tarpaulins often have reinforced grommets at the corners and along the sides to form attachment points for rope, inexpensive modern tarpaulins are made from woven polyethylene, this material is so associated with tarpaulins that it has become colloquially known in some quarters as polytarp. The word tarpaulin originated as a compound of the words tar, sailors often tarred their own overclothes in the same manner as the sheets or palls. By association, sailors became known as Jack Tars, thus constructed, they were placed upon a duck paulin, which was drawn up tightly around the beds and secured. Tarpaulins have multiple uses, including as shelter from the elements, i. e. wind, rain, or sunlight, tarpaulins are often used during the build process to protect brickwork and masonry from weather damage. Such was the demand for tarpaulins by the New South Wales Government Railways, up until 1990 and it is also used on outdoor market stalls to provide some protection from the elements of nature. Tarpaulins are also used for advertisement printing, most notably for billboards, perforated tarpaulins are typically used for large-medium advertising, or for protection on scaffoldings, the aim of the perforations is to reduce wind vulnerability. Polyethylene tarpaulins have also proven to be a source when an inexpensive. Many amateur builders of plywood sailboats turn to polyethylene tarpaulins for making their sails, as it is inexpensive, with the proper type of adhesive tape, it is possible to make a serviceable sail for a small boat with no sewing. Tarps can also be classified by size—a common determining factor for consumers in acquiring tarps—and measured in width by length, actual tarp sizes are generally about three to five percent smaller than the advertised size. Some other factors that may influence a purchase decision include color, grommet type, the weave count, a measure of tarp strength, often runs between and the greater the count, the greater its resistance against ripping in high wind conditions. Tarps may also be washable or non-washable and waterproof or non-waterproof, Tarp flexibility refers to its ability to remain pliable during cold winter months, some tarps offer more flexibility than others in cold weather. Some manufacturers also advertise their tarps as rot-proof, but this may be more an subjective than an objective measurement, a polyethylene tarp is not a traditional fabric, but rather, a laminate of woven and sheet material. The center is loosely woven from strips of plastic, with sheets of the same material bonded to the surface. This creates a material that resists stretching well in all directions and is waterproof. Sheets can be either of Low density polyethelene or High density polyethelene, canvas tarps are not 100% waterproof, though they are water resistant. Vinyl tarps are industrial-grade and intended for heavy-duty use and they are constructed of 10 oz. per sq. yd. -weight coated yellow vinyl. This makes the tarp waterproof and have high resistance and tear strength
13.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
14.
Submarine tender
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A submarine tender is a type of ship that supplies and supports submarines. The tender carries all these, and either meets up with the submarines at sea to replenish them or provides these services while docked at a port near the area where the submarines are operating. In some navies, the tenders were equipped with workshops for maintenance, unable to operate conventional surface tenders during World War II, Nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine used Type XIV submarines for replenishment at sea. With the increased size and automation of modern submarines, plus in some navies the introduction of nuclear power, in the United States Navy, submarine tenders are considered auxiliaries, with hull classification symbol AS. As of 2015, the Navy only maintains two such tenders, USS Emory S, the Russian Navy decommissioned all its Don and Ugra class tenders inherited from the Soviet Navy by 2001. The last remaining ship of class was the INS Amba. She was reportedly decommissioned from service in July 2006, destroyer tender Jonas Pleškys, a Soviet Navy captain who defected with his submarine tender
15.
Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet
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The Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet is located on the northwest side of Suisun Bay. The fleet is within a regulated navigation area that is about 4 1/2 miles long and it begins just north of the Union Pacific Railroad Bridge and runs northeast, parallel to the shoreline. Water depths range from about 14 meters at Mean Lower Low Water at the foot of the anchorage, the U. S. Maritime Administration maintains the National Defense Reserve Fleet, a fleet of vessels that serve as a reserve of ships for national defense and national emergency purposes. The reserve fleet program was begun in 1946 at the end of World War II, at its peak in 1950, the program had more than 2,000 ships in lay-up. One of the reserve fleet storage sites is in Suisun Bay, only a small portion of vessels currently remain with the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet. In January 2016, the Department of Transportation and MARAD have officially announced the closure in February 2017. All remaining ships will be sold at auction or scrapped, the State of California and several environmental groups have raised concerns about the environmental impacts of the fleet. Potential concerns include heavy metals and anti-fouling agents in the paint that is peeling off of the vessels, as well as PCBs, congress responded to these concerns by funding the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to design and implement a study of contaminants in the vicinity of the fleet. NOAAs Damage Assessment, Response and Restoration Program began work on this project in January 2008, NOAA deployed bivalve samples in June 2008 and collected sediment and bivalve tissue samples from the area in July 2008. A second field sampling event for additional tissue samples occurred in September and these samples were analyzed and a data report was delivered in early 2009. S. Department of Transportation’s Maritime Administration at the Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet site, under the agreement, MARAD will clean, maintain, and dispose of these ships in a manner that eliminates sources of Bay pollution. The Maritime Administration has already begun removing obsolete ships from Suisun Bay for recycling— several ships have left since November 2009, a total of 10 ships remain. Under the terms of the settlement, Hazardous paint debris collected on vessel decks will be removed within 120 days, all the obsolete ships currently located at the site will be cleaned of flaking paint within 2 years. Twenty-eight ships in the worst condition will be removed for disposal by September 30,2012, before their removal, these ships will be sent to a local drydock for cleaning. All the obsolete ships currently located at the site will be removed for disposal by September 30,2017, prior to removal, the ships will be maintained according to locally approved best management practices, as monitored by the Regional Board. No new ships with excess flaking paint will be admitted to the fleet site
16.
United States Maritime Administration
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The United States Maritime Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation. Its programs promote the use of transportation and its seamless integration with other segments of the transportation system. The Maritime Administration works in areas involving ships and shipping, shipbuilding, port operations, vessel operations, national security, environment. On June 4, Deputy Maritime Administrator Paul “Chip” Jaenichen was named Acting Maritime Administrator and he will serve in this role until the appointment and confirmation of a new Maritime Administrator. On August 6,1981, MARAD came under control of the Department of Transportation thereby bringing all transportation programs under one cabinet-level department, MARAD administers financial programs to develop, promote, and operate the U. S. Maritime Service and the U. S. S. Documented vessels to foreign registries, maintains equipment, shipyard facilities, the Maritime Subsidy Board negotiates contracts for ship construction and grants operating-differential subsidies to shipping companies. The Maritime Security Program authorizes MARAD to enter contracts with U. S. -flag commercial ship owners to provide service during times of war or national emergencies. As of 2007, ten companies have signed contracts providing the MSP with a reserve of sixty cargo vessels, United States Maritime Service, a training organization for the U. S
17.
USS McKee (AS-41)
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USS McKee, named after Andrew McKee, was the third Emory S. Land-class submarine tender built by the Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company of Seattle, Washington for the United States Navy. The ship was commissioned on 16 August 1981, after a series of sea trials, McKee replaced the USS Sperry and joined the USS Dixon in San Diego to support Pacific Fleet submarines. The McKee was the Command Ship for COMSUBRON11, early in 1984, McKee became the first submarine tender certified to support the new Tomahawk cruise missile system. McKee earned three consecutive Battle Efficiency E awards in 1985,1986 and 1987, in addition to the Battle E in 1986, McKee was honored with the Golden Anchor Award for retention excellence and her first Meritorious Unit Commendation. In 1988, the McKee was the first submarine tender to visit Cold Bay, Alaska since World War II,1988 saw McKee become the first submarine tender certified to handle the Tomahawk Vertical Launch System. In February 1989 the McKee performed the first at-sea weapons transfer to a submarine since World War II, in March 1990, the McKee continued leading the way for submarine tenders by participating in the first underway fuel replenishment by a Pacific Fleet submarine tender. This fuel was in preparation for deployment to the Persian Gulf in January 1991, McKee was awarded a second Meritorious Unit Commendation and the Southwest Asia Service Medal. Following Desert Storm, McKee was awarded a fourth Battle Efficiency E Award, in 1995, after the decommissioning of USS Dixon, McKee provided all support to San Diego based submarines. Assistance was also provided to many Allied submarines while they visited Point Loma, in 1998, McKee earned a third Meritorious Unit Commendation following a six-month deployment to Pearl Harbor. During this deployment, McKee provided services and conducted repairs to both U. S. and Allied submarines and surface combatants, upon returning to San Diego, the ship took the lead in establishing shore-based services that will support the submarines after McKees departure. In November 1998, the department of the USS McKee loaded Tomahawk cruise missiles onto HMS Splendid. These were the first of 67 Tomahawk cruise missiles sold to the Royal Navy and they were later used by HMS Splendid in offensive operations in Yugoslavia. On 1 October 1999, McKee was decommissioned from service and moved to the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility, located in Portsmouth and she was struck from the Naval Register on 25 April 2006. USS McKee was one of the first ships to integrate female sailors and this article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U. S. government publication, is in the public domain. The entry can be found here
18.
USS Simon Lake
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USS Simon Lake was the lead ship of her class of submarine tenders in the United States Navy, named for Simon Lake, a pioneering designer of early submarines. Simon Lake sailed from Bremerton on 16 January 1965 for Pearl Harbor on her shakedown cruise, the Polaris submarine tender stood out of Bremerton on 16 April and proceeded to Charleston, South Carolina, via the Panama Canal. Simon Lake arrived at Charleston on 1 May and tended submarines there until 11 July 1966, on that date, she sailed for Holy Loch, Scotland, where she relieved Hunley as tender for Submarine Squadron 14. She operated from there until 24 May 1970 when she got underway for Charleston, in June, she sailed for Bremerton for her first overhaul since commissioning. The tender was in the yard from 6 July 1970 to March 1971 and, Simon Lake returned to Charleston on 3 April and tended submarines there until 19 November 1972 when she sailed for Rota, Spain, as the relief for Holland. The Simon Lake arrived at the Charleston Naval Shipyard in North Charleston, South Carolina, over a year later, the drydock was flooded, the heavy ICBM missile cranes were weight tested, and the ship sent out on a shakedown cruise. The Simon Lake was the first submarine tender to be stationed at Kings Bay Georgia in 1979 when the base first opened and was the first tender on the east coast that women served on in the U. S. Navy. After Refresher Training in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, the Simon Lake assumed duties tending submarines at the Naval Weapons Station, Goose Creek, in June 1979, the USS Canopus, AS-34, relieved Simon Lake at the Naval Weapons Station Charleston, South Carolina. From 1979-1985 Simon Lake serviced submarines in Kings Bay Georgia, where she won two Battle Efficiency E awards. In May 1987 Simon Lake returned to Scotland to again relieve USS Hunley in the Holy Loch where in 1988 and 1991 and she remained on station there until the base was closed and all assets withdrawn in 1992. In 1988 the film starred Peter McDougall Harvey Keitel Andrew Byatt Stella Gonet Katherine Stark, it was released on 19 January 1988,90 min long, in March 1992, Simon Lake returned to Norfolk to conduct an extensive overhaul. After completion of the overhaul and a visit to Palma, Spain in March 1993, she arrived at her new homeport of La Maddalena. Because of the location, the entirely male crew of the Orion was more than happy to welcome the 30% female crew of the Simon Lake. For superior service to the fleet, she received the Battle Efficiency E award, Weapons Black W, in March 1998, the ship transited the Suez Canal to the United Arab Emirates where she supported Operation Southern Watch in the Persian Gulf. Her outstanding performance during 47 availabilities led to her receiving the Navy Unit Commendation, in June 1998, she returned to La Maddalena, Italy. Simon Lakes performance during her last two years of service was particularly noteworthy, after being relieved by Emory S. Land, Simon Lake departed La Maddalena on 11 May 1999 and crossed the Atlantic for Norfolk, Virginia to be decommissioned. Simon Lake was decommissioned on 31 July 1999 and, into 2008 was in the fleet in Philadelphia. As of April 2009 Simon Lake is in storage at Norfolk Naval Shipyards in Portsmouth, the ex-USS Simon Lake departed Norfolk Naval Shipyard Feb.52015
19.
Rigid-hulled inflatable boat
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A rigid-hulled inflatable boat or rigid-inflatable boat is a lightweight but high-performance and high-capacity boat constructed with a solid, shaped hull and flexible tubes at the gunwale. The design is stable and seaworthy, the inflatable collar allows the vessel to maintain buoyancy if a large quantity of water is shipped aboard due to bad sea conditions. The RIB is a development of the inflatable boat, uses include work boats in trades that operate on the water, military craft, where they are used in patrol roles and to transport troops between vessels or ashore, and lifeboats. Although working versions were built, the plywood rigid hulls were not strong enough, development was then transferred to Atlantic College in South Wales where the rigid section was formed as a deep vee hull to add strength and that worked. The first commercial RIB was introduced in 1967 by Tony and Edward Lee-Elliott of Flatacraft, in 1964, Rear-Admiral Hoare and his students at Atlantic College replaced the torn bottom of their 12-foot-long sailing club rescue inflatable boat with a plywood sheet glued to the inflatable tubes. This proved a successful modification but was uncomfortable at speed offshore. This boat was named Atlanta and later year a Atlantic College RIB was displayed at the London Boat Show. By 1966 the students had built a further five rigid inflatable boats – Aphrodite, Triton, Aphrodite and Triton were for the College’s own use. X1 and X2 were launched in 1965 by Queen Elizabeth II and they were taken by the RNLI for trials at Gorleston and Great Yarmouth from which they returned to Atlantic College in spring 1967. X3 was an experimental vortex-lift hull funded by a developer and was not greatly successful. By that time Hoare had concluded that for the conditions under which they operated a boat of around 18 feet long was optimum which led to X4, X5 and X6, and X7 to X8. At the same time, work started on a series of beach-launchable boats to support lifeguards on local beaches. All the above boats’ hulls were built from plywood, in summer 1968, student Paul Jefferies designed and constructed a hull from fiberglass, which was not a success due to lack of strength. The first commercial RIB is believed to be the Avon Rubber Searider which was launched at the January 1969 London Boat Show and these students were also trained by the graduates to operate these craft as safety boats in support of the colleges coastal sailing and diving programs. During summer, the college loaned their fast rescue craft to the Canadian Coast Guard, meanwhile, CCG stations in the Great Lakes began introducing 5.4 metre Avon Seariders at seasonal inshore rescue boat operations in the late 1970s. The CCG inshore rescue boats hired university students to serve as crew, in due to the success of the student crews operating these ever-buoyant rescue craft at Atlantic. The first inflatable boat manufacturer in the Southern Hemisphere is Lancer Industries Ltd, of Auckland, the founder Chris Marks had visited Europe and brought the concept to NZ. He pioneered many of the inflatable boat construction and material methods
20.
PNS Rah Naward
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PNS Rah Naward is a sail training ship of the Pakistan Navy. She was commissioned in 2001 as Prince William for the Tall Ships Youth Trust and sold in 2010 to the Pakistan Navy, Rah Naward has the callsign ARNR and the IMO number 9222326. Rah Naward was built as Prince William, one of two ships commissioned by the Tall Ships Youth Trust, obtained half-completed from another project in Germany. They were transported to Appledore Ship Yards in Devon, where they were modified to the TSYTs requirements, the TSYTs ships are two-masted brigs, with the rig designed by Michael Willoughby. The hulls were built in Germany as cruise ships for the West Indies, designed to carry masts and sails and use them from time to time and this project was cancelled and the part-finished hulls were bought in 1997 by the TSYT. Prince Williams rig was designed according to rules and is occasionally modified slightly with trainees in mind. The foremast is shorter than the main mast, but they are otherwise identical. Each consists of a steel lower mast and topmast and timber topgallant, spars are steel on the lower and topmasts and timber above this. Access to the tops is by a vertical jacobs ladder down to the ratlines, there is a gold sovereign placed under the foremast where it meets the keel, a tradition supposed to give the ship luck. The accommodation for voyage crew is in six eight-berth cabins, two for each watch, volunteers are in 2-3 berth cabins and the permanent crew have individual cabins. The accommodation is air-conditioned, because the ship spends a significant amount of time in tropical waters each year, Prince William competed in the 2005 Tall Ships Races. She came fourth in class and fourth overall in the first race from Waterford to Cherbourg, Prince William was listed as retired by the race authorities, but was awarded a prize for her actions. Prince William completed her voyage with the TSYT in 2007, its 6th Brig Match Race in Portsmouth,29 October –1 November 2007, competing alongside sister ship. In the end, Captain Liam Keating on Stavros S Niarchos took home the Tall Ships Challenge Cup having closely beaten Captain Roy Love on Prince William 2–1. In 2007 the trustees of the TSYT decided to sell Prince William and she was laid up in Portsmouth Dockyard, following interest from the Pakistan Navy, her sale was completed on 20 September 2010. List of tall ships Official website Tall Ships Youth Trust
21.
USS Emory S. Land (AS-39)
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Land is a United States Navy submarine tender and the lead ship of her class. She was named for Admiral Emory S. Land, the ship provides food, electricity, water, consumables, spare parts, medical, dental, disbursing, mail, legal services, ordnance, and any parts or equipment repair that a submarine may require. To accomplish this, the ship has a plant similar to that of a small town. She was originally homeported in Norfolk, Virginia, when she deployed from Puget Sound Naval Shipyard her first port of call was Oakland, California, from there she cruised to Acapulco, Mexico before arriving in port at Norfolk, Virginia. She spent time in training at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Upon the commissioning of Submarine Squadron 8 on 4 August 1979, Land deployed to the Pacific Fleet to provide services to the Indian Ocean Battle Group. She made two port calls in Spain, and Haifa, Israel before arriving in Diego Garcia, Land operated as the tactical and communications platform for Submarine Squadron 8 and Submarine Squadron 6 to work both with and against a surface combatant group. Land was underway and deployed for 182 days, during the deployment, the ship steamed 26,011 nautical miles and circumnavigated the world. Port visits included Lisbon, Portugal, Naples, Italy, Port Said, Egypt, Muscat, Oman, Fremantle, Western Australia, and Rodman Naval Station, Panama. During her 92 days anchored at a site off the coast of Oman, she tended the surface combatants of Joint Task Force Middle East and Carrier Battle Groups Golf. Immediate superior in command for this period was Commander Task Force 73, in 1991, with the departure of USS L. Y. Spear and the transition of USS Hunley to Submarine Squadron 6, lands Supply Department assumed full responsibility for Submarine Squadron 8 supply support. Land returned to its homeport 30 May 2007 after a visit to the nation of Montenegro. Land is only the third U. S. Naval ship to visit Montenegro since the United States began diplomatic relations with the country in 2006, Land served at La Maddalena, Italy as the sole permanently assigned vessel in Submarine Force, U. S. She departed Bremerton, Washington on 14 June 2010 and after calls in Hawaii, Guam and Singapore. The ships commanding officer, Captain Eric Merrill, was removed from command on 21 June 2011 after the ship struck a buoy at Mina Salman. The ship was damaged in the collision, on 23 December 2015, it was announced that Emory S. Land would change its homeport to Naval Base Guam, Land has received four Meritorious Unit Commendations, the Navy Expeditionary Medal, Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, and eight Battle Efficiency Awards in addition to numerous departmental awards
22.
USS Frank Cable (AS-40)
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USS Frank Cable is the second Emory S. Land-class submarine tender built by the Lockheed Shipbuilding and Construction Company of Seattle, Washington for the United States Navy. The ship was christened on 14 January 1978 by Mrs. Rose A. Michaelis, wife of Admiral F. H. Michaelis, the ship is named for Frank Cable, an electrical engineer who had worked as an electrician and trial captain for USS Holland. USS Frank Cable was designed as a tender for Los Angeles-class submarines. The ship spent 1980 until 1996 as the ship for SUBRON4 and 18 in Charleston, South Carolina, tending Sturgeon. Frank Cable began decommissioning in 1996, but then was reactivated and refitted to replace USS Holland in the Western Pacific as Commander Seventh Fleets mobile repair, since arriving in Guam, USS Frank Cable has visited many Western Pacific ports to support U. S. military forces. In 1997, the ship was involved with the rescue and recovery efforts following the Korean Air Flight 801 crash on Guam. From 1980 to 2003, USS Frank Cable garnered many awards as a unit of both the U. S, atlantic and Pacific Fleets, including seven Meritorious Unit Commendations, nine Battle Efficiency E awards and three Golden Anchor Awards. Frank Cable’s most recent recognition was a Humanitarian Service Medal for support provided in recovery efforts on Guam following Super Typhoon Pongsona in 2002, on 1 December,2006, a steam line ruptured aboard USS Frank Cable. Two sailors were killed and seven others injured, in the 2006 zombie novel World War Z, by Max Brooks, USS Frank Cable is used as a rescue ship in the evacuation of New York City. Infected refugees die and reanimate as zombies, attacking and infecting the other refugees, the ship sinks at the entrance to New York Harbor carrying several hundred zombies, who are still a threat several years later and must be removed before the wreck is raised. This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, USS Frank Cable Navy site navsource. org, USS Frank Cable
23.
Diego Garcia
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Diego Garcia is an atoll just south of the equator in the central Indian Ocean, and the largest of 60 small islands comprising the Chagos Archipelago. It was settled by the French in the 1790s and was transferred to British rule after the Napoleonic Wars and it was one of the Dependencies of the British Colony of Mauritius until it was detached for inclusion in the newly created British Indian Ocean Territory in 1965. Between 1968 and 1973, the population was removed by the United Kingdom through intimidation of locals. Many were deported to Mauritius and Seychelles, following which the United States built a naval and military base on Diego Garcia. As of March 2015, Diego Garcia is the inhabited island of the BIOT. The atoll is located 3,535 km east of Tanzanias coast,1,796 km south-southwest of the tip of India and 4,723 km west-northwest of the west coast of Australia. According to Southern Maldivian oral tradition, traders and fishermen were occasionally lost at sea, eventually, they were rescued and brought back home. However, the different atolls of the Chagos have no names in the Maldivian oral tradition. Nothing is known of pre-European contact history of Diego Garcia, speculations include visits during the Austronesian diaspora around 700 AD, as some say the old Maldivian name for the islands originated from Malagasy. Arabs, who reached Lakshadweep and Maldives around 900 AD, may have visited the Chagos, another Portuguese expedition with a Spanish explorer of Andalusian origin, Diego García de Moguer, rediscovered the island in 1544 and named it after himself. Garcia de Moguer died the year on the return trip to Portugal in the Indian Ocean. The misnomer Diego could have been made unwittingly by the British ever since and it is assumed that the island was named after one of its first two discoverers—the one by the name of Garcia, the other with name Diego. Also, a cacography of the saying Deo Gracias is eligible for the attribution of the atoll, the Sebastian Cabot map shows a number of islands to the south which may be the Mascarene Islands. The first map which identifies and names Los Chagos is that of Pierre Desceliers, an island called Don Garcia appears on the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum of Abraham Ortelius, together with Dos Compagnos, slightly to the north. It may be the case that Don Garcia was named after Garcia de Noronha, the island is also labelled Don Garcia on Mercators Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigatium Emendate. However, on the Vera Totius Expeditionis Nauticae Description of Jodocus Hondius, Don Garcia mysteriously changes its name to I. de Dio Gratia, while the I. de Chagues appears close by. The first map to delineate the island under its present name, Diego Garcia, is the World Map of Edward Wright, possibly as a result of misreading Dio as Diego, and Gratia as Garcia. The Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica of Hendrik Hondius II repeats Wrights use of the name, which is then proliferated on all subsequent Dutch maps of the period, Diego Garcia and the rest of the Chagos islands were uninhabited until the late 18th century
24.
SS Nomadic (1911)
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SS Nomadic is a former tender of the White Star Line, launched on 25 April 1911 in Belfast now on display in Belfasts Titanic Quarter. She was built to transfer passengers and mail to and from RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic, and is the only White Star Line vessel in existence today. Nomadic was one of two commissioned by the White Star Line in 1910 to tender for their new ocean liners RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic. She and her running mate SS Traffic ferried passengers, their baggage, mail and ships supplies to, the keel of Nomadic was laid down in the Harland and Wolff shipyards, Belfast in 1910. She was built on slipway No.1 alongside RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic and she was launched on 25 April 1911 and delivered to the White Star Line on the 27 May, following sea trials. The ship is 230 feet long overall and 37 feet wide, propulsion was provided by two single-ended coal-fired boilers and two compound steam engines, each driving two triple bladed propellers of 7 feet in diameter, which gave a service speed of 12 knots. Nomadic is of steel construction, with frames, beams, bulkheads. She had four working decks with various hold spaces beneath and she could carry up to 1,000 passengers when fully loaded. Passenger accommodation consisted of lower and upper deck passenger lounges and open areas on the bridge. The vessel was divided into first and second class passenger areas, a small area in the aft end of the lower deck was assigned for overspill of third-class passengers from SS Traffic. Internally, Nomadic was fitted out to a standard as the liners Olympic and Titanic. As such, she had more luxuries than most tenders of her day, with cushioned benches, tables, porcelain water fountains, gender-specific bathrooms and she contained ornate decorative joinery and plasterwork, particularly in the first class lounges of the ship. Nomadic arrived in Cherbourg on 3 June 1911 to begin her duties for the White Star Line. After the war, she returned to her duties, but in 1927 she was sold. Following the 1934 merger of White Star and Cunard Line and the opening of the port at Cherbourg. She was sold to the Société Cherbourgeoise de Sauvetage et de Remorquage, during World War II, Nomadic again saw service, on 18 June 1940 she took part in the evacuation of Cherbourg. She was subsequently requisitioned by the Royal Navy and based in Portsmouth harbour, she operated as a ship, coastal patrol vessel. During the war, Cherbourg port was damaged, so large ocean liners could no longer dock there
25.
SS Traffic (1911)
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SS Traffic was a tender of the White Star Line, and the fleetmate to the SS Nomadic. She was built for the White Star Line by Harland and Wolff, at Belfast, SS Traffic ferried some of the third class passengers to RMS Titanic for her maiden voyage. She served as a tender for White Star, as a minesweeper for the French Navy between 1917 and 1919, and supported troop ships at the end of the First World War, after the war she was sold to Société Cherbourgeoise Transbordement, and later renamed Ingénieur Reibell. She was scuttled by the French as the Germans invaded in 1940, Harland and Wolff laid down Traffics keel on 22 December 1910 and launched her on 27 April 1911, two days after her running mate, Nomadic. The vessel then underwent sea trials on 18 May 1911, before being handed over to the White Star Line on 27 May 1911, two days later, on 29 May, Nomadic and Traffic attended RMS Olympic as she carried out her sea trials. The two tenders then sailed to Southampton, and then on to Cherbourg, where they were based. Traffic carried third class passengers, as well as mail, cargo and baggage, out to the White Star Lines large ocean liners, while Nomadic carried first and second class passengers. Traffic took passengers and mail out to Titanic on 10 April 1912 while the liner lay moored in the roads off the port, Traffic could accommodate 1,200 third-class passengers, considerably more than Olympic and Titanics actual third-class passenger capacity. Despite this, Nomadic also had a small third-class area below deck to accommodate for Traffics over-spill of passengers, Traffic continued as a tender during the First World War, servicing the troop transports and carrying British, American and Canadian troops. Traffic and Nomadic were sold to Société Cherbourgeoise Transbordement in 1927, and continued to serve as tenders, Traffic accidentally collided with RMS Homeric on 5 June 1929, and sustained some damage to the starboard side of the hull. After enquiries revealed that Traffic was notoriously difficult to handle, new propellers were produced by Harland and Wolff, despite proving effective, Traffic was involved in another collision in December 1929, this time involving SS Minnewaska, of the Atlantic Transport Line. Minnewaska was involved in another two years later, this time with Nomadic on 29 November 1931, during which Nomadics bow was damaged. She was subsequently salvaged by the Germans and used as a coastal vessel. She was torpedoed and sunk by the Royal Navy while serving in this capacity, the location of her wreck is currently unknown
26.
White Star Line
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The Oceanic Steam Navigation Company or White Star Line of Boston Packers, more commonly known as just White Star Line, was a prominent British shipping company. Founded in 1845, the line operated a fleet of ships that sailed between Britain and Australia. Today it is most famous for their innovative vessel Oceanic of 1870, in 1934, White Star merged with its chief rival, Cunard Line, which operated as Cunard-White Star Line until 1950. Cunard Line then operated as an entity until 2005 and is now part of Carnival Corporation & plc. As a lasting reminder of the White Star Line, modern Cunard ships use the term White Star Service to describe the level of customer care expected of the company. The first company bearing the name White Star Line was founded in Liverpool, England, by John Pilkington and it focused on the UK–Australia trade, which increased following the discovery of gold in Australia. The fleet initially consisted of the sailing ships RMS Tayleur, Blue Jacket, White Star, Red Jacket, Ellen, Ben Nevis, Emma, Mermaid. Tayleur, the largest ship of its day, wrecked on its voyage to Australia at Lambay Island, near Ireland. In 1863, the company acquired its first steamship, Royal Standard, the original White Star Line merged with two other small lines, The Black Ball Line and The Eagle Line, to form a conglomerate, the Liverpool, Melbourne and Oriental Steam Navigation Company Limited. This did not prosper and White Star broke away, White Star concentrated on Liverpool to New York City services. Heavy investment in new ships was financed by borrowing, but the companys bank, White Star was left with an incredible debt of £527,000, and was forced into bankruptcy. Ismay established the headquarters at Albion House, Liverpool. Ismay was approached by Gustav Christian Schwabe, a prominent Liverpool merchant, and his nephew, Schwabe offered to finance the new line if Ismay had his ships built by Wolffs company, Harland and Wolff. Ismay agreed, and a partnership with Harland and Wolff was established, the shipbuilders received their first orders on 30 July 1869. The agreement was that Harland and Wolff would build the ships at cost plus a fixed percentage, in 1870, William Imrie joined the managing company. As the first ship was being commissioned, Ismay formed the Oceanic Steam Navigation Company to operate the steamers under construction, White Star began with six ships of the Oceanic class, Oceanic, Atlantic, Baltic, and Republic, followed by the slightly larger Celtic and Adriatic. White Star began operating again in 1871 between New York and Liverpool and it has long been customary for many shipping lines to have a common theme for the names of their ships. White Star gave their ships names ending in -ic, such as Titanic, the first substantial loss for the company came only four years after its founding, occurring in 1873 with the sinking of the SS Atlantic and the loss of 535 lives near Halifax, Nova Scotia
27.
Harland and Wolff
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Harland & Wolff Heavy Industries is a Northern Irish heavy industrial company, specialising in shipbuilding and offshore construction, located in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Harland & Wolff is most famous for having all of the ships intended for the White Star Line including RMS Titanic. Harland and Wolffs official history, Shipbuilders to the World, was published in 1986, as of 2011, the expanding offshore wind power industry has been the prime focus, and 75% of the companys work is based on offshore renewable energy. Harland & Wolff was formed in 1861 by Edward James Harland, in 1858 Harland, then general manager, bought the small shipyard on Queens Island from his employer Robert Hickson. After buying Hicksons shipyard, Harland made his assistant Wolff a partner in the company, Wolff was the nephew of Gustav Schwabe, Hamburg, who was heavily invested in the Bibby Line, and the first three ships that the newly incorporated shipyard built were for that line. When Harland died in 1895, William James Pirrie became the chairman of the company until his death in 1924, thomas Andrews also became the general manager and head of the draughting department in 1907. In 1912, due primarily to increasing instability in Ireland. The three neighbouring yards were amalgamated and redeveloped to provide a total of seven building berths, a fitting-out basin, Harland & Wolff specialised in building tankers and cargo ships at Govan. The nearby shipyard of A. & J. Inglis was also purchased by Harland & Wolff in 1919, along with a stake in the primary steel supplier. Harland & Wolff also established shipyards at Bootle in Liverpool, North Woolwich in London and Southampton and these shipyards were all eventually closed from the early 1960s however, when the company opted to consolidate its operations in Belfast. In the First World War, Harland and Wolff built monitors and cruisers, in 1918, the company opened a new shipyard on the eastern side of the Musgrave Channel which was named the East Yard. This yard specialised in mass-produced ships of standard design developed in the First World War, the company started an aircraft manufacturing subsidiary with Short Brothers, called Short & Harland Limited in 1936. Its first order was for 189 Handley Page Hereford bombers built under licence from Handley Page for the Royal Air Force, in the Second World War, this factory built Short Stirling bombers as the Hereford was removed from service. The shipyard was busy in the Second World War, building six aircraft carriers and it also manufactured tanks and artillery components. It was in period that the companys workforce peaked at around 35,000 people. However, many of the built in this era were commissioned right at the end of World War II, as Harland. The yard on Queens Island was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe in April and May 1941 causing considerable damage to the shipbuilding facilities, with the rise of the jet-powered airliner in the late 1950s, the demand for ocean liners declined. This, coupled with competition from Japan, led to difficulties for the British shipbuilding industry, the last liner that the company launched was MV Arlanza for Royal Mail Line in 1960, whilst the last liner completed was SS Canberra for P&O in 1961
28.
RMS Olympic
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RMS Olympic was a transatlantic ocean liner, the lead ship of the White Star Lines trio of Olympic-class liners. Unlike her younger sister ships, Olympic had a long career and this included service as a troopship during the First World War, which gained her the nickname Old Reliable. Olympic was the largest ocean liner in the world for two periods during 1911–13, interrupted only by the tenure of the slightly larger Titanic. Olympic also retained the title of the largest British-built liner until RMS Queen Mary was launched in 1934, by contrast with Olympic, the other ships in the class, Titanic and Britannic, did not have long service lives. Built in Belfast, Ireland, the RMS Olympic was the first of the three Olympic-class ocean liners – the others were RMS Titanic and HMHS Britannic. They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Lines fleet, the company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their largest and now outclassed ships from 1890, SS Teutonic and SS Majestic. The former was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic, Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Stars New York service after Titanics loss. The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff, cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships, plus a five percent profit margin. In the case of the Olympic-class ships, a cost of £3 million for the first two ships was agreed plus extras to contract and the five percent fee. Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work designing the Olympic-class vessels, carlisles responsibilities included the decorations, equipment and all general arrangements, including the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design. On 29 July 1908, Harland and Wolff presented the drawings to J. Bruce Ismay, Ismay approved the design and signed three letters of agreement two days later authorising the start of construction. At this point the first ship – which was later to become Olympic – had no name, Titanic was based on a revised version of the same design and was given the number 401. Bruce Ismays father Thomas Henry Ismay had previously planned to build a ship named Olympic as a ship to Oceanic. The senior Ismay died in 1899 and the order for the ship was cancelled, construction of Olympic began three months before Titanic to ease pressures on the shipyard. Several years would pass before Britannic would be launched, in order to accommodate the construction of the class, Harland and Wolff upgraded their facility in Belfast, the most dramatic change was the combining of three slipways into two larger ones. Olympics keel was laid in December 1908 and she was launched on 20 October 1910 and her hull was repainted black following the launch. The first-class passengers enjoyed luxurious cabins, and some were equipped with private bathrooms, first-class passengers could have meals in the ships large and luxurious dining saloon or in the more intimate A La Carte Restaurant. The second-class facilities included a room, a library, a spacious dining room
29.
RMS Titanic
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Of the 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster, the first class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. A high-power radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger marconigrams and for the operational use. Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people—slightly more than half of the number on board, after leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown in Ireland before heading west to New York. On 14 April, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles south of Newfoundland, the collision caused the ships hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea, she could only survive four flooding. Meanwhile, passengers and some members were evacuated in lifeboats. A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a women and children first protocol for loading lifeboats, at 2,20 a. m. she broke apart and foundered—with well over one thousand people still aboard. Just under two hours after Titanic sank, the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived at the scene, where she brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors. The disaster was greeted with shock and outrage at the huge loss of life. Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to improvements in maritime safety. One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, which still governs maritime safety today. Additionally, several new regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications—which could have saved many more passengers. The wreck of Titanic, first discovered over 70 years after the sinking, remains on the seabed, since her discovery in 1985, thousands of artifacts have been recovered and put on display at museums around the world. Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history, her memory is kept alive by numerous works of culture, including books, folk songs, films, exhibits. Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world, only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic, the name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic. They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Lines fleet, Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic. Majestic would be back into her old spot on White Stars New York service after Titanics loss. The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff, cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships, plus a five percent profit margin
30.
Cherbourg-Octeville
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Cherbourg-Octeville is a city and former commune situated at the northern end of the Cotentin peninsula in the northwestern French department of Manche. It is a subprefecture of its department, and was formed when the commune of Cherbourg absorbed Octeville on 28 February 2000. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, the city is a Maritime prefecture and sub-prefecture of la Manche. Cherbourg-en-Cotentin is protected by Cherbourg Harbour, between La Hague and Val de Saire, and the city has been a position over the centuries. A stopping point for prestigious transatlantic liners in the first half of the 20th century, limited by its geographical isolation from being a great commercial port, it is nonetheless an important shipbuilding centre, and a working-class city with a rural hinterland. Cherbourg-en-Cotentin is located at the tip of the Cotentin Peninsula, in the department of Manche. At the time of the 1999 census the city of Cherbourg had an area of 6.91 square kilometres, the largest city in the Department of Manche, it is the result of the merger of the communes of Cherbourg and Octeville. The amalgamated city today has an area of 14.26 km2. Cherbourg is situated at the mouth of the Divette and at the south of the bay between Cap Lévi to the east and Cap de La Hague to the west, Cherbourg-Octeville is 120 km from the English coast. Cherbourg and Octeville-sur-Cherbourg once belonged to the deanery of La Hague, in 1786, a part of Equeurdreville joined Cherbourg, during the construction of the port, and then in 1802, a portion of Octeville. Thus, Cherbourg-Octeville lies both in La Hague and in the Val de Saire, like all Chantereyne and the area of the Mielles, the Cherbourg territory was reclaimed from the sea. Built at the level of the sea, the town developed at the foot of the Roule mountain and these folds result in layers of sandstone tilted 45° towards the north-east on la Fauconniere and the Montagne du Roule. These two cliffs are due to sea erosion in the Quaternary, the retreat of the sea then gave way to sand dunes and tidal marshes, destroyed by the urbanisation of the 17th and 19th centuries, identical to those of Collignon in Tourlaville. The greenschist, whose colour comes from chlorite and sericite, are used mainly for roofing in Nord-Cotentin, the Armorican sandstone of the Montagne du Roule is used for rubble and rockfill. Most of the quarries, which opened in the metropolitan area for building the harbour wall, are now closed. Cherbourg-en-Cotentin is bordered by the sea, the construction of the port of trade, from 1769, accompanied by the diversion of the Divette and the Trottebec gathered in the canal de retenue, along the Avenue de Paris and Rue du Val-de-Saire. The streams of the Bucaille and the Fay, which watered the Croûte du Homet, Cherbourg-en-Cotentin has a temperate oceanic climate. Its maritime character causes high humidity and a strong sea wind, commonly stormy but also low seasonal variations of temperature and few days of frost
31.
Bar Harbor, Maine
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Bar Harbor is a town on Mount Desert Island in Hancock County, Maine, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population is 5,235, Bar Harbor is a popular tourist destination in the Down East region of Maine and home to the College of the Atlantic, Jackson Laboratory, and MDI Biological Laboratory. Prior to a catastrophic 1947 fire the town was a summer colony for the super-affluent elite. Bar Harbor is home to the largest parts of Acadia National Park, including Cadillac Mountain, the highest point within twenty-five miles of the coastline of the Eastern United States. The town is served by the Hancock County-Bar Harbor Airport, which has flights on Cape Air and PenAir to Boston, as well as flights to Newark and Portland. The town of Bar Harbor was founded on the northeast shore of Mount Desert Island, the Wabanaki seasonally fished, hunted and gathered berries, clams, and other shellfish in the area. They spoke of Bar Harbor as Man-es-aydik or Ah-baysauk, leaving piles of shells as evidence of this abundance. In early September 1604, French explorer Samuel de Champlain ran aground on a rock ledge believed to be just off Otter Cliffs, Champlain named the island Isles des Monts Deserts, meaning island of barren mountains—now called Mount Desert Island, the largest in Maine. The community was first settled by Europeans in 1763 by Israel Higgins and John Thomas and incorporated on February 23,1796 as Eden, after Sir Richard Eden, early industries included fishing, lumbering and shipbuilding. With the best soil on Mount Desert Island, it also developed agriculture, in the 1840s, its rugged maritime scenery attracted the Hudson River School and Luminism artists Thomas Cole, Frederic Edwin Church, William Hart and Fitz Henry Lane. Inspired by their paintings, journalists, sportsmen and rusticators followed, agamont House, the first hotel in Eden, was established in 1855 by Tobias Roberts. Birch Point, the first summer estate, was built in 1868 by Alpheus Hardy, by 1880, there were 30 hotels, including the Mira Monte Inn, a historic landmark that would later survive a massive fire, in 1947. Tourists were arriving by train and ferry to the Gilded Age resort that would rival Newport, a glimpse of their lifestyles was available from the Shore Path, a walkway skirting waterfront lawns. Yachting, garden parties at the Pot & Kettle Club, others enjoyed horse-racing at Robin Hood Park-Morrell Park. President William Howard Taft played golf in 1910 at the Kebo Valley Golf Club. On March 3,1918, Eden was renamed Bar Harbor, after the sand and gravel bar, visible at low tide, the name would become synonymous with elite wealth. It was the birthplace of vice-president Nelson Rockefeller on July 8,1908, Bar Harbor was also used for naval practices during World War II. More specifically, Bald Porcupine Island was used to fire live torpedoes, on October 10,1944 the submarine USS Piper fired 12 live torpedoes at the island
32.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
33.
Her Majesty's Naval Service
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Her Majestys Naval Service, also known as the Senior Service, is the United Kingdoms naval warfare and maritime service. It consists of the Royal Navy, Royal Marines, Naval Careers Service, Royal Marines Band Service, the term Naval Service should be distinguished from the UK Naval Services, which consist of the Naval Service and the Merchant Navy. The Naval Service as a whole falls under the command of the Navy Board and this position is currently held by Admiral Sir Phillip Jones. The Defence Council delegates administration of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, the total displacement of HM Naval Service and the Royal Fleet Auxiliary is approximately 641,000 tonnes. The Royal Fleet Auxiliary is considered part of the Ministry of Defence Civil Service, the Navy has been structured around a single fleet since the abolition of the Eastern and Western fleets in 1971. Command of deployable assets is exercised by the Commander-in-Chief Fleet, who also has authority over the Royal Marines, personnel matters are the responsibility of the Second Sea Lord/Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command, an appointment usually held by a vice-admiral. The United Kingdoms nuclear deterrent is carried aboard the navys Vanguard-class of four nuclear ballistic-missile submarines, the surface fleet consists of destroyers, frigates, amphibious assault ships, patrol ships, mine-countermeasures, and miscellaneous vessels. The submarine service has existed within the Royal Navy for more than 100 years, the service possessed a combined fleet of diesel-electric and nuclear-powered submarines until the early 1990s. Following the Options for Change defence review, the Upholder class diesel-electric submarines were withdrawn, the infantry component of the Naval Service is the Corps of Royal Marines. Consisting of a single brigade and various independent units, the Royal Marines specialise in amphibious, arctic. The Commando Logistic Regiment consists of personnel from the Army, Royal Marines, the Royal Fleet Auxiliary is a civilian-manned fleet owned by the British Ministry of Defence. The RFA enables ships of the Royal Navy to maintain operations around the world and its primary role is to supply the Royal Navy with fuel, ammunition and supplies, normally by replenishment at sea. It also transports Army and Royal Marine personnel, as well as supporting training exercises, the RFA is funded out of the UK defence budget and the Commodore commanding the RFA is directly responsible to the Royal Navy Fleet Commander. The Royal Fleet Auxiliary also augments the Royal Navys amphibious warfare capabilities through its three Bay-class landing ship dock vessels, the service is manned by around 1,850 civilian personnel. Serco Denholm took over Marine Services to the Naval Service from the now disbanded Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service in 2008, in late 2009 Serco bought out Denholms share, with the service now being known as Serco Marine Services
34.
Buoy tender
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A buoy tender is a type of vessel used to maintain and replace navigational buoys. The name is used for someone who works on such a vessel. The United States Coast Guard uses buoy tenders to accomplish one of its missions of maintaining all U. S. The Canadian Coast Guard uses multi-use vessels with the buoy tender platform
35.
Navigational aid
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A navigational aid is any sort of marker which aids the traveler in navigation, the term is most commonly used to refer to nautical or aviation travel. Common types of such aids include lighthouses, buoys, fog signals, red ATONs always have even numbers, and green ATONs have odd numbers. Under the IALA B standard used in North and South America, when you are going to sea, the red ATON is on your left, under the IALA A standard used in Europe, Africa and most of Asia, the colors are reversed. In the IALA B system, the red ATONs are on your right when you return from sea, red daybeacons are triangles and green daybeacons are squares. All of these ATONs are Lateral Markers that mark traffic channels and these give the direction of safe water as a cardinal direction relative to the mark. There are also other markers that give information other than the edges of safe waters, most are white with orange markings and black lettering. They are used to give direction and information, warn of hazards and destructions, mark controlled areas and these ATONs do not mark traffic channels. On non-lateral markers, there are shapes that show certain things, Squares show information, including places to find food, supplies. Diamonds warn about dangers like rocks, construction, dams, or stumps, circles mark a controlled area such as no wake, idles speed, speed limit, or ski zone. Crossed diamonds show areas off limits to all boats, like swimming areas, there are some special colored ATONs. When there are red and green stripes, you are at the junction of two channels. The ATONs indicate the primary channel, if the green is on the top, the preferred channel is to the right. If the red is on top, the channel is to the left. The light matches the top stripe color and these ATONs are sometimes called junction buoys. ATONs are often integrated with Automatic Identification System, e. g. a lighthouse can be equipped with an AIS transmitter. Sometimes it is impractical to equip the ATON with an AIS transponder and this is known as a synthetic ATON. Lead marks and lights are fixed markers that are displaced to allow a mariner to navigate a fixed channel along the preferred route. They are also known as channel markers and they can normally be used coming into and out of the channel
36.
Destroyer tender
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A destroyer tender, or destroyer depot ship in British English, is an auxiliary ship designed to provide maintenance support to a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships. The use of class has faded from its peak in the first half of the 20th century as the roles of small combatants have evolved. As the industrial revolution progressed, steam-powered steel ships replaced sail-powered wooden ships, the first large warship to be sunk by a torpedo was the Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada in 1891. These torpedo boat destroyers were so full of machinery, coal, quick-firing guns, Destroyer tenders with berthing and dining accommodations for the destroyer crews joined the fleet train of colliers accompanying the battle fleet. The destroyer tenders also carried cooks, administrative and medical personnel, although individual destroyers were too small for these specialized personnel, the skills of those aboard the tender were available to the whole destroyer flotilla. The tender also carried a supply of parts for destroyer machinery. When the Great White Fleet circled the globe in 1907, it was accompanied by a tender, the USS Yankton, and a repair ship, repair ships carried a fully equipped machine shop and foundry capable of completing any repair not requiring a drydock. Destroyer displacement had increased to 1,000 tons by World War I, United States destroyer tenders of World War II carried some destroyer ammunition and depth charges, and performed torpedo maintenance and resupply, but focused on repair work. These tenders operated stills and electric generators to supply fresh water, each increment of size enabled destroyers to carry more of the personnel and equipment previously found on the tender. Destroyers reached the size of cruisers during the war. Surviving tenders became functionally indistinguishable from repair ships, some destroyer tenders were designed and built to attend a flotilla of destroyers, while others were converted from ships built for other purposes. Tabled below is a comparison of ships designed as destroyer tenders, List of United States Navy Destroyer Tenders Submarine tender Blackman, cooney, David M. Ships, Aircraft and Weapons of the United States Navy. The Ships and Aircraft of the U. S. Fleet, British and Dominion Warships of World War II. Garden City, New York, Doubleday & Company, garden City, New York, Doubleday & Company
37.
Diving support vessel
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A diving support vessel is a ship that is used as a floating base for professional diving projects. Until that point, most diving operations were from mobile oil drilling platforms, pipe-lay, the diving system tended to be modularised and craned on and off the vessels as a package. However, equipment fails or gets damaged, and there was an if not continuous need for diving operations in. The solution was to put diving packages on ships, furthermore, seabed operations usually entailed the raising and lowering of heavy equipment, and most such vessels were not equipped for this task. This is when the commercial diving support vessel emerged. These were often built from scratch or heavily converted pipe carriers or other utility ships, saturation diving system - For diving operations below 50m, a mixture of helium and oxygen is required to eliminate the narcotic effect of nitrogen under pressure. For extended diving operations at depth, saturation diving is the preferred approach, a saturation system would be installed within the ship. There are a number of systems for the saturation system on a Diving Support Vessel, usually including a Remotely Operated Vehicle ROV. Most of the currently in the North Sea have been built in the 1980s. The semi-submersible fleet, the Uncle John and similar, have proven to be too expensive to maintain, therefore, most existing designs are monohull vessels with either a one or a twin bell dive system. There has been innovation since the 1980s. However, driven by oil prices since 2004, the market for subsea developments in the North Sea has grown significantly. This has led to a scarcity of Diving Support Vessels and have driven the price up, thus, contractors have ordered a number of newbuild vessels which are expected to enter the market in 2008
38.
Underwater diving
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Underwater diving is the practice of descending below the waters surface to conduct underwater activities. The saturation diving technique reduces the risk of decompression sickness after long duration deep dives, Atmospheric diving suits may be used to isolate the diver from the effects of high ambient pressure. Although not usually considered to be diving, crewed submersibles can extend depth range, Diving is also restricted to conditions which are not excessively hazardous, though the level of risk acceptable to the diver can vary considerably. Occasionally diving may be done in other than water. Recreational diving, sometimes called sport diving or subaquatics, is a leisure activity. Technical diving is a form of diving that achieves greater depths or endurance in more challenging conditions. Professional diving takes a range of diving activities to the work site. Public safety diving is the work done by law enforcement, fire rescue, and search & rescue/recovery dive teams. Military diving includes combat diving, clearance diving and ships husbandry diving, underwater sports is a group of competitive sports using either free-diving, snorkeling or scuba technique, or a combination of these techniques. The term deep sea diving refers to underwater diving, usually with surface supplied equipment, hard hat diving is any form of diving with a helmet, including the standard copper helmet, and other forms of free-flow and lightweight demand helmets. There are several modes of diving based on the equipment used. The ability to dive and swim underwater while holding ones breath is considered a useful skill, an important part of water sport and Navy safety training. Underwater diving without breathing apparatus can be categorized as underwater swimming, snorkeling and freediving. Several competitive underwater sports are practiced without breathing apparatus, freediving precludes the use of external breathing devices, and relies on the ability of divers to hold their breath until resurfacing. The technique ranges from simple breath-hold diving to competitive apnea dives, fins and a diving mask are often used in free diving to improve vision and provide more efficient propulsion. A short breathing tube called a snorkel allows the diver to breathe at the surface while the face is immersed, snorkeling on the surface with no intention of diving is a popular water sport and recreational activity. Scuba diving is diving with an underwater breathing apparatus, which is completely independent of surface supply. Scuba provides the diver with the advantages of mobility and horizontal range far beyond the reach of a hose attached to surface-supplied diving equipment
39.
Lighthouse tender
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A lighthouse tender is a ship specifically designed to maintain, support, or tend to lighthouses or lightvessels, providing supplies, fuel, mail, and transportation. In the United States, these ships served as part of the Lighthouse Service. The first American tender of the Lighthouse Service was former revenue cutter Rush, the first steam tender was the Shubrick, completed in 1857 and put into service on the West Coast in 1858. The Fir was the last active representative of the service, and is now a US National Historic Landmark, list of lighthouse tenders by country Navigational aid Trinity House Northern Lighthouse Board Bibliography, Lighthouses, Lightships, Tenders & Other Aids to Navigation Subjects. Lighthouses and Lightships of the United States, United States Coast Guard, Aids to Navigation. U. S. Coast Guard Aids to Navigation, A Historical Bibliography, United States Coast Guard Historians Office. Great Lakes Lighthouse tenders, Terry Pepper, Seeing the Light
40.
Luxury yacht tender
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A luxury yacht tender is a vessel used for servicing and providing support and entertainment to a private or charter luxury yacht. The latest type is commonly used thanks to its light weight, multifunction dinghies have recently become available as yacht tenders. These unsinkable dinghies can be rowed, motored, or sailed, tenders are usually motor powered by outboard motor engines or inboard engines burning either petrol/gasoline or diesel. They use either propellers or more recently impellers as utilized by water jet boats, luxury yacht tenders like other types of ships tender, whilst often used to transport supplies and personnel, are also used for the entertainment and pleasure of the yachts passengers. Accordingly, the tenders will be employed as pleasure craft or speed boats to drag bananas and for waterskiing, wakeboarding and also to transport, in recent years there has been increased development in the luxury yacht tender market. There is now greater importance given to whether a yacht includes a large tender which boasts all the latest features, private yachts are being built with stern garages which house the tender and also other associated water toys. Powerful davits are installed on the decks to mechanically lift increasingly heavier tenders. There are many companies specialize in the design, construction and distribution of luxury yacht tenders. Other manufacturers include Aquascan, Xtenders, Novurania, Avon, Brandkuip, Protector, Zodiac, smaller builders include American Classic Marine
41.
Mail tender
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A mail tender is a small steamboat used to carry mail. As a tender it only carries mail for short distances between ship and shore, ferrying it to and from a mail steamer. The use of tenders for loading passengers and their luggage was well established even before the Edwardian heyday of ocean liners as the means of intercontinental transport. They avoided the need to wait for these ships to enter harbour and be docked. Tenders were also used by ports, where they could stand out to sea beyond a harbour bar and exchange passengers. In the Victorian times of several postal deliveries a day, speed was of the essence in transporting mails and the slightest time advantage would be seized upon. Passenger tenders such as the SS Traffic could be large, being able to ferry 1,000 passengers – a comparable number, although a shorter journey. Mail tenders were often smaller than this. Passenger tenders were usually owned by the lines and would only service their own vessels, mail tenders were often owned by national post offices. Queenstown, today named Cobh, was an important port for the Irish transatlantic trade, being only a small harbour though, it relied on tenders. Only a few passengers were to be put ashore on Dickens voyage, in 1868 the Post Office Surveyor and novelist Anthony Trollope gave Dickens another encounter with a mail tender, when their ships crossed paths in New York. Possibly trading on his role as consultant for the mail service. With the development of fast railways, passages along a coast could also be speeded up by mail tenders, in 1907 the Lady Evelyn was purchased by Canadas Postmaster General to act as a mail tender for the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River on Canadas East Coast. This was to replace an older steamer, the Rhoda, described in parliament by Lemieux as a disgrace, liners for the inland port of Quebec City would pass by the small tender port of Rimouski,200 miles downstream. Mail offloaded by tender here could by taken by train to Quebec much faster than on the liner, in the years immediately before World War I, Queenstown was still a regular intermediate stop by tender for the liners Lusitania and Mauretania. The mail tender came alongside first and was turned around in as little as fifteen minutes, passengers were then carried in a separate tender, taking a slightly more leisurely twenty five minutes. A mail ship and its tender appear on the 10 cent US Parcel Post stamp of 1912 Dispatch boat
42.
Seaplane tender
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A seaplane tender is a boat or ship that supports the operation of seaplanes. In maritime parlance a tender is a vessel that is used to support the operation of other vessels, in British usage, the term tender was used for small craft, with the term depot ship being used for large sea going vessels. Flying boats and float planes even when based at home in ports, British tenders were small craft of launch to pinnace size. All those functions that on land would require wheeled ground support equipment had a need for a watercraft equivalent. e and those functions which in a land based airfield would be fulfilled by buildings. The first seaplane carrier appeared in 1911 with the French Navy La Foudre, La Foudre carried float-equipped planes under hangars on the main deck, from where they were lowered on the sea with a crane. La Foudre was further modified in November 1913 with a 10 m -long flat deck to launch her seaplanes, another early seaplane carrier was HMS Hermes, an old cruiser converted and commissioned with a flying-off deck in mid-1913. However, HMS Ark Royal was the first ship in history designed, in the Battle of Tsingtao, from 5 September 1914, the Imperial Japanese Navy seaplane carrier Wakamiya conducted the worlds first naval-launched air raids from Kiaochow Bay. The four Maurice Farman seaplanes bombarded German-held land targets and damaged a German minelayer in the Tsingtao peninsula from September to 6 November 1914, when the Germans surrendered. On Christmas Day 1914, the British carried out the Cuxhaven Raid and these carriers had hangars for storing and maintaining the aircraft, but no flight deck as in a true aircraft carrier. Instead, they used cranes to lower the aircraft into the sea for takeoff, the ships were normally converted merchant vessels rather than specially constructed for the task. As aircraft improved the problems of using seaplanes became more of a handicap, the aircraft could only be operated in a smooth sea and the ship had to stop for launching or recovery, both of which took around 20 minutes. The tender was often stationed 10 mi or so in front of the battle fleet with the cruiser screen so that it would not fall hopelessly behind when it launched its aircraft. Seaplanes also had poorer performance than other aircraft because of the drag, the British HMS Ark Royal was a seaplane tender with a flying-off deck. In the inter-war years, it was common for cruisers and battleships to be equipped with catapult-launched reconnaissance seaplanes, a few navies — especially those without true aircraft carriers — also acquired catapult-equipped seaplane carriers for fleet reconnaissance. During the Second World War, both the American and the Japanese Navies built a number of tenders to supplement their aircraft carrier fleets. However, these often had their catapults removed, and were used as support vessels that operated seaplanes from harbours rather than in a seaway. These aircraft were generally for long range reconnaissance patrols, nazi Germanys Kriegsmarine in World War II did not operate any seaplane tenders. However, the Luftwaffe had nineteen seaplane tenders and these ships were mostly converted from existing civilian seaplane tenders, and were capable of carrying 1-3 seaplanes
43.
Torpedo boat tender
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The torpedo boat tender was a type of warship developed at the end of the 19th century to help bring small torpedo boats to the high seas, and launch them for attack. During the Turko-Russian war in 1877, the Russians requisitionned 19 trade vessels to convert them as torpedo boat tenders, Velikiy Knyaz Konstantin was the first historical vessel in this new ship class. She was captained by Stepan Makarov, who was major naval engineer, early practitioner of torpedo usage, on 14 January 1878, Makarov performed the first successful attack by self-propelled torpedoes in history. The Turkish ship Intibah was destroyed by torpedo boats launched from Velikiy Knyaz Konstantin, in 1878, the British Navy commissioned the Hecla as a torpedo boat tender, followed by HMS Vulcan. The 1896 French ship Foudre was a torpedo boat tender, before it was converted to a seaplane carrier, during World War II, the type evolved and in the US adopted the designation of Motor torpedo boat tender. Randier, Jean 2006 La Royale, Editions Babouji ISBN 2-35261-022-2
44.
Bumboat
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A bumboat is a small boat used to ferry supplies to ships moored away from the shore. Originally referring to a boat, the name comes from the combination of the Dutch word for a canoe—boomschuit. In HMS Pinafore, W. S. Gilbert describes Little Buttercup as a Bumboat Woman, in Singapore the term bumboat is applied to small water taxis and boats that take tourists on short tours. Ships tender The Bumboat Womans Story—one of W. S. Gilberts Bab Ballads Singaporean bumboat—photo by Rajit Vijayan
45.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
