1.
Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania
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It is one of the 14 state universities that comprise the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. Shippensburg University is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges, in 1917 the school was purchased by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. On June 4,1926, the school was authorized to grant the bachelor of science in education degree in elementary, the school received a charter on October 12,1926, making it the first normal school in Pennsylvania to become a state teachers college. On June 3,1927, the State Council of Education authorized the school to change its name to the State Teachers College at Shippensburg, the business education curriculum was approved on December 3,1937. The State Council of Education approved graduate work leading to the master of education degree on January 7,1959, on January 8,1960, the name change to Shippensburg State College was authorized. On November 12,1982, the governor of the Commonwealth signed Senate Bill 506 establishing the State System of Higher Education, Shippensburg State College was designated Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania effective July 1,1983. In 1985, many of the historic buildings of the campus. More than 100 undergraduate programs are offered in the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Education and Human Services, and the John L. Grove College of Business. More than 50 masters degree programs in 17 fields of study are offered by the School of Graduate Studies,2 doctoral programs, Arts and Sciences Education and Human Services John L. Grove College of Business Elnetta G. S. News & World Report again ranked Shippensburg University among the top universities in the North in its book Americas Best Colleges 2016. In the annual rankings, Shippensburg is tied for 82nd among all institutions in the North region and it was named one of the 100 best values among public colleges in Kiplingers Personal Finance. Shippensburgs John L. Grove College of Business has maintained an AACSB accreditation since 1981, in addition to the university being recognized overall, Grove College was again recognized in the U. S. News & World Reports Best Undergraduate Business Programs category. The college was ranked 309 out of 655 undergraduate programs accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, the library collection includes over 2 million items, including bound volumes, micro-form pieces, periodicals, audiovisual titles, government documents, and University archives. The Information and Computing Technologies Center maintains a network with a number of computer labs for student use. Each student at SU receives an email account and access to the Internet, at the end of the 2009 school year, the Ezra Lehman Memorial Library first floor was completely renovated with new work stations, computers, and a new look. Shippensburg University is an NCAA Division II school and one of eighteen schools to compete in the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference. The school maintains intercollegiate programs for baseball, basketball, cross country, field hockey, football, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track & field, swimming, tennis, volleyball and wrestling. Several club sports, such as rugby, Ultimate Frisbee and the hockey team
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
5.
Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
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Cumberland County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 235,406, Cumberland County is included in the Harrisburg-Carlisle, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Cumberland County was first settled by a majority of Scots-Irish immigrants who arrived in this area about 1730, English and German settlers constituted about ten percent of the early population. The settlers originally mostly devoted the area to farming and later developed other trades and these settlers built the Middle Spring Presbyterian Church, among the oldest houses of worship in central Pennsylvania, in 1738 near present-day Shippensburg, Pennsylvania. The General Assembly of the Pennsylvania colony on January 27,1750, created Cumberland County from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the oldest towns in the county are Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, and Carlisle, Pennsylvania, each with its unique history. Shippensburg is home to Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania, one of 14 universities of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, Carlisle is also home to Dickinson College, established in 1773, and the Penn State Dickinson School of Law. It caters to military personnel and civilians and prepares them for strategic leadership responsibilities. It is the U. S. Armys most senior military educational institution, during the Gettysburg campaign of the American Civil War in the summer of 1863, Confederate troops marched through the Cumberland Valley, briefly occupying much of Cumberland County. In the 20th century, the suburbs of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Carlisle also developed suburbs in adjoining townships. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 550 square miles. The population density was 388 people per square mile, there were 86,951 housing units at an average density of 158 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 40% White,2. 36% Black or African American,0. 13% Native American,1. 67% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 43% from other races, and 0. 97% from two or more races. 1. 35% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,35. 3% were of German,10. 6% American,10. 1% Irish,7. 5% English and 6. 8% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 94. 7% spoke English and 1. 4% Spanish as their first language,26. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the family size was 2.92. In the county, the population was out with 22. 00% under the age of 18,10. 60% from 18 to 24,28. 50% from 25 to 44,24. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 95.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.70 males and its per capita income is $31,627, making it the wealthiest Pennsylvania county outside greater Philadelphia, and fifth wealthiest overall
6.
Franklin County, Pennsylvania
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Franklin County is a county located in South Central Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 149,618, Franklin County comprises the Chambersburg-Waynesboro, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Washington-Baltimore-Arlington, DC-MD-VA-WV-PA, Combined Statistical Area. It lies to a large extent within the Cumberland Valley and it is named in honor of Founding Father Benjamin Franklin. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 773 square miles. The population density was 168 people per square mile, there were 53,803 housing units at an average density of 70 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 95. 33% White,2. 33% Black or African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 55% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,0. 74% from other races, and 0. 86% from two or more races. 1. 75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,40. 2% were of German,19. 4% American,7. 6% Irish and 6. 0% English ancestry according to Census 2000. 96. 0% spoke English and 2. 1% Spanish as their first language,23. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the family size was 2.94. In the county, the population was out with 24. 00% under the age of 18,7. 90% from 18 to 24,28. 20% from 25 to 44,23. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 94.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.90 males, in 2001, Franklin County was featured in David Brooks article One Nation, Slightly Divisible in The Atlantic as a representative Red or Republican Party county. Wilson College Penn State Mont Alto Franklin County Career and Technology Center Lincoln Intermediate Unit region includes, Adams County, Franklin County, the agency offers school districts, home-schooled students and private schools many services, including, special education services, combined purchasing, and instructional technology services. It runs Summer Academy, which offers art and academic strands designed to meet the individual needs of gifted, talented and high achieving students. It also provides a GED program to adults who want to earn a school diploma. The Lincoln Intermediate Unit is governed by a 13-member board of directors, board members are elected by school directors of all 25 school districts for three-year terms that begin July 1. There are 29 intermediate units in Pennsylvania and they are funded by school districts, state and federal program specific funding and grants. IUs do not have the power to tax, caledonia State Park straddles the Franklin and Adams County line along U. S. Route 30 between Chambersburg and Gettysburg
7.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
8.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
9.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
10.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
11.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
12.
Area code 717
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Area codes 717 and 223 are telephone area codes which serve South Central Pennsylvania. 717 was one of the area codes established in 1947. The original numbering plan area covered the half of the state except for the Delaware. Despite the presence of five of the states 15 largest cities, as a result, for the next 41 years,717 was the largest numbering plan area on the Eastern Seaboard. These areas were served by telephone companies who wanted to consolidate their eastern Pennsylvania customers into a single area code. By the mid-1990s, the proliferation of phones, pagers. NPA717 was split on December 5,1998, when the northern portion, centered on Scranton, Wilkes-Barre and Williamsport, as of May 2005, the subscriber number pool of 717 was allocated by 52%. The Pennsylvania Utility Commission determined in 2010 that 717 will likely exhaust by the quarter of 2018. Under consideration for relief were an overlay the numbering plan area with an area code. An overlay requires ten-digit dialing in the territory, while the latter preserves seven-digit dialing, most of those who testified in a public hearing supported an overlay as a cost-effective solution. In October 2016, an area code,223, was approved. The effective date of ten digit dialing has been announced as August 26,2017, the 223 area code will be available for number assignment on September 26,2017. When 223 enters service, it will break seven-digit dialing in the half of Pennsylvania. The only portion of the Commonwealth that has not been overlaid to date is 814, Area code 717 serve parts of sixteen counties in Pennsylvania. com,717 Area Code
13.
Borough (Pennsylvania)
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Boros also tend to have more developed business districts and concentrations of public and commercial office buildings, including court houses. Both are larger, less spacious, more developed than the rural townships. There are 958 boroughs in Pennsylvania, but only one town, all municipalities in Pennsylvania are classified as either cities, boroughs, or townships. The only exception is the town of Bloomsburg, which is recognized by government as the only incorporated town in Pennsylvania. Many home rule municipalities remain classified as boroughs or townships for certain purposes even if the states Borough, Borough List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania Category, Self-governance References Sources
14.
Cumberland Valley
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The Cumberland Valley is a northern constituent valley of the Great Appalachian Valley, within the Atlantic Seaboard watershed in Pennsylvania and Maryland. The Appalachian Trail crosses through the valley, the portion of the valley residing in Maryland is sometimes referred to as the Hagerstown Valley. The Cumberland Valley Railroad, the Cumberland Valley AVA wine region, cities in the Cumberland Valley include Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Hagerstown, Maryland. Pennsylvania boroughs include Camp Hill, Mechanicsburg, Carlisle, Shippensburg, Chambersburg, Waynesboro, Great Appalachian Valley Stewart, Harriet Wylie. History of the Cumberland Valley, Pennsylvania, Cumberland Valley blog History of the Cumberland Valley, Pennsylvania
15.
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
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Harrisburg is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and the county seat of Dauphin County. With a population of 49,673, it is the tenth-largest city in the Commonwealth and it lies on the east bank of the Susquehanna River,107 miles west of Philadelphia. The Harrisburg-York-Lebanon, PA Combined Statistical Area is made up of six counties in south central Pennsylvania, Harrisburg played a notable role in American history during the Westward Migration, the American Civil War, and the Industrial Revolution. The U. S. Navy ship USS Harrisburg, which served from 1918 to 1919 at the end of World War I, was named in honor of the city. The Pennsylvania Farm Show, the largest free indoor agriculture exposition in the United States, was first held in Harrisburg in 1917 and has held there every early-to-mid January since then. Harrisburg is also known for the Three Mile Island accident, which occurred on March 28,1979 near Middletown, in 2010 Forbes rated Harrisburg as the second best place in the U. S. to raise a family. Despite the citys recent financial troubles, in 2010 The Daily Beast website ranked 20 metropolitan areas across the country as being recession-proof, the financial stability of the region is in part due to the high concentration of state and federal government agencies. The finances of the city however, were poorly managed. Harrisburgs site along the Susquehanna River is thought to have been inhabited by Native Americans as early as 3000 BC, in 1719, John Harris, Sr. an English trader, settled here and 14 years later secured grants of 800 acres in this vicinity. In 1785, John Harris, Jr. made plans to lay out a town on his fathers land, in the spring of 1785, the town was formally surveyed by William Maclay, who was a son-in-law of John Harris, Sr. In 1791, Harrisburg became incorporated, and in October 1812 it was named the Pennsylvania state capital, the assembling here of the highly sectional Harrisburg Convention in 1827 led to the passage of the high protective-tariff bill of 1828. In 1839, Harrison and Tyler were nominated for President of the United States at the first national convention of the Whig Party of the United States, which was held in Harrisburg. Before Harrisburg gained its first industries, it was a scenic, pastoral town, typical of most of the day, compact, in 1822, the impressive brick capitol was completed for $200,000. It was Harrisburg’s strategic location which gave it an advantage over other towns. It was settled as a trading post in 1719 at an important to Westward expansion. The importance of the location was that it was at a pass in a mountain ridge, the Susquehanna River flowed generally west to east at this location, providing a route for boat traffic from the east. The head of navigation was a distance northwest of the town. Persons arriving from the east by boat had to exit at Harrisburg, Harrisburg assumed importance as a provisioning stop at this point where westward bound pioneers transitioned from river travel to overland travel
16.
Carlisle, Pennsylvania
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Carlisle is a borough in and the county seat of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The name is pronounced as in British English with emphasis on the second syllable /kɑːrˈlaɪl/. Carlisle is located within the Cumberland Valley, a productive agricultural region. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,682. Including suburbs in the townships,37,695 live in the Carlisle urban cluster. Carlisle is an exurb of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, to the east, Carlisle is the slightly smaller principal city of the Harrisburg−Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Cumberland, Dauphin, and Perry counties in South Central Pennsylvania. In 2010, Forbes rated Carlisle and Harrisburg the second-best place to raise a family, the U. S. Army War College, located at the Carlisle Barracks, prepares high-level military personnel and civilians for strategic leadership responsibilities. Carlisle Barracks ranks among the oldest U. S. Army installations, Carlisle Barracks is home of the United States Army Military Heritage Museum. Carlisle also hosts Dickinson College and Penn State Dickinson School of Law, aholds U. S. headquarters are in Carlisle. American pioneer John Armstrong Sr. laid the plan for the settlement of Carlisle in 1751 and he fathered John Armstrong Jr. who was born in Carlisle in 1758. Scots-Irish immigrants settled in Carlisle and farmed the Cumberland Valley and they named the settlement after its sister town of Carlisle, Cumbria, England, and even built its former jailhouse to resemble The Citadel in Carlisle, Cumbria. In 1757, Colonel Commandant John Stanwix—for whom Fort Stanwix in upstate New York is named—–made his headquarters in Carlisle, Stanwix had sat in Parliament as Member for Carlisle during the 1740s. Later during the French and Indian Wars, the Forbes Expedition organized in Carlisle in 1758, and Henry Bouquet organized an expedition there for Pontiacs War, Carlisle served as a munitions depot during the American Revolutionary War. The depot was developed into the United States Army War College at Carlisle Barracks. Revolutionary War legend Molly Pitcher died in the borough in 1832, a hotel was built in her honor, called the Molly Pitcher Hotel, it has since been renovated to house apartments for senior citizens. Carlisle was incorporated as a borough a few years after the war on April 13,1782, a decade later, during the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, the troops of Pennsylvania and New Jersey assembled in Carlisle under the leadership of President George Washington. While in Carlisle, the president worshiped in the First Presbyterian Church at the corner of Hanover Street, one of the colleges more famous alumni, the 15th U. S. president, James Buchanan, graduated in 1809. The Dickinson School of Law, founded in 1834 and affiliated then with Dickinson College, ranks as the fifth-oldest law school in the United States, a general borough law of 1851 authorized a burgess and a borough council to administer the government of the borough of Carlisle
17.
Hardware store
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Many hardware stores have specialty departments unique to its region or its owners interests. The five largest hardware retailers in the world are The Home Depot, Lowes, Kingfisher of the United Kingdom, Obi of Germany, larger hardware stores may sell small amounts of building supplies including lumber, flooring, roofing materials and fencing. Such stores are referred to as home-improvement centers or home centers. Even in the face of competition from chain stores new hardware stores in the U. S. are still opening all the time. In the U. S. there are four major nationwide wholesale suppliers to hardware stores, all four report more than $1 billion in sales annually. Three of them operate as retailers cooperatives, Do It Best Corp, from Fort Wayne Indiana, True Value Company from Chicago Illinois, Hardware store owners purchase stock in these suppliers and are members and owners as well as customers. A hardware store may choose to include the name of the cooperative in the name of the store. The fourth nationwide supplier is Orgill, Inc. a traditional wholesale organization that does not operate as a cooperative, Hardware stores also purchase from a variety of regional wholesalers and specialty manufacturers. Other retailers cooperatives are PRO Group and Val-Test Distributors, Manufacturers include Black & Decker, Ingersoll Rand, Masco, Rubbermaid and Weber. Some hardware stores operate rental businesses as part of the primary business, elwood Adams Hardware of Worcester, Massachusetts claims to be the oldest operating hardware store in the United States, having begun business in 1782. Part of the popularity of American hardware stores is the range of services they provide, Most retail outlets only sell goods, while some hardware stores custom-make or repair a large variety of household items. It is common for a store in the U. S. The North American Retail Hardware Association is a organization that provides training and resources for hardware store owners and publishes a trade magazine in print. Home Hardware, Rona, Canac, BMR Group and Réno-Dépôt are Canadian hardware retailers, aikenheads Hardware became the Canadian unit of The Home Depot in 1994. Canadian Tire, Central, Kent Building Supplies, Lowes and many smaller chains also sell hardware in Canada, in the United Kingdom, hardware shops are also sometimes known as ironmongers, and larger, out-of-town hardware shops may be called do it yourself or DIY centres. British chain stores include B&Q, Homebase, and Wickes, european based stores include, Most hardware stores in China, whether in the city or rural areas, are small, family-owned, non-franchise companies. They provide similar products to Western hardware stores, including plumbing and electrical supplies, tools, unlike the West, they do not normally carry lumber, fishing supplies, gardening products, or boating supplies. Some rural hardware stores do supply animal feed, such as chicken feed, common to most non-Western countries, China has specialty hardware stores, dedicated to selling products in a particular category
18.
Volvo Construction Equipment
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Volvo Construction Equipment - Volvo CE - is a major international company that develops, manufactures and markets equipment for construction and related industries. It is a subsidiary and business area of the Volvo Group, Volvo CEs products include a range of wheel loaders, hydraulic excavators, articulated haulers, motor graders, soil and asphalt compactors, pavers, backhoe loaders, skid steers and milling machines. Volvo CE has production facilities in USA, Brazil, Scotland, Sweden, France, Germany, Poland, India, China, Russia, headquarters are located in Brussels, Belgium. In December 2014, its number of employees is estimated at almost 15,000, Volvo CE sells machines under three brands, Volvo, SDLG and Terex Trucks. Three men laid the foundation for Volvo Construction Equipment, Johan Theofron Munktell, in 1832, Johan Theofron Munktell, then only 27, founds what became Volvo Construction Equipment in Eskilstuna, Sweden. In 1913, Munktell and his team produce Swedens first tractor, meanwhile, elsewhere in Sweden, other entrepreneurs were making progress, brothers Jean and Carl Gerhard Bolinder of Stockholm had been since 1844 manufacturing steam engines and crude engine oil. In 1932, exactly one-hundred years after Johan Theofron Munktell’s start in Eskilstuna, Bolinder moves to Eskilstuna, in 1934, Bolinder Munktell produces the legendary BM25 tractor. In 1950, Volvo buys the machine manufacturer Bolinder-Munktell and they produced the worlds first articulated hauler, the Volvo DR631 Gravel Charlie - in 1966. In 1973, the name changes to Volvo BM AB. In 1985, Volvo BM allies itself with the American manufacturer Clark Equipment, the product name Clark Michigan was abbreviated to Michigan and the three brand names Volvo BM, Michigan and Euclid were incorporated in the new company VME Group. In 1995, VME becomes a fully owned Volvo company and changes name to Volvo Construction Equipment, in 1998, Volvo CE became the first foreign company ever to invest in Korea. The acquisition of Samsung Heavy Industries strengthened its product offerings and presence in Asia, in January 2007, Volvo purchases 70% of Shandong Lingong Construction Machinery Co. Ltd. In April of the year, Volvo also finalizes acquisition of the American company Ingersoll Rands division for road construction machines. Heavy equipment Bolinder-Munktell Volvo Construction Equipment
19.
Susquehanna River
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The Susquehanna River is a major river located in the northeastern United States. At 464 miles long, it is the longest river on the American east coast that drains into the Atlantic Ocean, with its watershed, it is the 16th-largest river in the United States, and the longest river in the continental United States without commercial boat traffic today. The Susquehanna rises and flows through New York, Pennsylvania, and it forms from two main branches, the North Branch, which rises in upstate New York and is regarded by federal mapmakers as the main branch, and the West Branch Susquehanna. Both of these waterways were improved by navigations throughout the 1820s and 1830s as the Pennsylvania Canal, together with facilities of the Allegheny Portage Railroad, loaded barges were transferred from the canal and hoisted across the mountain ridge into the Pittsburgh area. The 82-mile Union Canal was completed in 1828 to connect Schuylkill River in Reading to the Susquehanna above Harrisburg, an 82-mile leg connecting the Susquehanna with the Delaware River was instead developed as the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad, built by the Pennsylvania Canal Commission. The shorter West Branch, which rises in western Pennsylvania, joins the stem of the Susquehanna near Northumberland in central Pennsylvania. The river drains 27,500 square miles, including half of the land area of Pennsylvania. The river empties into the end of the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace, Maryland. The Chesapeake Bay is the ria of the Susquehanna, while less prevalent since their contraction in the 1950–1960s, the rivers shores still support a wide ranging rail transportation infrastructure. Also called the Main Branch Susquehanna, the branch of the river rises at the outlet of Otsego Lake in Cooperstown. From there, the branch of the river runs west-southwest through rural farmland and dairy country, receiving the Unadilla River at Sidney. It dips south into Pennsylvania briefly to turn north at Susquehanna Depot hooking back into New York. A couple miles south, just across the New York state line and it makes a right-angle curve between Sayre and Towanda to cut through the Endless Mountains in the Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania. The origin of the official West Branch is near Northern Cambria County, Pennsylvania near the junction of Mitchel Road and it travels northeasterly through Curwensville, into and through Clearfield, Pennsylvania, where its joined by the Clearfield Creek right bank tributary. The West Branch turns to the southeast and passes through Lock Haven, the North Branch joins the West Branch from the northwest at Northumberland, just above Sunbury. It receives the Juniata River from the northwest at Duncannon, then passes through its last water gap, downtown Harrisburg developed on the east side of the river, which is nearly a mile wide here. It crosses into northern Maryland approximately 30 miles northeast of Baltimore and is joined by Octoraro Creek, the river enters the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace. Concord Point Light was built here in 1827 to accommodate the increasing navigational traffic, Susquehanna comes from the Lenapi term Sisawehakhanna, which means Oyster River
20.
York, Pennsylvania
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York, known as the White Rose City, is the city serving as the county seat of York County, Pennsylvania, United States, both being located in the south-central region of the state. The population within Yorks city limits was 43,718 at the 2010 census, when combined with the adjacent boroughs of West York and North York and surrounding Spring Garden, West Manchester, and Springettsbury townships, the population of Greater York was 108,386. York is the county seat of York County and is located at 39°58′00″N 76°45′00″W, York is currently the 11th largest city in Pennsylvania. The city is home to four national historic districts, Fairmount Historic District, Northwest York Historic District, Springdale Historic District, and York Historic District. York, also known as Yorktown in the mid 18th to early 19th centuries, was founded in 1741 by settlers from the Philadelphia region, by 1777, most of the area residents were of either German or Scots-Irish descent. York was incorporated as a borough on September 24,1787, during the American Revolutionary War, York served as the temporary capital of the Continental Congress. The Articles of Confederation were drafted and adopted in York, though they were not ratified until March 1781, York styles itself the first Capital of the United States, although historians generally consider it to be the fourth capital, after Philadelphia, Baltimore and Lancaster. The claim arises from the assertion that the Articles of Confederation was the first legal document to refer to the colonies as the United States of America and this does not, however, prevent modern businesses and organizations in the York area, such as the First Capital Dispensing Co. First Capital Engineering and First Capital Federal Credit Union from using the name, the Conway Cabal, a political intrigue against General George Washington, had its origins in the Golden Plough Tavern in York. According to U. S. census reports from 1800 through 1840, gordon marched to the Susquehanna River at Wrightsville and back. Early laid York under tribute and collected food, supplies, clothing, shoes, the sprawling York U. S. Army Hospital on Penn Commons served thousands of Union soldiers wounded at the battles of Antietam and Gettysburg. York also features unique architecture ranging from colonial era buildings to large gothic churches. The York Motor Car Co. built Pullman automobiles on North George St. from 1905 thorough 1917, an early and unique six-wheeled prototype was involved in one of the citys first known automobile accidents. The York area had also been home for more than 100 years to the Pfaltzgraff company, though now produced by The Hershey Company, the York Peppermint Pattie was created in York in 1940. Throughout the middle 20th Century, the residents of the city were subject to hostile racial prejudice. Between 1955 and 1970, the people of York experienced racial discrimination leading to riots, most notably the 1969 York Race Riot, which resulted in the death of Lily Allen and Henry C. These murders were left ignored until 31 years later, when allegations of murder and racial prejudice were raised against the mayor at the time. Additionally, throughout the century, the city commonly held unopposed Ku Klux Klan rallies and public meetings
21.
Scotch-Irish Americans
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While an estimated 36 million Americans reported Irish ancestry in 2006, and 6 million reported Scottish ancestry, an additional 5.4 million identified more specifically with Scotch-Irish ancestry. The term Scotch-Irish is used primarily in the United States, with people in Great Britain or Ireland who are of a similar ancestry identifying as Ulster Scots people and these included 200,000 Scottish Presbyterians who settled in Ireland between 1608-1697. Many English-born settlers of this period were also Presbyterians, although the denomination is today most strongly identified with Scotland, when King Charles I attempted to force these Presbyterians into the Church of England in the 1630s, many chose to re-emigrate to North America where religious liberty was greater. Later attempts to force the Church of Englands control over dissident Protestants in Ireland were to lead to further waves of emigration to the trans-Atlantic colonies, the term Scotch-Irish is first known to have been used to refer to a people living in Northeastern Ireland. In a letter of April 14,1573, in reference to Ulster, Elizabeth I of England wrote, We are given to understand that a nobleman named Sorley Boy and others, who be of the Scotch-Irish race. This term continued in usage for over a century before the earliest known American reference appeared in a Maryland affidavit in 1689/90, today, Scotch-Irish is an Americanism, rarely used in England, Ireland or Scotland. Smaller numbers of migrants came from Wales and the southeast of England, and others were Protestant religious refugees from Flanders, the German Palatinate. What united these different national groups was a base of Calvinist religious beliefs and that said, the large ethnic Scottish element in the Plantation of Ulster gave the settlements a Scottish character. Upon arrival in North America, these migrants at first usually identified simply as Irish, at first, the two groups had little interaction in America, as the Scots-Irish had become settled decades earlier, primarily in the backcountry of the Appalachian region. Many of the new Irish migrants also went to the interior in the 19th century, attracted to jobs on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals, the usage Scots-Irish developed in the late 19th century as a relatively recent version of the term. The word Scotch was the favored adjective for things of Scotland, including people, until the early 19th century and it was never properly used as a noun. People in Scotland refer to themselves as Scots, as a noun, although referenced by Merriam-Webster dictionaries as having first appeared in 1744, the American term Scotch-Irish is undoubtedly older. An affidavit of William Patent, dated March 15,1689, in a case against a Mr. Matthew Scarbrough in Somerset County, Maryland and it was no more sin to kill me then to kill a dogg, or any Scotch Irish dogg. Leyburn cites the following as early American uses of the term before 1744, another Church of England clergyman from Lewes, Delaware, commented in 1723 that great numbers of Irish have transplanted themselves and their families from the north of Ireland. The Oxford English Dictionary says the first use of the term Scotch-Irish came in Pennsylvania in 1744,1744 W. MARSHE Jrnl,21 June in Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society. 177, The inhabitants are chiefly High-Dutch, Scotch-Irish, some few English families and its citations include examples after that into the late 19th century. In Albions Seed, Four British Folkways in America, historian David Hackett Fischer asserts and it is true that many sailed from the province of Ulster. Part of much larger flow which drew from the lowlands of Scotland, the north of England, Many scholars call these people Scotch-Irish
22.
Edward Shippen III
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Edward Shippen III was a merchant and mayor of Philadelphia. He was born on July 9,1703 in Boston, Shippen entered into mercantile pursuits with James Logan, with whom he was in business from 1732 as the firm of Logan and Shippen. Afterward he went into the fur trade with Thomas Lawrence, as the firm of Shippen, in 1744 Shippen was elected mayor of Philadelphia. In 1745 and for years thereafter, he served as a judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In May 1752, he moved to Lancaster, where he was appointed prothonotary and he was a county judge under both the provincial and state governments. In early life he laid out and founded the town of Shippensburg, in 1746 to 1748, he was one of the founders of the College of New Jersey, of which he was a member of the first board of trustees, from which he resigned in 1767. He was also a subscriber to the Philadelphia Academy and a founder of the Pennsylvania Hospital and he died on September 25,1781 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Shippen was the son of Joseph Shippen, the brother of William Shippen, physician, and the grandson of Edward Shippen, known as Neddy, he married Sarah Plumley, daughter of Charles Plumly and Rose Budd, on September 20,1725. Their known children included, Benjamin Shippen, elizabeth Shippen was born on August 17,1726 at Philadelphia, and died on August 29,1726. Edward Shippen was born February 16,1729 at Philadelphia, married Margaret Francis,1753, Sarah Shippen was born February 22,1730 at Philadelphia, married Col. James Burd on May 14,1748, died September 17,1784. Col. Joseph Shippen was born October 30,1732 at Philadelphia, married Jane Galloway, died in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, Rose Shippen was born on September 10,1734 at Philadelphia and died on September 30. In August 1747, he married Mary Gray, daughter of William Gray and Mary, the Shippen House at Shippensburg was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. Randolph Shipley Klein, Portrait of an Early American Family, The Shippens of Pennsylvania Across Five Generations, genealogy at RootsWeb Brief biography at Virtualology. com Edward Shippen III at Find a Grave
23.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
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Lancaster, is a city located in South Central Pennsylvania which serves as the seat of Pennsylvanias Lancaster County and one of the oldest inland towns in the United States. With a population of 59,322, it ranks eighth in population among Pennsylvanias cities, the Lancaster metropolitan area population is 507,766, making it the 101st largest metropolitan area in the US and 2nd largest in the South Central Pennsylvania area. Lancaster hosts more electronic public CCTV outdoor cameras per capita than such as Boston or San Francisco. Lancaster was home to James Buchanan, the nations 15th president, originally called Hickory Town, the city was renamed after the English city of Lancaster by native John Wright. Its symbol, the red rose, is from the House of Lancaster, Lancaster was part of the 1681 Penns Woods Charter of William Penn, and was laid out by James Hamilton in 1734. It was incorporated as a borough in 1742 and incorporated as a city in 1818, the revolutionary government then moved still farther away to York, Pennsylvania. Lancaster was capital of Pennsylvania from 1799 to 1812, after which the capital was moved to Harrisburg, in 1851, the current Lancaster County Prison was built in the city, styled after Lancaster Castle in England. The prison remains in use, and was used for public hangings until 1912 and it replaced a 1737 structure on a different site. The first paved road in the United States was the former Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, opened in 1795, the Turnpike connected the cities of Lancaster and Philadelphia, and was designed by a Scottish engineer named John Loudon McAdam. Lancaster residents are known to use the word macadam in lieu of pavement or asphalt and this name is a reference to the paving process named for McAdam. The city of Lancaster was home to important figures in American history. Wheatland, the estate of James Buchanan, the fifteenth President of the United States, is one of Lancasters most popular attractions, Thaddeus Stevens, considered among the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives, lived in Lancaster as an attorney. Stevens gained notoriety as a Radical Republican and for his abolitionism, the Fulton Opera House in the city was named for Lancaster native Robert Fulton, a renaissance man who created the first fully functional steamboat. All of these individuals have had schools named after them. After the American Revolution, the city of Lancaster became an iron-foundry center, two of the most common products needed by pioneers to settle the Frontier were manufactured in Lancaster, the Conestoga wagon and the Pennsylvania long rifle. The Conestoga wagon was named after the Conestoga River, which runs through the city, the innovative gunsmith William Henry lived in Lancaster and was a U. S. congressman and leader during and after the American Revolution. In 1803, Meriwether Lewis visited Lancaster to be educated in survey methods by the well-known surveyor Andrew Ellicott, during his visit, Lewis learned to plot latitude and longitude as part of his overall training needed to lead the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In 1879, Franklin Winfield Woolworth opened his first successful five and dime store in the city of Lancaster, Lancaster was one of the winning communities for the All-America City award in 2000
24.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
25.
William Penn
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He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Native Americans. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed, in 1681, King Charles II handed over a large piece of his American land holdings to William Penn to appease the debts the king owed to Penns father. This land included present-day Pennsylvania and Delaware, Penn immediately set sail and took his first step on American soil in New Castle in 1682 after his trans-Atlantic journey. On this occasion, the colonists pledged allegiance to Penn as their new proprietor, afterwards, Penn journeyed up the Delaware River and founded Philadelphia. However, Penns Quaker government was not viewed favourably by the Dutch, Swedish and they had no historical allegiance to Pennsylvania, so they almost immediately began petitioning for their own assembly. In 1704 they achieved their goal when the three southernmost counties of Pennsylvania were permitted to split off and become the new colony of Lower Delaware. As the most prominent, prosperous and influential city in the new colony, as one of the earlier supporters of colonial unification, Penn wrote and urged for a union of all the English colonies in what was to become the United States of America. The democratic principles that he set forth in the Pennsylvania Frame of Government served as an inspiration for the United States Constitution, as a pacifist Quaker, Penn considered the problems of war and peace deeply. He developed a project for a United States of Europe through the creation of a European Assembly made of deputies that could discuss. He is therefore considered the very first thinker to suggest the creation of a European Parliament, a man of extreme religious convictions, Penn wrote numerous works in which he exhorted believers to adhere to the spirit of Primitive Christianity. He was imprisoned several times in the Tower of London due to his faith, and his book No Cross, No Crown, William Penn, Sr. served in the Commonwealth Navy during the English Civil War and was rewarded by Oliver Cromwell with estates in Ireland. The lands were seized from Irish Catholics in retaliation for the failed Irish Rebellion of 1641, Admiral Penn took part in the restoration of Charles II and was eventually knighted and served in the Royal Navy. At the time of his sons birth, Captain Penn was twenty-three, William Penn grew up during the rule of Oliver Cromwell, who succeeded in leading a Puritan rebellion against King Charles I, the king was beheaded when Penn was age 5. Penns father was often at sea, little William caught smallpox at a young age, losing all his hair, prompting his parents to move from the suburbs to an estate in Essex. The country life made an impression on young Penn. Penn was educated first at Chigwell School, by private tutors whilst in Ireland, at that time, there were no state schools and nearly all educational institutions were affiliated with the Anglican Church. Children from poor families had to have a sponsor to get an education. Penns education heavily leaned on the authors and no novelties or conceited modern writers were allowed including William Shakespeare
26.
Peggy Shippen
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Peggy Shippen or Margaret Shippen was the second wife of General Benedict Arnold. She was born into a prominent Philadelphia family with Loyalist tendencies and they were married in the Shippen townhouse on Fourth Street on April 8,1779. Not long after, Arnold began conspiring with the British to change sides, Arnold escaped to New York City, and Peggy Shippen Arnold followed. They traveled together to London at the end of 1781, where she established a home as Arnold rebuilt a trading business. In 1787, she joined Arnold in Saint John, New Brunswick, Arnold died in 1801, after which she had to settle his business affairs and pay off his debts. Peggy Shippen Arnold died in 1804, having five children who survived infancy. Margaret was nicknamed Peggy, the fourth and youngest daughter of Edward Shippen, IV and Margaret Francis and she was born into a prominent Philadelphia family, which included two Philadelphia mayors and the founder of Shippensburg, Pennsylvania. Peggy was the youngest child of the family, though there were two boys born later who died in infancy. She grew up as the baby of the family and was the familys darling, sources related that Peggy enjoyed music, doing needlework, and drawing, and participated in the study of politics. She looked up to her father and, under his tutelage, learned about politics, finance, the British captured Philadelphia in September 1777, and the Shippen family held social gatherings at their home, in keeping with their political interests and stations. A frequent guest was John André, an officer in General William Howes command, André paid particular attention to Peggy. The British withdrew from the city in June 1778, following Frances entry into the war, André left Philadelphia with his fellow troops, but the two of them remained in contact. Judge Shippen and his family had been entertaining British officers at their townhouse on Society Hill by the time that Philadelphia was occupied by the Continental Army under Benedict Arnold, the Shippens had lived temporarily on a New Jersey farm during the earlier patriot rule. The judge anticipated the British invasion of Philadelphia in September 1777 and feared that his townhouse would be used as barracks, in late summer of 1778, Shippen met Arnold, the commandant, or Continental military commander, of Philadelphia. The general began courting Peggy, regardless of differences between himself and Judge Shippen, shortly after, Peggys oldest sister Elizabeth became engaged to her first cousin Edward Burd. Benedict Arnold sent Shippens father a letter asking for her hand, Edward Shippen, however, was skeptical of Arnold due to the latters legal problems. Despite this, Edward Shippen eventually granted permission for Arnold and Peggy to marry, on April 8,1779, Benedict Arnold and Peggy Shippen were married. Arnold purchased Mount Pleasant for his bride on March 22,1779, a home built in 1762 for Captain John Macpherson
27.
Benedict Arnold
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Benedict Arnold was a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but defected to the British Army. While a general on the American side, he obtained command of the fortifications at West Point, New York overlooking the cliffs at the Hudson River, the plan was exposed in September 1780, and he was commissioned into the British Army as a brigadier general. Arnold was born in Connecticut and was a merchant operating ships on the Atlantic Ocean when the war broke out in 1775 and he joined the growing army outside Boston and distinguished himself through acts of intelligence and bravery. Despite Arnolds successes, he was passed over for promotion by the Continental Congress, adversaries in military and political circles brought charges of corruption or other malfeasance, but most often he was acquitted in formal inquiries. Congress investigated his accounts and found that he was indebted to Congress after having spent much of his own money on the war effort. Arnold was frustrated and bitter at this, as well as with the alliance with France and he decided to change sides and opened secret negotiations with the British. In July 1780, he was awarded command of West Point and his scheme was to surrender the fort to the British, but it was exposed when American forces captured British Major John André carrying papers which revealed the plot. Upon learning of Andrés capture, Arnold fled down the Hudson River to the British sloop-of-war Vulture, narrowly avoiding capture by the forces of George Washington, who had been alerted to the plot. Arnold received a commission as a general in the British Army, an annual pension of £360. He led British forces on raids in Virginia and against New London and Groton, in the winter of 1782, he moved to London with his second wife Margaret Peggy Shippen Arnold. He was well received by King George III and the Tories, in 1787, he returned to the merchant business with his sons Richard and Henry in Saint John, New Brunswick. He returned to London to settle permanently in 1791, where he died ten years later and his earlier legacy is recalled in the ambiguous nature of some of the memorials that have been placed in his honor. Benedict Arnold was born the second of six children to Benedict Arnold and Hannah Waterman King in Norwich, Connecticut Colony on January 14,1741. He was named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold, a governor of the Colony of Rhode Island—as were his father and grandfather. Only Benedict and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood, his other siblings succumbed to yellow fever in childhood and his siblings were, in order of birth, Benedict, Hannah, Mary, Absolom, and Elizabeth. Arnold was a descendant of John Lothropp through his maternal grandmother, Benedict Arnolds father was a successful businessman, and the family moved in the upper levels of Norwich society. When he was ten, Arnold was enrolled in a school in nearby Canterbury. However, the deaths of his siblings two years later may have contributed to a decline in the fortunes, since his father took up drinking
28.
American Revolutionary War
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From about 1765 the American Revolution had led to increasing philosophical and political differences between Great Britain and its American colonies. The war represented a culmination of these differences in armed conflict between Patriots and the authority which they increasingly resisted. This resistance became particularly widespread in the New England Colonies, especially in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. On December 16,1773, Massachusetts members of the Patriot group Sons of Liberty destroyed a shipment of tea in Boston Harbor in an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. Named the Coercive Acts by Parliament, these became known as the Intolerable Acts in America. The Massachusetts colonists responded with the Suffolk Resolves, establishing a government that removed control of the province from the Crown outside of Boston. Twelve colonies formed a Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance, and established committees, British attempts to seize the munitions of Massachusetts colonists in April 1775 led to the first open combat between Crown forces and Massachusetts militia, the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Militia forces proceeded to besiege the British forces in Boston, forcing them to evacuate the city in March 1776, the Continental Congress appointed George Washington to take command of the militia. Concurrent to the Boston campaign, an American attempt to invade Quebec, on July 2,1776, the Continental Congress formally voted for independence, issuing its Declaration on July 4. Sir William Howe began a British counterattack, focussing on recapturing New York City, Howe outmaneuvered and defeated Washington, leaving American confidence at a low ebb. Washington captured a Hessian force at Trenton and drove the British out of New Jersey, in 1777 the British sent a new army under John Burgoyne to move south from Canada and to isolate the New England colonies. However, instead of assisting Burgoyne, Howe took his army on a campaign against the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia. Burgoyne outran his supplies, was surrounded and surrendered at Saratoga in October 1777, the British defeat in the Saratoga Campaign had drastic consequences. Giving up on the North, the British decided to salvage their former colonies in the South, British forces under Lieutenant-General Charles Cornwallis seized Georgia and South Carolina, capturing an American army at Charleston, South Carolina. British strategy depended upon an uprising of large numbers of armed Loyalists, in 1779 Spain joined the war as an ally of France under the Pacte de Famille, intending to capture Gibraltar and British colonies in the Caribbean. Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic in December 1780, in 1781, after the British and their allies had suffered two decisive defeats at Kings Mountain and Cowpens, Cornwallis retreated to Virginia, intending on evacuation. A decisive French naval victory in September deprived the British of an escape route, a joint Franco-American army led by Count Rochambeau and Washington, laid siege to the British forces at Yorktown. With no sign of relief and the situation untenable, Cornwallis surrendered in October 1781, Whigs in Britain had long opposed the pro-war Tory majority in Parliament, but the defeat at Yorktown gave the Whigs the upper hand
29.
Braddock Expedition
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It was defeated at the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9, and the survivors retreated. The expedition takes its name from General Edward Braddock, who led the British forces and died in the effort. Braddocks defeat was a setback for the British in the early stages of the war with France and has been described as one of the most disastrous defeats for the British in the 18th century. Braddocks expedition was part of a massive British offensive against the French in North America that summer, as commander-in-chief of the British Army in America, General Braddock led the main thrust against the Ohio Country with a column some 2,100 strong. With these men, Braddock expected to seize Fort Duquesne easily, George Washington, then just 23, knew the territory and served as a volunteer aide-de-camp to General Braddock. Braddocks Chief of Scouts was Lieutenant John Fraser of the Virginia Regiment, Fraser owned land at Turtle Creek, had been at Fort Necessity, and had served as Second-in-Command at Fort Prince George, at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers. Braddock mostly failed in his attempts to recruit Native American allies from those not yet allied with the French, he had but eight Mingo Indians with him. A number of Indians in the area, notably Delaware leader Shingas, caught between two powerful European empires at war, the local Indians could not afford to be on the side of the loser. They would decide based on Braddocks success or failure, Braddock had received important assistance from Benjamin Franklin, who helped procure wagons and supplies for the expedition. Among the wagoners were two men who would later become legends of American history, Daniel Boone and Daniel Morgan. Other members of the expedition included Ensign William Crawford and Charles Scott, among the British were Thomas Gage, Charles Lee, future American president George Washington, and Horatio Gates. In some cases, the column was able to progress at a rate of two miles a day, creating Braddocks Road—an important legacy of the march—as they went. They passed the ruins of Fort Necessity along the way, where the French, small French and Indian war bands skirmished with Braddocks men during the march. Meanwhile, at Fort Duquesne, the French garrison consisted of only about 250 regulars and Canadian militia, the Indians were from a variety of tribes long associated with the French, including Ottawas, Ojibwas, and Potawatomis. Claude-Pierre Pécaudy de Contrecœur, the Canadian commander, received reports from Indian scouting parties that the British were on their way to besiege the fort. He realised he could not withstand Braddocks cannon, and decided to launch a preemptive strike, by July 8,1755, the Braddock force was on the land owned by the Chief Scout, Lieutenant John Fraser. That evening, the Indians sent a delegation to the British to request a conference, the Indians asked the British to halt their advance so that they could attempt to negotiate a peaceful withdrawal by the French from Fort Duquesne. Both Washington and Fraser recommended this to Braddock but he demurred, on July 9,1755, Braddocks men crossed the Monongahela without opposition, about 10 miles south of Fort Duquesne
30.
French and Indian War
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The French and Indian War comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years War of 1754–1763. At the start of the war, the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 European settlers, the outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians. Following months of localised conflict, the nations declared war on each other in 1756. The name French and Indian War, used mainly in the United States, British and European historians use the term the Seven Years War, as do English speaking Canadians. French Canadians call it La guerre de la Conquête or the Fourth Intercolonial War, fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies, from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north. It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, called the Forks of the Ohio, and the site of the French Fort Duquesne. The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754, in 1755, six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock, the newly arrived British Army commander, and planned a four-way attack on the French. None succeeded, and the effort by Braddock proved a disaster, he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9,1755. In 1755, the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia, orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley, Commander-in-Chief, North America, without direction from Great Britain. The Acadians, both captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty, were expelled. Native Americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from New England, after the disastrous 1757 British campaigns, the British government fell. France concentrated its forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theatre of the war, between 1758 and 1760, the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada. They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec, though the British later lost the Battle of Sainte-Foy west of Quebec, the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris. The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo-French conflict, France ceded its territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain. It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to its ally Spain, in compensation for Spains loss to Britain of Florida. Frances colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the conflict is known by multiple names. In British America, wars were often named after the sitting British monarch, such as King Williams War or Queen Annes War. As there had already been a King Georges War in the 1740s, British colonists named the war in King Georges reign after their opponents
31.
Palisade
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A palisade—sometimes called a stakewall or a paling—is typically a fence or wall made from wooden stakes or tree trunks and used as a defensive structure or enclosure. Typical construction consisted of small or mid-sized tree trunks aligned vertically, the trunks were sharpened or pointed at the top, and were driven into the ground and sometimes reinforced with additional construction. The height of a palisade ranged from around a metre to as high as 3-4 m, as a defensive structure, palisades were often used in conjunction with earthworks. Palisades were an excellent option for small forts or other hastily constructed fortifications, since they were made of wood, they could often be quickly and easily built from readily available materials. They proved to be effective protection for short-term conflicts and were a deterrent against small forces. However, because they were wooden constructions they were vulnerable to fire. Often, a palisade would be constructed around a castle as a wall until a permanent stone wall could be erected. They were frequently used in New France, both the Greeks and Romans created palisades to protect their military camps. The Roman historian Livy describes the Greek method as being inferior to that of the Romans during the Second Macedonian War, the Greek stakes were too large to be easily carried and were spaced too far apart. This made it easy for enemies to them and create a large enough gap in which to enter. In contrast, the Romans used smaller and easier to carry stakes which were placed closer together, many settlements of the native Mississippian culture of the Midwestern United States also made use of palisades. The most prominent example is the Cahokia Mounds site in Collinsville, a wooden stockade with a series of watchtowers or bastions at regular intervals formed a 2-mile-long enclosure around Monks Mound and the Grand Plaza. Archaeologists found evidence of the stockade during excavation of the area and indications that it was several times. The stockade seems to have separated Cahokias main ceremonial precinct from other parts of the city, the English settlements in Jamestown, Virginia and Plymouth, Massachusetts were originally fortified towns surrounded by palisades. In the late century, when milled lumber was not available or practical. The walls were made of vertical half timbers, the outside, rounded half with its still on faced Adirondack weather. Typically, the cracks between the logs were filled with moss and sometimes covered with small sticks. Inside, the cracks were covered with narrow wooden battens and it also presented a more finished look inside
32.
Normal school
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A normal school is a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers. Most such schools are now denominated teachers colleges, the first public normal school in the United States was founded in Concord, Vermont, by Samuel Read Hall in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, another school was established in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. It operates today as Framingham State University, in the United States teacher colleges or normal schools began to evolve from their initial mission of training teachers to add programs in the sciences, engineering, technology, health, and business. They started to become universities in the 1940s. For instance, Southern Illinois University was formerly Southern Illinois Normal College, the University is now a system of two campuses of more than 34,000 students, but still issues most of its baccalaureate degrees in education. Further, the town of Normal, Illinois was named from the name of Illinois State University. Many famous state universities, such as the University of California, such a list includes Emporia State University in Emporia, Kansas, which was established as Kansas State Normal School in 1863, and which by 1889 had become the largest normal school in the Nation. In Canada, such institutions were typically assimilated by a university as the latters Faculty of Education and it requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study. The term normal school originated in the early 16th century from the French école normale, the French concept of an école normale was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers. The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building, although a laboratory school, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary. In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local municipality, Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher. In France, a system developed since the Revolution, primary school teachers were educated at départemental écoles normales. Nowadays all teachers are educated in École supérieure du professorat et de léducation, the Écoles Normales Supérieures in France and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa in Italy no longer specialize in teacher training. In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once separate institutions, the University of Chester traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were established by religious institutions and were single-sex until World War II, since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right or merged with another university to become its faculty of education. The latter was one of the last institutions to retain the word Normal in its name, in Lithuania, Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences, former Vilnius Pedagogical University is the main teachers training institution, established in 1935. The terminology is still preserved in the translations of such schools in China since the early 20th century
33.
Shippensburg Historic District
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Shippensburg Historic District is a national historic district located at Shippensburg, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. The district includes 324 contributing buildings in the business district. Most of the buildings date to the mid- to late-19th century. Residential areas include notable examples of the Late Victorian and Vernacular Georgian styles, the oldest buildings are log and stone structures and include the Shippen House and Widow Pipers Tavern. Other notable buildings are the Rippey House, William Brookins House, Steward-Goodhart House, Methodist Church, Lutheran Church and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984
34.
Dykeman's Spring
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Dykemans Spring, also known as Ainsworth Fish Farm and Asper Tract, is a historic fish farm located at Shippensburg in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. The property has two contributing buildings, three contributing sites, and one contributing structure and they are the Dykeman manor house, hatch house, the engineered structure of two connected ponds, and Dykemans spring and two archaeological sites. The Dykeman manor house was built about 1855, and remodeled and enlarged in the Italian Villa style in 1871. It is a 2 1/2-story, brick dwelling, 5-bays wide and 4-bays deep and it features a hipped roof topped by six foot square cupola. The hatch house is a limestone building measuring 31 feet wide by 36 feet deep. The trout hatchery opened in 1871 and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. Dykeman Park is a 50-acre municipal park that includes Dykemans Spring, the park includes the buildings, pond, a wetlands nature trail, picnic facilities, walking trails, and a baseball/softball field. Dykeman Park - Shippensberg Borough Parks & Recreation
35.
Shippen House
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Shippen House is a historic home located at Shippensburg in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. It is a large 2½-story, limestone building, built in three phases, the oldest section, built about 1750, measures 28 feet wide and 32 feet deep. A two-bay addition was built in 1785, and a two-story, a classical porch was also added in 1935. The original house was built by Edward Shippen, III, who laid out Shippensburg and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is located in the Shippensburg Historic District
36.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
37.
Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association
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The Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic Association, Inc. is one of the governing bodies of high school and junior high school sports for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States. The PIAA main office is located in the Harrisburg suburb of Mechanicsburg, the PIAA divides its member schools counties into 12 geographical districts for the purpose of state championship competition. The following list is the breakdown by county. Inter-Academic League and the Friends Schools League are not members of the PIAA, other private schools in Philadelphia County compete in District 1. Boyertown Area Senior High School, in Berks County, is a member of District 1, slippery Rock Area High School, in Butler County, is a member of District 10. Moniteau School District, also in Butler County, is a member of district 9, Indiana High School, in Indiana County, is a member of District 7. Altoona High School is a member of District 6 but competes in District 7 for football only, hollidaysburg Area High School is also a member of District 6 but competes as an independent in football only. Palisades High School, in Bucks County, is a member of District 11, fannett-Metal High School, in Franklin County, is a member of District 5. Curwensville Area High School, DuBois Area Senior High School, and Clearfield Area High School, ligonier Valley High School, in Westmoreland County, is a member of District 6. Keystone Central School District is the district entirely composed of Clinton County municipalities. The larger of the two high schools, Central Mountain, is a member of District 6, while the other. Sheffield Area Middle/High School, in Warren County, is the member in the Warren County School District that is a member District 9. The other WCSD schools are still in District 10, West Shamokin High School originally participated in District 7, but moved to District 6 in 2016. Karns City High School, in Butler and Armstrong counties, is a member of District 9, traditionally for state championship competition for team sports, Pennsylvania is divided into Eastern and Western regions. Districts 1,2,3,4,11, and 12 usually make up the Eastern Region, the winners of each region compete against each other for the state championship. However, since the creation of District 12 with the admission of the Philadelphia Public Schools into the PIAA, West format has been abandoned for some sports in certain classifications, particularly at the Class AAAA level where there are more large schools in the East. For example, in PIAA football, District 3 schools compete in the rounds of the state playoffs against Philadelphia schools in some classes. The PIAA sponsors 16 boys sports and 16 girls sports, however, the PIAA only sponsors state championships for 12 boys sports and 11 girls sports
38.
U.S. Route 11
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U. S. Route 11 is a north–south United States highway extending 1,645 miles across the eastern United States. The southern terminus of the route is at U. S. Route 90 in the Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge in eastern New Orleans, the northern terminus is at the Rouses Point - Lacolle 223 Border Crossing in Rouses Point, New York. The route continues across the border into Canada as Quebec Route 223, US11, created in 1926, largely follows the route of the original plan. Until 1929, US11 ended just south of Picayune, Mississippi at the Pearl River border with Louisiana and it was extended through Louisiana after that. The Maestri Bridge, which carries US11 across Lake Ponchartrain, the storm virtually destroyed the Twin Span Bridge on I-10 and damaged the Fort Pike Bridge on US90. Interstate 81, constructed in the 1960s, parallels the route of US11 in many areas, beyond I-81s southern terminus, other interstates run along corridors paralleling US11, specifically I-59, which is joined to I-81 by I-40, I-75, and I-24. US11 spans 31.2 miles within the state of Louisiana and its southern terminus is located in Eastern New Orleans at a junction with US90. The route begins as a highway that travels northward through a remote stretch of marshland within both the Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge and the New Orleans city limits. After crossing over I-10 at exit 254, US11 proceeds across Lake Pontchartrain on the Maestri Bridge, midway across the lake, US11 enters unincorporated St. Tammany Parish. Upon reaching the shore, US11 follows Pontchartrain Drive into the city of Slidell. After a brief concurrency with Louisiana Highway 433, US11 turns onto Front Street, during this stretch, the route intersects both US190 Bus. and mainline US190, both four-lane thoroughfares connecting with nearby I-10. Returning to two-lane capacity, US11 crosses to the west side of the NSRW line on an overpass built in 1937. At the north end of the city, US11 intersects I-12 at exit 83, a few miles later, US11 enters the town of Pearl River and intersects LA41. Here, the route turns southeast onto Concord Boulevard and proceeds a short distance to exit 3 on I-59, US11 turns north onto I-59 and utilizes the four-lane interstate alignment for the remainder of its distance in Louisiana. Following a second interchange serving the town, I-59 and US11 cross the West Pearl River into the dense Honey Island Swamp. Along this stretch is an exit connecting to Old US11, US11 crosses into the state of Mississippi with I-59 on a bridge spanning the main branch of the Pearl River just south of Nicholson. U. S. Route 11 enters the state of Mississippi along Interstate 59, passing through several directions of trees. After a short distance, Route 11 and Interstate 59 interchange at Exit 1 with Mississippi Highway 607, Route 11 generally parallels I-59 across Mississippi, serving as a local business route and following city streets through communities such as Hattiesburg, Laurel, and Meridian
39.
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
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Chambersburg is a borough in the South Central region of Pennsylvania, United States. It is 13 miles miles north of Maryland and the Mason-Dixon line and 52 miles southwest of Harrisburg in the Cumberland Valley, Chambersburg is the county seat of Franklin County. According to the United States Census Bureau the 2010 population was 20,268, when combined with the surrounding Greene, Hamilton, and Guilford Townships, the population of Greater Chambersburg is 52,273. Chambersburg is at the core of the Chambersburg, PA Micropolitan Statistical Area which includes surrounding Franklin County, the population of the Chambersburg Micropolitan Area in 2010 was 149,618. Chambersburgs settlement began in 1730 when water mills were built at the confluence of Conococheague Creek and its history includes episodes relating to the French and Indian War, the Whiskey Rebellion, John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry, and the American Civil War. The borough was the major northern community burned down by Confederate forces during the war. Interstate 81 skirts the borough to its east, Native Americans living or hunting in the area during the 18th century included the Iroquois, Lenape and Shawnee. The creek provided power to the mills, and the settlement was known as Falling Spring, the Penn family encouraged settlement in the area in order to strengthen its case in a border dispute with the Maryland Colony, which had resulted in hostilities known as Cresaps War. This dispute was not settled until 1767 and the surveying of the known as the Mason-Dixon line. Chambers traveled to England to testify in support of Penns claims, to maintain peace with the Indians, European settlers were sometimes removed from the nearby area. In May 1750, Benjamin Chambers participated in removing settlers from nearby Burnt Cabins, the area was officially part of Chester County, then Lancaster, and then Cumberland until it became part of the newly established Franklin County in 1784. The Great Wagon Road connecting Philadelphia with the Shenandoah Valley passed nearby, in 1744, it was completed through Harriss Ferry, Carlisle, Shippensburg, and Chambersburg to the Potomac River. In 1748 a local militia was formed for protection against Indians, Chambersburg was on the frontier during the French and Indian War. The areas population dropped from about 3,000 in 1755 at the start of the war to about 300, Benjamin Chambers built a private stone fort during the war, which was equipped with two 4 pounder cannons and fighting occurred nearby. Because Chamberss fort was otherwise lightly defended, the authorities attempted to remove the cannons to prevent them from being captured by Indians, the attempted removal was unsuccessful, and one of the cannons was used to celebrate Independence Day in 1840. The Forbes Road and other trails going to Fort Pitt passed nearby as well, fighting continued in the area after the war, most notably the Enoch Brown school massacre during Pontiacs War and the Black Boys rebellion against British troops at Fort Loudon. The first settlers were Scots-Irish Presbyterians and German Protestants came soon afterward, quakers and English Protestants, who made up a large proportion of early Pennsylvania settlers, did not often move as far west as Chambersburg. Blacks lived in Chambersburg almost from the start of settlement, Benjamin Chambers owned a black female slave sometime before the French and Indian War and twenty slaves were recorded as taxable property in 1786
40.
Pennsylvania Route 696
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Pennsylvania Route 696 is a 16. 0-mile-long state highway located in Franklin and Cumberland Counties in Pennsylvania. The southern terminus is at PA997 in Greene Township, the northern terminus is at PA997 in Hopewell Township. PA696 begins at PA997 adjacent to an interchange with Interstate 81, the route turns north and has an interchange with I-81 before it continues into Shippensburg, where it has a brief concurrency with U. S. Route 11 and PA533 in the downtown area. Past Shippensburg, PA696 runs north through farmland and heads to Newburg. The route heads northwest from here to its terminus at PA997, in 1928, the road between Shippensburg and Newburg was designated as part of PA333. PA696 was designated in 1930 to run from US11 in Chambersburg northeast to PA996 in Scotland, in 1937, PA696 was extended north from Scotland to PA641 in Newburg, replacing the section of PA333 between Shippensburg and Newburg. The south end of the route was cut back to its current location at PA997 in the 1960s, in the 1970s, PA696 was extended north from Newburg to PA997. PA696 begins at an intersection with PA997 a short distance to the east of I-81 in Greene Township, Franklin County, a short distance later, the route comes to a pair of ramps providing access to and from the northbound lanes of I-81. The road continues immediately to the east of I-81 as it heads into agricultural areas, PA696 runs through more open farmland with a few homes, crossing into Southampton Township. In this area, the road turns north again and comes to an interchange with I-81. PA696 crosses into Shippensburg Township in Cumberland County and curves east, the road runs through commercial areas, heading into Shippensburg before crossing back into Cumberland County and passing under Norfolk Southerns Lurgan Running Track railroad line. PA696 passes a few homes before entering the downtown of Shippensburg. PA696 splits from US 11/PA533 by turning north onto North Earl Street, the road turns northwest and heads into Southampton Township, becoming Newburg Road as it enters agricultural areas with some woods and housing developments, curving north again. PA696 enters more rural areas as it heads farther north, in this area, the route becomes Shippensburg Road as it passes through more farmland with some woods and homes. The road crosses the Conodoguinet Creek and curves northwest, heading into Newburg and becoming South Water Street, PA696 curves north and turns west to follow PA641 for a block on West Main Street. The route splits from PA641 by turning northwest onto North Mountain Street, the road heads back into Hopewell Township and becomes Turnpike Road, passing through agricultural areas with a few homes. PA696 continues northwest to its terminus at another intersection with PA997. When Pennsylvania first legislated routes in 1911, what is now PA696 was not assigned a number, by this time, a paved road ran between Chambersburg and Scotland
41.
Newburg, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
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Newburg is a borough in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 336 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Harrisburg–Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area. Newburg is located in western Cumberland County at 40°8′15″N 77°33′21″W and it is surrounded by Hopewell Township, a separate municipality. Pennsylvania Route 641 passes through the borough, leading east 9 miles to Newville, Pennsylvania Route 696 crosses PA641 on the west side of town and leads south 6 miles to Shippensburg. To the northwest, via PA696 and then Pennsylvania Route 997, according to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.19 square miles, all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 372 people,142 households, the population density was 1,458.1 people per square mile. There were 148 housing units at a density of 580. 1/sq mi. The racial makeup of the borough was 97. 04% White,2. 69% Native American,18. 3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the family size was 3.00. In the borough the population was out, with 27. 2% under the age of 18,5. 6% from 18 to 24,29. 8% from 25 to 44,22. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males, the median income for a household in the borough was $38,000, and the median income for a family was $44,250. Males had an income of $34,722 versus $23,333 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,950, about 4. 9% of families and 5. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 5% of those under age 18 and 12. 9% of those age 65 or over
